CONFIDENTIAL EH/OCT 2020/CHE142

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY

COURSE : INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

COURSE CODE : CHE142
ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 1/2/3/4

Course Outcomes:

• Construct laboratory work to display the concept of chemical reactions in chemistry

Item Marks
Introduction &
objective
Materials,
procedure & safety
precaution
Data, results &
discussion
Organization &
appearance
Question & answer
(Post-experiment)
Peer evaluation
GRAND TOTAL
/100
(CO4,LO3)
 FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang
Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam
81750 Masai
Johor Darul Ta’zim
Tel : 607-3818000

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Title of
Exp No. : 4 HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
Experiment:

Topic : THERMODYNAMIC AND EQUILIBRIA Mark :

100
Date : 16/1/2021
Students Course : J4EH1101C Semester : 1 Group: 4
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 NUR AFIFAH BINTI ROSEDIN 2020616992
2 NUR AINIMUNIFAH BINTI YUNOS 2020863972
3 NUR AISHYA BINTI ISMAIL 2020809132
4
5
Lecturer 1. MADAM MUNIRAH ONN
2.

Introduction :

Thermodynamic is study of energy changes that accompany physical and chemical processes and usually these
energies involve heat. In this report, we are experimenting the concepts of thermochemistry which is the study of
heat changes in chemical reaction. One of them is, the study of heat capacity. It is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of a mass of substance by 1°C. The heat capacity for one gram of substance is
called its specific heat, Cs, given by
Cs = qmΔT
Where:
m=mass of substance,
ΔT=the change in temperature, and
q=the loss or gain of a specific quantity of heat.

Next, the heat of neutralization (ΔH) is the enthalpy change that results when a neutralization reaction
to form water and salt is applied to one equivalent of an acid and one equivalent of a base. It is defined
as the energy produced when 1 mole of water is formed. When a reaction is carried out under standard
conditions at the temperature of 298 K (25 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm of pressure and one mole of
water is formed it is called the standard enthalpy of neutralization (ΔHno). The heat (Q) released during a
reaction is where m is the mass of the solution, cp is the specific heat capacity of the
solution, and ∆T is the temperature change observed during the reaction. From this, the standard enthalpy
change (∆H) is obtained by division with the amount of substance (in moles) involved.
The standard enthalpy change of neutralization for a strong acid and base is -55.8 kJ/mol.
The standard enthalpy of neutralization for organic acids is slightly less exothermic than that of mineral
acids because of the partially ionizing property of weak organic acids. The bond between the proton
and its conjugate base requires energy to be broken, hence the lower measured value enthalpy change.
For weak acids and bases, heat of neutralization is different because they are not dissociated completely
and during dissociation some heat is absorbed – total heat evolved during neutralization will be smaller.

Objective : i) to construct the calorimeter

ii) to determine heat capacity of a calorimeter
iii) to measure the heat changes accompanying neutralization for weak and strong acids with base.

Materials, PART A HEAT CAPACITY OF CALORIMETER

Procedure &
Materials
Safety
Precautions Apparatus:

Thermometer, Styrofoam cups, cardboard square, split one-hole rubber stopper, timer,
250ml beaker, 50ml measuring cylinder, hot plate

Substances:

Water (𝐻2 𝑂)

Procedure

1) A calorimeter was constructed by nesting two Styrofoam cups together.

2) A thermometer was place into the hole in the cardboard square and a split one-
hole rubber stopper was used to stabilize it.
3) 50ml of tap water were measured using a measuring cylinder and were filled into
the calorimeter
4) The system was rest for 10 minutes to allow the system reach thermal equilibrium.
5) The temperature was recorded after 10 minutes.
6) 50ml of hot tap water were filled in 250ml beaker.
7) The water was heated using a hot plate until the temperature was about 15-20
Celsius above room temperature.
8) The temperature of the hot water has been recorded.
9) The hot water was poured into the calorimeter.
10) The water was stirred carefully with the thermometer.
11) The temperature of the water has been recorded for every 5 seconds for the first
readings and every 15 seconds for next 2 minutes.
PART B HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF HCl – NaOH

Materials

Apparatus :
Styrofoam cups, thermometer, dry tissue, glass rod, cardboard square, one-hole rubber
stopper, 50ml measuring cylinder, 250ml beaker, stop watch

Substances :

Water 𝐻2 𝑂, 1M Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), 1M Acid Hydrochloric (HCl)

Procedure

1) The calorimeter and the thermometer had been dried with a dry tissue.
2) 50ml of 1M NaOH has been measured and were added into the calorimeter.
3) The lid of the calorimeter was replaced without thermometer.
4) 50ml of 1M HCl was measured into a dry beaker. The beaker was let to stand
near the calorimeter for 4 minutes.
5) The temperature of the acid has been recorded.
6) The thermometer was rinsed with tap water and has been wipe until it dry.
7) The temperature of the base solution has been recorded.
8) HCl was added into the NaOH.
9) The solution was stirred using a glass rod and the temperature was recorded in
every 15 seconds.

PART C HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF 𝑯𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 – NaOH

Materials

Apparatus :

Styrofoam cups, thermometer, dry tissue, glass rod, cardboard square, one-hole rubber
stopper, 50ml measuring cylinder, 250ml beaker, stop watch

Substances :

Water 𝐻2 𝑂, 1M Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), 1M Acetic Acid (𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2)

Procedure

1) The calorimeter and the thermometer had been dried with a dry tissue.
2) 50ml of 1M NaOH has been measured and were added into the calorimeter.
3) The lid of the calorimeter was replaced without thermometer.
4) 50ml of 1M 𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 was measured into a dry beaker. The beaker was let to
stand neat the calorimeter for 4 minutes.
5) The temperature of the acid has been recorded.
6) The thermometer was rinsed with tap water and has been wipe until it dry.
7) The temperature of the base solution has been recorded.
8) 𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 was added into the NaOH.
 Safety precautions :

1) Make sure eyes level is straight to the meniscus level to avoid parallax error when
measuring cylinder or beaker mark readings.
2) Wear safe proper clothing and suitable for laboratory room such as wearing lab
coats, rubber gloves, lab goggles and face shield to avoid harmful exposure to
any harmful substances chemical.
3) Hot water needs to be handled carefully to avoid spill because hot water may
cause burns to hands by wearing rubber gloves.
4) HCl and Sodium hydroxide need to be handled properly to avoid spill or exposure
may cause eyes, nose and respiratory and to avoid contact with skin and be
inhaled. So, rubber gloves should be worn before starting experiment.
5) 𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 is highly corrosive to the skin and eyes and also can damage to the
internal organs if ingested or in the case of vapor inhalation. It is should be handled
and avoid spill or exposure by wearing safety googles and wash hand after the
experiment.
6) Tasting or smelling chemical substances need to avoid, it can be dangerous or
dead.
7) Wearing hearing protection also need to avoid exposure to noise at laboratory.
Data, Data & Result
Results & PART A – HEAT CAPACITY OF CALORIMETER
Discussion
NOTATION TIME, s TEMPERATURE AVERAGE, °𝐂
Tequilibrium
t0 5 36.6
t1 10 36.6
t2 15 36.4
t3 30 36.4
t4 45 36.4
t5 60 36.4
t6 75 36.2
t7 90 36.2
t8 105 36.1
t9 120 36.1
t 10 135 36.1
t 11 150 36.1
t 12 165 36.1
t 13 180 36.0
t 14 195 35.9
t 15 210 35.9
t 16 225 35.8
t 17 240 35.8
t 18 255 35.8
t 19 270 35.7
t 20 285 35.7
t 21 300 35.7
t 22 315 35.7
t 23 330 35.7
t 24 345 35.6
t 25 360 35.6
t 26 375 35.6
t 27 390 35.5
t 28 405 35.5
t 29 420 35.4
t 30 435 35.4
t 30 435 35.4
t 31 450 35.3
t 32 465 35.3
t 33 480 35.3
t 34 495 35.3
t 35 510 35.3
t 36 525 35.3
t 37 540 35.2
t 38 555 35.2
t 39 570 35.2
t 40 585 35.2
t 41 600 35.1

Tap water: 26.6 °𝐂

Hot water : 46.9 °𝐂
PART B – HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF HCL - NAOH

NOTATION TIME, s TEMPERATURE AVERAGE °𝐂

Tequilibrium
t0 15 31.9
t1 30 31.8
t2 45 31.8
t3 60 31.8
t4 75 31.7
t5 90 31.7
t6 105 31.7
t7 120 31.6
t8 135 31.6
t9 150 31.6
t 10 165 31.6
t 11 180 31.6
t 12 195 31.6
t 13 210 31.5
t 14 225 31.5
t 15 240 31.5
t 16 255 31.4
t 17 270 31.3
t 18 285 31.3
t 19 300 31.3
t 20 315 31.3
t 21 330 31.3
t 22 345 31.3
t 23 360 31.3
t 24 375 31.3
t 25 390 31.2
t 26 405 31.2
t 27 420 31.2
t 28 435 31.2
t 29 450 31.2
t 30 465 31.2
t 30 480 31.1
t 31 495 31.1
t 32 510 31.1
t 33 525 31.1
t 34 540 31.1
t 35 555 31.1
t 36 570 31.1
t 37 585 31.1
t 38 600 30.9
t 39 615 30.9
t 40 630 30.9

HCl: 25.1°𝐂
NaOH: 24.9 °𝐂
PART C – HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF 𝐇𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟑 𝐎𝟐 - NaOH

NOTATION TIME, s TEMPERATURE AVERAGE °𝐂

Tequilibrium
t0 15 33.3
t1 30 33.3
t2 45 33.3
t3 60 33.3
t4 75 33.3
t5 90 33.2
t6 105 33.2
t7 120 33.2
t8 135 33.2
t9 150 33.2
t 10 165 33.1
t 11 180 33.1
t 12 195 33.1
t 13 210 33.1
t 14 225 33.0
t 15 240 33.0
t 16 255 33.0
t 17 270 33.0
t 18 285 33.0
t 19 300 33.0
t 20 315 33.0
t 21 330 32.9
t 22 345 32.9
t 23 360 32.8
t 24 375 32.8
t 25 390 32.8
t 26 405 32.8
t 27 420 32.8
t 28 435 32.8
t 29 450 32.8
t 30 465 32.7
t 30 480 32.7
t 31 495 32.7
t 32 510 32.7
t 33 525 32.7
t 34 540 32.7
t 35 555 32.6
t 36 570 32.6
t 37 585 32.6
t 38 600 32.6
t 39 615 32.6
t 40 630 32.6

HC2 H3 O2 : 27.9 °𝐂
NaOH: 27.7 °𝐂
Discussion:
For experiment A, a calorimeter made of Styrofoam which effective in preventing heat transfer
between the system and environment. It is because the Styrofoam is often used to measure the heat
transferred (q) in processes open to atmosphere, as long as the pressure does not change while
doing the experiment. The Styrofoam is known as constant pressure calorimetry. In addition, the
calorimeter consist of the instrument and the 100g of water contained within it. Ideally, the
components of the calorimeter would absorb no heat, but the components of the calorimeters
always absorb some energy from the system. This experiment constructed to determine the heat
capacity of the calorimeter which the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given
quantity of the substance by 1 degree Celcius. The heat capacity of the calorimeter must be
determined experimentally, so the easiest process is to study the mixing of hot and cold water. The
heat capacity of the calorimeter for this experiment is 81.14 J/◦C

The reaction of an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is
represented by the neutralization chemical equation :

𝐻𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) → NaCl (aq) + H2 0 (I) + heat

In interactions between a system and its surroundings, the total energy remains constant :

𝑞𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = 0

Thus, heat lost by a system is gained by its surroundings. So the heat of neutralization is
negative of the heat gained by the calorimeter which includes the water.

The reaction of HCl (aq), a strong acid with NaOH (aq) is a strong base. Strong acids and strong
bases are completely dissociated in aqueous solution. Hence neutralization involves only the
combination of H+ and OH- ions:

𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) → H2 O(I) 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡 = heat liberated

This is why the heat of neutralization is basically constant and regardless of the existence of the
neutralization. The strong acid and strong base that the reaction involves.

50 ml of 1.0 M HCl and 50ml of 1M NaOH with initial temperature of NaOH is 24.9◦C while initial
temperature of HCl is 25.1◦C is mixed into the styrofoam and allowed to react. After the solution
reacted, the final temperature is increases to 30.9◦C. The heat gained by the resultant solution can
be calculated using qsolution = m c ∆T where m is the total mass of the resultant solution and c is
specific heat capacity of the resultant solution.
Since the solutions are mostly water, the solutions are assumed to have a density of 1.0 g/ml and a
specific heat of 4.18 J/g◦C.

For the part B, the heat of neutralization is −58.95 kJ/mol while for part C is −47.96 kJ/mol. Thus,
the negative sign shows that the reaction is exothermic process. The temperature of the solution in
the calorimeter will increase as energy is transferred to it from the reactants. Therefore, the values
we obtain may be correct based on the theory and terms for heat capacity and heat
neutralization. The magnitude of heat of neutralization for part B is higher than the magnitude of
heat of neutralization for part C.

The value obtain are experimental data that must be compared to the true value in order to gauge
the accuracy of this experiment. The theoretical value of the joules released per mole of water for
the strong acid which is HCl reaction is -55.8 kJ/mol while for acetic acid is less than -55.8 kJ/mol.
Calculations:
a) Compare the magnitude of heat of neutralization for Part A and B with the theoretical
value.
PART A

1. Temperature of calorimeter and water before mixing = 26.6°C

2. Temperature of hot water = 46.9°C
3. Heat lost by warmer water = (Ti – Tf) x 50 g x 4.18 J/g.K
=[(46.9 + 273)-(35.1 +273)]K x 50g x 4.18J/g.K
= 2466.2J
4. Heat gained by cooler water = (Tf – Ti) x 50 g x 4.18 J/g.K

= [(35.1 + 273)– (26.6 + 273)]K x 50 g x 4.18 J/g.K

=1776.5J
5. Heat lost by warmer water – Heat gained by cooler water = Heat gained by the
calorimeter

2466.2J - 1776.5J = (35.1-26.6)°C x heat capacity of calorimeter

Heat capacity of calorimeter =81.14 J/°C

PART B

1. Temperature of calorimeter and NaOH before mixing = 24.9°C

2. Temperature of HCl = 25.1°C
3. Heat lost by HCl = (Ti – Tf) x 50 g x 4.18 J/g.K
=[(25.1 + 273)-(30.9 +273)]K x 50g x 4.18J/g.K
= -1212.2 J
4. Heat gained by NaOH = (Tf – Ti) x 50 g x 4.18 J/g.K

= [(30.9 + 273)– (24.9 + 273)]K x 50 g x 4.18 J/g.K

=1254 J
5. Heat lost by HCl – Heat gained by NaOH = Heat gained by the calorimeter

-1212.2 J – 1254 J = (30.9 - 24.9)°C x heat capacity of calorimeter

Heat capacity of calorimeter = -411.03 J/°C
 b) Compare the magnitude of heat of neutralization for weak and strong acid.

STRONG ACID

1. Change in temperature = (30.9 –25.0)°C = 5.9°C

2. Heat gained by calorimeter during reaction:
𝒒𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒄𝒂𝒍 ×△𝒕
= 499.54 J/°C x 5.9°C
= 2947.286 J
3. Heat of neutralization:
𝒒𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = −𝒒𝒄𝒂𝒍
= −2947.286 𝐽

4. 𝐇𝐂𝐥 + 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎

The number of moles of HCl in 50 mL of 1.0 M H2 O :

= molarity x liters of solution

= 1.0 M x 0.05 L

= 0.05 mol HCl

The number of moles of H2O produced in reaction of 50 mL 1.0 M HCl and 50 mL 1.0 M NaOH :

= number of moles of HCl × ratio of moles of H2O to HCl

= 0.05 mol HCl × (1mol of H2O /1mol of HCl)

= 0.05 mol water

5. Enthalpy of neutralization per mole of water formed:

−2947.286𝐽 𝑘𝐽
△H = ×
0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝐽

= −58.95 kJ/mol
WEAK ACID

1. Change in temperature = (32.6 –27.8) °C = 4.8°C

2. Heat gained by calorimeter during reaction:
𝐪𝐜𝐚𝐥 = 𝐂𝐜𝐚𝐥 ×△𝐭
= 499.54 J/°C x 4.8°C
= 2397.792 J

3. Heat of neutralization:
𝐪𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = −𝐪𝐜𝐚𝐥
= −2397.792 J

4. HC2H3O2. + NaOH → NaC2H3O2. + H2O

The number of moles of HC2H3O2 in 50 mL of 1.0 M H2 O :

= molarity x liters of solution

= 1.0 M x 0.05 L

= 0.05 mol HC2H3O2

The number of moles of H2O produced in reaction of 50 mL 1.0 M HCl and 50 mL 1.0 M NaOH:

= number of moles of HC2H3O2 × ratio of moles of H2O to HC2H3O2

= 0.05 mol HCl × (1mol of H2O /1mol of HCl)

= 0.05 mol water

5. Enthalpy of neutralization per mole of water formed:

−2397.792 J kJ
△H = 0.05 mol
× 1000 J

= −47.96 kJ/mol

c) What is the objective of recording the first 3 readings temperature for every 5
seconds?

In order to detect if there are small changes of temperature as the solution does not mix
well yet. The time was used to wait for the solution to well mixed and reach their
equilibrium temperature. At this time, the transfer of heat is in action. It is also to get the
average temperature of the calorimeter. This average temperature reading would portray
 the stable equilibrium reading of the calorimeter.

Conclusion: In the end of this experiment, the heat capacity of a calorimeter is determined and
the heat changes accompanying neutralization for weak and strong acids with base are measured.

Reference: 1. https://www.ccri.edu/chemistry/courses/chem_1100/wirkkala/labs/Enthalpy_of_Neutrali
zation.pdf
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/enthalpy
3. https://www.ccri.edu/chemistry/courses/chem_1100/wirkkala/labs/Enthalpy_of_
Neutralization.pdf
4. http://faculty.cbu.ca/chowley/chem1104lab/CalorimetryHO.pdf
5. https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=2&brch=190&sim=1546&cnt=1
6. https://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/demos/Heat-of-Neutralization-HClaq-NaOHaq#
https://www.atilim.edu.tr/shares/chem/files/CEAC%20104%20Son%203%20deney.pdf
7. https://www.ausetute.com.au/heatneutral.html