Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster

Let Us Try
1. A.
2. D.
3. D.
4. D.
5. B.
6. D.
7. D.
8. B.
9. C.
10. B.

Let Us Study
Activity 1: “Understanding Disaster”
1. In two to three sentences, describe the given images.
- The images above are the effects caused by the typhoon and war that
happened in Marawi. It can be seen that the disasters had caused great
damage. The places are ruined and may have caused hopelessness to the
people who were affected.

2. List down the disasters that you can identify from the images.
- Typhoon and War

Let Us Practice
Activity 2: FIX ME!!!
1. Disaster
2. Ring of Fire
3. Calamity
4. Earthquake
5. Volcanic Eruption
6. Pacific Ocean
7. Typhoon
8. Natural Disaster
9. Destruction
10. Man-made Disaster

Activity 3: Understanding Natural and Man-Made Disaster

1. Natural
2. Man-Made
 3. Natural
4. Man-Made
5. Man-Made
6. Natural

Guide Questions
 Based on the presented images, how will you differentiate natural from man-
made disasters?
- Natural disasters are caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes,
typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme
temperatures. They can be classified as rapid onset. These events, usually
sudden, can have tremendous effects. Man-made disasters caused by man
are those in which major direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-
intentional human actions.

Given the table, give a natural disaster you experienced within your locality or
you had heard from the news recently. What makes it a natural disaster? Give a
man-made disaster you experienced within your locality or you had from the
news recently.
Natural Disaster Man-made Disaster
A natural disaster that I experienced was I’ve heard about this motorcycle accident.
when our house burned down. It The man riding the motorcycle was found
happened on August 1, 2019. As what under the dump truck. He was
I’ve remembered, it was because of faulty pronounced dead because of the severity
wiring. of his situation.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 4: Understanding Disaster Risk
Classification of
Disasters Disaster Disaster Risks (Effects)
(Natural or Man-Made)
1. Typhoon Natural People can be killed, injured, or
lost during typhoons. Flooding
can cause people to drown,
houses to be completely
destroyed, property to be swept
away, and farms to lose all of
their crops to the winds and
relentless rains. Mudslides and
power outages are common.
2. War Conflicts Man-Made War destroys communities and
families and often disrupts the
development of the social and
economic fabric of nations.
The effects of war include long-
term physical and psychological
harm to children and adults, as
well as reduction in material
and human capital.
3. Volcanic Eruption Natural Infectious disease, respiratory
illness, burns, injuries from falls,
and vehicle accidents related to
the slippery, hazy conditions
caused by ash.
4. Chemical Leakages Man-Made Some chemicals can affect
human and ecological health
when released into air, water
and soil. In some cases even
small quantities they can cause
nervous system damage
immune system diseases,
reproductive or developmental
disorders and cancers.
5. Vehicular Accident Man-Made The mental and
emotional injuries after a car
accident can include mental
anguish, emotional distress,
fear, anger,
humiliation, anxiety, shock,
embarrassment, random
episodes of crying, loss of
appetite, weight fluctuations,
lack of energy, sexual
dysfunction, mood swings,
and sleep disturbances.
6. Earthquake Natural A powerful earthquake can
destroy buildings, factories,
shops, roads, bridges and
schools. These cause many
people to become homeless.
Furthermore, earthquakes can
cause disruption to public
services like transport systems
and communication
connections.
7. Drought Natural Economic losses, conflicts when
there is not enough water,
 reduced incomes, fewer
recreational activities, higher
incidents of heat stroke, loss of
human life, and provide a
substantial increase in wildfire
risk.
8. Thunderstorms Natural Thunderstorms can bring heavy
rains (which can cause flash
flooding), strong winds, hail,
lightning, and tornadoes. Severe
thunderstorms can cause
extensive damage to homes and
property.
9. Tuberculosis Man-Made Despite successful cure of TB,
chronic complications can arise
from anatomic alterations at
disease sites. Examples include
mycetomas developing within
residual TB cavities, impaired
pulmonary function, or focal
neurologic deficits from
tuberculomas.
10. Rainfall-induced Landslide Natural Loss of lives, destruction of
infrastructure, damage to land
and loss of natural resources. It
can also block rivers and
increase the risk of floods.
11. Floods in Rivers and Coastal Natural It can cause great damage to
Areas properties, loss of lives, and
economic impacts.
12. Avalanche Natural Avalanches can completely
destroy whatever is on its
pathways such as houses,
cabins and shacks. This force
can also cause major damage to
ski resorts as well as ski lift
towers near or on the
mountain. Avalanches also can
cause roads and railroad lines to
close.
13. Tsunami Natural The violent force of
the tsunami results in instant
death, most commonly by
drowning. Buildings collapsing,
electrocution, and explosions
from gas, damaged tanks and
 floating debris are another
cause of death.
14. Bomb Explosion Man-Made A nuclear weapon detonation in
or near a populated area would
– as a result of the blast wave,
intense heat, and radiation and
radioactive fallout – cause
massive death and destruction,
trigger large-scale displacement
and cause long-term harm to
human health and well-being,
as well as long-term damage to
the environment,
infrastructure, socioeconomic
development and social order.
15. House (fire) Man-Made Smoke can quickly penetrate
other areas of the house,
leaving thick deposits on walls
and furniture. Smoke can also
damage the foundation and
structural supports throughout
your home, making it
vulnerable to collapse. Water
damage is a common and
unavoidable consequence of
a house fire.

Let Us Assess
1. A.
2. B.
3. D.
4. B.
5. B.
6. B.
7. D.
8. B.
9. C.
10. D.
11. B.
12. A.
13. D.
14. A.
15. B.
Let Us Enhance
Activity 5: The Search is Over

1. Destruction - Disaster is a sudden phenomenon,

2. Devastation a calamitous event that causes
3. Sudden damage, destruction, and loss of
4. Damage property, and also devastation to
5. Life life.
6. Loss
7. Event
8. Property
9. Calamitous

Let Us Reflect
Activity 6: “Count Me In”
1. Taal Volcano eruption
2. Typhoon Ulysses
3. Marawi Siege
4. Typhoon Rolly
5. 2019 Cotabato earthquakes
Stop and Reflect
Now review your previous Activities Do you think the given ideas/concepts are clear for
you to understand different kinds of disasters that the country has experienced including
its disaster risks? Agree or Disagree? Then, how does it affect one’s life? Support your
answer.
- I think the given concepts gave me a better understanding of the different
kinds of disasters that the country has experienced and its disaster risk. The
lesson defined risk and disaster risk, what disaster is and its classification.
Disaster disrupts the usual course of life, causing both physical and emotional
distress such as an intense feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. In
a disaster, you face the danger of death or physical injury. You may also lose
your properties and community. Such stressors place you at risk for emotional
and physical health problems. Stress reactions after a disaster look very
much like the common reactions seen after any type of trauma.
 Module 2: Risk Factors Underlying Disasters and Its Effects

Let Us Try
1. D.
2. A.
3. C.
4. C.
5. D.
6. D.
7. A.
8. C.
9. A.
10. C.

Let Us Study
Activity 1: Identifying Risk factors (Guide Questions)
1. Loss of lives, Injured people, and damaged properties.
2. Location of settlements in seismic areas and size of the population, Inadequate
building practices and regulations, Dense concentration of building with high
occupancy, and the absence of warning systems and lack of public awareness
on earthquake risks.
3. It can influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity.

Let Us Practice
Activity 2: Take Risk!
1. E.
2. D.
3. A.
4. B.
5. C.
6. D.
7. E.
8. A.
9. F.

Activity 3: Effects of Disaster

1. Because of the disaster, their livelihood is badly affected. Their health is at risk
since they live near the volcano. They have to use a dust mask or hold a damp
cloth over their face to help with breathing. They also need to stay away from
 areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash. Dale and his family
should know the evacuation routes in their community.
2. Teacher Anna would experience emotional aftershocks. What happened to her
two children was tragic and traumatic. It would take her a long time to talk about
it and to recover.
3. The situation on Covid-19 is getting worse. Nurses in the Philippines experience
the severity of exposure to this infectious disease. They are the ones who will
face and take care of the patients. The situation could affect the mental and
physical health of our frontliners.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 4: Fill Me!
1. EXPOSURE
2. DISASTER RISK
3. POTENTIAL DISPLACEMENT
4. INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE
5. VULNERABILITY

Let Us Remember (Performance Task 1)

What is the problem? Wildfire

Wildfires can disrupt transportation, communications,
power and gas services, and water supply. They also
What are the effects?
lead to a deterioration of the air quality, and loss of
property, crops, resources, animals and people.
Wildfires can start with a natural occurrence—such
as a lightning strike—or a human-made spark.
However, it is often the weather conditions that
What are the causes? determine how much a wildfire grows. Wind, high
temperatures, and little rainfall can all leave trees,
shrubs, fallen leaves, and limbs dried out and primed
to fuel a fire.
Promote fire-adapted planning and land-use. Foster
What are the solutions? post-fire transitions to ecosystems more adapted to
new climate.

Let Us Assess
1. A.
2. C.
3. A.
4. C.
5. D.
 6. B.
7. B.
8. D.
9. D.
10. A.
11. C.
12. C.
13. C.
14. C.
15. C.

Activity 5: A letter to… (Performance Task 2)

Dear Ate Charing,

I wanted to share an inspiring story that I have watched. This woman is a flood survivor
and had an unforgettable experience. The Southwest Monsoon comes during rainy
season in the Philippines and carries heavy rainfalls. As a result of the heavy rainfalls,
flooding may occur in various areas. The place where the woman lives is affected by the
flooding. When she carried all of their things above the ground floor, the flood was still
at an average height, and she already had evacuated her children. She asked them to
stay there because she needs to go back to their house to get some things they
needed. When she got home to get their things, the flood was already at the waist-level.
She did not expect the water to rise so fast. Right after getting what she needed, she
went to help her neighbor carry their things upstairs because the flood had reached their
first floor. As they were carrying things, they did not notice that the flood’s height is
already higher than them. At that time, they were treading by the walls while holding on
to the ropes which were placed around the area back then. As the flood level continued
to rise, they evacuated and walked while holding on to the ropes. As they were walking,
they could feel the very strong current of the floods. They could see various objects in
the water. All she could ever think was her children’s safety. She could have been
swept away at that time, and she prayed to God to save her from that dreadful situation.
Fortunately, the group of rescuers went to the woman’s location and were able to
rescue her. I was really inspired by her because in that terrible situation, she was still
able to help her neighbor. She did not have second thoughts on helping even if she had
a choice to leave them and go back to her children. Thankfully, she survived and was
able to be with her kids. I hope anyone who would be put in a situation like this would
also survive and will not be put in danger.
 Module 3: Disaster from Different Perspectives

Let Us Try
1. D.
2. D.
3. C.
4. C.
5. C.
6. C.
7. C.
8. D.
9. D.
10. C.

Let Us Study
Activity 1: Which is which?

Before After

Agree Disagree Were you Reflection

Statement
right?
Disaster can be analyzed from one
/ perspective only.
Socio Cultural perspective is

/ influenced by different factors

including social conditions and
cultural settings.
Deliverance of government services
/ to the affected places cannot be a
factor in disaster risk management.
The more stress defined in unity of

/ ways with in the disaster, the more

likely there are to be emotional
consequences.
Failure to deliver the government

/ interventions to disaster affect the

capacity to cope and recover from
the impacts of disaster.
Activity 2: My Own Perspective

It pains me whenever I see pictures like this. Their place is flooded and people’s
properties are badly affected. The water surrounding them is contaminated. In this
picture, I can see the smiles on their faces. It is a relief that people are there to rescue.
In times like this, victims need a helping hand, rescuers who will be there to rescue
them. There won’t be a lot of casualties when there is a plan for disasters and actions
are made immediately.

Activity 3: Perspective Analysis

1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Economic
4. Political
5. Physical
6. Political
7. Environmental
8. Economic
9. Psychological
10. Economic

Activity 4: My Cycle
1. Response
- Rescue efforts
First aid treatment
Monitoring of secondary disaster
Establishment of tent villages

2. Prevention/Mitigation
- Construction of erosion control dams
Seismic design
Forestation

3. Preparedness
- Emergency drills
Construction of early warning systems
Let Us Practice More
Activity 4: Read Me!
1. Damage to physical elements such as buildings, including people and their
properties, the number of families affected, casualties, extent of damage in
infrastructure and properties in different industries.
2. Those who had direct experience of the eruption were more likely to suffer from
symptoms of mental distress, PTSD symptoms and perceived stress.
3. Socio-cultural settings do affect the ways in which people choose to respond to
any disaster. Proactive, passive, or poor responses to any disasters are
inextricably linked with different socio-cultural settings. Culture, the way of living
(set of values, norms, beliefs, and social organisation) of any community plays a
catalytic role in developing people’s responses. Different social settings within a
given culture not only shape people’s knowledge but also influence their skills
and practices thus affecting their behaviors towards a given situation, and are the
key driving forces to shape people behaviors to respond to any disaster like
situations.
4. The disaster caused a disturbance in the economy of Batangas. It made a
negative impact on assets, production factors, output, employment, and
consumption.
5. The response exerted by the LGU to the residents would be a big help to their
coping and recovery especially to those who are badly affected. It would help
them rebuild their lives.
6. Water and Air pollution, and Climate change. Ashfall can have significant impacts
on crops much like pasture land.
Activity 5: My Concept Map

Let Us Assess
1. D.
2. C.
3. D.
4. D.
5. B.
6. A.
7. D.
8. A.
9. D.
10. C.
11. D.
12. C.
13. B.
14. A.
15. C.
Activity 7: Look What I Have Found! (Performance Task 3)

Name: Typhoon Ulysses

Time: 9 Nov 2020 – 16 Nov 2020
Location: Cagayan Valley (severely affected)
Type of Disaster: Natural Disaster

Physical Psychological Economic Socio-Cultural

Perspective Perspective Perspective Perspective
The typhoon unleashed The disaster caused Crops were destroyed A lot of people were
powerful winds and emotional effects such by the typhoon and placed in an
torrential rain that as grief, sadness, infrastructures were unfortunate situation,
killed dozens of people, helplessness, and damaged, affecting the they all worked and
destroyed thousands of physical effects such as economy of Cagayan helped each other.
homes, and left vulnerability to illness, valley. They also received help
swathes of the island fatigue, etc. from people who were
region flooded. not affected.

Name: 2019 Cotabato earthquakes

Time: 16 Oct 2019 – 31 Oct 2019
Location: SOCCSKSARGEN, Davao Region, Bangsamoro, Caraga
Type of Disaster: Natural Disaster

Physical Psychological Economic Socio-Cultural

Perspective Perspective Perspective Perspective
Damage to physical The disaster caused The disaster caused a With the situation,
events such as mental health negative impact on people had a hard time
buildings, people and consequences for assets, production evacuating. And most
their properties. There victims. It also affected factors, output, of them didn’t have the
were a lot of casualties them physically and employment, and means to protect
emotionally. consumption. themselves from the
disaster.
 Module 4: Exposure, Vulnerability & Disaster Risk

Let Us Try
1. B.
2. D.
3. A.
4. A.
5. C.
6. D.
7. C.
8. B.
9. C.
10. D.

Let Us Study
Activity 1: Which is which?
Scenario 1
1. Juan is more exposed to the flood because he lives near the coastal side.

Scenario 2
1. If flooding occurs, Juan is less capable of adapting to it. It is because he lives
near the coastal side and lives in a small, nipa hut. His house won’t be able to
hold the flood.
2. Juan’s family is more vulnerable to flood.
3. The exposure to hazard, economic status and preparedness.

Let Us Practice
Activity 2: Fill me up!
Which is more TYPES OF
SCENARIO REASON
vulnerable? VULNERABILITY
1. A building with A building with Economic Earthquakes can
multiple floor vs. a one multiple floor destroy buildings and a
story building when building with multiple
exposed to shaking floor will have a lot of
from earthquake. damage.
2.When flooding occurs Children, Elderly and Physical Children, Elderly and
some citizens, such as Differently-able Differently-able are
children, elderly and less mobile during a
differently-able vs. hazard event which
men in normal makes them
condition vulnerable.
 3. Poorer families may Poorer families may Economic Poor families have
live in squatter live in squatter inadequate housing
settlements vs. well off settlements and they live in areas
families live in more prone to flooding.
expensive areas during
storm.
4. A super typhoon Populated City Physical Because the city is
with storm surge populated, more
affecting a populated people will be at risk.
city vs. a super typhoon
over a remote and
unpopulated island.
5. Coastal city dwellers Coastal city dwellers Socio – Economic They are less likely to
with low storm surge with low storm surge be prepared when
awareness vs Coastal awareness disaster comes.
dwellers with high
storm surge
awareness.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 3: The Way You Look at Me!
1. The community is exposed to landslides, as they live in a mining area. Given the
location, the place is also exposed to ground collapse and subsidence: fault
reactivation and fissures. The place is contaminated with so much mercury in the
air and water.
2. The people living there are exposed to hazards. The hazards will badly affect
their health, as well as their houses and properties.
3. In the presented image, the whole area is likely to be affected when a hazard
occurs. No area would be least affected.
4. The characteristics are physical, economic, and environmental vulnerability. For
physical, it is clearly because of the place the live in. For economic, they solely
depend on natural resources, and for environmental, natural resource depletion
and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability.
5. The vulnerability can be lessened if the government finds a place for them to
move in and if they can provide safety measures for the community. The people
should know that it is not safe to live in a place like that, but they have to
because it is where they get their means of living. The vulnerability can also be
lessened if any mining corporation that operates illegally will be closed.
Lesson 2
Let Us Study
Activity 1: Spot Map!
A.
1. Both picture pose hazard.
2. Exposure of elements, hazards, and vulnerability.
3. The likelihood of the hazard causing injury or illness and the potential severity of
the consequences.

B.
1. Pic 1: The possible danger is electrocution
Pic 2: The possible danger is accident
2. The driver and the motorcycle.
3. Wearing of helmet.
4. Electrocution incidents can be fatal, while non-fatal shocks can result in serious
and permanent burn injuries to skin, internal tissues and damage to the heart
depending on the length and severity of the shock.

Activity 2: My Triagram
Let Us Practice
Activity 3: Take the Risk
1. The risk factors in the scenario are the people and their health, house, and
vegetation.
2. Pollutant gases, water contamination, bad smell, fire, and slope instability.
3. It would be hard to lessen the risk because of the poor economic status of the
area. Proper waste management and accurate site design should be done, and it
could only be attained with the government’s help.

Let Us Remember
Activity 5: Make me Complete!
1. Hazard
2. Vulnerability
3. Exposure
4. Risk
5. Resilience

Activity 6: You Complete Me!

Risk can be hard to see in the world around us. When it comes to disasters, risk
is often invisible on a day-to-day basis. It is a combination of three components:
hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.
Vulnerability is the likelihood that assets will be damaged/destroyed/affected
when exposed to a hazard.
Exposure are elements which are at risk from natural or man- made hazard
events while hazard is defined as potentially damaging physical
event, phenomenon or human activity.
Hazards may be caused by natural and human factors and can be mitigated
through local plans and regulations, structural projects, natural system protection,
education programs, and preparedness and response action. It is significant to
understand hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities because risk information is the
foundation for good disaster risk management, which is how communities and
governments protect people and property from natural hazards.

Let Us Assess
1. C.
2. A.
3. D.
4. C.
5. B.
6. A.
 7. D.
8. C.
9. D.
10. C.
11. B.
12. D.
13. B.
14. C.
15. D.

Activity 7: Painting Matters on my own Hand (Performance Task 4)

 Module 6: Earthquake Hazards

Let Us Try
1. B.
2. D.
3. B.
4. C.
5. A.
6. A.
7. B.
8. B.
9. A.
10. A.

Let Us Study
Activity 1: Earthquake Hazard Word Search

1. Seiches
2. Displacement
3. Ground
4. Liquefaction
 5. Subsidence
6. Shaking
7. Earthquake
8. Flood
9. Fire
10. Erosion
11. Tsunami
12. Hazard

Activity 2: Identification
1. Tsunami
2. Liquefaction
3. Ground Shaking
4. Seiches
5. Earthquake Hazard
6. Erosion
7. Ground Displacement
8. Flood
9. Subsidence
10. Fire

Let Us Practice
Activity 3: Just Show the Signs
1. X
2. X
3. /
4. /
5. /
6. /
7. /
8. /
9. /
10. /

Activity 4.1: Do the Search 2.0

1. K.
2. A.
3. F.
4. C.
5. G.
6. H.
7. D.
 8. E.
9. I.
10. B.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 5: Mind Mapping

Activity 6: Be Connected!
1. Ground shaking from earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse;
disrupt gas, electricity, and telephone services; and sometimes trigger landslides,
avalanches, flash floods, fires, and tsunami.
2. Ground conditions such as loose soil or soft ground affect the damage caused by
an earthquake. The amplitude of seismic waves through such grounds is high.
An earthquake will cause a great damage to a building built on a soft ground.
Such ground undergo a process of liquefaction during earthquake which makes
them to behave as liquids.
 3. After a large Earthquake occurs, the buildings and other monuments, if
not earthquake resistant tend to be in a falling position due to disturbance in the
lithospheric plates. So, if an aftershock occurs, it will supplement and hence,
trigger the damage incurred.
4. Drop and take cover under a sturdy table or other furniture. Hold on to it and stay
put until the shaking stops. Stay clear of items that can fall and injure you, such
as windows, fireplaces and heavy furniture.
5. Each time there is a major disaster, lives are lost. Preparation can cut down on
the loss of lives, which is why you should have a plan in place in case there is
an earthquake, especially if you live in earthquake area.

Let Us Assess
1. D.
2. D.
3. D.
4. C.
5. D.
6. D.
7. A.
8. B.
9. C.
10. C.

Let Us Enhance
Activity 8: Safety Assessment!
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. 1
5. 1
6. 0
7. 1
8. 0
9. 1
10. 1
11. 1
12. 1
Guide Questions:
1. Yes, the checklist is beneficial to house and building owners. It is because the
checklist is used to assess the earthquake readiness of their house/building.
2. With the 12-Point Checklist, we can ensure an earthquake resistant house.
To make a building earthquake proof, it is important to put shear walls, a shear
 core and cross-bracing as they provide additional strength. The building is bolted
to the foundation, providing support walls called shear walls, which help in
reinforcing the building that in turn resist rocking movements.
3. Earthquakes happen less frequently than other natural disasters, but building
earthquake-resistant buildings protects against all natural disasters. Safety
professionals keep people's safety a priority when researching and developing
protective strategies for structural integrity.

Let Us Reflect (Guide Questions)

1. Hazard maps provide important information to help people understand the risks
of natural hazards and to help mitigate disasters. Hazard maps indicate the
extent of expected risk areas, and can be combined with disaster management
information such as evacuation sites, evacuation routes, and so forth.
2. Earthquakes can be very dangerous. We need to stay alert during and after an
earthquake so we could properly do safety measures.
3. No, we haven’t experienced destruction of properties due to earthquake hazards
so we didn’t have to cope up with anything.
 Module 7: Volcano Hazards

Let Us Try
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. T

Let Us Study
Activity 1: Local Volcanoes and Historical Volcanic Eruptions

Volcano Location Recorded Recent Description of

Eruptions Eruption Impacts
Bulusan It is situated in 15 times December Small eruptions caused
the province of 2016 ashfall
(2016, 2015,
Sorsogon in the 2011, Oct
Bicol region 2006-07, Mar-
Jun 2006,
1994, 1988,
1983, 1981,
1979, 1978,
1933, 1928,
1918-22, 1916,
1894, 1892,
1889, 1886,
1852)

Kanlaon In the island of 30 times 2006 1993- phreatic event

Negros killed a tourist/hiker
(2016, 2015,
2006, 2005,
2003, 2002,
1996, 1993,
1992, 1989,
1988, 1987,
1986, 1985,
1980, 1978,
1970, 1969,
1932-33, 1927,
 1905-06, 1904,
1902, 1894,
1893, 1884,
1883, 1866)
Hibok-Hibok Camiguin Island 5 times July 1953 1951- about 500
casualties from the
(1948-53, town of Mambajao
1871-75, 1862, when pyroclastic flows
1827) swept the area
Mayon The province of 47 times 2018 1814,1984,1993, 2000-
Albay in Bicol 2001,
(1616, 1766,
Region 1800, 1811(?), 2014-sudden phreatic
1814, 1827, explosion killed some
1834, 1839, tourists/hikers
1845, 1846,
1851, 1853, 1993- about 70 people
1855, 1857, mostly tending their
vegetable farms were
1858, 1859,
killed
1860, 1861,
1862, 1863(?), 1984- a Typhoon
1868, 1871-72, brought heavy rains that
1872, 1873, caused lahars to be
1876, 1876, generated and buried
1881-82, 1885, communities near a
1886-87, 1888, river
1890, 1891-92,
Areas covered by
1893, 1895, molten lava flows have
1896, 1897, been rendered useless
1900, 1902(?), and could not be used
1928, 1928, for farming anymore
1939, 1941,
1943, 1947,
1968, 1978,
1984, 1993,
1999-2000,
2001, 2002,
2003, 2003(?),
2004, 2006,
2009, 2013,
2018)
Pinatubo Located on the 6 times June 15, 1991 1991 eruption
tripoint boundary (1992, 1991 The volcano slope
of the Philippine (Plinian turned into gray desert,
provinces of eruption), 1450 vegetation was covered
Zambales, Tarlac ± 50 years, and destroyed, the
and Pampanga 1050 BC ± 500, Aetas were displaced
3550 BC (?),
7030 BC ± 300, Roof of houses
collapsed, killing people
7460 BC ± 150,
in Zambales
15,000 BC,
33,000 BC
 Flights cancelled

During the rainy season

weeks or months after
June eruption, houses
were buried, bridges
destroyed
Taal Talisay and San 34 times January 12, 1754, 1911, 1965, 2020
Nicolas Batangas (2020, 1977, 2020 eruption

1976, 1970,
Ash covered the
1969, 1968, communities on the
1967, 1966, island as well as those
1965, 1911, nearby
1904, 1903,
1885, 1878, Whole island was
1874, 1873, devastated
1842, 1825,
1808, 1790,
1754, 1749,
1731, 1729,
1716, 1715,
1709, 1707,
1645, 1641,
1635, 1634,
1609, 1591,
1572)

Let Us Practice More

Activity 4: “Decode the Code”
1. Quake
2. Steam
3. Magma
4. Inflation
5. Landslides
6. Vegetation
7. Temperature
8. Chemical
9. Spring
10. Thermal
Let Us Remember
I have learned to determine various volcano-related hazards and their effects. The
volcanic hazards are Lava Flows, Ashfall, Pyroclastic flows and surges, Lahars,
Volcanic Gases, Volcanic Landslide, Ballistic Projectiles, and Tsunami. The possible
impacts include the effects of toxic volcanic ashes and problems of the respiratory
system, eyes and skin, as well as psychological effects, injuries, transport and
communication problems, waste disposal and water supplies issues, collapse of
buildings and power outage.
I have learned to recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption. For Ground
Deformation, some subtle ground movements (in millimeters) may be detected by
sensitive instruments and equipment are observed.
For Geochemical Changes, the observable signs are changes in temperature (higher
than usual), changes in pH (more acidic), and changes in the concentration of gases
(sudden abrupt increase in levels). In terms of Seismic Activity, increase in number of
volcanic earthquakes is notable. For Sensory Observations, intensified steaming
activity, changes from slow white to gray steam (suggests increasing presence of ash),
drying up of vegetation, streams, and water wells, crater glow at the summit are,
increasing frequency of rolling rocks from the summit; localized landslides not related to
heavy rains can be seen, smelling sulfur can be smelt, ground movement can be felt,
and rumbling sound can be heard.
I have learned to interpret different volcano hazard maps. The basic parts include Map
Title, Legend, and Scale. The purposes of volcano hazard maps are to provide
important information to help people understand the risks of natural hazards and to help
mitigate disasters, indicate the extent of expected risk areas that can be combined with
disaster management information such as evacuation sites, evacuation routes, and etc.
I can access one from PHIVOLCS website
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/gisweb-hazard-maps.

Let Us Assess
A.
1. B.
2. B.
3. D.
4. B.
5. B.
B.
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
 5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. T

Let Us Enhance
Activity 5: Look Out for the Warnings!

In the case study, signs of an impending volcanic eruption were stated. At first, on
March 16, 1980, there were three earthquakes and each day after that, the number of
earthquakes steadily increased. By the week of March 26th, an average of 10
earthquakes was occurring daily. A helicopter tourist company flew a group around the
crater of the volcano on March 27th, and they observed a small steam explosion blow a
15-meter hole in the top of the mountain. For the next two weeks, small spots of steam
could be seen shooting out of the top of volcano. By April 22 nd, all steam activity
ceased. Geologists, however, started to notice a bulge forming in part of the mountain.
They could see that part of the mountain is growing in size. By May 17th, the bulge was
growing at 2 meters per day. Finally, on May 18th, a final earthquake occurred followed
by the immediate eruption of the volcano.
Let Us Reflect
1.

The picture above represents what a volcano looks like before erupting. Increase
in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic
tremors, Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to
gray due to entrained ash, Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater,
Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion,
Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which not
attributable to heavy rains, Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation
around the volcano’s upper slopes, Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells
crater lake near the volcano; Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs,
crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano; Drying up of springs/wells around the
volcano; and Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones;
appearance of solfatara.

2.

The picture above represents what a volcano looks like after erupting. Visible
changes of importance to the scientists would include marked increase or decrease of
steaming from known vents; emergence of new steaming areas; development of new
ground cracks or widening of old ones; unusual or inexplicable withering of plant life;
changes in the color of mineral deposits encrusting fumaroles; and any other directly
observable, and often measurable, feature that might reflect a change in the state of the
volcano.
3. Before the volcano erupted, it looks like a perfect cone and the steaming is
intensified. After the volcano erupted, the steaming is decreased and its shape
has changed. The difference can be seen physically and is shown in the picture.