PAVAN

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL SYSTEM
Submitted in the Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted
BY
M. PRATYUSH KUMAR 17R91A04B6
BELLAMKONDA ANIL 18R91A04A9
PASHAM SIRISHA 18R91A04D9
KONDURU PAVAN KALYAN 19R95A0434
Under the guidance of
Mrs. D. RAMA DEVI
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Medbowli, Meerpet, Saroornagar, Hyderabad-097
Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad
2021-2022
i
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Medbowli, Meerpet, Saroornagar, Hyderabad-097
2021-2022
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project work entitled “DTMF BASED HOME
APPLIANCES CONTROL SYSTEM” done by PASHAM SIRISHA (18R91A04D9),
KONDURU PAVAN KALYAN (19R9150434) M. PRATYUSH KUMAR (17R91A04B6),
BELLAMKONDA ANIL (18R91A04A9), of Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department is a record of bonafide work carried out by them. This project is
done as a partial fulfilment of obtaining Bachelor of Technology Degree to be awarded by
JNTUH, Hyderabad. The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted to
any other university for the award of any other degree.
Internal Guide Project Coordinator

Mrs. D. Rama Devi Dr.D. Vemana Chary
Associate Professor Professor
HOD-ECE External Examiner

Dr. SK. Umar Faruq
Professor
ii
21-9-2021
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that following students from TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY
ENGINEERING COLLEGE(TKR) HYDERABAD worked with AMBEST
TECHNOLOGIES as an INTERNSHIP from 5th SEP 2021 to 20th OCT 2021 and has
successfully completed their academic internship under our guidance with our team.
PASHAM SIRISHA -18R91A04D9

KONDURU PAVAN KALYAN -19R95A0434
BELLAMKONDA ANIL -18R91A04A9
M. PRATYUSH KUMAR -17R91A04B6
PROJECT ASSIGNED: “ DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL SYSTEM”
Technology/ Language: “EMBEDDED SYSTEMS”
We wish them all the best for their future endeavors.
Yours Sincerely
AMBEST TECHNOLOGIES
#F-9, 1st Floor, Sreemaan Rama Towers, Chaitanyapuri, Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad. Opp:
McDonalds. Email: Ambestliveprojects@gmail.com, Website:
http://www.ambesttechnologies.com , Cell: 91+9700726611/33/88, Land: 040-49516611
iii
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Medbowli, Meerpet, Saroor nagar, Hyderabad-097
2021-2022
DECLARATION
We, M. PRATYUSH KUMAR (17R91A04B6), BELLAMKONDA ANIL (18R91A04A9)PASHAM

SIRISHA (18R91A04D9),KONDURU PAVAN KALYAN (19R9150434) hereby declare that the
work embodied in this report entitled “DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL
SYSTEM”, submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, for partial
fulfilment of the degree of Electronics and Communication Engineering has been carried out by us
under the super vision of Mrs.D.Rama Devi , Associate Professor. To the best of our knowledge, this
work has not been submitted for any other degree in any university
.
PROJECT ASSOCIATES
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge and express our gratitude and sincere thanks to our guide Mrs.D. Rama
Devi, Associate Professor and Project Co-ordinator Dr.D. Vemana Chary, Professor for
constantly monitoring our progress and suggesting improvements at various stages for
preparing the project report.
We would like to express our deepest sense of gratitude towards Dr.SK. Umar Faruq,
Head of the department (ECE) for his valuable help during this project report. His guidance
has been instrumental and has proved to be of immense help during this project report
preparation.
We would like to thank Dr. K. VENKATA MURALI MOHAN, Principal,

TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE for having permitted us to take
on this project report.
Lastly, we would like to thank everyone who has been involved in this progress of the
project report, whose contributions have added a lot of value
PROJECT ASSOCIATES
ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to develop a home automation system that can be controlled
remotely using mobile phones. Home automation is one of the most emerging trends in
modernization of home appliance control. Presently, conventional wall switches are located in
different parts of the house, and one has to physically go near them and press them to turn the
loads on/off. It becomes very difficult for the elderly or physically handicapped people to do
so. Another advantage of this project is that, sometimes we forget to switch off the home
appliances and by this DTMF based home automation system we can switch on or off from
any part of the world. This system is designed to provide control of home appliances through
mobile phones by dialing the designated number. Dialing can be done from the home phone,
or a call made to the number from outside. This system is designed by ARDUINO NANO but
is based on digital logic using DTMF technology (Dual Tone multiple frequency) which
receives the command from the phone to develop digital output. This digital signal is further
processed to actuate the switching mechanism through the relay driver to turn on/off the
loads/appliances. It can be used to switch appliances from anywhere, overcoming the limited
range of other infrared and radio frequency type controls. This proposed system gives a new
direction to the development of home automation
INDEX
Contents PAGE NO
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM 1-8
1.1 Tools 3
1.2 Resources 4
1.3 Real Time Issues 4
1.4 Need for Embedded Systems 4
1.5 Debugging
1.6 Reliability 6
1.7 Real- time embedded systems 7
1.8 Network communication embedded system 7
1.9Applications of embedded systems 8
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY 9-10
2.1 Analysis of existing system 10
CHAPTER 3
DTMF Based Home Appliances Control System
3.1 System features 12
3.1.1 System Description 13
3.2 DTMF Detection Unit 14
3.2.1 DTMF Signaling 14
3.2.2 DTMF Detection 16
3.2.3 DTMF Decoder Specifications 16
3.3 General Description 18
3.4 Features 18
3.5 Working process 19
CHAPTER 4
Software & Hardware Description 20-37
4.1 Arduino Nano Board 20
4.1.1 ATMEGA328P Features 21
4.1.2 Power 21
4.1.3 Memory 22
4.1.4 Input and Output 22
4.2 Communication 23
4.3 Programming 23
4.4 Automatic (software) Reset 24
4.5 Pin Description 25
4.6 Reset 28
4.7 Applications 28
4.8 Power supply 29
4.8.1 Bridge Rectifier 29
4.8.2 Voltage Regulator 30
4.9 IC 7805 31
4.10 Programming with DTMF 32
4.11 Typical Applications for DTMF Decoders 33
4.12 Relay 33
4.13 Advantages of Relays 34
4.14 D.C Motor 34
4.15 Applications 35
4.16 AC Fans 36
4.17 AC Bulbs 37
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION 38
5.1 Advantages of DTMF Controlled Home Automation 38
5.2 Applications DTMF based Home Automation 38
CHAPTER 6
Results 39-40
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 41-42
7.1 Conclusio 42
7.2 Future Work 42

REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 A modern example of embedded system 3
1.2 Network Communications embedded system 8
1.3 Fax machine 8
1.4 Printing machine 8
2.1 Appliances Control Using mobile phone 12
3.1 Block diagram of DTMF based home automation 13
3.2 Telephone keypad matrix 15
3.3 DTMF signal of key number “3” [697,1477] 15
3.4 DTMF receiver 18
3.5 Schematic Diagram 19
4.1 photographic view of micro controller Arduino Nano 20
4.2 Block Diagram of Arduino Nano 24
4.3 Pin Diagram 25
4.4 Basic Block Diagram of regulated power supply 29
4.5 Bridge Rectifier 30
4.6 voltage regulator 30
4.7 Circuit Diagram of power supply 31
4.8 IC 7805 32
4.9 Simple electromechanical Relay 34
4.10 DC motor 35
4.11 DC motor pump 36
4.12 AC Fan 36
4.13 AC Bulb 37
6.1 Photographic view of DTMF based home automation 40

LIST OF TABLES
S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 DTMF Requirements 17
1.2 Specifications of IC7805 32
1.3 Results of the Project 39
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
▪ DTMF - DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY
▪ DSP - DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
▪ ICD - IN CIRCUIT DEBUGGER
▪ TCB - TRUSTED COMPUTING BASE
▪ LAN -LOCAL AREA NETWORK
▪ SRAM -STATIC RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY
▪ ASIC -APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
▪ USB -UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS
▪ LED -LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
▪ SPI -SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
▪ ICSP-IN CIRCUIT SERIAL PROGRAMMING
▪ IOB -INPUT OUTPUT BLOCKS
▪ CPU -CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
▪ IC -INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
▪ PWM -PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
▪ RPS -REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
▪ LCD -LIQUID CRYSTEL DISPLAY
▪ DC-DIRECT CURRENT
▪ AC-ALTYERNATING CURRENT
▪ CLB -CONFIGURABLE LOGIC BLOCK
▪ BITGEN- BIT GENERATION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-
purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real time performance constraints that must
be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
An embedded system is not always a separate block - very often it is physically built-in to
the device it is controlling. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware ,
and is stored in read-only memory or flash convector chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs
with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.
Wireless communication has become an important feature for commercial products and a popular
research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than
wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, low-power,
and short-distance wireless communication used for \personal wireless networks." Technology
advancements are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating
computational processing, wireless communication, and a host of other functionalities. These
embedded communications devices will be integrated into applications ranging from homeland
security to industry automation and monitoring. They will also enable custom tailored
engineering solutions, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and processing information.
With new technologies and devices come new business activities, and the need for employees in
these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of embedded systems and wireless
communications will be in high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable environments
available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn about these
technologies during hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted pair,
optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless radio.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated
functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device
often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as
DEPT ECE 1
a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are typically
either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is
being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. For
example, air traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they
involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and national networks between airports and
radar sites.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize
it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems
controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller
chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or
enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have
some element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share some
elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which
power them, but they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.
Moreover, even systems which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need
to support software updates.
On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will

have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to perform one or
a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call "embedded". A modern example of an
embedded system is shown in fig: 1.1.
In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have
some element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share some
DEPT ECE 2
elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which
power them, but they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.
Moreover, even systems which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need
to support software updates. On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large
application systems will have subcomponents at most points event systems which don't expose
programmability as a primary feature generally need to support software updates. On a
continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will have
subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call "embedded". A modern example of
embedded system is shown in fig:1.1
Fig 1.1: A modern example of embedded system
DEPT ECE 3
1.1 Tools:
Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming. There's

also a large number of embedded architectures, unlike the PC world where 1 instruction set rules,
and the UNIX world where there's only 3 or 4 major ones. This means that the tools are more
expensive. It also means that they're lowering features and less developed. On a major embedded
project, at some point you will almost always find a compiler bug of some sort .
1.2 Resources:
To save costs, embedded systems frequently have the cheapest processors that can do the
job. This means your programs need to be written as efficiently as possible. When dealing with
large data sets, issues like memory cache misses that never matter in PC programming can hurt
you. Luckily, this won't happen too often- use reasonably efficient algorithms to start, and
optimize only when necessary. Of course, normal profilers won't work well, due to the same
reason debuggers don't work well.
Memory is also an issue. For the same cost savings reasons, embedded systems usually
have the least memory they can get away with. That means their algorithms must be memory
efficient (unlike in PC programs, you will frequently sacrifice processor time for memory, rather
than the reverse). It also means you can't afford to leak memory. Embedded applications
generally use deterministic memory techniques and avoid the default "new" and "malloc"
functions, so that leaks can be found and eliminated more easily.
1.3 Real Time Issues:
Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond to them in
real time. Failure to do so could cause inaccuracy in measurements, or even damage hardware
such as motors. This is made even more difficult by the lack of resources available. Almost all
DEPT ECE 4
embedded systems need to be able to prioritize some tasks over others, and to be able to put
off/skip low priority tasks such as UI in favor of high priority tasks like hardware control.
1.4 Need For Embedded Systems:
The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new products are
introduced to the market that utilize embedded computers in novel ways. In recent years,
hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA chips have become much
cheaper. So when implementing a new form of control, it's wiser to just buy the generic chip and
write your own custom software for it. Producing a custom-made chip to handle a particular task
or set of tasks costs far more time and money. Many embedded computers even come with
extensive libraries, so that "writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed. From
an implementation viewpoint, there is a major difference between a computer and an embedded
system. Embedded systems are often required to provide Real-Time response. The main elements
that make embedded systems unique are its reliability and ease in debugging.
1.5 Debugging:
Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities

available. From simplest to most sophisticated they can be roughly grouped into the following
areas: Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded
operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic).An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that
connects to the microprocessor via a JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the
microprocessor to be
An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via
a JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be code or source-
code.
Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements, the

debugging strategy may vary. For instance, debugging a software(and microprocessor) centric
embedded system is different from debugging an embedded system where most of the processing
DEPT ECE 5
is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-processor). An increasing number of embedded

systems today use more than one single processor core. A common problem with multi-core
development is the proper synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the embedded
system design may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores,
which requires very low-level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyser, for instance.
1.6 Reliability:
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for
years without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error occurs. Therefore, the
software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and
unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
Specific reliability issues may include:
A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—both

software bugs such as memory leaks, and soft errors in the hardware:
● Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture [6] ensures a highly
secure & reliable system environment.
● An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any

subsystem component, so that a compromised software component cannot interfere
with other subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This encapsulation
keeps faults from propagating from one subsystem to another, improving
reliability. This may also allow a subsystem to be automatically shut down and
restarted on fault detection.
● Immunity Aware Programming.
● externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the

processor.
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● An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent,

providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.
● A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing

all of it to be controlled and modified and allowing debugging on a normal PC.
● Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run
software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop
its operation. The view of the code may be as assembly.
1.7 Real-time embedded systems:
Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a specific
time period are called real-time embedded systems. There are two types of real-time embedded
systems.
● Hard Real-time embedded systems:
These embedded systems follow an absolute deadline time period i.e.., if the tasking is
not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage to the entire equipment.
E.g.: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30 milliseconds. If this valve
is not opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire equipment. So in such cases we use
embedded systems for doing automatic operations.
● Soft Real Time embedded systems:
E.g.: Consider a TV remote control system, if the remote control takes a few
milliseconds delay it will not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control. E.g.:
Consider a TV remote control system, if the remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it will
not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control.
1.8 Network communication embedded systems:
A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using embedded
systems.
E.g.:
DEPT ECE 7
● Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with internet can be used to
spread communication like sending pictures, images, videos etc.., to another
computer with internet connection throughout anywhere in the world.
● Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock.

1.9 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Consumer applications:
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include microwave ovens, remote
control, vcd players, DVD players, cameras etc…
Fig 1.2: Network communication embedded systems
Fig 1.3 : Fax machine Fig1.4: Printing machine
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The aim of this project is to improve the machine operation in home automation and also
in medical facilities. In this project, the technology that we used is Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency
(DTMF) Technology. DTMF signalling is used for telecommunication signalling over analog
telephone lines in the voice frequency band between telephone handsets and other
communications device and the switching centre. The underlying principle mainly relies up on
the ability of DTMF (Dual-ToneMulti-Frequency) Technology to acts as a remote for controlling
the land-rover to move. It will generate DTMF corresponding to a number or code in the number
pad and then detect the same number or code from its corresponding DTMF (Table 2.0). In
detail, a DTMF generator will generate two frequencies corresponding to a number or code in the
number pad which will be transmitted through the communication networks, constituting the
transmitter section which is simply equivalent to a mobile set.
The underlying principle mainly relies on the ability of DTMF

(Dual-ToneMulti-Frequency) Technology to act as a remote for controlling the land-rover to
move. It will generate DTMF corresponding to a number or code in the number pad and then
detect the same number or code from its corresponding DTMF (Table 2.0). In detail, a DTMF
generator will generate two frequencies corresponding to a number or code in the number pad
which will be transmitted through the communication networks, constituting the transmitter
section which is simply equivalent to a mobile set.
For my project, the microcontroller is pre-programmed to take a decision for any given
input and outputs its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors forward, backward
motion or a turn. The Microcontroller acts as the brain of my project because the code will give
the action to the motor to move it. For this project, it can be used with two methods with or
without using microcontroller software. The second method which is without using the
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Microcontroller Interfacing software, the microcontroller is replaced with the equivalent logic
circuit that acts as a decoder to convert the binary to perform the action of the land rover.
When using this second method, it will be a problem in excessive current division due to
the overloaded logic. So, the choice of using the microcontroller is the best solution to avoid this
problem from happening in constructing this project. These both methods operate in same way
which is the drawback of the limited working range, limited range, and limited control.
Now a days there is a huge advancement in the communication sector. Almost all people
now a days have access to mobile phones and thus the world has indeed become a global village.
At any given moment, any person across the world can be contacted with the help of a mobile
phone. So mobile phones can not only be used for the calling and sending SMS purposes, but
also new ideas can be generated, and techniques can be developed from it that can further
enhance its capabilities. There are huge technological advancements in wireless communication
like Infrared and Bluetooth which mostly took place in recent years that show that further
improvements are in fact possible to make our life easier and more comfortable. Having wireless
control of almost all the things in a person’s life is a growing interest and many systems are
developed providing such controls.
As the price for small electronic devices has dropped significantly, this development
towards cheap embedded devices drives forward the idea of ubiquitous computing i.e.,
Computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere, where humans are surrounded by a
multitude of such devices to make their lives easier. Naturally, this also includes the living space
of humans, mainly their homes. Thus, home automation technology has emerged.
Designing a home automation system for monitoring and controlling various devices in
remote locations can be done through a variety of communication options such as wireless LAN
technologies, remote controlling (Bluetooth, radio frequency, infrared), ZigBee technology,
through mobile (SMS), secured radio networks, satellite communication (SATCOM), Internet,
and many more. Several studies on home automation have been done using different types of
control methods.[1], [2]
DEPT ECE 10
2.1 Analysis of existing system or Problem Statement

Controlling the home appliances through the radio frequency or Bluetooth have some limitations
that users can access it from a specific distance. Thus, it is not always feasible to control your
devices at some particular distance. It should work efficiently in every aspect, while the major
problem in this is speed or distance limitations. Problems faced by mobile applications via SMS
is to send the controlling signals SMS uses more time and the cost of sending these signals to
devices is more. This will increase the cost of the system. Now through the web browser, it is not
always possible to open a browser for accessing devices each time. The time efficiency is thus
affected by the use of web browsers. Every time to check the device status or to send a signal
we have to open it and if there are any changes in setting the thresholds of the devices it is more
time and cost consuming. Thus, we are using more efficient way i.e., DTMF to overcome these
problems faced by the existing technologies. DTMF is the most common telecommunications
signalling method used in Australia. DTMF stands for Dual Tone Multiple
Frequency: it is used to send information through phone lines to and from local exchanges. Dual
Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) is also known as Touch tone, Tone Dialing, VF Signaling and
MF Dialing. Each DTMF tone consists of two simultaneous tones (one from the high group and
one from the low group), which are used to indicate which number or symbol that is pressed on
the telephone's keypad.
Dual Tone Multiple Frequency is the basis of voice communications control. Modern
telephone circuits use DTMF to dial numbers, configure telephone exchanges (switchboards)
from remote locations, program certain equipment and so on. Almost any mobile phone is
capable of generating DTMF, providing a connection has already been established. This is for the
use of phone banking; voice mail services and other DTMF controlled applications. DTMF was
designed so that it is possible to use acoustic transfer. The DTMF tones can be sent from a
standard speaker and be received using a standard microphone (providing it is connected to a
decoding circuit of some type). DTMF tones are simply two frequencies played simultaneously
by a standard home phone/fax or mobile phone. Each key on your telephone's keypad has a
DEPT ECE 11
unique frequency assigned to it. When any key is pressed on your telephone's keypad the circuit
plays the corresponding DTMF tone and sends it to your local exchange for processing. DTMF
tones can be imitated by using a White Box or Tone Dialler. It is also possible to record DTMF
tones using a tape recorder or computer microphone and then played into the mouthpiece of your
telephone to dial numbers. However if there is a significant amount of background sound behind
the recorded DTMF tones, the tones may not work properly and cause problems when trying to
dial numbers.
Fig 2.1: Appliance’s control using mobile phone
DEPT ECE 12
CHAPTER 3
DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL SYSTEM

Using the DTMF technology, the system in this project will control multi electronic
devices from long distances using the mobile phone. This system allows the user to control and
know the present state of home appliances by cell phone, it can be done by send signal over the
cell phone (control phone) to other cell phone in the home (home based phone), this cell phone is
connected to an interface circuit detects the DTMF signals and give it the access to a control unit
which controls the home devices and turn the power of these devices On or Off. A design of a
home appliances control system using cell phone presented in this above block diagram fig:3.1
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1: Block Diagram of DTMF based home appliances control system
3.1 System Features

This system can control up to 10 devices, it may be any electric or electronic appliances,
and each device is given a unique code. There is no risk for false switching, it makes accurate
DEPT ECE 13
switching any false switching the device are not done. This system doesn’t cost a lot of money,
and it’s easy to implement. This system doesn’t cost a lot of money, and it’s easy to implement.
Before changing the state of the device, we can confirm the present status of the device.
The system gives an acknowledgement tone after switching on the devices to confirm the status
of the devices. Its highly secured system uses the whitelist programs on the home-based phone to
block any This system can be controlled by multi users, this feature refers to user choice.
3.1.1 System Description
The Home Controller divided into two units which is, the DTMF detection unit, and the
device control unit, these units consist of many sub-circuit blocks, beginning with the DTMF
decoder, 4–16-line decoder/demultiplexer, some D-flip-flops, relay driver circuits, feedback
circuitry, etc.
3.2 DTMF Detection Unit

DTMF detection is the main object before starting to control the appliances. In this
chapter we will discuss in detail the DTMF signalling and detection using several methods, and
later we will show the integrated circuit we use in this project, and how to get its output on 16
different output lines.
3.2.1 DTMF Signaling
DTMF signaling, increasingly being employed worldwide with push-button telephone

sets, offers a high dialing speed over the dial-pulse signaling used in conventional rotary
telephone sets. In recent years, DTMF signaling also found many applications such as automatic
redial, modems that use DTMF for calling stored numbers to connect with network service
providers. DTMF has also been used in interactive remote access control with computerized
automatic response systems such as airline’s information systems, remote voice mailboxes,
electronic banking systems, as well as many semiautomatic services via telephone networks.
DTMF signaling scheme, reception, testing, and implementation requirements are defined in the
International Telecommunication Union .
DEPT ECE 14
DTMF generation is based on a 4×4 grid matrix shown in Figure 2.1. This matrix
represents 16 DTMF signals including numbers 0–9, special keys * and #, and four letters A–D.
The letters A–D are assigned to unique functions for special communication systems such as the
military telephony systems.
The implementation of a DTMF signal involves adding two finite-length digital

sinusoidal sequences with the latter simply generated by using look-up tables or by computing a
polynomial expansion [2]. By pressing a key, for example number 3, it will generate a dual-tone
consisting of 697 Hz for the low group, and 1477 Hz for the high group, as shown in Figure 2.
Fig 3.2 Telephone keypad matrix [3]
DEPT ECE 15
Figure 3.3 DTMF signal of key number ”3” [697,1477] Hz

A DTMF decoder must be able to accurately detect the presence of these tones specified
by ITU-T Q.23. The decoder must detect the DTMF signals under various conditions such as
frequency offsets, power level variations, DTMF reception timing inconsistencies, etc. DTMF
decoder implementation requirements are detailed in ITU-T For voice over IP (VoIP)
applications, a challenge for DTMF signaling is to pass through the VoIP networks via speech
coders and decoders. When DTMF signaling is used with VoIP networks, the DTMF signaling
events can be sent in data packet types. The procedure of how to carry the DTMF signaling and
other telephony events in a real-time transport protocol (RTP) packet is defined by Internet
engineering task force RFC2833 specification [3].
3.2.2 DTMF Detection
This section introduces methods for detecting DTMF tones used in communication
networks. The correct detection of a DTMF digit requires both a valid tone pair and the correct
timing intervals. The DTMF signaling may be used to set up a call and to control functions, for
that it is necessary to detect the DTMF signal in the presence of speech [3].
Since the signaling frequencies are all located in the frequency band used for speech
transmission, this is an in-band system. Interfacing with the analog input and output devices is
provided by codec (coder/decoder) chips, or A/D and D/A converters.
Although a number of chips with analog circuitry are available for the generation and
decoding of DTMF signals in a single channel, these functions can also be implemented
digitally on DSP chips [2].
3.2.3 DTMF Decoder Specifications
The implementation of DTMF decoder involves the detection of the DTMF tones, and
determination of the correct silence between the tones. In addition, it is necessary to perform
DEPT ECE 16
additional assessments to ensure that the decoder can accurately distinguish DTMF signals in
the presence of speech.
For North America, DTMF decoders are required to detect frequencies with a
tolerance of ±1.5%. The frequencies that are offset by ±3.5% or greater must not be
recognized as DTMF signals. For Japan, the detection of frequencies has a tolerance of
±1.8 %, and the tone offset is limited to ±3.0 %. The ITU-T requirements for North
America are listed in Table 3.1.
Another requirement is the ability to detect DTMF signals when two tones are
received at different levels. This level difference is called a twist. The high-frequency tone
may be received at a lower level than the low-frequency tone due to the magnitude
response of the communication channel, and this situation is described as a forward (or
standard) twist. Reverse twist occurs when the received low-frequency tone has a lower
level than the high-frequency tone.
Table 3.1 Requirements of DTMF specified in ITU-TQ.24
Signal frequencies Low group 697, 770, 852, 941 Hz

High group 1209, 1336, 1477, 1633 Hz
Frequency tolerance Operation ≤ 1.5%
Non-Operation ≥ 3.5%
Signal duration Operation 40 ms min
Nonoperation 23 ms max
Twist Forward 8 dB max
Reverse 4 dB max
Signal power Operation 0 to −25 dBm
Non-Operation −55 dBm max
Interference by echoes Echoes Should tolerate echoes delayed up to
20 ms and at least 10 dB down
DEPT ECE 17
3.3 General Description:

The HT8870 series are Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) receivers integrated with
digital decoder and band split filter functions. The HT8870B and HT8870D types supply power-
down mode and inhibit mode operations. All types of the HT8870 series use digital counting
techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. Highly
accurate switched capacitor filters are employed to divide tone (DTMF) signals into low and high
group signals. A built-in dial tone rejection circuit is provided to eliminate the need for pre-
filtering.
Fig 3.4: DTMF Receiver
DEPT ECE 18
3.4 Features:
● Operating Voltage: 2.5V~5.5V

● Minimal external components
● No external filter is required
● Low standby current (on power down mode)
● Excellent performance
● Tri State data output for μc interface
● 3.58MHz crystal or ceramic resonator
● 1633Hz can be inhibited by the INH pin
3.5 Working Process

When the circuit is powered, the controller continuously checks the inputs. When ‘1’ is
pressed from a mobile keypad, decoder IC decodes the tone and produces 1(0001), it is given to
the microcontroller which in turn produces high output at the PD0 pin. PD0 is connected to a
relay. Relay is used for switching the circuit and thus the fan is ON. Similarly, if the received
input is 2 fans are switched off. If received input is 3 light is switched on and if it is 4, light is
off.
DEPT ECE 19
Schematic diagram:
Fig 3.5: Schematic Diagram
DEPT ECE 20
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 ARDUINO NANO BOARD

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328P (Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino
Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a
Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one.
The Nano board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model
for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past, or outdated boards see the
Arduino index of boards.
Fig 4.1: photographic view of micro controller Arduino Nano
DEPT ECE 21
4.1.1 ATMEGA328P FEATURES

Microcontroller ATmega328
Architecture AVR
Operating Voltage 5V
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 2 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog IN Pins 8
EEPROM 1 KB
DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA (I/O Pins)
Input Voltage 7-12 V
Digital I/O Pins 22 (6 of which are PWM)
PWM Output 6
Power Consumption 19 mA
PCB Size 18 x 45 mm
Weight 7g
Product Code A000005

DESCRIPTION
4.1.2 Power
The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated
external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27) The power
source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.
4.1.3 Memory
The ATmega328P has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader. The ATmega328P
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
DEPT ECE 22
4.1.4 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using pin
Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt () function
for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite () function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change
the upper end of their range using the analogReference () function. Analog pins 6 and 7 cannot
be used as digital pins. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
● I2C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library
(Documentation on the Wiring website).
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
● AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference ().
DEPT ECE 23
● Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
4.2 Communication
The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the
Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A
Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins. The
ATmega328P also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes
a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus. To use the SPI communication, please see
ATmega328P datasheet.
4.3 Programming
The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328P" from the Tools > Board menu (according to
the microcontroller on your board). The ATmega328P on the Arduino Nano comes pre burned
with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. You can also
bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar.
DEPT ECE 24
4.4 Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Nano is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega328P via a 100 nano-farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability
to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment.
This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the Nano is
connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is
made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is
running on the Nano. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a
connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other
data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second
after opening the connection and before sending this data.
Fig 4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO NANO
DEPT ECE 25
PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 4.3 Pin Diagram
4.5 PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC
Digital supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
● Arduino Nano Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6 Power
Pins.
DEPT ECE 26
● Each of these Digital & Analog Pins are assigned with multiple functions but their main
function is to be configured as input or output.
● They act as input pins when they are interfaced with sensors, but if you are driving some
load then use them as output.
● Functions like pin Mode () and digital Write () are used to control the operations of
digital pins while analog Read () is used to control analog pins.
● The analog pins come with a total resolution of 10bits which measure the value from zero
to 5V.
● Arduino Nano comes with a crystal oscillator of frequency 16 MHz It is used to produce
a clock of precise frequency using constant voltage.
● There is one limitation using Arduino Nano i.e., it doesn’t come with a DC power jack,
means you cannot supply external power source through a battery.
● This board doesn’t use standard USB for connection with a computer, instead, it comes
with Mini USB support.
● The SRAM can vary from 1KB or 2KB and EEPROM is 512 bytes or 1KB for
Atmega168 and Atmega328 respectively.
● This board is quite similar to other Arduino boards available in the market, but the small
size makes this board stand out from others.
● It is programmed using Arduino IDE which is an Integrated Development Environment

that runs both offline and online.
● No prior arrangements are required to run the board. All you need is a board, mini-USB
cable and Arduino IDE software installed on the computer. USB cable is used to transfer
the program from computer to the board.
● No separate burner is required to compile and burn the program as this board comes with
a built-in bootloader.
● Each pin on the Nano board comes with a specific function associated with it.
DEPT ECE 27
● We can see the analog pins that can be used as an analog to digital converter where A4
and A5 pins can also be used for I2C communication. Similarly, there are 14 digital pins,
out of which 6 pins are used for generating PWM.
● Vin. It is the input power supply voltage to the board when using an external power
source of 7 to 12 V.
5V. It is a regulated power supply voltage of the board that is used to power the controller
and other components placed on the board.
● 3.3V. This is a minimum voltage generated by the voltage regulator on the board.
● GND. These are the ground pins on the board. There are multiple ground pins on the
board that can be interfaced accordingly when more than one ground pin is required.
● Reset. Reset pin is added on the board that resets the board. It is very helpful when the
running program gets too complex and hangs up the board. LOW value to the reset pin
will reset the controller.
● Analog Pins. There are 8 analog pins on the board marked as A0 – A7. These pins are
used to measure the analog voltage ranging between 0 to 5V.
● Rx, Tx. These pins are used for serial communication where Tx represents the
transmission of data while Rx represents the data receiver.
● 13. This pin is used to turn on the built-in LED.
● AREF. This pin is used as a reference voltage for the input voltage.
● PWM. Six pins 3,5,6,9,10, 11 can be used for providing 8-pit PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. It is a method used for getting analog results with digital sources.
● SPI. Four pins 10(SS),11(MOSI),12(MISO),13(SCK) are used for SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface). SPI is an interface bus and mainly used to transfer data between
microcontrollers and other peripherals like sensors, registers, and SD card.
● External Interrupts. Pin 2 and 3 are used as external interrupts which are used in case of
emergency when we need to stop the main program and call important instructions at that
point. The main program resumes once interrupt instruction is called and executed.
DEPT ECE 28
● I2C. I2C communication is developed using A4 and A5 pins where A4 represents the
serial data line (SDA) which carries the data and A5 represents the serial clock line
(SCL) which is a clock signal, generated by the master device, used for data
synchronization between the devices on an I2C bus.
● Arduino board software is equally compatible with Windows, Linux or MAC, however,
Windows are preferred to use.
4.6 RESET
There are two ways to reset the board i.e., electronically, or programmatically. In order to
reset the board electronically, you need to connect the reset pin of the board with any of the
digital pins on the controller. Don’t forget to add 1K or 2K Ohm resistor while setting up this
connection. Now, use the digital pin as an output and keep it HIGH before the reset. Once the
reset is required, set this digital pin to LOW. This method is very useful because using it sends a
hardware reset signal to the controller once the digital pin is set to LOW. You can use the
following program to reset the controller electronically.
Another method we can use to reset the board is by software only without using any
hardware pin. Nano board comes with a built-in function known as resetFunc (). The board will
reset automatically as we define this function and then call it. Without using any hardware pin,
you can upload the following program to reset the board programmatically.
4.7 APPLICATIONS
Arduino Nano is a very useful device that comes with a wide range of applications and
covers less space as compared to other Arduino board. Breadboard friendly nature makes it stand
out from other boards. Following are the main applications of the board.
● Arduino Metal Detector
● Medical Instruments
DEPT ECE 29
● Industrial Automation ● Android Applications

GSM Based Projects
● Automation and Robotics
● Home Automation and Défense Systems
● Virtual Reality Applications
4.8 POWER SUPPLY

All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn
how to get a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.
Figure 4.4 shows the basic block diagram of a fixed regulated power supply.
Basically, any electronic circuit runs with a power supply. Here we are giving a 5v supply
to the various IC’s used in the design presented here. We get a 240V supply in our house at any
instant. So, in order to provide our circuit appropriate supply voltage a different power circuit is
to be made based on our requirement. The various steps included in the circuit are explained
below stepwise. And also, various precautions are to be taken for the safety of the electronic
circuit designed.
4.8.1 Bridge Rectifier.
As the name suggests it converts the full wave i.e., both the positive & the negative half
cycle into DC thus it is much more efficient than Half Wave Rectifier & that too without using a
center tapped transformer thus much more cost effective than Full Wave Rectifier.
DEPT ECE 30
Full Bridge Wave Rectifier consists of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3 and D4. During
the positive half cycle diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 &
D3 conduct thus the diodes keep switching the transformer connections so we get positive half
cycles in the output.
Fig 4.5 Bridge Rectifier
4.8.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant
regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types:
1) Linear Voltage Regulator
Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate the excessive voltage
resistivity as heat.
2) Switching Regulators.
They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very rapidly. Since
their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving higher efficiency as
compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex & generate high noise due to
their switching action. For low level of output power switching regulators tend to be costly but
for higher output wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators.
The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where the
XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.
DEPT ECE 31
Fig 4.6: Voltage Regulator

After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The
maximum input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3 Volts drop
across the regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output
voltage. If the input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due
to any other reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage.
Circuit diagram:
Fig 4.7: Circuit Diagram of power supply
4.9 IC 7805:
IC7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports
an input voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a current rating of 1
amp although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805
also has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805 is manufactured by many companies,
including National Semiconductors and Fairchild Semiconductors.
The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot. The last two digits
represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators
DEPT ECE 32
is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems
that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series can't regulate
negative voltages in such a system.
Table 4.1. Specifications of IC7805
SPECIFICATIONS IC 7805
Vout 5V
Vein - Vout Difference 5V - 20V
Operation Ambient Temp 0 - 125°C
Output Imax 1A
FIG 4.8 IC7805
4.10 PROGRAMMING WITH DTMF:
There are multiple different DTMF sequences to program the same character, it depends
on the equipment, system or application you are using and or programming. For example, on a
standard 3X4-matrix keypad the (1) key has no alphabetic value, only numeric. So no alphabetic
characters can be programmed using the (1) key. The (2) key will usually have 4 different values,
A, B, C and 2 whereas a differently designed keypad may have alphabetic value assigned to the
(1) key, thus changing the alphabetic value of the (2) key.
DEPT ECE 33
When programming alphanumeric characters with DTMF, the tones are most commonly
repeated until the specific character is displayed on the LCD screen or other type of monitor.
Then either * or # (depending on the DTMF receiving equipment) is used to enter the current
character and begin to program the next. The * and # keys are used for entering characters and
deleting characters, most commonly * is used for deleting and exciting and # is used for entering.
Not all equipment, applications or systems use DTMF to program words, they also use
DTMF strings for different commands to perform certain functions on a system, application or
piece of equipment
The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 4×4 matrix, with each row representing a low frequency,
and each column representing a high frequency. Pressing a single key (such as ‘1’) will send a
sinusoidal tone for each of the two frequencies (697 and 1209 hertz (Hz)). The original keypads
had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for
calling the system multi frequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to
determine which key was pressed.
4.11 Typical Applications for DTMF decoders
* Paging systems
* Repeater systems/mobile radio
* Credit card systems* Remote control
* Personal computers
4.12 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating
DEPT ECE 34
the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays found extensive
use in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay
that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor.
Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor
device triggered by light to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics
and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or
faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments
still called "protection relays".
Fig 4.9 Simple electromechanical relay
4.13 Advantages of relays:
● Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
● Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
● Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
● Relays can switch many contacts at once
4.14 D.C. Motor:
A dc motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically through
the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process,
producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by an alternator, generator
or dynamo. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. The input of
a DC motor is current/voltage, and its output is torque (speed).
DEPT ECE 35
Fig 4.10: DC Motor
The DC motor has two basic parts: the rotating part that is called the armature and the
stationary part that includes coils of wire called the field coils. The stationary part is also called
the stator. Figure shows a picture of a typical DC motor, Figure shows a picture of a DC
armature, and Fig shows a picture of a typical stator. From the picture you can see the armature is
made of coils of wire wrapped around the core, and the core has an extended shaft that rotates on
bearings. You should also notice that the ends of each coil of wire on the armature are terminated
at one end of the armature.
4.15 Applications
BLDC motors full fill many functions originally performed by brushed DC motors, but
cost and control complexity prevents BLDC motors from replacing brushed motors completely in
the lowest-cost areas. Nevertheless, DC motors have come to dominate many applications,
particularly devices such as computer hard drives and CD/DVD players. Small cooling fans in
electronic equipment are powered exclusively by BLDC motors. They can be found in cordless
power tools where the increased efficiency of the motor leads to longer periods of use before the
battery needs to be charged. Low speed, low power BLDC motors are used in direct-drive
turntables for "analog" audio discs.
DEPT ECE 36
Fig 4.11 : DC Motor Pump
4.16 AC Fan
Air conditioning isthe processof altering the properties of air

(primarily temperature and humidity) to more favourable conditions. More generally, air
conditioning can refer to any form of technological cooling, heating,
ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.
An air conditioner (often referred to as AC or air con) is an appliance, system, or machine

designed to change the air temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling and
sometimes heating depending on the air properties at a given time), typically using a refrigeration
cycle but sometimes using evaporation, commonly for comfort cooling in buildings and motor
vehicles.
Fig 4.12 : AC Fan
DEPT ECE 37
4.17 AC BULB
Fig 4.13 :Incandescent (left) and fluorescent (right) light bulbs turned on
An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current. It is the most
common form of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society, providing interior lighting
for buildings and exterior light for evening and night-time activities. In technical usage, a
replaceable component that produces light from electricity is called a lamp. Lamps are
commonly called light bulbs.
The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light
by a filament heated white-hot by electric current, gas-discharge lamps, which produce light by
means of an electric arc through a gas, and LED lamps, which produce light by a flow of
electrons across a band gap in a semiconductor.
DEPT ECE 38
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
5.1 Advantages of DTMF Controlled Home Automation System Circuit:
1. One can control home appliances from anywhere.
2. It reduces wastage of electricity when we forget to switch off the lights & fans and go
outside.
3. It is very low cost compared to other technologies like GSM.
5.2 APPLICATIONS DTMF BASED AUTOMATION
1.Analog telephone dialing
2.Automation of home appliances
3.Generate voice mail system
4. Remote control consumer products
DEPT ECE 39
.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
When the call is initiated and the keys are pressed the DTMF decoder decodes the signal
into such form so that it can be further processed by the microcontroller to generate the specific
signal to drive the motor driver for driving the output devices .When key „1‟ is pressed the fan is
set. When key 3 is pressed the red light is on and when key 7 is pressed then white light is on and
the appliances are set to off mode when keys six, four, eight are respectively pressed. Function of
the different keys of mobile phones is shown in the table.
TABLE:
DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY

ACTION PERFORMED
BY THE DRIVING
PRESSED KEY CODE CIRCUIT
1 0001 “FAN ON”
2 0010 “FAN OFF”
3 0011 “MOTOR PUMP ON”
4 0100 “MOTOR PUMP OFF”
5 0101 “LIGHT ON”
6 0110 “LIGHT OFF”
DEPT ECE 40
Fig 6.1: Photographic view of DTMF based home appliances control system
In this circuit board have a microcontroller, relays, IC, wires ,capacitors ,resistors and
appliances like AC fan, bulb ,motor pump connected as per above image to operate the DTMF
based home appliances control system
DEPT ECE 41
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
7.1 Conclusions
During the realization of the presented project the following points can be depicted:
● It is simple to control the operation of anywhere appliances by exploiting the existing mobile
network, i.e. it’s not necessary to install a specific network.
● Any type of mobiles can do the job.
● The control circuit is reliable and simple to build.
● The system is secure, by blacklisting all the call numbers except that of the specific users
(Installed in the whitelist).
● The system can let the user know the status of the appliances, before and after the switching.
● The system is implemented practically, and the expected results are obtained.
● Some practical problems are encountered during the realization of the practical
implementation and are solved using the substitution component.
7.2 Future Work
In this system we did not use any applications on the control mobile, so for future work it will
be useful to develop programs for the mobile devices to give more control options and security
control.
As a future work in the field of the presented project, we suggest to develop the system using
PLCs or Microcontrollers instead of the control unit, to give more reliability and control options,
DEPT ECE 42
as temperature control, security and more computational work so the system can do more than
just turn On/Off the devices.
DEPT ECE 43
REFERENCES
[1] Fathia H. A. Salem, A Design of a Home Appliances Control System using Cell phone &
J2ME, A Thesis Submitted in Partial fulfilments of the Requirement for the Degree of
Master of
Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Garyounis, Benghazi-Libya,
2008.
[2] Sanjit K. Mitra, Digital Signal Processing, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, University of
California, International Edition, 2002.
[3] Sen M Kuo, Bob H Lee, Wenshun Tian, Real-Time Digital

Signal Processing
Implementations and Applications, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006.
[4] www.datasheetcatalog.com
[5] Gunter Schemer, DTMF Tone Generation and Detection: An Implementation Using the
TMS320C54x, Application Report, Texas Instrument, May 2000
DEPT ECE 44
APPENDICES
void setup () {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pin Mode (2, OUTPUT).
digital Write (2, LOW);
digital Write (3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(8,INPUT);
pinMode(5,INPUT);
pinMode(6,INPUT);
pinMode(7,INPUT);
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
DEPT ECE 45
int a=digitalRead(5);
int b=digitalRead(6);
int c=digitalRead(7);
int d=digitalRead(8);
if (a==1 && b==0 && c==0 && d==0)
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
if(a==0 && b==1 && c==0 && d==0)
if(a==1 && b==1 && c==0 && d==0)
if(a==0 && b==0 && c==1 && d==0)
DEPT ECE 46
if(a==1 && b==0 && c==1 && d==0)
if(a==0 && b==1 && c==1 && d==0)
delay(1000);
DEPT ECE 47

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MINI PROJECT REPORT

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Internal Guide Project Coordinator

HOD-ECE External Examiner

PASHAM SIRISHA -18R91A04D9

PROJECT ASSIGNED: “ DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL SYSTEM”

Technology/ Language: “EMBEDDED SYSTEMS”

We wish them all the best for their future endeavors.

We, M. PRATYUSH KUMAR (17R91A04B6), BELLAMKONDA ANIL (18R91A04A9)PASHAM

We would like to thank Dr. K. VENKATA MURALI MOHAN, Principal,

7.2 Future Work 42

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.3 Fax machine 8

1.4 Printing machine 8

2.1 Appliances Control Using mobile phone 12

3.1 Block diagram of DTMF based home automation 13

3.2 Telephone keypad matrix 15

3.3 DTMF signal of key number “3” [697,1477] 15

3.4 DTMF receiver 18

3.5 Schematic Diagram 19

4.1 photographic view of micro controller Arduino Nano 20

4.2 Block Diagram of Arduino Nano 24

4.3 Pin Diagram 25

4.4 Basic Block Diagram of regulated power supply 29

4.5 Bridge Rectifier 30

4.6 voltage regulator 30

4.7 Circuit Diagram of power supply 31

4.11 DC motor pump 36

6.1 Photographic view of DTMF based home automation 40

S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will

Fig 1.1: A modern example of embedded system

Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming. There's

1.3 Real Time Issues:

1.4 Need For Embedded Systems:

Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities

Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements, the

is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-processor). An increasing number of embedded

Specific reliability issues may include:

A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—both

● An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any

● Immunity Aware Programming.

● externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the

● An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent,

● A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing

● Hard Real-time embedded systems:

● Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock.

Fig 1.2: Network communication embedded systems

Fig 1.3 : Fax machine Fig1.4: Printing machine

The underlying principle mainly relies on the ability of DTMF

2.1 Analysis of existing system or Problem Statement

Fig 2.1: Appliance’s control using mobile phone

DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL SYSTEM

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.1 System Features

3.1.1 System Description

3.2 DTMF Detection Unit

3.2.1 DTMF Signaling

DTMF signaling, increasingly being employed worldwide with push-button telephone

The implementation of a DTMF signal involves adding two finite-length digital

Fig 3.2 Telephone keypad matrix [3]