Moss

(Bryophyta)
Group 3 Plant Biosystematics, Biology C 2020

Supporting Lecturer:
Prof. Topik Hidayat, M.Si., Ph.D.
Dr. Hj. Siti Sriyati, M.Si.
Prof. Dr. H. Suroso Adi Yudianto, M.Pd.
 Member of the Group

1 2 3

Ainun Nisa Aris Muhamad N. Ghaida Nurin A.

2005671 2009908 2000839

4 5 6 7
Mulyana Hadid Nur Aziema Salma Annisa N. A. William Junino S.
2001570 2001403 2008156 2003634
Table of Contents
1. 4.
General Characteristics of Classification of Mosses by
Moss Taxon

2. 5.
Moss Distribution Map Phenogram and Cladogram

3. 6.
Moss Evolution Values of Moss
 Moss
(Bryophyta)

Source: deviantart.com
 01.
General Characteristics
of Moss
 Characteristics of Bryophyta
Bryophyta is non-vascular plants consisting of three divisions, namely the mosses, liverworts,
and hornworts. They are seedless plants and do not produce flowers or seeds, and true roots
are also not present in these plants.

General Characteristics of Bryophytes:

● Plants occur in damp and shaded areas.

● The plant body is transition from ala to cormus.
● It is attached to the substratum by rhizoids, which are unicellular or multicellular.
● They have a root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structure and lack true vegetative
structure.
● Plants lack the vascular system (xylem, phloem).
● The dominant, a part of the plant body is gametophyte which is haploid.
● The thalloid gametophyte is divided into rhizoids, axis and leaves.
● The gametophyte bears multicellular sex organs and photosynthetic.
● The antheridium produces antherozoids, which are flagellated.
● The shape of an archegonium is a sort of a flask and produces one egg.
●
 02.
Moss Distribution Map
World map of species richness of mosses
(Mutke et al. (2004))
Distribution of Bryophyta (moss) collections above 50°N databased in
GBIF as of July 2016.
(Stefanie M Ickert-Bond, researchgate.net)
 03.
Moss Evolution
Phylogenetic context of land plants. The phylogenetic tree on the left shows the relationships
of the animals, fungi, and plants, including the major divisions within the plants. The tree on the
right shows the relationships among the land plants (Embryophyta). The phylogeny of the
bryophytes is unresolved, but the current proposal of a sister relationship between liverworts
and mosses is shown. MYA, million years ago. (Davies, et al., 2020)
How Does Moss Adapt to its Environment?

The plant body is differentiated into leaf-like, stem-like, and

root-like structures.

Mosses contain thick cell walls to support the plant on the land.

Some mosses develop primitive vascular systems.

Anthoceros sp.
(New York Collegium, 2019) Mosses produce simple organic compounds by photosynthesis.

Asexual reproduction of mosses occurs through the production of

spores.
 04.
Classification of
Mosses by Taxon
Bryophyta Classification

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9665884/
Bryophyta Classification

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9665884/
capsule
archegoniophore
Hepaticopsida
seta (Liverworts)

Picture of Marchantia sp.

(iGEM, 2014)
 Characteristic of Hepaticopsida
Characteristic Hepaticopsida

Sporophyte shape Capsule/Umbrella-like

Gametophyte form Leafy or thallus (ala)

Special organelles Oil bodies

Branching Dichotomy

Protonema Formed

Stomata Absent

Gametophyte Growth Horizontal

Direction Picture of Marchantia sp.
(iGEM, 2014)
Seta Hyaline (thin, translucent)
 Rhizoid (Yuval, 2020)

Structure
Liverwort
structure
(Universe Review, rhizoid
n.d)

Marchantia polymorpha (Yakovlev, A., 2010) gemma cup

Dichotomous branched thallus with gemma

cup in Marchantia polymorpha (Oleg, 2020)

Female
gametophy-
te (Bank of capsule
Biology,
2020))

seta
Male
antheridiopore
gametophy-
ala perianth
te (Bank of
Biology,
ala
2020))
Sporophyte in a leafy Hepaticae (Chaerea,
2012)
 Metagenesis

Hepaticae metagenesis (Anonymous., 2021) Liverwort life cycle (Nur, J., 2018)
Order Classification
1. Takakiales

The plant body is differentiated into

an erect, radial leafy shoot or
gametophore and branched
subterranean, cylindrical rhizome
devoid of rhizoids, entire plant body
is covered with copious mucilage
hairs.

Picture of Takakia lepidozoides

(Cronk, Q., 2005)
 Species Examples

Takakia lepidozioides Takakia ceratophylla

(Taylor. C., 2014) (Renzaglia, et al., 1997)
Order Classification
2. Haplomitriales

Prostrate, simple or branched, leafless

stems and erect, leafy branches of a
radial organization. Most of them
occupying restricted ranges in
apparently relic areas indicative of an
ancient origin and dispersal. Habitat
mainly in a mid-latitudes, most species
in the Australasian and Indo-Malayan
region
Picture of Haplometrium mnioides
(楊玉鳳, 2019)
Order Classification
3. Jungermanniales

Largest order of liverworts and

contrast with thalloid liverworts.
Leaves flattened, in 2 or 3 rows, often
lobed; shoots reclining, erect, or
pendent; rhizoids smooth-walled;
archegonia terminating shoot;
sporophyte with seta; sporangium
spherical to elongate; distributed
throughout the world, reaching
greatest abundance in humid Picture of Plagiochila asplenioides
subtropical to temperate climates. (Fenwick, 2006)
 Species Examples

Bazzania trilobata Calypogeia fissa Mylia taylorii

(Larsen.P.G., 2021) (Gey, S., 2021) (Gey, S., 2021)

Cephalozia bicuspidata Lophocolea bidentata Lophocolea heterophylla

(Georgeg, 2021) (Christiane, W., 2021) (ceffk, 2021)
Order Classification
4. Metzgeriales

Thallose, with the thallus (ala) mainly of

uniformly thickened cell walls, usually
reclining but sometimes erect;
branching varies from forked to
regularly pinnate or irregular; smooth
rhizoids on the undersurface; sex
organs lateral; sporophytes with
elongate seta; sporangia spherical to
elongate; widely distributed
throughout the world. Picture of Metzgeria furcata
(Storey, 1970)
 Species Examples

Metzgeria conjugata Metzgeria furcata

(Berg, C., 2021) (martina_poeltl, 2020)

Riccardia latifrons Aneura pinguis

(Zydrunas, 2008) (Berg, C., 2021)
Order Classification
5. Marchantiales

Thallus often of complex anatomy,

with air pores on the dorsal surfaces;
rhizoids; sporophytes often carried up
from the thallus (ala) surface by
elongation of the stalk of a receptacle,
with the sporangia hanging
downward; occupying a diversity of
habitats, some can withstand
extended periods of dryness while
others are floating or submerged
aquatics, and still others grow in Picture of Conocephalum conicum
humid shaded sites (Storey, 2000))
 Species Examples

Marchantia polymorpha L. Marchantia L.

(Pedaste, B., 2020) (Chhopheal, S., 2018)

Conocephalum Hill Marchantia quadrata

(Bjerkan, T., 2019) (Værnes, E., 2018)
Order Classification
6. Sphaerocarpales

Essentially lobate thallus (ala) in all

modern representatives; thallus of
parenchyma cells reclining or erect,
with smooth-walled rhizoids; each sex
organ surrounded by an enveloping
sac, lateral; sporangium spherical,
lacking seta and elaters; terrestrial
except the aquatic genus Riella;
distributed mainly in milder
Picture of Sphaerocarpos sp.
temperate climates
(Belinda, 2013)
 Species Examples

Sphaerocarpos michelii Sphaerocarpos texanus Sphaerocarpos europaeus

(Herr, C., 2021) (Jame, 2020) (Apostolou, S., 2020)
Order Classification
7. Monocleales

Large thalli (ala) of mainly uniformly

parenchymatous cells, reclining;
thallus forked to irregularly branched;
archegonia within a sleevelike
chamber behind the lobe apex;
antheridia in padlike receptacles in
the same location on different thalli;
distributed in South and Central
America and New Zealand.
Picture of Monoclea gottschei L.
(Vilseskogen, 2015)
 Benefits
Roles in medicine Other roles

1. Riccia fluitans, aquatic thallose liverworts

1. Liverwort is used for treating gallstones and sold for use in aquarium.
liver conditions. 2. Used as indicators of past climate change, to
2. Used for treating stomach and digestive tract validate climate models, and as early
discomfort. indicators of global warming.

3. Some people use liverwort for treating
varicose veins, lowering cholesterol,
stimulating blood circulation, and “purifying”
blood.
3. Providing food for animals, helping to
facilitate decay of dead trees and
disintegration of rocks, reducing erosion
along stream banks, and aiding in the
collection and retention of water in tropical
forests.
 Anthoceropsida
(Hornworts)
Horn-shaped sporangium

Picture of Anthoceros sp.

(George, 2010)
 Characteristic of Anthoceropsida
Characteristic Anthoceropsida

Sporophyte shape Horn-shaped

Habitat High humidity
Branching Dichotomy
Protonema Not formed/germinated
Stomata Present
Direction of Gametofit Horizontal
Growth
Seta Absent Picture of Anthoceros sp.
(George, 2010)
Structure and Metagenesis

Sprout

Structure of Anthoceropsida
(Palomar College, 2019)
sporangium length between 10-15 cm
 Anthocerotales
Examples of species Order

(Humid)

y
Picture of Anthoceros puctatus
(Lynch, 2008)
Anthoceropsida Benefits

1. Soil fertilizer

2. Alternative Treatment
safe for consumption and non-toxic and
can treat cough, hepatitis, and heart
disease .

3. Little Fish shelter

4. Horticulture

Picture of Anthoceros sp.

(Shutterstock, w.y.)
 Bryopsida (Leaf
worts)

Picture of Dicranum sp..

(Daniel, 2006)
 Characteristic of Musci
Characteristic Anthoceropsida

Sporophyte form Tube-Shaped

Habitat humidity

Branching Free Branch

Protonema Origin of development

Direction of Vertikal
Gametofit Growth

vegetative Fragmentation, Picture of Fissidens sp.

reproduction bud formation, a (mobidsplants.com.ua, 2019)
nd produce spores
 General Structure

Kaliptra

Structure of Bryopsida Structure of Bryopsida

(Depositphotos, 2017) (Nafiun.com, 2020)
 Sex organs

Antheridium ♂ Archegonium ♀

Egg

Stalk

Male gametophyte under Female gametophyte Under the

the microscope (40x) microscope (40x)
(Github.io, 2019)
(Lumen Learning, 2017)
 Metagenesis
CHART

Metagenesis of Bryopsida Metagenesis chart

(Furman University, 2015) (Artikelsiana.com, 2015)
Examples of species

Family
Picture of Rhizogonium sp.
(Jordan, 2011)
Order Classification
1. Sphagnales

Live in swamps forming clumps

or pads. Dead moss will form peat
soil. Most primitive orders. The
protonema is shaped like a small
leaf and has an incised edge.
Short seta, operculum present,
but peristrome absent Picture of Sphagnum fimbriatum
(cisfbr.org.uk. 2012)
Order Classification
2. Andreales

The thallus is shaped like a forked

ribbon, small gametophore, dark
brown and
fragile, internal rods are shown
uniform cells. Capsule wall without
photosynthetic tissue sponge,
short seta, functionally replaced by
pseusopodium
Picture of Andreaea rupestris
(JC Schou, w.y.)
Order Classification
3. Buxbaumiales

Under developed leaves and

shoots, Small capsules. There are
species that have no leaves and
branched protonema (Buxbaumia
sp.). Have a long and vertikal seta.

Picture of Buxbaumia viridis

(naturarkivet.no, 2018)
Order Classification
4. Fissidentales

Has an erect stem, simple and

branched and has 2 rows of leaves
that are positioned oposita

Picture of Fissidens sp.

(Vasteq, 2014)
Order Classification
5. Polytrichales

Show some internal

differentiation. The seta are
long and hard. The leaves have
a distinctive elongated plate,
the base of the leaf often
envelops the stem

Picture of Polytrichales sp.

(Verastuchelova, w.y.)
 Another Species of Musci

Picture of Campylopus sp.

(Black Diamond Images, 2010)

Picture of Bryum sp. Picture of

(Ken-ichi, 2015) Hypnodendron sp.
(Rosser, 1976)

Picture of Rhodobryum sp.

(Amadej, 2018)
 Bryopsida Benefits
Role on Medicine
as an ingredient in medicines mainly
to treat hives and other diseases
caused by bacteria and fungi
Other role
Sphagnum: as a substitute for
cotton and a source of fuel.
Role on Ecology
1. Called pioneer vegetation because moss can cause
rock to crumble into soil because its rhizoids can
penetrate the rock surface. then, it will gradually
form new soil as a place to grow other plants
2. Moss can prevent erosion, reduce the danger of
flooding, and is able to absorb water. Moss can
make soil become fertile and suitable for other
plants.
3. mosses in tropical rain forests plays an important
role as a place to grow organisms such as insects
and rainwater reservoirs .
 05.
Phenogram and
Cladogram
 Observed Specimen

Hepaticae Musci

Marchantia sp Bryum sp

Anthocerotae Musci

Anthoceros sp Campylopus sp
 Phenogram

Symbol Species Characterization

Characteristic Leaf-like Vertical Dichotomy Umbrella True leaf

index value structure growth sporophyte bone
direction
A Marchantia sp. 0 0 1 1 0
B Anthoceros sp. 0 0 1 0 0
C Bryum sp. 1 1 0 0 1
D Campylopus sp.
1 1 0 0 1
Symbol Species Characterization Evolutionary
change
Characteristic Leaf - like Vertical Dichotomy Umbrella True leaf
index value structure (1) growth (3) sporophyte bone (5)
direction (2) (4)
Outgroup 0 0 0 0 0 0
B Anthoceros sp. 0 0 1 0 0 1
A Marchantia sp. 0 0 1 1 0 2
C Bryum sp. 1 1 0 0 1 3
D Campylopus sp. 1 1 0 0 1 3

Cladogram
 06.
Values of Moss
Religious Value
All mosses have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle.
During this stage, haploid plants and sex organs that produce gametes
are developed. This is what makes mosses unique compared to many
other plant species because they remain at this stage for a long time.
This proves the extraordinary power of God. Therefore, we should
continue to know and learn about the greatness of God because all of
God's creations have their own purposes.
Educational Value
Mosses grow in many different environments. Even in humid places that
are not maintained. In addition to humid places, moss can also grow in shady
locations, tree bases, and at the bottom of the forest. Because of their range of
adaptations, they are able to occupy areas that are otherwise uninhabitable
such as rocky ledges on mountainsides. We, as humans, should be able to learn
from the moss to become strong humans, so that we don’t give up easily and
are able to find solutions to every problem we face.
Socio-political Values
● Mosses live in colonies or in groups. It becomes a symbol of togetherness of
individuals as social beings who need other individuals to achieve a common
goal. Likewise we, as humans, need a togetherness in vision, mission, and care for
each other to achieve the same goal.

● Even in humid places that are not maintained, a plant can grow because of moss.
Moss can occupy a variety of habitats. In addition to humid places, moss can also
grow in shady locations, tree bases, and at the bottom of the forest. Thus, mosses
act as pioneers for other plants. We as humans should be able to be the pioneers
of goodness in the surrounding environment, so that peace and harmony will be
created.
Intellectual Value
Unlike most other plants, God created mosses to have no roots.
However, they have rhizoids, which are small hairlike structures. Thus,
mosses maximize the function of the rhizoids to anchor the plant to rocks,
bark or soil, absorbing nutrients, water and minerals from the soil. The value
we get is that even though we don't have something perfect, we must still
try to complete and maximize what we have in order to be better.
Practical Value
Moss has benefits for human life including:
● Moss is able to withstand soil erosion.
● Moss can store water sources. For example, leaf mosses, Sphagnum sp. and
Syrropodon sp.
● Moss can supply oxygen.
● Species Marchantia polymorpha can be used as a hepatitis drug.
● Moss is also used as an antiseptic substance that helps kill germs. For
example, Frullania tamarisci.
● Moss can be used as an ingredient in skin medicine to treat skin diseases.
 References
Bryophytes. Vedantu. https://www.vedantu.com/biology/bryophytes
Biologydictionary.net Editors. (2018, February 11). Bryophyte. Retrieved from Biology Dictionary:
https://biologydictionary.net/bryophyte/
Davies, K. M., Jibran, R., Zhou, Y., Albert, N. W., Brummell, D. A., Jordan, B. R., ... & Schwinn, K. E. (2020).
The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: a Bryophyte Perspective. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 7.
Lukitasari, Marheny. 2018. Mengenal Tumbuhan Lumut (Bryophyta). Jawa timur: Media Grafika.
Mchale, E. (2020, May 23). 7 Interesting Things About Moss. Retrieved from Royal Botanic Gardens Kew:
https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/moss
Schofield, W. Borden (2019, March 6). Bryophyte. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/plant/bryophyte
Waldi, Ryo. (2017). INVENTARISASI LUMUT DI KAWASAN PERKEBUNAN KARET PTPN 7 DESA SABAH
BALAU, KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN, LAMPUNG. Undergraduate thesis, UIN Raden Intan
Lampung.
 Thank You!
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