TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND METTALURGICAL ENGINEERING

REPORT GRADING FORM

Name of Student: Solethu Mthembu

Student Number: 223134114

Course Code: BPHE20

Title of Experiment: Thermochemistry

Experiment Number: 3

Term

Second Semester

Subject Max Mark Actual Mark

1. Title Page 1

2. Abstract 5

3. Introduction 5

4. Procedure 2

6. Results 3

7. Discussion of Results 6

Quiz Report 20

8. Conclusion 3

9. Literature Cited (References) 3

11. Organization and Neatness 2

Total 50

Signed: ____________________________________

Comments:

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 ABSTRACT
Thermochemistry is the study of heat and energy associated with chemical reactions
and/or phase changes. There are reactions which absorb or release energy, this
energy maybe in the form of heat thus calorimetry is a technique used to measure the
amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process.
This experiment had two objectives, one, was to prove that the heat given out by hot
water is equal to the heat absorbed by the calorimeter and the cold water and the
second one was to determine the enthalpy of dissolution of a salt at room temperature.

So this experiment had two procedures, the first procedure was done to determine the
water equivalent of calorimeter, where hot water was added to a calorimeter and cold
water, this mixture was stirred until a equilibrium temperature was reached, and the
second procedure was to determine the enthalpy of dissolution of a salt at room
temperature, here 5g of ammonium chloride was added to water at room temperature
this solution was stirred until a equilibrium temperature was reached.
From the results the water equivalent of calorimeter was determined, which was used
to prove that heat given out by hot water is equal to the heat absorbed by the
calorimeter and the cold water then the enthalpy of dissolution was calculated using
the water equivalent of calorimeter, the mass of the water and ammonium chloride,
the temperature of the water at room temperature and temperature of the solution, and
the molecular weight of the solute ammonium chloride, which resulted in a
endothermic process.

It was the concluded that the heat given out by hot water is equal to the heat absorbed
by the calorimeter and the cold water and t

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 INTRODUCTION
Thermochemistry is the study of heat and energy associated with chemical reactions
and/or phase changes. There are reactions which absorb or release energy, this
energy maybe in the form of heat. When a chemical reaction absorbs energy in the
form of heat it is said to be endothermic and when it releases it, it is said to be
exothermic.

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical

or physical process. Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or
from a substance. To do so, the heat is exchanged with a calibrated object
(calorimeter). The temperature change measured by the calorimeter is used to derive
the amount of heat transferred by the process under study. (Paul Flowers, 2019)

A calorimeter is a machine that determines how much heat is generated during a

chemical or physical process. (Paul Flowers, 2019)
Water equivalent of calorimeter is the volume of water that would heat up to the same
temperature as a calorimeter.
Water equivalent of calorimeter can be shown as follows;

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When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, heat is either absorbed or released. The
dissolution of the solute into the solvent, leads to an enthalpy change of the chemical
reaction.
Enthalpies of solutions can either be positive or negative, meaning that some ionic
substances may dissolve endothermically or exothermically.
As a solution's concentration changes, so does the enthalpy change per mole of a
solute that has been dissolved.

METHODOLOGY
The procedure for the determination of the water equivalent of water:
• 50 ml of distilled water was poured into a measuring jar which was then poured
into the calorimeter.
• The temperature of this water was measured using a thermometer and labelled
as t 1 ∘C.
• The calorimeter was placed in a wooden box, which was filled with cotton to
avoid heat loss, a stirrer was put into the calorimeter.
• Using a measuring jar 50ml of distilled was poured into a beaker.
• This water was heated to 10-20 ∘C above room temperature this temperature
was recorded was t 2 ∘C
• The heated water was then poured into the calorimeter and the wooden box
was immediately closed.
• A thermometer was inserted into the calorimeter and the water was stirred until
the temperature of the water became constant, this temperature was recorded
as t 3∘C.
The procedure for the determination of Enthalpy of Dissolution of Salt in Water at
Room Temperature:
• 50 ml of distilled water was poured into measuring jar which was then poured
into the calorimeter.
• The temperature of this water was measured using a thermometer and labelled
as t 1 ∘C.
• The calorimeter was placed in a wooden box, which was filled with cotton to
avoid heat loss, a stirrer was put into the calorimeter.
• 5g of ammonium chloride was added into the calorimeter and the wooden box
was immediately closed.
• A thermometer was inserted into the calorimeter and the solution was stirred
until its temperature became constant, this temperature was recorded as t 2∘C.

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 • The temperature recorded is the temperature at which the substance dissolves.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thermochemistry quiz results

Quiz Submissions - Experiment 3: Thermochemistry

SM MTHEMBU (username: 223134114@tut4life.ac.za)

Attempt 1

Written: 21 September 2022 8:02 PM - 21 September 2022 8:22 PM

Submission View

Your quiz has been submitted successfully.

Question 1 2 / 2 points

While performing the calorimetry experiment in the lab, a student wishes to determine
the water equivalent of calorimeter. He pours 50 ml of hot water at 55 °C into the
calorimeter containing 50 ml of water at 27 °C. After mixing the two, he got the final
temperature as 38 °C. What is the value of water equivalent of calorimeter?

16.67 g

166.7 g

11.11 g

12.3 g

Question 2 2 / 2 points

Which one of the following devices is used to determine the enthalpy of dissolution of a
given salt?

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 Calorimeter

Potentiometer

Hygrometer

Viscometer

Question 3 2 / 2 points

The reaction CaCl₂ (s) + 400H₂O (l) → CaCl₂ (400H₂O); ∆H = -78.60 kJ is

_________________ and heat is ______________ by the reaction.

Endothermic, absorbed

Endothermic, released

Exothermic, absorbed

Exothermic, released

Question 4 2 / 2 points

For a given chemical reaction, ∆H is negative. This means that the reaction is
_______________.

Equithermic

Adiabatic process

Enothermic

Exothermic

Question 5 2 / 2 points

Which one of the following is the correct equation for calculating the enthalpy of
dissolution of a salt?

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Question 6 2 / 2 points

The reaction CaCl₂.6H₂O (s)+400H₂O (l)→CaCl₂.6H₂O (400H₂O); ∆H=+18.83 kJ is

________________and heat is _______________by the reaction.

Exothermic, absorbed

Endothermic, absorbed

Exothermic, released

Endothermic, released

Question 7 2 / 2 points

Chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings is said to be __________ and
has a __________∆H at constant pressure.

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 Exothermic, neutral

Endothermic, positive

Endothermic, negative

Exothermic, positive

Question 8 2 / 2 points

Which one of the following is incorrect?

Heat is evolved when an exothermic reaction occurs.

An endothermic reaction is characterized by the positive value of ∆H.

The reaction vessel becomes hot when an exothermic reaction occurs.

An exothermic reaction is characterized by the positive value of ∆H.

Question 9 2 / 2 points

Which statement is true?

An endothermic reaction is characterized by a negative value of ∆H.

The reaction vessel becomes hot when an endothermic reaction occurs.

Heat is evolved when an endothermic reaction occurs.

An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings.

Question 10 2 / 2 points
When NH₄Cl (s) is added to water, the resulting solution feels cool to touch. Which best
describes this observation?

It is an exothermic reaction.

The enthalpy of this reaction is negative.

Heat is released as NH₄Cl (s) dissolves.

Heat is absorbed as NH₄Cl (s) dissolves.

Attempt Score:20 / 20 - 100 %

Overall Grade (highest attempt):20 / 20 - 100 %

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RESULTS

Determination of Water Equivalent of Calorimeter Calculations:

• Volume of water taken in the calorimeter = 50 ml

Therefore, mass of water = 50 g (assuming specific density of water is unity)

• Temperature of water = t1 °C
• Volume of warm water added = 50 ml
• Therefore; mass of warm water = 50 g
• Temperature of warm water = t2 °C
• Temperature after mixing = t3 °C
• W = water equivalent of calorimeter

𝑡2−𝑡3
therefore; W + m2 = m1 × 𝑡3−𝑡1

𝑡2−𝑡3
W = m1 × 𝑡3−𝑡1 - m2
47−36
= 50 × 36−27 − 50

= 11.11g
Therefore, since;

50 ( 47-36) = ( 50 + 11,11 ) ( 36 -27)

550 g.°C = 550 g.°C

The determination of Enthalpy of Dissolution of Salt in Water at Room

Temperature:

• Weight of ammonium chloride dissolved, w = 5 g

• Volume of water taken in the calorimeter = 50 ml

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 • Therefore, mass of water taken in the calorimeter = 50 g (assuming specific density =
1)
• Temperature of water = t1 °C = 27
• Temperature after dissolving ammonium chloride = t2 °C=22
• Water equivalent of calorimeter, W = 11.11 g
• Molecular mass of ammonium chloride, M = 53.49 g/mol

Therefore:

(11.11𝑔+50𝑔)×(27−47)×4.2 ×53.49𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
=
5𝑔
= 13728,850 joules/mol
= 13,729 kilojoules/mol

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

From the results above from the experiment, it was proven that the
heat given out by the hot water =heat taken by the calorimeter and cold water.
This was done by calculating the water equivalent of calorimeter, by adding hot water
to the cold water and calorimeter, through this it was observed that the temperature of
the calorimeter and cold water increased as the temperature of the hot water dropped
hence their equilibrium temperature of 36°C.
It was also observed that the dissociation of ammonium chloride in water caused the
temperature of the overall solution to drop. Using the water equivalent of calorimeter,
the mass of the water and ammonium chloride, the temperature of the water at room
temperature and temperature of the solution, and the molecular weight of the solute
ammonium chloride, the enthalpy of dissolution was calculated, which showed that the
dissolution was endothermic.

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 CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the water equivalent of calorimeter can be calculated by
adding a certain volume of hot water to a calorimeter and cold water, which then
proves that the theory that;
Heat given out by hot water= Heat taken by the calorimeter and cold water
It can also be concluded that the dissociation of ammonium chloride in water at room
temperature is endothermic because the dissociation lowers the overall temperature
of the solution, meaning that heat is absorbed.

References
Anon., n.d. XI, Laboratory Manual Chemistry for class. s.l.:NCERT.
Averill, B. A. & Eldredge, P., 2007. General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and
Applications. s.l.:Pearson College Div.
Paul Flowers, K. T. L. R. R., 2019. Chemistry 2e. Houston, Texas: openstax.
Theodore E. Brown, H. E. L. B. E. B. ,. C. M. ,. P. W. ,. M. E. S., 2018. Chemistry: The
central science. 14 ed. s.l.:Pearson.

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