Forces in Action

 The Idea of Density.

- density is the measure of how light or heavy a material is.
- the density of a material tells us the mass of 1cm3 of a material.
- a 'heavier' material is more dense than a 'lighter' material.
- density of water = 1.0g/cm3.
- density can also be measured in kg/m3.
- air has a very low density, around 0.0013g/cm3.
- air occupies a lot of space but its particles only occupy a tiny fraction of that space.
- lead's particles are tightly packed together, and each particle has more mass than a
particle of air.

 Measuring Density.
- mass is in grams.
- volume is in centimeters cubed.
mass
- density = .
volume
- mass is measures using a balance.
- several ways to measure objects:
i. rectangular block: volume = length × width × height.
ii. liquid: pouring the liquid into a measuring cylinder.
iii. irregular solid: submerge the object in water in a measuring
cylinder. calculate the increase the increase of volume.

 Calculations.
- mass × density × volume .
mass
- volume = .
density
 mass
- density = .
volume

 Pressure.
- pressure is caused when a force acts on area.
- if a force is concentrated on a small area, we say that the force is creating a high
pressure.
- if the force is spread over a bigger area, the pressure will be less.
- when you lie on a bed, the force of your weight is spread over a large resulting in a
shallow dip.
- when you stand on the bed, your weight will be concentrated on a smaller area,
resulting in a deeper dip.
- examples:
i. sharks have sharp teeth so that when the bite, the force of their jaws
will create enough pressure to crush their prey.
ii. knives are better at cutting when their blade is sharp. then the force
on pushing on it will be concentrated on a small area to create a high
pressure.
iii. camels have wide feet so that their weight is spread widely,
resulting in low pressure so their feet don't sink in the sand.
iv. a snowboard is wide and does not sink into the snow. the inuit
people wear wide snowshoes for the same reason.

 Pressure Calculations.
force
- pressure = .
area
- the unit of pressure is the pascal (pa).
- one pa is the same as one 1n/mm2.
 - force = pressure × area.

 Pressure in Gases and Liquids.

- air and other gases can cause pressure.
- liquids can also cause pressure.
- divers have to be careful if they want to dive to a great depth as the weight of water
presses down on them.
- deeper the go, more water will pressure will be pressing them down.
- when you climb a high mountain, the air gets less dense. its density decreases. due
to the less dense air, the pressure is less too.
- the pressure of air is called atmospheric pressure.
- atmospheric pressure is the greatest at sea level because we have the weight of the
whole atmosphere above us.
- the particles of a gas or liquid collide with the walls of its container – causing
pressure.

 The Turning Effect of a Force.

- a force has a turning effect when it causes an object to turn about a pivot.
- it takes two forces, each with a turning effect, to open a door.
- the central point, pin, or shaft on which a mechanism turns or swings is called a
pivot.

 The Principle of Moments.

- the greater the force, the greater its turning effect.
- the further the force is from the pivot, the greater its turning effect.
- we can calculate the moment of a force like:
moment = force × distance ¿ pivot .
- the bigger the moment of force, the greater its turning effect.
- the principle of moment states that, for a beam to be balanced, the clockwise
moment acting on it must equal the anticlockwise moment acting on it.

 Calculating Moments.
- clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment.
- if we know that a beam is balanced, we can calculate the distance of a force from the
pivot.
- similarly, we can also calculate the force needed to balance a beam.
- if we know that a beam is balanced, we can use principal of moments to calculate the
unknown distance or unknown force.