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Research
Methodology
Practical Lab File

Submitted To:

Dr. Asha Chaudhary

Submitted By:

Shivam Chauhan
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BBA(General) IV- C, 1st Shift

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S.No. Title Page No.

1 Practical on Entering Data in SPSS 4

2 Practical on Central Tendency and Dispersion 6

3 Practical on Cross Tabulation 8

4 Practical on Correlation & Regression Analysis 11

5 Practical On Reliability Analysis 15

6 Practical on ONE WAY ANOVA 19

7 Practical on Trend Analysis 23

8 Practical on Chi Square Test 26

9 Practical on Time Forecasting 28

10 Practical on Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation 32

INDEX

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Introduction To SPSS
SPSS means “Statistical package for the Social Sciences” and
was first launched in 1968. Since SPSS was acquired by IBM in
2009, it’s officially known as IBM SPSS Statistics but most users
still just refer to it as “SPSS”. 

1.1 Launching SPSS 

To start SPSS, go to 
Start>Program>SPSS 
A dialog box will open listing several options to choose from. The following
options are available: 
 Run the tutorial 
 Type in data 
 Run an existing data source 
 Open an existing data source 
 Open another type of file 
SPSS has two working windows: 
 SPSS Data Editor 
 SPSS Output Viewer 

SPSS Data Editor 

This section informs the user about the method of entering a string type of
variable or a numeric type of variable in an SPSS data file. It allows user to edit
and a data set. An SPSS data file always has two tabs in the left bottom corner: 
 Data View is where we inspect our actual data.  
 Variable View is where we see additional information about our data.  

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Practical on Entering Data in SPSS

QUESTION : Make a data file with the following variables and their information.
Variable Name Values

Age 1(<20), 2(20-25), 3(25-30), 4(30-40), 5(>40)

Gender 1(Male), 2(Female)
Education 1(High School), 2(Graduate), 3(Graduate with Professional Degree), 4(Post Graduate),
5(Post Graduate with Professional Degree)
Work (years) 1(<1), 2(1-5), 3(5-10), 4(10-20), 5(>20)

SOLUTION:
1.Enter variables in variable view  
The first step is to open the variable view window of the data editor and define variables.

We can add the values in variable view as shown below.

2.Enter data in Data view  

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We now need to add the values in the data view. After adding values, save the file for
future reference.

-END-

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Practical on Central Tendency and Dispersion

QUESTION : Calculate the frequency distribution and measures of Central
tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) and Dispersion from the following data:
Variable Name Values

Age 1(<20), 2(20-25), 3(25-30), 4(30-40), 5(>40)

Gender 1(Male), 2(Female)
Education 1(High School), 2(Graduate), 3(Graduate with Professional Degree), 4(Post Graduate),
5(Post Graduate with Professional Degree)
Work (years) 1(<1), 2(1-5), 3(5-10), 4(10-20), 5(>20)

SOLUTION:
1.Enter data in Data and Variable view, then describe the measures you
want to analyse the data with.
Go to Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies. Enter the desired measures under
statistics option.

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Now you need to select the all the variable and click on the next arrow in the box as shown
below,

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2. As you will click OK, you will be directed to the output

window and here you can see the desired result.

-END-
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Cross tabulation is a method to quantitatively analyze the relationship

between multiple variables. Also known as contingency tables or cross
tabs, cross tabulation groups variables to understand the correlation between
different variables.

Practical on Cross Tabulation

QUESTION: Show CROSS TABULATION between the following ,
1.Age & Gender
2.Gender & Work
3.Gender & Education
Variable Name Values
Age 1(<20), 2(20-25), 3(25-30), 4(30-40), 5(>40)
Gender 1(Male), 2(Female)

Education 1(High School), 2(Graduate), 3(Graduate with Professional Degree), 4(Post Graduate),
5(Post Graduate with Professional Degree)
Work (years) 1(<1), 2(1-5), 3(5-10), 4(10-20), 5(>20)

SOLUTION:
1.After adding data in the Data and Variable view,
Go to Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Crosstabs. Now lets first tabulate for AGE &
GENDER.

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2. As you will click OK, you will be directed to the output

window and here you can see the desired result.

Similarly, you can show cross tabulation between the other two
by adding the required values in the crosstabs’ dialog box.

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3.The output window for the cross tabulation of

GENDER & WORK would be,

4.The output window for the cross tabulation of

GENDER & EDUCATION would be,

-END-
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Practical on Correlation & Regression Analysis

QUESTION: Show the relationship between the following data through
CORRELATION ANALYSIs & Regression Analysis,
Variable Value
Info 1(not important), 2(less important), 3(important), 4(very important),
5(extremely important)
Order 1(never), 2(occasionally), 3(considerably), 4(almost always), 5(always)

SOLUTION:
1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

2. Now to show the correlation,

Go to Analyse -> Correlate -> Bivariate, then proceed as shown below,

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Also, with this you can add the mean, standard deviation, and
covariances using the options, as shown below,

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3. The output window will be as shown below,

 For the Correlations,

 For the Correlations with descriptive statistics,

4. Now to show the regression,

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Go to Analyze -> Regression -> Linear, then proceed as shown below,

The output window is shown below. The p<0.05 which means that Availability
of Updated Information (independent variable) statistically predicts Online
Ordering (dependent variable).

5.The output will be same as shown below,

-END-

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Practical On Reliability Analysis

QUESTION: Sandhya wants to conduct research on internet use and she gathers
13 variables. 32 responses for each 13 variables based on 1(Never),
2(Occasionally), 3(Considerably), 4(Almost Always), 5(Always).

SOLUTION:
1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

2. Now to conduct the research, first we should have a look at

the descriptive statistics, as it helps to find errors if any ;

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Then, for the reliability analysis we should,

Go to Analyse -> Scale -> Reliability Analysis, then proceed as shown below,

Add scale label and click on Ok and you will be directed to output window .

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3. The output window will be as shown below,

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-END-

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Practical on ONE WAY ANOVA

QUESTION : Test the One Way An ova for the following :
Variable Name Values
Sales None
Types 0(car);1(truck);2(jeep)
Owner 1(Public);2(Private)

SOLUTION:
1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

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2. Now to test the One-way Anova,

i. One-Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test

As you will click Ok, you will be directed to the output window
which will look like,

ii. To check for the specified variable,

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As you will click Ok, you will be directed to the output window
which will look like,

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-END-

Practical on Trend Analysis

QUESTION: Analyze the trend for the following:
Variable Name Values
Quarter 1(Jn-Mar);2(April-June);3(July-Sept);4(Oct-Dec)
Sales None
SOLUTION:

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1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

2. Now to analyze the trend,

i. One-Way Anova ,

As you will click Ok , the output window appears as shown below,

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Now again go to the

Data view, now to
show the trend
analysis,

3. As you will click Ok, you will be directed to the output window
which will look like,

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-END-

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Practical on Chi Square Test

QUESTION: Test the Chi Square for the following:
Variable Name Values
Cost Price 1(Never), 2(Occasionally), 3(Considerably), 4(Almost Always), 5(Always).
Online Order 1(Never), 2(Occasionally), 3(Considerably), 4(Almost Always), 5(Always).

SOLUTION:
1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

2. Now to show the Chi Square test,

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Null Hypothesis 1: There is not much influence of internet in

case of cost price comparison.
Alternate Hypothesis 1: There is much influence of internet in
case of cost price comparison.
3. As you will click Ok, you will be directed to the output window
which will look like,

-END-
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Practical on Time Forecasting

QUESTION: Forecast for the following data.

SOLUTION:
1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

2. Now to show the forecasting,

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As soon you will click Ok, your output window will look like,

Now go back to the Data View,

As soon you will click Ok, your data view will have three more
coloums ,

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Now to show the forecasting,

3. As you will click Ok, you will be directed to the output window
which will look like,

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-END-

Practical on Spearman’s Rank Order

Correlation
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QUESTION: Test Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation for the following.

SOLUTION:
1.Add data in the Data and Variable view,

2. Now to show the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation,

I. Using Crosstabs,

As soon you will click Ok, your output window will look like,

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II. Using Correlation,

As soon you will click Ok, your output window will look like,

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-END-

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THANK
YOU

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