Experiment Number: — 02

Name of the Experiment: —

Standardization of Commercial Hydrochloric Acid
solution with standard Sodium Hydroxide solution

Course: CHEM-114

Name: — Ahmed mashfique raihan

Roll: — 0405029
Group: —A1
Partner’s Roll: — 0405030
Department: — CSE

Date of Performance: —
Date of Submission: —
Objective:—
The main theme of this experiment is to determine the strength of
‘Commercial Hydrochloric acid’ with a standard Sodium Hydroxide solution
.As Sodium Hydroxide is itself a secondary standard substance, so it is
standardized by the standard Oxalic-acid solution.

Theory:—
In this experiment we shall determine the strength of commercial
Hydrochloric Acid solution by a secondary standard solution of NaOH. This is
done by means of ‘Titration’. The important matters that are related with the
experiment are stated below:

Titration:—
In presence of a suitable indicator, the volumetric analysis in which a
standard solution is added in another solution (whose strength is not known)
to reach its end point to determine the strength of that solution is called
‘titration’.

Standard Solution:
A solution of known concentration is called a ‘standard solution’.

Secondary Standard Solution:—

A ‘Secondary Standard’ is a substance which may be used for
standardizations, and whose content of active substance has been found by
comparison against a primary standard. On the other hand ‘primary standard’ is
a compound of sufficient purity from which a standard solution can be
prepared by direct weighing of a quantity if it, followed by dilution to give a
defined volume of solution.

Indicator:—
In our acid-base titration there is an important use of indicator. An
‘indicator’ is a chemical substance that detects the equivalent point (i.e. the end
point) of reaction by changing its color. Indicators have different structures in
acidic and in basic solution.

Equivalent Point:—
The ‘equivalent point’ is the point in a titration when a stoichiometric
amount of reactant has been added.

Normality:
The number of gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution is
called normality.
 Normality (N) = gm equivalent of solute /liters per
solution.

It is known to us that both alkalimetry and acidimetry are based on

neutralization reaction.

Acid produces H+ and alkali produces OH- ions (Hydrogen and Hydroxyl
ion respectively) and when they come in contact with each other, they create
H2O (water) by combining with one another.

H + + OH - = H2O

It is the basic concept of neutralization and by using this idea a certain

volume of standard solution is allowed to react with a known volume of
another solution until neutral point is achieved. Some chemical reagents called
indicators are used to determine the neutral point.

If an acid-base reaction is such like that,

a ACID + b BASE = PRODUCT

then we know that

V base X S base = V acid X S acid

so, S acid = ( V base X S base ) / V acid

here ‘V’ represents the volume and ‘S’ represents the strength of the substance.

As NaOH is a secondary substance it will be first standardized using

primary standard substance ‘Oxalic-acid’.

Reaction:
Neutralization reaction between NaOH and Oxalic-acid is

2NaOH + HOOC- COOH ——> NaOOC- COONa + 2H2O

In order to determine the equivalent point in this reaction

Phenolphthalein is used. As the salt that forms due to the neutralization
reaction, produces more OH –, so the solution becomes a basic one and thus it
has a pH range above 7. We know that the working environment needed for
phenolphthalein is basic; thus phenolphthalein becomes the perfect indicator
for determining the end point of this reaction.
 The reaction between NaOH (alkali) and HCl (acid) is,

NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O

As both the acid and the base are strong in this reaction, we can use any
indicator. But since NaOH is a secondary standard substance, a basic indicator
can be used so that it reduces the reaction of NaOH with the other substances
of the environment. With this end in view, Methyl Orange (pH range 2.9-4.6) is
used as indicator.

Name of the Colour in Colour in

Indicator pH Range Alkaline Acid solution
solution
Phenolphthalein 8.3 - 10.0 Pink Colourless
Methyl Orange 2.9 – 4.6 Yellow Pink

Apparatus:—
1. Conical flask
2. Burette
3. Pipette
4. Volumetric flask
5. Stand
6. Funnel

Indicator:—
1) Phenolphthalein
2) Methyl Orange (as instructed)

Chemical Reagents:—
1) Standardized NaOH solution
2) HCl solution
3) Distilled water
4) Oxalic Acid
Experimental Data:—

Standardization of NaOH solution with standard Oxalic Acid solution

Burette reading
Number Volume in ml Volume accepted Strengt
of of of Reading h
Obser- NaOH Initial Final Acid in Of
-vation in Reading Reading in ml NaOH
ml ml N

01 10 10 20.4 10.4
02 10 20.4 30.9 10.5 10.5 0.105
03 10 30.9 41.4 10.5

Standardization of HCl solution with standard NaOH solution

Burette reading
Number Volume in ml Volume Average Strength
of of of Reading Of
Obser- NaOH Initial Final Acid in HCl
-vation in Reading Reading in ml N
ml ml

01 10 14.6 24.5 9.9

02 10 24.5 34.5 10.0 9.8 5.1
03 10 34.5 44.3 9.8

Calculation: -

We know that, V acid X S acid = V base X S base

Determination of the normality of NaOH :--

Here,
V acid = 10.5 ml
S acid = 0.1 N
V base = 10 ml
S base = ?
So, S base = ( 10.5 X 0.1) /10 N
= 0.105 N
Determination of normality of HCl :
Here,
V acid = 9.8 ml
S acid = ?
V base = 10 ml
S base = 0.105 N
So, S HCl (dilute) = ( 0.105 X 10 ) / 9.8
= 0.10714 N

we also know, V concentrated X S concentrated = V dilute X S dilute,

Here,
V HCl(concentrated) = 2.1 ml
S HCl(concentrated) = ?
V HCl(dilute) = 100 ml
S HCl(dilute) = 0.10714 N
so, S HCl(concentrated) = ( 100 X 0.10714 ) / 2.1
= 5.102 N

Result:—
The strength of HCl (dilute) is found: 0.10714 N
The strength of the supplied HCl (concentrated) is: 5.102 N

Percentage of error:—
Percentage of error
= (known value – observed value) X 100 ÷ known value
= ( 5.3 - 5.102 ) X 100 / 5.3
= 3.735%
so, Percentage of error = 3.735%

Discussion:—
The following causes can be assumed for the possible cause of error :
1) It was told to take 2.2 ml of HCl from the burette. But the exact
amount was not taken. Near about 2.1 ml of HCl was taken. This can
be the cause for which the error has occurred.
2) During volumetric analysis extra one or two drops of Oxalic Acid
may have dropped into the NaOH solution. This can also be one of
the reasons of the error.
If these causes could be avoided we could have get a perfect result of the
concentration of Commercial Hydrochloric Acid.