KONSTRUKSI KAYU

1) Perhitungan Konstruksi Kuda-Kuda Kayu

a. Data Teknis

1) Bentang Kuda-Kuda =3m

2) Jarak Antar Kuda-Kuda = 3,00 m

3) Bahan Penutup Atap = Genteng

4) Lokasi = Daerah Dataran Rendah

5) Beban Angin = 30 kg/m2

6) Sudut Kemiringan Atap = 30°

7) Koefisien Angin Tekan = ( 0,02α – 0,4 ) = 0,2

8) Koefisien Angin Hisap = ( 0,4 )

9) Muatan Hidup = 100 kg

10) Berat Penutup Atap = 50 kg/m2

11) Berat Plafond + Penggantung = 25 kg/m2 (Plafond Gypsum)

12) Konstruksi Terlindung ->β = 1 ; γ = 5/4 ; Bj = 0,9

13) Ukuran kayu yang ada dipasaran = 2/3, ¾, 4/6, 5/7, 5/12, 6/8, 6/12,

8/12, 10/10, 10/12, 10/14, 8/14,

6/15, 8/15, 10/15

14) Jenis Kayu Kelas Kuat Kayu III / Mutu B

σ lt // r = 75 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 70,313 kg/cm2

σ tr // r = σ ds// r = 60 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 56,250 kg/cm2

σ tk ┴ = 15 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 14,063 kg/cm2

τ // = 8 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 7,50 kg/cm2

1
 E = 80.000 kg/cm2

Bj = 0,59 kg/cm2

» Sumber = (P.K.K.I N.I -5)

PKKI bab II

LANGKAH PERHITUNGAN

b. Mencari Panjang Batang

C
a1 a2
v
A B
b1 D b2

 Batang b1 = b2 = 1,5 m

 Batang v1 = 1,5 tan 30 = 0,866 m

 Batang a1 = a2 =

Daftar Panjang Batang

No Batang Panjang Batang

a1 1,732 m
a2 1,732 m
b1 1,5 m
b2 1,5 m
v 0,866 m

2
c. Mendimensi Reng

 Berat penutup atap genteng dengan reng dan usuk per m2

bidang atap adalah sebesar 50 kg/m2 (PMI 1970 tabel 1)

 Berat genteng + reng ditaksir = 30 kg/m2

 Jarak reng = 0,25 m

 Jarak usuk = 0,50 m

 Berat reng = 0,25 x 30 kg/m2

= 7,5 kg/m

1) Beban Mati (q)

q = 7.5 kg/m

qx1 = q . cos α

= 7.5. cos 30°

= 6,495 kg/m

qy1 = q . sin α

= 7.5. sin 30°

= 3,750 kg/m

Mx1 = 1/8 . qx . l2

= 1/8 . 6,495. 0,52

= 0,203 kgm

My1 = 1/8 . qy . l2

= 1/8 . 3,750. 0,52

= 0,117 kgm

3
2) Beban Angin (W)

W = 30 kg/m2

Koefisien angin tekan = ( 0,02α – 0,4 ) = 0,2

qx = 0,2 . W. l

= 0,2 . 30 . 0,25

= 1,5 kg/m

Koefisien angin hisap = – 0,4

q = -0,4 . W. l

= -0,4 . 30 . 0,25

= -3,00 kg/m

Mx tekan = 1/8 . q . l2

= 1/8 . 1,5 . 0,52

= 0,047 kgm

Mx hisap = 1/8 . q . l2

= 1/8 . (-3,00) . 0,52

= -0,094 kgm

3) Kombinasi Beban dan Momen

qxTotal = qx1 + qx tekan + qx hisap

= 6,495 + 1,5 + (-3,00)

= 4,995 kg/m

4
qyTotal = qy1

= 3,750 kg/m

MxTotal = Mx1 + Mx tekan + Mx hisap

= 0,203 + 0,0469 + (-0,094)

= 0,156 kgm

MyTotal = My1

= 0,117 kgm

Menentukan Ukuran Kayu Reng

b : h = 2 : 3  b = 2/3 h

Wx = 1/6 . b . h2

= 1/6 . (2/3 h) . h2

= 1/9 h3

Wy = 1/6 . b2 . h

= 1/6 . (2/3 h) 2 . h

= 1/13,5 h3

σ ijin lt reduksi = 75 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 70,313 kg/cm2

σ ijin lt reduksi =

70,313 = x h3

70,313h3 =

5
 70,313h3 = (15,6 x 9) + (11,7 x 13,5)

70,313h3 = 298,350

h3 =

h =

b =

Jadi dipakai reng dengan ukuran 2/3

4) Kontrol Terhadap Lendutan

F izin = 1/300 . l = 1/300 . 50 = 0,166 cm

Ix = 1/12 . b . h3 = 1/12 . 2 . 33 = 4,5 cm4

Iy = 1/12 . b3 . h = 1/12 . 23 . 3 = 2 cm4

E = 80.000 kg/cm2

= 0,8 . 105 kg/cm2

Fx =

= 0,025 cm

Fy =

6
 =

= 0,008 cm

F =

F = 0,0251 cm < F izin = 0,166 cm …………… OK!!!

5) Kontrol Terhadap Lenturan

σ lt =

σ lt = 11,050 kg/cm² < σ ijin lt = 70,313kg/cm2

 Jadi dipakai reng dengan ukuran 2/3 cm

3

2
d. Mendimensi Usuk

1) Beban Mati (q)

7
  Jarak gording = 1,732 m

 Jarak usuk = 0,500 cm

 Berat atap+reng+usuk = 50 kg/cm2

 Berat usuk = 0,50 x 50 kg/m2 = 25 kg/m

qx = q . cos α Mx1 = 1/8 . q . l2

= 25 . cos 30° = 1/8 . 21,65 . 1,732 2

= 21,651 kg/m = 8,119 kgm

= 811,9 kgcm……………(a)

2) Beban karena Pekerja (P = 100 kg)

Px = P. cos α Mx2 = ¼ . Px . l

= 100 . cos 30° = ¼ . 86,603 . 1,732

= 86,603 kg/m = 37,499 kgm

= 3749,91kgcm…………..(b)

3) Beban akibat Tekanan Angin

qx = ( 0,02α – 0,4 ) . W. l Mx2 = 1/8 . qx . l2

= ( 0,02 . 30 – 0,4 ) . = 1/8 . 10,392 . (1,732)2

30. 1,732 = 3,897 kgm

= 10,392 kg/m = 389,7 kgcm…………….(c)

4) Kombinasi Beban dan Momen

qxTotal = 21,651 + 10,392 = 32,043 kg/m = 0,320 kg/cm

PxTotal = 86,603 kg/m = 0,866 kg/cm

Mx (a) + (b) = 811,9 + 3749,91 = 4561,737 kgcm

8
 Mx (a) + (c) = 811,9 + 389,7 = 1201,6 kgcm

-------- Dipakai Mx terbesar, yaitu 4561,737 kgcm

5) Mendimensi Usuk

Wx = 1/6 . b . h2 --------- misal b = 2/3 h

= 1/6 . (2/3 h) . h2

= 1/9 h3

σ lt = Mx / Wx

70,313 = 4561,737 / (1/9 h3)

h3 = (4561,737 . 9 ) / 70,313

h3 = 583,898

h = 8,358 cm ≈ 12 cm

b = 2/3 h

= 2/3 . 8,358 = 5,572 = 6 cm

Jadi, dipakai usuk dengan dimensi 6/12

Kontrol --------
12
σ lt = Mx / Wx

= 4561,737 / (1/6 . 6 . 122) 6

= 31,679 kg/cm2 < σ ijin lt = 70,313 kg/cm2

6) Kontrol terhadap Lendutan

F izin = 1/300 . l = 1/300 . 173,2 = 0,577 cm

Ix = 1/12 . b . h3 = 1/12 . 6 . 123 = 864 cm4

9
 Fx =

= 0,054255 < F izin = 0,577 cm………….OK!!!

e. Pembebanan Kuda-Kuda

Pembebanan yang terjadi pada setiap titik buhul

1. Bs kuda-kuda = 0,08 x 0,12 x 7,33 x 590 = 41,517 kg

2. Bs Penutup Atap ( Genteng ) = 50 x 1,732 x 3 = 259,8 kg

3. Bs plafond+ penggantung = 25 x 1,732 x 3 = 129,9 kg

4. Beban hidup = 100 kg +

Total beban = 531,217 kg

Beban pada titik buhul (G)

Beban pada tumpuan (tepi) ½ Q = ½ . 531,217 = 265,609 kg

Beban pada titik buhul Q = 531,217 kg

Rav = Rbv = G / 2 = 1062,434 / 2

= 531,217 kg

Pembebanan angin

Angin tekan (w)

Koefisien angin tekan = (0, 02 α - 0,4)

10
 = (0, 02 . 30 – 0,4) = 0,2

W angin tekan = 0,2 x 30 x 3,00 x 1,732

= 31,176 kg ∞ 31 kg

W pada titik buhul = 31 kg

W pada tumpuan = ½ . 31 = 15,5 kg

Angin hisap (W’)

Koefisien angina hisap = - 0, 4

W angin hisap = - 0, 4 x 30 x 3,0 x 1,732

= - 62,352 kg ∞ - 62 kg

W pada titik buhul = - 62 kg

W pada tumpuan = ½ .(-62) = -31 kg

RA
CREMONA BEBAN G

GAYA
G1 (Kg)
BATANG
TARIK (+ ) TEKAN (-)
a1 - 531,217 Kg
- a1 531,217 Kg
a2 -
b1 460,047 Kg -
b2 b1 = b2 Kg
460,047 -
V=0 RB
v - -

- a2
G2

11

G3
 G2

G1 G3

C
a1 a2
v
A B
b1 D b2

ANALITIS BEBAN G

12
G1 = G3 = 265,609 kg

G2 = 531,217 kg

Rav = Rbv = G / 2 = 1062,434 / 2

= 531,217 kg

Titik Simpul A

V = 0 (Batang a1)
G1
Ra – G1 – a1 sin 30 = 0
a1
531,217 – 265,609 – a1 sin 30 = 0

b1
Ra A
a1 =

a1 = - 531,216 kg (Tekan)

Fk (a1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

H = 0 (Batang b1)

a1 cos 30 + b1 =0

- 531,216 cos 30 + b1 = 0

b1 = + 460,047 kg (Tarik)

Fk (b1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

13
Titik Simpul C
G2
H = 0 (Batang a2)

– a1 cos 30 + a2 cos 30 = 0
C
a1
v
a2 a2 = = - 531,216 kg (Tekan)

Fk (a1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

V = 0 (Batang V)

– a1 sin 30 – G2 – a2 sin 30 – V =0

–(–531,216) sin 30 – 531,217 – (–531,216) sin 30 – V =0

V =0

Fk (V) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

Rekap Beban G

Nama Beban G (Analitis) Beban G (Cremona)

a1  531,216  531,217

a2  531,216  531,217

b1 + 460,047 + 460,047
b2 + 460,047 + 460,047
V  

14
 CREMONA ANGIN KIRI

w1'
w2
C
a1 a2

v w2'
w1
A B
b1 D b2

DAFTAR GAYA BATANG :

GAYA (Kg)
BATANG
TARIK (+ ) TEKAN (-)
a1 26,847 Kg -
a2 - -
b1 15,5 Kg -
b2 15,5 Kg -
v - -

15
 w2'

Rbv

a2=0
v=0 b1=b2
w1'
a1

w1

w2

ANALITIS ANGIN KIRI

W1 = W2 = 15,5 kg  V = 13,423 kg

H = 7,75 kg

W’1 = W’2 = 31 kg  V = 26,847 kg

H = 15,5 kg

Reaksi Perletakan :

Rav . 3 – W1v . 3 – W2v . 1,5 + W1’v . 1,5 + W2H . 0,866 + W1’H . 0,866 =0

Rav . 3 – 13,423 . 3 – 13,423 . 1,5 + 26,847 . 1,5 +7,75 . 0,866 +15,5 . 0,866 = 0

Rav . 3 – 40,269 – 20,135 + 40,271 + 6,712 + 13,423 = 0

Rav =

= - 0,00067  0 kg

16
-Rbv . 3 – W2’v . 3 – W1’v . 1,5 + W2v . 1,5 + W1’H . 0,866 +W2H . 0,866 =0

-Rbv . 3 – 26,847. 3 – 26,847. 1,5 + 13,423. 1,5 +15,5 . 0,866 + 7,75. 0,866 =0

-Rbv . 3 – 80,541 – 40,271+ 20,135 + 13,423 + 6,712 = 0

-Rbv . 3 = 80,542 kg

-Rbv . 3 =

= - 26,847 kg (Tekan)

Kontrol :

Rav + Rbv – W1v – W2v + W1’v + W2’v =0

0 – 26,847 – 13,423 – 13,423 + 26,847 + 26,847 = 0

0 = 0………….OK!!!

RAH = 0 , misal RAH ()

 RAH + W1H + W2H + W1’H + W2’H = 0

 RAH + 7,75 + 7,75 + 15,5 + 15,5 =0

 RAH + 46,5 =0

RAH = 46,5 kg ()

Titik Simpul A

V = 0 (Batang a1)
w1 a1
Rav – W1v + a1 sin 30 = 0

0 – 13,423 + a1 sin 30 = 0

A b1
Ra
a1 =

a1 = 26,846 kg (Tarik)
17
Fk (a1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

H = 0 (Batang b1)

 RAH + W1H + a1 cos 30 + b1 =0

 46,5 + 7,75 + 26,846 cos 30 + b1 = 0

b1 = + 15,5 kg (Tarik)

Fk (b1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

V

Titik Simpul D
b1 D b2
V = 0 (Batang V)
V = 0 kg

Fk (V) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

H = 0 (Batang b2)

– b1 + b2 = 0

b2 = b1

b2 = + 15,5 kg (Tarik)

Fk (b2) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

Titik Simpul C

H = 0 (Batang a2)
w1'
w2
– a1 cos 30 + W2H+W1’H+a2 cos 30 = 0
C
18
a1 a2
V
 – 26,846 cos 30 + 7,75+15,5+a2 cos 30 = 0

a2 = =  0,001 kg  0 kg (Tekan)

Fk (a2) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

Rekap Angin Kiri

Nama Beban G (Analitis) Beban G (Cremona)

a1 26,846 26,847

a2  

b1 15,5 15,5
b2 15,5 15,5
V  

CREMONA ANGIN KANAN

19
 w1'
w2

a1 a2
w2' v
w1

b1 b2

DAFTAR GAYA BATANG :

GAYA (Kg )
BATANG
TARIK (+ ) TEKAN (-)
a1 - -
a2 26,847 Kg -
b1 - - 31 Kg
b2 - - 31 Kg
v - - w2'

w2

a2
a1=0
w1 b1=b2 v=0
w1'

Rav

ANALITIS ANGIN KANAN

20
W1 = W2 = 15,5 kg  V = 13,423 kg

H = 7,75 kg

W’1 = W’2 = 31 kg  V = 26,847 kg

H = 15,5 kg

Reaksi Perletakan :

Rav . 3 + W2’v . 3 + W1’v . 1,5 – W2v . 1,5 – W1’H . 0,866 – W2H . 0,866 =0

Rav . 3 + 26,847 . 3 + 26,847 . 1,5 – 13,423 . 1,5 –15,5 . 0,866 – 7,75 . 0,866 = 0

Rav . 3 + 80,541 + 40,271 – 20,135 – 13,423 – 6,712 = 0

Rav =

= – 26,847 kg (Tekan)

-Rbv . 3 + W1v . 3 + W2v . 1,5 – W1’v . 1,5 – W2H . 0,866 –W1’H . 0,866 =0

-Rbv . 3 + 13,423. 3 + 13,423 . 1,5 – 26,847 . 1,5 – 7,75 . 0,866 –15,5 . 0,86 = 0

-Rbv . 3 + 40,269 + 20,135 – 40,271 – 6,712 –13,423 =0

-Rbv . 3 = 0,002 kg

-Rbv . 3 =

= - 0,00067  0 kg

Kontrol :

Rav + Rbv – W1v – W2v + W1’v + W2’v =0

– 26,847 + 0 – 13,423 – 13,423 + 26,847 + 26,847 = 0

0 = 0………….OK!!!

RAH = 0 , misal RAH ()

21
RAH  W1H  W2H  W1’H  W2’H = 0

RAH  7,75  7,75  15,5  15,5 =0

RAH  46,5 =0

RAH = 46,5 kg ()

Titik Simpul A

V = 0 (Batang a1)

w2' a1 Rav + W2’v + a1 sin 30 = 0

–26,847 + 26,847 + a1 sin 30 = 0

A b1
Ra
a1 =

a1 = 0 kg

Fk (a1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

H = 0 (Batang b1)

RAH  W2’H + a1 cos 30 + b1 =0

46,5  15,5 + 0 cos 30 + b1 =0

b1 =  31 kg (Tekan)

Fk (b1) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

Titik Simpul D V

V = 0 (Batang V)
V = 0 kg b1 D b2

22
Fk (V) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

H = 0 (Batang b2)

– b1 + b2 = 0

b2 = b1

b2 =  31 kg (Tekan)

Fk (b2) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

Titik Simpul C

w1' H = 0 (Batang a2)

w2
– a1 cos 3–W1’H W2H–W2H+a2 cos 30 = 0
C
a1 a2 – 0 cos 30 – 15,5 – 7,75 + a2 cos 30 =0
V

a2 = = 26,847 kg (Tarik)

Fk (a2) = x 100% = 0%………….OK!!!

Rekap Angin Kanan

Nama Beban G (Analitis) Beban G (Cremona)

a1  

a2 26,847 26,847

b1  31  31
b2  31  31
23
 V  

REKAP GAYA BATANG

Gaya yang
Nama Gording Angin Kiri Angin Kanan
dibutuhkan
a1  531,217 kg 26,847 kg   531,217

a2  531,217 kg  26,847 kg  531,217

b1 + 460,047 kg 15,5 kg  31 kg + 460,047

b2 + 460,047 kg 15,5 kg  31 kg + 460,047
V    

24
f. Pendimensian Rangka Batang

1) Batang Tarik

Batang b1 dan b2 (Tarik)

Pmax = 460,047 kg

L = 1,5 m

Berat plafond + penggantung = 25 kg/m2

Jarak antar kuda-kuda = 3,00 m

Q = 25 x 3 = 75 kg/m

Mmax = 1/8 x q x L2

= 1/8 x 75 x 1,52 = 21,094 kg.m = 2109,4 kg.cm

Faktor reduksi kuda-kuda  ß = 1 γ = 5/4 Bj = 0,59

Tr//R = 60 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 56,250 kg/cm2

Perlemahan alat sambung gigi dan baut diambil 25 %

Misal  b = 8 cm

Fn = b. h. 0, 75 = 6 h

Wn= 1/6 .b.h2. 0, 75

= 1/6. 8. h2. 0, 75 = h2

0,800

tr//R =

56,25=

25
 56,25. h2 = 76,675 h + 1687,52

h2 – 1,363 h – 30 = 0

h1,2 =

h1,2 =

h1 = = 6,201 cm (memenuhi) ∞12 cm

h2 = =  4,838 cm (tidak memenuhi)

 Dipakai kayu dengan ukuran 8/12 cm

Tinjau berat sendiri = 0, 08 x 0, 12 x 3 x 590 = 16,992 kg/m

Tinjau berat plafond = 25 x 3 x 1,5 = 112,5 kg/m

Q = 129,492 kg/m

M = 1/8. q. L2

= 1/8. 129,492. (1,52) = 36,4196 kg.m = 3641,963 kgcm

Wn = 0, 75. 1/6 . b. h2

= 0, 75 .1/6 . 8. 122 = 144

Kontrol Terhadap Tegangan ----------

ds// =

26
 =

= 4,792 + 20,233

= 25,025 kg/cm2 < σ ds//r = 56,250 kg/cm2

Kontrol Terhadap Lendutan-----------

Fizin = 1/300. 150 = 0,5 cm

I = 1/12.b.h3 = 1/12. 8. 123 = 1152 cm4

F =

= 0,0467 cm > Fizin = 0,5 cm………….OK!!!

12
Jadi batang b1 dan b2 menggunakan kayu ukuran 8/12

2) Batang Tekan

Batang a1 dan a2 (Tekan)

Pmax = 531,217 kg

L = 1,732 m

Faktor reduksi ß= 1, γ= 5/4

Misal b 2/3 h

Imin = 1/12. b. h3

= 1/12. 2/3 h. h3 = 1/18. h4

27
 Imin =  tr. P. L2

1/18.h4 = 56,250 x 4,109 x (1,7322)

1/18.h4 = 896,347

h4 = 16134,253

h = 11,270 cm ∞ 12 cm

b = 2/3 h

= 2/3. 11,270 = 7,513 cm ∞ 8 cm

Dipakai ukuran 8/12 cm

Kontrol Terhadap Tegangan-----------

σ ds // r = 60 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 56,250 kg/cm2

Imin = 0, 289. b = 0, 289 x 8 = 2,312

= = = 74,913   = 1,99739  di dapat dari daftar

III buku PKKI hal 12

P.
ds// =
Fbr

531,217.1,99739
=
8.12

= 11,053 kg/cm2 < σ ds// r = 56,250 kg/cm2

Jadi batang a1 dan a2 menggunakan kayu ukuran 8/12

12

8
MENDIMENSI SAMBUNGAN

28
 1.Titik buhul A ( Sambungan batang a1 dan b1 )

P maks. = 531,217 kg

Faktor reduksi -------- β = 1, γ = 5/4, Bj = 5,9,   300

σ tr // r = σ ds// r = 60 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 56,250 kg/cm2

σ tk ┴ = 15 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 14,063 kg/cm2

τ // = 8 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 7,5 kg/cm2

Dicoba dengan sambungan gigi tunggal ( membagi 2 sama besar )

σ ds ½ α = σ ds // - ( (σ ds // - σ  ds ) sin ½ α )

= 56,250 – { (56,250 – 14,063) sin 15)

= 45,331 kg / cm²

 = 30 , klas kuat III

Tv = = 1,328 < ¼ h = ¼ 12 = 3

Kayu muka (Lv)

H = S cos  = 531,217 cos 30 = 613,397

Lv =
30°
USUK 5/7
GENTENG
RENG 2/3
KAKI KUDA-KUDA 8/12
Lv =
BALOK TARIK 8/12

ANGKUR Ø16 MM
Lv =BA10,223 cm 8/12
LOK TEMBOK 11 cm
RING BALK 15/20
30°
LISTPLANK 3/30

12

BEGEL KALUNG 4x40

USUK 6/12 29
PENGGANTUNG

PLAFOND ETERNIT 1 X1M

RANGKA PLAFOND 2/3

RANGKA PLAFOND 5/7

 Gambar sambungan pada titik A ( batang a1 dan b1 )

2. Sambungan pada titik buhul C ( Sambungan batang a1, a2, v )

Menyambung a1, a2 dan v, diambil P = 531,217 kg, α = 30°

faktor reduksi γ = 5/4 , β = 1

σ tr // r = σ ds// r = 60 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 56,250 kg/cm2

σ tk ┴ = 15 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 14,063 kg/cm2

τ // = 8 x 5/4 x 1 x 0,75 = 7,5 kg/cm2

Dicoba dengan sambungan gigi tunggal ( membagi 2 sama besar )

σ ds ½ α = σ ds // - ( (σ ds // - σ  ds ) sin ½ α )

= 56,250 – { (56,250 – 14,063) sin 15)

= 45,331 kg / cm²

 = 30 , klas kuat III

Tv = = 1,328 < ¼ h = ¼ 12 = 3

Kayu muka (Lv)

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 H = S cos  = 531,217 cos 30 = 613,397

Lv =

Lv =

Lv = 10,223 cm  11 cm

BUBUNGAN

REUTER 2/20
NOK 8/12
GENTENG
RENG 2/3 MAKELAR 8/12

USUK 5/7 KAKI KUDA-KUDA 8/12

PLAT STRIP 4x40 MM

BAUT Ø12 MM

12

Gambar sambungan pada titik C ( batang a1, a2 dan v )

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 TUGAS KAYU

KUDA-KUDA KAYU BENTANG 3M

Dibuat Oleh :
DEVI ARUM SARI
32
 XIII TGB 2
NIS. 0809780

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN NEGERI 7

(STM PEMBANGUNAN)
SEMARANG
2012

33