Jordan University Of Science And Technology

Enviromental Engineering lab

CE463
Exp #3

Acid base tirtration

Name :omar hayel darabseh

ID:103118
SEC#: 6
Introduction:
Titration is a lab technique used to determine the exact concentration of an acid
or base. The reaction of an acid and base is known as a neutralization reaction,
where neutral water and salt are the products. Phenolphthalein indicator is a
molecular substance that changes color when it comes into contact with acids and
bases and will be used to show when the reaction has completely neutralized.
Phenolphthalein is colorless when in an acidic solution and turns pink in a basic
solution. Once enough base is added to neutralize the acid, the reaction reaches
the equivalence point. The point at which the moles of base is equal to the moles
of acid. The equivalence point can be used to determine the initial concentration
of an acid.

Objectives:
The goal of the titration is to get as close as possible to the equivalence point by
careful addition of the base. This will ensure that the calculated acid
concentration is as close to the true value as possible.

Materials, Chemicals and Equipment:

1- pH meter.
2- Calomel reference electrode.
3- Bursts.
4- Magnetic stirrer
Theory:
When an acid reacts completely with a base, the acidic and basic properties of the
solutions are destroyed (neutralized). During a neutralization reaction, hydrated
hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) react with hydrated hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) to form
water. 
Thus, one mole of hydrochloric acid HCl(aq), will neutralize one mole of sodium
hydroxide, NaOH(aq); but one mole of sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq), will neutralize two
moles of sodium hydroxide.

In most titrations, you would use a solution of known concentration of one

substance (a standard solution) to determine the concentration of some other
substance in a second solution. For example, you could determine what volume of
hydrochloric acid of known concentration is required to neutralize a known
volume of sodium hydroxide of unknown concentration. From the results
obtained you could calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.

An acid-base titration is the process whereby you determine the volume 

of standard solution required to neutralize a solution of acid or base of unknown
concentration. In these titrations, an indicator, such as phenolphthalein or cresol
red, is used to determine the end-point of the titration. The end-point is the point
at which equal concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are present in
the solution. The procedure for an acid-base titration is explained below.

A known volume of solution (acid or base) is measured out into an Erlenmeyer

flask or vial by means of a pipette, and a small amount of a dye solution, called an
indicator, is added. Indicators have different colours in acidic and basic solutions.
Most indicators are extremely sensitive and produce a sharp change in colour
when the solution changes from acidic to basic. You are probably already familiar
with the use of litmus to identify acids and bases. However, in a titration an
indicator is needed that gives a much more dramatic colour changes than litmus.
Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid-base titrations. It is
colourless in the presence of excess acid, and pink in the presence of excess base.

The second solution (acid if you have base in the Erlenmeyer flask, base if you
have acid) is poured into the burette, and the initial volume is recorded. Small
amounts of this solution are then allowed to run out of the burette into the
Erlenmeyer flask or vial, until the indicator changes colour. The change occurs
when equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are present in the
Erlenmeyer flask or vial. (This is not quite true. There will be a slight excess of one
or other of these ions, but the excess is so small that you need not worry about
it.) The volume of solution remaining in the burette can be determined, and you
can then calculate the volume that was added to the solution already present in
the Erlenmeyer flask or vial.
Once you know the volumes of acid and base used in the reaction, and the
concentration of either the acid or the base, the concentration of the other can
be calculated. The following example shows how such a calculation is carried out.
It also shows you an acceptable method for presenting your results.

Procedure:
1- Develop the titration curves to determine the equivalence points for titration
of:
a- 20ml of 0.1M HCL & 0.1M of NaOH.
b- 2l of 0.1M acetic acid & 0.1M NaOH.
2- Add 3 drops of an appropriate indicator to the 50ml of 0.1M HCL and insert the
pH electrode and observe the pH values. Then titrate the solution with 0.1M
NaOH until the indicator change in color.
3- Repeat part 2 for another appropriate indicator.
4- Repeat part 2 and 3 for titration of 0.1M acetic acid with 0.1M NaOH using an
appropriate indicator.

Raw Data and Results:

pH NaOH
Titrant
(0.1
M)
CH3COOH HCl (ml)
 Methyl orange phph Methyl phph NaOH
orange
3.32     1.56 0
4.44     1.88 2
5.43     1.48 4
6.50     5.14 6
9.24     8.5 8
10.15     9.26 10
10.50     9.3 12

CH3COOH +ph-ph

12
10
8
6
PH

4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
voulme (ml )
 HCl + m.o

10

6
PH

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
volume (ml)

Discussion:
The main reaction in the series of acid-base titrations is neutralization. During
neutralization, the acid and base reacts to form a salt and water (i.e. H+ + OH-
H2O). As the all the reactants are colorless, an appropriate indicator must be
added to indicate the color change at the end point.
For this experiment, the indicator phenolphthalein was chosen as it was a weak
acid-strong base titration, as acetic acid is a weak acid and NaOH is a strong base.
At equivalence point, the resulting solution contains only CH3COONa. Thus, salt
hydrolysis occurs and the pH at equivalence point is > 7. Phenolphthalein changes
color at a pH range of (10.15) which is closed to real value ( 8.2 – 10.0).
The (pH)end point falls within the pH for color change of phenolphthalein in the
titration. The color of phenolphthalein changes explicitly from pink to colorless
and the color change is over a narrow pH range. This further enhances its
suitability as an indicator for this titration.
Strong acid-weak base and weak acid-strong base titrations are employed in this
experiment instead of weak acid-weak base titrations as the hydrolysis of a salt of
a weak acid-weak base is incomplete. The hydrolysis of the conjugate base results
in an acidic solution and at the same time, hydrolysis of the conjugate acid of the
salt gives rise to a basic solution. Hence, the resulting solution at equivalence
point can be neutral, acidic or basic depending on which hydrolysis occurs at a
greater extent. This means that calculations must be done preceding the titration
to select the appropriate indicators. Therefore, weak acid-weak base titration is
not commonly used to determine the quantitative information of an unknown
sample.

Conclusion:
when we added methyl orange to HCL the color was converted from orange to
yellow and when we added phenolphthalein to HCL the solution was converted
from colorless to the pink color
From this experimental it can be concluded that any volume of strong acid need
the same volume of strong base to get the equilibrium point which the pH must
be 7 where the moles of each of them are becomes equal and so the
concentration of [H+] and [OH-] but that wasn't in our experiment.
Once again, this process is very important specially for civil engineering when
treating with waste water and the need to clear it to become more useful so it is
very important to know everything of the kinetic of the reaction of components
with water and how to change the pH to make the reaction going on and what is
should do.