DRRR - Week 5-8

PLACIDO T.
AMO SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
DISASTER
READINESS
AND RISK
REDUCTIO
N Learning Activity Sheet
Quarter 4 Week 5-8
4
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Week 1 Day 1
LESSON 1: FIRE HAZARDS
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A. Background Information for Learners
This module will let you grasp the idea of what a disaster is. Specifically, you will be
able to accomplish the following:
1. Define fire;
2. Enumerate the elements of the fire triangle;
3. Create a meme (a humorous or informative illustration) that involves one or more
elements of the fire triangle; and
4. Relate fire triangle principles in everyday experiences.
5. Identify and define the different causes of fire.
6. Understand and determine the difference between natural and human-made causes of
fire.
7. Be observant at all times to avoid natural or human made cause of fire.
8. Apply and suggest ways to prevent man-made causes of fire.
B. Learning Competency with code
Recognize elements of the fire triangle in different situations and analyze the different causes of
fires; Analyze the different causes of fires; Analyze the different causes of fires (DRR11/12-IIe-f-
37-39)
C. Directions/ Instructions
After going through with this unit, you are expected to:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a
separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Always aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. If you have any questions, contact, or see your teacher through messenger or text
D. Exercises / Activities
D1. Introduction
Activity 1: Multiple Choice

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
1. Amor rolled over the floor in order to put off the fire that caught her clothes.
Which principle explains this?
a. fuel is removed in such case
b. temperature is increased by her action
c. rolling over the floor reduces the amount of oxygen that will support fire
d. rolling over the floor lowers the temperature through an extinguishing agent
2. A fire can be caused by the following combustibles- burning paper, wood and gasoline. These
combustibles serve as the _________.
a. fuel c. oxidation
b. heat d. extinguishing agent
3. Which of the following is required to start a fire?

a. fuel c. oxidation
b. ignition d. extinguishing agent
4. Sand can be added to fire in order to extinguish the latter by

a. removal of fuel c. removal of oxygen
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b. removal of heat d. inhibiting extinguishing agents
5. It is the lowest temperature to which a substance must be heated to release vapors that can cause
a substance to burn when exposed to a flame or ignition source.
a. accelerant c. fire triangle
b. fire d. flash poin
D2. Development
Ancient Greeks considered fire as one of their major elements like water, earth and air.
Unlike water, earth and air, fire is known to be just an event that happened when matter changes
from one form to another.
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermal chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. This diagram below demonstrates the fire
triangle.
The Fire Triangle
Figure 1. Fire Triangle is an illustration to help us understand the three important elements needed to start and sustain fire.
Right amount of these elements will let fire occur naturally.
1. Fuel is any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion takes place
when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed. This happens when vapor is
escaping from any combustible material.
2. Heat is an energy that flows through object. Enough amount of heat would free the vapor from
solid and liquid forms of fuel. The lowest temperature needed to form an ignitable mixture in air
near the surface of the liquid is called the flash point. The higher the flashpoint, the more difficult it
is to ignite the material. The ignition of fire to solid and liquid fuels varies. Most solid combustible
materials ignite immediately. Other solid combustible materials take time to ignite due to its
density.
3. Oxygen is an element, estimated 21% of it can be found in the air. During combustion process
chemical reaction takes place. Oxygen is released and serves as an oxidizing agent for combustible
materials. Without an oxidizing agent like oxygen there will be no fire even if heat and fuel are
present.
The theory of fire extinguishment is based on removing any of the elements in the fire triangle to
suppress the fire.
1. REMOVING THE HEAT. The goal here is to lower the temperature which is usually
accomplished by adding water as an extinguishing agent. Other extinguishing agents include
chemical and mechanical foams.
2. REMOVING THE FUEL. In most cases, removing the fuel from the fire is not a practical way
of extinguishing fire except when dealing with flammable liquid fires, valves can be shut off and
storage vessels pumped to safe areas to help eliminate the supply of fuel to the fire.
3. REMOVE THE OXYGEN. Air is mainly 21% oxygen and this is sufficient to support
combustion in most fire situations. Removal of the air or oxygen can be accomplished by separating
it from the fuel source or by displacing it with other gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen and steam.
Examples of separation would be foam on a flammable liquid fire, a wet blanket on a trash fire, or a
tight fitting lid on a skillet fire. Foam does not only lower temperature but also remove oxygen.
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Precautionary Measures and Proper Procedures in Addressing a Fire Incident
There is a saying that “It is better to be robbed than to lose all your belongings or assets because of
fire incident.” In order to prevent this from happening, you should know the main cause of fire and
fire hazards and to learn how to deal with it. From this knowledge you are now equipped to make a
contingency plan for your family and community.
1. Cooking
Safety Cooking is the #1 cause of home fires, and unattended cooking is the top contributing factor
(Bitonio 2013). Since kitchen is the most used part of the house and is most vulnerable to fire, it is
very important to know the most appropriate actions to be done when kitchen fire starts.7 Many
cooking fire injuries occur when people respond to kitchen fires with inappropriate actions.
These are the following things to do and not to do in dealing with cooking fire:
Things to do to prevent cooking fire:

 Do not leave your cooking unattended.
 Keep handles of pots and pans turned in.
 Don’t put anything that catches fire near your stove or burner.
Things to do to control cooking fire:

 Cover the fire by placing a lid over the pan.
 Turn off the burner or stove.
 In case of oven fire, turn off the heat and keep the door closed.
 In case of microwave fire, unplug the power source and keep the door closed.
2. Cigarettes
Cigarettes are the leading causes of fire deaths in city, state, and national level (Bitonio 2013). The
fire victims include not only the smokers but their families, friends and neighbors. Mostly, cigarette
fires are due to improper disposal of cigarette butts that are still lit. Normally, it will start outdoor
then spread out until it reaches some structures nearby. In some cases, house fire due to cigarettes is
caused by human negligence like falling asleep while smoking or smoking near flammable
materials.
Fires from smoking material can be prevented by following these tips:

 Do not smoke in bed or anywhere that you might fall asleep.
 If you smoke, do it outside.
 Do not discard cigarettes in potted plants, landscaping vegetation or bark dust – they can easily
catch fire.
 Use a deep, sturdy ashtray or a non-combustible container that cannot be tipped over.
 Before throwing away butts or ashes, douse in water or sand.
 Never smoke in a home where oxygen is used.
3. Electrical
Safety Electrical problem is one of the causes of structure fires and fire deaths. Fire incidents due to
electrical wiring are caused by faulty wiring and faulty equipment or appliances.
Fires caused by electric can be prevented by the following appropriate actions.

 Avoid overloading outlets. One outlet is to one high-wattage appliance at a time.  Don’t use an
extension cord with a major appliance like television, air conditioner and refrigerator. Plug it in a
major power outlet.
 In case a fuse blows or a circuit breaker trips often, light became dim, or outlets or switches
became heated, call a qualified electrician to inspect and fix the problem.  Before using a lamp
bulb check the box or label first; the wattage of the bulb should match the recommendation set by
the lamp manufacturer.
 Power strips with circuit breakers can be useful tools to temporarily plug several items into an
electrical outlet, but if used incorrectly they can cause a fire. The use of power strips and multi-plug
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outlets increases the draw of electricity through your home's wiring. Before creating additional
electrical demand, ensure that your wiring is in good repair and capable of carrying the additional
load (Bitonio 2013).
 Make sure your home has ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) in the kitchen, bathroom(s),
laundry, basement, and outdoor areas, to reduce the risk of electric shock (Bitonio 2013).
 Arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) should be installed in your home to protect electrical
outlets, and prevent fires due to arcing (Bitonio 2013).
 Do not place extension cords under carpets or mattresses because it will heat up and cause fire.
 Do regular checking of electrical cords and replace immediately if damaged
4. Candle
Safety During brown out or power outage, candles are the most popular source of light because it is
always available even in sari-sari stores.
The following are the safety tips on how to prevent candle fire from happening.
 Use candle holders that are stable to prevent the candle from falling into the floor or near
something that is flammable or easily burn.
 Keep candles at least 12 inches away from anything that can burn.
 Blow out candles when you leave the room or go to bed; avoid the use of candles in rooms where
people may fall asleep.
 Never burn a candle if medical oxygen or any flammable substance is nearby.
5. Spontaneous Combustion
Spontaneous combustion happens when a material can produce or accumulate its own heat and can
cause increase in temperature without drawing heat from its surroundings. If the material reaches its
ignition temperature, it will start to burn without any source of fire and that is called spontaneous
combustion. Examples of materials that are prone to spontaneous combustion include: oily rags,
hay, and other agricultural products (Bitonio 2013).
In house fires, oily rags are the most common item ignited by spontaneous combustion and the
garage is the most common area of fire origin (Bitonio 2103). Oily rags left clumped together can
heat up and catch fire. To prevent these fires at home, store oily rags in non-combustible (e.g.
metal) container with lid closed. Prior to disposal, soak rags in water then spread them out in a safe
outdoor area to dry.
There are different types of fire and should be controlled differently when trying to extinguish.
Some chemicals that can extinguish one type of fire can cause violent reaction when used with
other types. One good example is, when fire is caused by faulty electrical wirings, water and foam
could create some explosions or can increase the intensity of fire.
The table below shows the classification of fire and their respective sources and symbols.
Source: Learn about

portable fire
extinguishers, June 8,
2017, Connected Fire
Safety Services,
Accessed June 14,
2020, Retrieved from
https://connectedfire.
com/index.php/blog/2
017/06/08/portablefire
-extinguishers-101
5
fire extinguisher, examine the label first to determine whether it can be used to the class of fire you
are dealing with.
Types of Fire Extinguisher

1. Water and Foam – only used to put out class A fires
2. Carbon Dioxide – can be used to put out class B and C fires
3. Dry Chemical – can be used to put out class A, B and C fires
4. Wet Chemical – can be used to put out class A and K fires
5. Clean Agent – also known as halogenated extinguishers, can be used to put out class A, B and C
fires
6. Dry Powder – only used to put out class D fires
7. Water Mist - can be used to put out class A and C fires
The table shows the summary of classes of fire that can be extinguished by a particular chemical
extinguisher.
Source: Learn about

portable fire
Safety Services,
Accessed June 14,
https://connectedfire.c
om/index.php/blog/20
17/06/08/portable-
fire-extinguishers-101
Fire Safety Signs

Fire safety signs are color coded for easier identification and determination which is mandatory and
which should be avoided. It is very important to be knowledgeable or to be familiar with the color
and the corresponding meaning of the picture presented.
Fire exit signs are colored green and white as this color combination means a safe condition.
Normally fire exit signs show rapidly walking man and an11 arrow. However, some fire exit signs
just show ‘fire exit’ text in lower case letters.
Blue fire safety signs are used to indicate a mandatory action or a must do action. These blue signs
mean that you need to do the appropriate action for your safety. Blue fire safety signs are circular in
shape and feature a white graphic or white text.
Red fire safety signs are used to indicate prohibition or you must not go on that location because it
might pose danger or harm. It also signifies the location of fire equipment and supplementary
information. When it means prohibition, it is circular with a red border, white background and
black image. Fire equipment signs are square with red background and white images and are used
to tell you where to find the location of fire-fighting equipment
Source: Learn about

portable fire
Safety Services,
Accessed June 14,
6 https://connectedfire.c
om/index.php/blog/20
D3. Engagement
Activity 2: My Fire Safety Meme
Many people are so fond of “memes”. A meme is a piece of image or illustration, usually
for humorous intent. It can also be used to simply spread or share an information or message.
Your task is to create your own meme about this lesson. It could be informative, funny or
entertaining, or simply sharing safety tips or advice in case of fire. Make sure that your meme
serves its intended purpose, is visuallyappealing and has a good content.
Activity 3: Booklet
Direction: Make a booklet that contains the following about fire. Give your booklet a catchy title.
 5 misconceptions
 5 quotations or sayings
 5 original catch lines or “hugot” lines (brief phrases or statements derived from deeply
rooted emotion)
D4. Assimilation
Activity 4: Identification
Source of fire Classes of fire Fire extinguisher
1. Petroleum
2. Wood
3. Electrical wiring
4. Cooking oil
5. Frying pan
E. Rubrics
Criteria 4 3 2 1 Total
Score
Content Includes information Includes all relevant Information may lack Is missing vital
relevant to the topic, information; is educational, relevance. There is not information. There are
is educational, is shows some organization enough information many gaps in
organized and is and is generally presented. Information is information presented.
appropriate for age appropriate for age presented in an Organization and/or
selected. Shows selected. Shows quality unorganized fashion and information is confusing.
high quality. work. may be hard to
understand.
Grammar Appealing design Appealing design Some areas of visual Lacking in visual interest
and usage Artwork is colorful Demonstrates some variety interest and appeal. and appeal
and interesting & in presentation, including Some attempt to include
neatly done. Variety use of artwork. Work is artwork/color. Text is
adds interest Text is neatly presented. Text is easily legible.
high quality clear and easy to read.
Source: “Booklet Rubric”, RCampus iRubric, accessed June 7, 2020, https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?

sp=yes&code=VX85C39&F. Reference:
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction. 2016;(June).
Chan, Joefrey R. MTII. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction “Knock on Wood”. Department of
Education, Division of Manila. Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J.
Villegas St. Ermita, Manila. 2020. Retrieved from
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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1YkWjA8nljWh8j6iV_erSNPTNKdKJjGIw?
fbclid=IwAR0aklyZe2PTgaKFXmpyRuPiSxwPkk6GlOK1sBBGYJf3GopQmUo0zfuH9Fg

Week 5 Day 2
LESSON 2: RESPONSE PROCEDURE DURING THE FIRE INCIDENT
E. Background Information for Learners
a. Understand what a Rainfall-induced Landslide and sinkhole is.
b. Describe in his/her own words the definition of a landslide and a sinkhole.
c. Explain the different types of landslides and sinkholes
d. Explain the different types of landslides and sinkholes
e. Realize the importance of creating warning signs for the safety of living creatures and
mankind.
F. Learning Competency with code
Apply basic response procedures during a fire incident; Follow fire emergency and evacuation
plans. DRR11/12-IIe-f-40-41
G. Directions/ Instructions
H. Exercises / Activities
D1. Introduction

1. Which among the following is NOT a fire safety precaution?
A. Regular communication with fire hazard authorities
B. Regularly removing combustible waste, including accumulations of dust
C. Keeping your workplace tidy and having a good standard of housekeeping
D. Keeping ignition sources away from combustible material or flammable liquids and
gases.
2. When can you say that a fire is already under control?
A. When there is no more visible smoke
B. When all people have already evacuated
C. When damages had already been assessed
D. When fire escaping outside the lines is unlikely
3. What fire response procedure is done when you pull the closest fire station and report the exact
location of the fire?
A. Alarm C. Extinguish
B. Confine D. Rescue
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4. What fire response procedure is done when saving somebody in immediate danger from the fire?
5. Which among the following safety recommendations should you do first during a fire incident?
A. Call emergency hotline C. PASS
B. Check the door D. Stay Low
D2. Development
Response Procedure During a Fire Incident
Despite most people staying in their homes due to the COVID19 pandemic, a number of fire
incidents were reported from March up to June of this year. Indeed, fire can be a shrewd enemy to
any household because it can destroy lots of our significant possessions including our precious lives
when we do not have the proper knowledge on different safety measures on how to deal with it
when it happens.
Common Fire Related Hazards

The main causes of fire in the workplace are:
1. Electricity – neglect or misuse of wiring can lead to short circuits
2. Rubbish and waste material – fire is likely to spread through accumulated waste
3. Smoking – carelessly discarded cigarette butts or lit matches are one of the major causes of fire
4. Cooking – kitchens provide opportunities for fire to start and materials on which it can feed
5. Heating appliances – portable heaters are a threat when placed beside combustible furniture or
fittings
6. Combustible materials including - flammable liquids, glues and solvents are all liable to combust
unless stored and used properly
7. Arson or willful fire-raising.
Fire Safety Precautions

Good fire safety practice that you should follow includes:
1. Keeping your workplace tidy and having a good standard of housekeeping;
2. Regularly removing combustible waste, including accumulations of dust;
3. Keeping ignition sources away from combustible material or flammable liquids and gases; and
4. Keeping use of flammable liquids to a minimum and closing containers when not in use.
Teachers, students, and other school personnel who are at or near the fire’s point of origin, shall
follow the procedures outlined by the R.A.C.E. Fire Response Procedure.
 Rescue all stakeholders from direct danger. Note: you will only try to RESCUE anyone in
immediate danger from the fire, if. It does not endanger your life.
 Alarm by pulling the closest fire station and reporting the location of the fire. Sound the fire alarm
in order to warn people of the approaching disaster and safely evacuate all stakeholders.
 Confine the area by closing all doors. A "contained” fire is one with a complete containment line
around its perimeter. A fire that's “under control” has a full containment line around it, and there
has been a degree of consolidation so fire escaping outside the lines is unlikely.
 Extinguish the fire if the fire is small. Evacuate all personnel from the area if instructed to do so
by fire officials or school authorities To extinguish a fire is to completely stop a fire.
What you should do during a fire incident?
1. Check the door.

Check if there is smoke coming from under the door or if the door is hot to touch. If the door is cool
to touch, open it slowly and pass. If not, keep it closed and stay in the room. Place wet towels on
the gaps to prevent fire and smoke from coming in. Have someone pop out of a window and wave
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something bright, like a flashlight or a brightlycolored cloth, to signal for help. Once out of the
room, use your building’s emergency exit and evacuate immediately without panic.
2. P.A.S.S.
To use a fire extinguisher, first Pull the pin in the handle. Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.
Squeeze the lever slowly and Sweep from side to side. Use a fire extinguisher if and only if it is
within reach, and only to put out small fires. If the fire is big, leave!
3. Stay low
Crawl and cover your nose and mouth. Smoke is toxic and inhaling large amounts can render you
unconscious. Once you are outside, call the fire department. Do not attempt to go back to the
burning building.
4. Stop, Drop, and Roll

If your clothes caught fire, do not panic or touch the flame as it could only spread the fire. Stop
moving, Drop on the ground, and Roll around until the fire is put out. Doing this will lessen injuries
and put out the fire as quickly as possible.
5. National Emergency Hotline 911

Nothing is better than being prepared. Before fire happens, be aware of the fire exits in your
building and homes. Make sure you know the emergency numbers for your town or city.
What you should NOT do during a Fire Incident?

1. Don’t install smoke alarm detectors.
A smoke detector gives early warning of a fire increasing the chances of escape. They are so cheap
and easy to fit you can have no excuses
2. Pop upstairs to retrieve heirlooms, passports and pets.
Fire can spread very quickly blocking your escape route. Keep that sort of stuff on the ground floor.
3. Open doors that have smoke flowing from the joints.
Opening the door will add oxygen that will fuel the fire and cause a fireball that could take you off
your feet for good. A contained fire may burn out for lack of oxygen.
4. Throw water on a chip pan fire.
We all know that water doesn’t mix with oil. The burning oil will explode spreading the fire and
engulfing you in the process. If you are going to throw anything make it a purpose made fire
blanket or use a class F extinguisher.
5. Try and escape using an Elevator.
The electric circuits are often the first to blow. Being trapped in an
elevator in a fire could roast you alive. Always use the stairwells.
6. Jump from an upstairs window.
The fall could kill you. Use blankets as a rope and throw mattresses out to cushion the landing or
better still use a purpose made escape ladder.
7. Hide in a cupboard or under the bed.
Hard enough for the fire service without having to play hide and seek and it won’t save you from
the smoke and heat.
8. Delay calling the Fire and Rescue Services.
Don’t dilly dally. Make them your first call to action. Seconds save lives.
Since fire is considered to be one of the disasters that may cause great damage to human beings, it
is therefore important that students like you will have the basic knowledge on how can you take
part in the community’s drive for your awareness. It is important that you have knowledge on fire
safety and precautions in order for you to have better idea on how to prevent it from happening.
School Fire Safety Education
 Educating and preparing students for a fire emergency should be a priority.

 Conduct expected and unexpected monthly school fire drills in which everyone participates.
 Conduct expected and unexpected monthly school fire drills in which everyone participates.
 Train students on how to respond to a fire alarm during a school fire drill.
 Know locations of the fire protection system, fire alarm pull stations and sprinklers.
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 Make sure every room has a map showing 2 exits.
 Pair students with specific needs to an adult or classmate for extra assistance.
 Have a predetermined location where students know to meet once they exit the building and
practice during a school fire drill.
 Have a list to ensure every student is accounted for.
 Encourage parents to practice home fire drills, and prepare them in the event of a residential fire.
On-Campus Fire Safety
 Cook only in designated areas.

 Keep cooking areas clean and free of clutter.
 Never leave cooking unattended.
 In case of a fire inside a microwave, close the door and unplug 12 the unit.
Campus Laboratory Fire Safety

 Never leave laboratory experiments or pressure containers unattended.
 Keep flammable gases and chemicals away from heat.
Maintaining Your Computer Room to Prevent Fire

There are some things that you can do to prevent a fire from breaking out— in some cases, fire
prevention is more powerful than any fire protection system. If you put in place practices that all
but eliminate any unintentional fire emergency, you may never have to use your fire suppression
system or evacuation plans.
1. Keep your computer room free of storage—storing combustible materials in your computer
room can increase the chance and spread of a fire. Keep minimal supplies in the area and
store boxes, packaging, and manuals elsewhere.
2. Inspect power cords—frayed or damaged power cords increase the risk of fire, as a spark
could easily ignite the room. Check for damage and have repairs done immediately.
3. Maintain and clean computer systems—allowing dust and debris to settle on your
equipment only adds to flammable materials. Think of dust as kindling.
4. Train employees and display fire emergency plans—ensuring your employees know how to
respond to a fire (whether that means proper use of a fire extinguisher or immediately
evacuating to safety) can save lives and help prevent further damage.
5. Schedule regular inspection of your fire protection systems—your life safety and fire
protection systems are only effective if they are in working order. Schedule regular
inspections with a local, professional fire protection company, like State Systems Inc. They
can ensure that your equipment is not only in working order but that it meets all local and
state fire codes.
Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plans

Fire is very much important in our life but once used irresponsibly it will bring so much
harm, pain, and fear. Fire tragedies greatly affect life and history proves that a fire disaster is
always a result of one’s negligence and carelessness. Therefore, people have to take great
responsibility in using it. We need to willingly and dutifully observe precautionary measures and
strategic prevention methods in order to safeguard our lives and properties.
School nowadays are mandated to conduct monthly fire drills in order to instill awareness
among students the danger that a fire incident may bring to them and ensure that all of the
stakeholders in school will know what to do in case of fire.
What is a fire drill?. A fire drill is a process of practicing how an establishment/building
would be evacuated in the event of a fire or other emergencies. The purpose of fire drills in
buildings is to ensure that everyone knows how to exit at the fastest and safest way.
The Conduct of Fire Drills in School

1. Alarm – Fire alarms are signaled.
2. Response – Students will have to be alert for fire, and smoke.
3. Evacuation – All school personnel and students evacuate, following pre-determined ways to the
evacuation areas.
4. Assembly – At the designated evacuation area, students are grouped accordingly.
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5. Head Count- When drill participants reached the designated evacuation area, teachers-in-charge
must check the attendance of the class to make sure that everyone is counted in.
6. Evaluation – Evaluation of the drill is conducted to identify problems during the drill and how to
correct these problems.
Fire and Emergency Plans

Emergency evacuation plans are what should be developed in order to ensure the most
efficient as well as the safest evacuation time of all expected residents of a city, region or structure.
An "evacuation time" benchmark for different conditions and hazards is established. Such
benchmarks can be established by using regulations, simulations (e.g., modeling the flow of people
in a building) and best practices for determining the benchmark.
The proper planning is what uses at least a few exits, the so-called “contra-flow lanes” as
well as the special technologies in order to ensure fast, complete and full evacuation. It is also
important to consider for personal situations as they may affect some individual's ability to
evacuate. It may include the alarm signals with both visual and aural alerts and all the needed
evacuation equipment (e.g., pads, sleds and chairs for disabled people).
In order to create the right building fire and emergency plans, the regulations such as
building codes can be also used so it can reduce the 8 possibility of panic. In this way, it may allow
the individuals to process the need to self-evacuate having no causing alarm. The right planning can
implement a so-called “all-hazards approach” meaning that the plans can be reused for the other
hazards that can appear.
Any emergency planning should be focused on preventing the emergencies from occurring
as failing that it may be possible to develop a good action plan for mitigating the effects as well as
the results of any emergencies. In order to reduce or to avoid the significant losses to a business,
emergency managers should be focused on identifying and anticipating the potential risks in order
to reduce their probability of occurring.
Evacuation plans allow us to know where to go exactly after leaving the school building or a house
that is on fire. It lets all concerned people to know where they should be when evacuation
happens.
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How to Create a Fire Evacuation Plan for your Household
 Plan for everyone.9 In planning a fire evacuation plan, one must consider the special needs of all
persons concerned. Adults must assign someone to help the young children and the elderly.
 Find two ways out. Make sure that your house has two ways out. Household elders must ensure
that all passages in going in and out of the house are free from obstructions. These passages must be
known to all household members.
 Find two ways out. Make sure that your house has two ways out. Household elders must ensure
that all passages in going in and out of the house are free from obstructions. These passages must be
known to all household members
Choose a place that is visible to people and is accessible to fire emergency responders. Adults must
also explain to the children that they are NOT allowed to go back of the house after they leave
during an emergency. Respond quickly. Make sure everyone knows that if the smoke alarm sounds,
he or she needs to get out immediately.
 Have a backup plan. There must be back up plan for the installed fire evacuation plan of the
family. It must be explained that in cases where family members are trapped in the house, they can
do any of the suggested ways below:
1. Place a towel under the door and go to an exterior-facing window.
2. Call the fire authorities to report your location.
 Share with everyone. Explain your fire evacuation plan to all family members. It must also be
known to your guests or visitors especially those who will stay overnight in your house.
 Practice regularly. Conduct regular family fire drills and review your fire evacuation plan as the
need arises.
D3. Engagement
Activity 2: Poem Interpretation
Direction: Read the poem below. Imagine the scenario that it describes and then write a paragraph
or sketch about your understanding of the poem.
A Burnt Ship
By John Donne
Out of a fired ship, which, by no way
But drowning, could be rescued from the flame,
Write here Some men leaped forth,Sketch here
and ever as they came
______________________________________
Near the foe's ships, did by their shot decay;
______________________________________
So all were lost, which in the ship were found,
______________________________________
They in the sea being burnt, they in the burnt ship drowned.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
_____________________________________ 13
_____________________________________
Activity 3: Evacuation Plan
Direction: Based on your drafted fire emergency Plan, draw your household fire Evacuation map.
Make sure to include all the details you have written in the previous activity in the Evacuation Map
that you will make.
D4. Assimilation
Activity 4:
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Fire is already under control when __________________.

A. there is no more visible smoke
B. all people have already evacuated
C. damages had already been assessed
D. fire escaping outside the lines is unlikely
2. Pulling the closest fire station and report the exact location of the fire is called
__________________.
B. Confine D. Rescue15
3. The very first safety recommendation that you should do during a fire incident is
__________________.
A. Call emergency hotline C. PASS
B. Check the door D. Stay Low
4. A Fire Response Procedure which is saving somebody in immediate danger from the fire is
known as __________________.
5. Fire is considered a hazard. Is this true?

A. Does not tell C. Yes
14
B. Maybe D. No
6. Electric appliances must be “dust free” because __________________.

A. It helps avoid overheat.
B. It helps keep its durability.
C. It helps the appliance look nice and elegant.
D. It helps the appliance maintain high performance.
7. What is the effect of fire among the people?

A. It could make people wise.
B. It can worsen people’s poverty rate.
C. It could endanger lives and properties.
D. It could make people susceptible to hunger.
8. A Fire Response Procedure that is pulling the closest fire station and report the exact location of
the fire is called __________________.
9. Smoking causes fire through __________________.

A. Not using ash tray
B. The smoke that it gives off
C. The thought that cigarette puts off itself
D. Improper ignited cigarette butt disposal
10. If one gets burned from a fire incident, he/she must ________________.
A. Do the PASS. C. Stop, Drop, and Roll.
B. Shout for help. D. Call the emergency hotline.
E. Rubrics
5 4 3 2 1
90-100% 80-89% 70-79% completene 60-69% completenes 59% and below
completeness of completeness of ss of content with s of content with completeness and
content content with inadequate minimal explanation Irrelevant
demonstrating adequate explanation explanation of ideas of ideas explanation of
illustrative strong of ideas content
development of ideas
F. Reference:
Education, Division of Manila. Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J. Villegas St.
Ermita, Manila. 2020. Retrieved from
15
Week 6 Day 1
LESSON 3: KEY CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF DRR
I. Background Information for Learners
a. explain the key concepts and principles of DRR;
b. distinguish the elements of DRRR; and
c. cite the significance of understanding the concepts, principles and elements of DRR.
J. Learning Competency with code
Discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of DRR DRR11/12-IIg-h-42
K. Directions/ Instructions
L. Exercises / Activities
D1. Introduction

1. Which of the following refers to concept and practice of reducing disaster risk through analysis
and management of the casual factors of disaster?
A. disaster C. disaster risk reduction
B. disaster impacts D. disaster prevention and mitigation
2. It is often described as a result of the combination of several things; exposure to hazard and
condition of vulnerability and insufficient capacity measures.
A. disaster C. hazard
B. exposure D. Vulnerability
3. Which of the following is not part of the negative consequences of a disaster?

A. disease C. economic growth
B. drought D. loss of life
4. All of the following show effect of practice of reducing disaster risk reduction
EXCEPT__________.
A. destruction of assets
B. improved preparedness for adverse events
C. lessening of vulnerability of people and assets
D. effective management of land and the environment
5. Which of the following Republic Act (RA) provides a comprehensive, allhazard, multi-sectoral,
inter-agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk management?
A. RA 10121 C. RA 20121
B. RA 11012 D. RA 20220
16
D2. Development
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks. It is
founded on the principle that while hazards are inevitable, its adverse effects like lost lives and/or
destruction of property are not. There are steps that we can do to ensure reduction of risks. DRR
actions can be political, technical, social and economic.
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks. It is
founded on the principle that while hazards are inevitable, its adverse effects like lost lives and/or
destruction of property are not. There are steps that we can do to ensure reduction of risks. DRR
actions can be political, technical, social and economic.
DISASTER IMPACTS:
 loss of life
 Injury
 Disease
 other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being,
 damage to property  destruction of assets
 loss of services, social
 economic disruption and
 environmental degradation
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through
analysis and management of the causal factors of disasters.
It leads to:
 reduced exposure to hazards
 lessening of vulnerability of people and assets
 effective management of land and the environment
 improved preparedness for adverse events
Disaster risk reduction usually requires long-term planning across sectors and must be integrated
into general national and regional development strategies. DRR strategies usually begin with plans
for assessing the:
(a) Hazards and risks that threaten the target area,

(b) Extent of harm that would occur to communities and infrastructure,
(c) Vulnerable people’s capacities to cope with and recover from possible disasters (Ochoa, 2018).
Key Principles of DRRM
The key principles of DRR justify why certain changes have to be made and explain the urgency of
creating a DRRM plan. Key principles should be able to make people realize why disaster plans
must be a priority in every community especially those that are vulnerable to hazards. All DRRM
are created on the following premises.
1. Development can either increase or decrease disaster risk. When development takes place,
disaster risk is always a threat but it can be avoided if localities have effective and
functional disaster prevention and mitigation plans.
2. DRRM policies, laws, and regulations can save lives if properly and strictly implemented in
the community. Action is the key component of DRRM. Policies, laws, and regulations are
useless if it is not properly implemented. Earthquake drills, fire drills, lock-up drills are
very important not only in schools but also in the community because the community is the
front liner of DRRM. The ultimate purpose of DRRM is to save lives and properties.
17
3. The main objective of DRRM is to build a resilient community. If community members are
well prepared and equipped with sufficient knowledge, the impact of disaster can be
lessened (Rimando, R. E. 2015).
Elements of Disaster Risk Reduction
PRE EVENT
The outright avoidance
POST EVENT of adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters. Prevention
The provision expresses
of emergency the and
services concept
publicand intention
assistance to
during
PREVENTION completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action
or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health taken in
advance. ensure
impacts, Can bepublic
in thesafety
form and
of proper
meet theland use subsistence
basic or using suitable
needs
RESPONSE engineering
of the peopledesign.
affected. Disaster response is predominantly focused
Theimmediate
on lessening orandlimitation of the
short-term adverse
needs andimpacts of hazards
is sometimes and
called
related disasters.
“disaster relief”. While the adverse impacts of hazards often cannot
MITIGATION
be
Theprevented
restoration,fully, their scale orwhere
and improvement severity can be substantially
appropriate, of facilities,
lessened by and
livelihoods various strategies
living bandof
conditions actions.
disasteraffected communities,
The adjustment
including efforts toinreduce
naturaldisaster
or humanrisksystems
factors. in
Theresponse
recovery totask
actual
of
ADAPTATION
RECOVERY or expected climatic
rehabilitation stimuli or their
and reconstruction effects,
begins soonwhich
aftermoderates harm
the emergency
or exploits
phase beneficial
has ended, and opportunities.
should be based on pre-existing strategies and
policies that facilitateand
The knowledge clearcapacities
institutional responsibilities
developed for recovery
by governments,
action and enable
professional public
response andparticipation.
recovery organizations, communities and
PREPAREDNESS individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from,
the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or
conditions.
D3. Engagement
Activity 2: Word Association
Direction: Give or cite terms that are related or associated to the given words below and by y
combining the words you have written, construct a simple meaning of Disaster Risk Reduction.
D4. Assimilation
6. Which of the following is the main objective in creating DRRM?
A. building a resilient community
B. increasing the risk of disaster
C. proposing law and policies to prevent disaster
D. increasing the number of community ready for disaster
7. Which of the following is NOT part of pre-event elements of disaster risk reduction?
A. adaptation C. prevention
B. mitigation D. recovery3
8. It is a pre-event disaster risk element which lessens or limits the adverse impacts of hazards and
related disasters.
A. adaptation C. preparedness
B. mitigation D. prevention
9. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about DRRM?

A. It builds a resilient community.
B. It lessens the impact of disaster.
C. It saves lives and property measures.
18
D. It is developed to increase the disaster risk.
10. Which of the following is the BEST reason why DRRM policies, laws and regulations should
be implemented?
A. to save lives
B. to educate the community
C. to lessen the amount of natural disasters that might affect the community
D. to communicate the possible effects of disasters that might affect the community
11. Which of the following is an important practice that is being implemented not only in schools
but also in community for awareness and to save lives and properties?
A. drills C. training
B. seminars D. workshops
12. Which of the following are the two post event elements of disaster risk reduction?
A. adaptation and response C. preparedness and prevention
B. mitigation and recovery D. Recovery and response
13. A pre-event disaster risk element which is the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards
is called _______________.
A. adaptation C. preparedness
B. mitigation D. prevention
14. Which of the following is the correct sequence of pre-event elements of disaster risk reduction?
I. Preparedness III. Adaptation
II. Prevention IV. Mitigation
A. I, II, III, IV c. III, II, I, IV
B. II, IV, III, I d. IV, III, II, I
15. It is a post event disaster risk element wherein the provision or emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a disaster.
A. adaptation C. recovery
B. mitigation D. response
E. Reference:
19
Week 6 Day 2
LESSON 4: ORGANIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF DRR ON ONE’S LIFE
a. Identify the importance of disaster risk reduction;
b. Explain the importance of disaster risk reduction in one’s life; and
c. Appreciate the importance of disaster risk reduction in one’s life.
Recognize the importance of DRR on one’s life DRR11/12-IIg-h-43
D1. Introduction
Activity 1: “Symbols”
Direction: Think and illustrate a symbol that will represent how disaster risk reduction is important
in your life. Then, discuss briefly, why you use the symbol to represent the importance of DRR.
20
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
D2. Development
Disaster Risk Reduction: Why is it important?
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) education is crucial for all communities living in disaster prone
areas. Asia Pacific Region, where Philippines is located, is considered as the most disaster prone
region in the world, facing numerous hazards, from severe flooding to storms to volcanic eruptions
to tsunamis and earthquakes.
A disaster risk reduction assists us to consider our emergency response activities in light of existing
and new disaster risks. This enables us to design or adjust our activities so that people and
communities become safer and more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding efforts to create and
expand enabling conditions for sustainable poverty alleviation and development.
Building resilience: Is the main importance of disaster risk reduction. disaster risk reduction is vital
for building a more equitable and sustainable future. Making investments in prevention and
preparedness, including through civil defense exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts to
increase resilience to disaster.
Five priorities identified for action are:

1) to ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority;
2) to identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning systems;
3) to use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all
levels;
4) to reduce the underlying risk factors; and
5) to strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at all levels, from the
local to the national.
Responsibility for disaster risk management does not lie with disaster managers alone. It is rather a
concern for everyone - from citizens who must be empowered to make decisions which reduce risk,
to political leaders, government institutions, the private sector, civil society organisations,
professional bodies, and scientific and technical institutions. (Clark, Helen 2012)
Responsibility for disaster risk management does not lie with disaster managers alone. It is rather a
concern for everyone - from citizens who must be empowered to make decisions which reduce risk,
to political leaders, government institutions, the private sector, civil society organisations,
professional bodies, and scientific and technical institutions. (Clark, Helen 2012)
21
Every organization and government engaged in disaster risk reduction awareness must plan and
communicate harmonized messages – a key element to avoid confusion. As a consequence, we
increase people’s confidence in acting to make themselves safer. It starts with one individual, a
family, neighbors, the whole community, a city, a country and even the whole region.
From a development perspective, therefore, disaster risk reduction is vital for building a more
equitable and sustainable future. Making investments in prevention and preparedness, including
through civil defense exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts to increase resilience to
disaster.
Why disaster risk reduction is important during and after emergencies:
A disaster risk reduction approach helps us consider our emergency response activities in light of
existing and new disaster risks. This enables us to design or adjust our activities so that people and
communities become safer and more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding efforts to create and
expand enabling conditions for sustainable poverty alleviation and development.
DRR approaches and tools will prevent relief work from rebuilding the vulnerabilities that made
people prone to similar disasters. DRR provides valuable insights into the underlying factors of
vulnerability to hazards and the features of those hazards. It helps us identify and map local
capacities to cope with these hazards. Ultimately, the DRR approach helps us conduct effective
disaster response while reducing risks that similar disasters will reoccur. It also ensures that our
emergency response does no harm by replacing or reinstating critical vulnerabilities.
D3. Assessment
Activity 2: “Organize your Ideas”
Direction: Make an organization chart that will show the importance of disaster risk in one’s life.
Use the illustration below, add more box if needed.
D4. Assimilation
Activity 4: Exit Ticket
Have you learned so much from this module? What are the three things that you learned today?
What are the two things you found interesting?
3 Things I learned Today
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
22
3. ____________________________________
2 Things I Found Interesting
1. ____________________________________
2. ___________________________________
E. Rubrics
5 4 3 2 1 Total Score
Substantial, Sufficiently Limited content Minimal content Irrelevant content
specific, and developed content with less creativity and minimal and no creativity
creative content with adequate and inadequate creativity
demonstrating creativity and explanation
strong organization explanation of ideas
of ideas
F. Reference:
23
Week 7 Day 1
LESSON 5: COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER REDUCTION MANAGEMENT

a. Discuss community-based disaster risk management and its importance;
b. Identify the best practices for disaster management in the school or in the community;
c. Be familiar with the importance of having an early warning system in school and
community; and
d. Create a poster and action plan for disaster risk reduction and management in your
community.
Discuss different communitybased practices for managing disaster risk to specific hazards
DRR11/12-IIa-b-44
D1. Introduction
Activity 1: Warn Me!
Give 5 early warning devices that can be found in your locality. If these are not available in your
community, cite ways on how you can still prepare without these devices.
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
D2. Development
Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is a procedure, which directs to a
locally appropriate and locally "owned" strategy for disaster preparedness and risk reduction. It also
covers a communitybased approach projects, activities and program planning for relief, recovery
and resettlement.
In REGION IV-A, a well-established Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management
office (PDRRMO), Municipal and City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office are well
established and organized to promote disaster awareness among its constituents. Officers and
members of the said offices were very active in responding to any kind of disaster because their
personnel are well-trained and equipped with complete rescue equipment.
24
In many barangays, if not all, they also have a well-organized Barangay Quick Response
Team (BQRT). They also responded in any type of calamities and disasters with the tie-up of the
municipal/city DRRM. They promote disaster in barangay levels.
Just like in other regions, Region IV-A whether it is a school or barangay also practiced and
joined the nationwide quarterly earthquake drill in preparation for the “Big One”.
School DRRM was also established and activated. Advocacy campaign on disaster
awareness in different schools was intensified. Learners were issued with a portable flashlights and
whistle that could be used in times of emergency. These are just some of the best practices in
CALABARZON.
What is Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)?

It pertains to the idea of processing the active engagement in identifying, analyzing, treatment,
monitoring and evaluation of disaster risk to ease vulnerabilities and enhancing the capacities of at-
risk communities. Here, the presence of the people and most vulnerable social groups considered at
the utmost decision making process, as well as the primal support of the least vulnerable social
groups plays a crucial role for the succession of implementation of disaster risk management
activities.
CBDRM can be defined as inclusive, active and owned community driven processes aimed at
addressing the drivers of disaster risk creation; disaster risk reduction; and societal resilience
building, within the context of local and indigenous knowledge and wisdom. CBDRM thus implies
the direct and continued involvement of at-risk communities in the decision-making process of
disaster risk reduction. It assumes that local and indigenous knowledge are akin to scientific
knowledge and should be respected. The community becomes the drivers and custodians of
knowledge creation, and work in unison with “outsiders” (i.e., International Non-governmental
Organizations (INGOs), Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), governments, and the private
sector). Central to CBDRM is the notion that locally relevant solutions must be found and that these
solutions are part of the sustainable community development process, implemented through a
grassroots approach (Ekanayake, 1990)
Importance
Including both planning and implementation, understanding the Term “Community” Community is
a term that has a wide range of usage, which includes the following:
 Community can be defined geographically: such as a cluster of households, a small village,
or a neighborhood in a town.
 Community can be defined by shared experience, such as particular interest groups, ethnic
groups, professional groups, language groups, particular hazard-exposed groups, etc.
 Community can be defined by sector, such as the farmers, fisher folk, business sector, etc.
 Community can be used to refer to groupings that are both affected by and can assist in the
mitigation of hazards and reduction of vulnerabilities.
Recognition of the Need for Community Involvement Community involvement is essential in the
development process because of the following practical considerations:
 Nobody can understand local opportunities and constraints better than the local
communities themselves who therefore need to be involved in the identification and
resolution of disaster vulnerability issues.
 Nobody is more interested in understanding local affairs than the community whose
survival and well-being is at stake. Therefore the information should be generated in a
manner and language that is understood by the community.
Key Points on the CBDRM Approach The aim of CBDRM is to reduce vulnerabilities and to
strengthen peoples’ capacity to cope with the disaster risks they face. The direct involvement of the
community in undertaking local level risk reduction measures is a must.
 Some authors differentiate between community participation and community involvement.
For our purposes in CBDRM, community involvement and community participation are
used interchangeably.
Best Practices and Experiences in the Implementation of CBDRM and Its Essential Features
25
Centrality of the Role of Community in Disaster Risk Management
The center of consideration in disaster risk management is the local community. The CBDRM
approach recognizes that the local individuals/people are equipped and competent of initiating and
sustaining their own development. Change for the better is a kind of responsibility that can be
integrate with those living in the local community in their day-to-day life.
Aim of Disaster Risk Reduction

The main purpose of disaster risk reduction is to enhance and enrich the capacities and resources of
most vulnerable groups and to lessen their vulnerability in order to avoid the occurrence of disasters
in future.
Recognition of the Link between Disaster Risk Management and the Development Process.
CBDRM should lead to general improvement in people’s quality of life and the natural
environment. The approach assumes that addressing the root causes of disasters, e.g. poverty,
discrimination and marginalization, poor governance and bad political and economic management
would contribute towards the overall improvement in the quality of life and environment.
Community is the Key Resource in Disaster Risk Management.

The community is the key actor as well as the primary beneficiary of the disaster risk management
process.
Application of Multi-Sectoral and Multi-Disciplinary Approaches.

CBDRM brings together the many local community and even national stakeholders for disaster risk
management to expand its resource base.
CBDRM as an Evolving and Dynamic Framework.

Lessons learned from practice continue to build into the theory of CBDRM. The sharing of
experiences, methodologies and tools by communities and CBDRM practitioners continues to
enrich practice.
CBDRM recognizes that Different People have Different Perceptions of Risk.

Specifically, men and women who may have different understanding and experience in coping with
risk also may have a different perception of risk and therefore may have different views on how to
reduce the risks. It is important to recognize these differences.
Various Community Members and Groups in the Community have Different Vulnerabilities
and Capacities.
Different individuals, families and groups in the community have different vulnerabilities and
capacities. These are determined by age, gender, class, 13 occupation (sources of livelihoods),
ethnicity, language, religion and physical location.
Characteristics of Community-based Disaster Risk Management
 It looks at disaster as a question of vulnerability
 It recognizes people’s existing capacities and aims to strengthen them
 It contributes to addressing the roots of people’s vulnerabilities and transforming or
removing the social structures generating inequity and underdevelopment
 It contributes to addressing the roots of people’s vulnerabilities and transforming or
removing the social structures generating inequity and underdevelopment
 It puts premium on the organizational capacities of vulnerable sectors
 It mobilizes the less vulnerable sectors into partnerships with vulnerable sectors in DRR
and development projects
Basic Terms and Concepts used in Disaster Management
Disaster
 Serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or
environmental losses, which exceed the ability of the affected people to cope using their
own resources. UNISDR defines that a disaster takes place when the following three
conditions occur at the same time:
 When a hazardous phenomenon occurs, be it natural or human made.
26
 When people and assets are in hazardous places like, for example, close to an active
volcano, on unstable slopes where landslides are likely to happen, or close to rivers which
could flood.
 When the phenomenon also causes a lot of damage, especially where no preventive
measures have been taken.
High Intensity Low Frequency Disasters

 Highly destructive intensive disasters are responsible for the vast majority of global
mortality and direct economic loss, but only occur relatively infrequently in any one place.
e.g. Pakistan Earthquake 2005, Japan Earthquake.
High frequency low Intensity Disasters

 These are slowly evolving localized disasters, which tend to manifest themselves frequently
and their effects are felt cumulatively.
 They may account for only a small proportion of overall disaster mortality but, they are
responsible for significant damage to housing, crops, livestock and local infrastructure, and
particularly affect lowincome households and communities. e.g. Road accidents, Rain
Induced small floods.
Disaster Management
 Disaster Management is a collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for,
preparing and responding to disasters and refers to the management of the consequences of
disasters and includes all the pre and post disaster interventions.
Hazard
 A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of
life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
 Geo-physical Dangerous phenomenon originating from solid earth i.e. Earthquake, volcano,
Dry mass movement etc.
 Meteorological Dangerous phenomenon caused by short-lived or small to mass scale
atmospheric processes (in the spectrum from minutes to days). i.e. Tropical cyclone, local
storms, etc.
 Hydrological Dangerous phenomenon caused by deviations in the normal water cycle
and/or overflow of bodies of water caused by wind set-up i.e. General Floods, Coastal
Floods, Flash Floods, Wet mass movements, etc.
 Climatological Dangerous phenomenon caused by long-lived or mesoto macro-scale
processes (in the spectrum from intra-seasonal to multidecadal climate variability) i.e. Heat
Wave, Cold Wave, Forest Fire, etc
 Biological Dangerous phenomenon Caused by the exposure of living organisms to germs
and toxic substances. i.e. Epidemics, Insect Infestation, Animal Stampede, etc.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability means the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that
make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
Types:
 Physical Vulnerability. Physical weakness or structural drawback that makes some
buildings, assets or areas susceptible to damaging impacts of disasters.
 Social Vulnerability. Conflicts among communities, lack of capacities, lack of knowledge,
skill or preparedness or giving in attitude of the communities make them vulnerable to
negative impacts of hazards.
 Economic Vulnerability. Lack of economic resources or dependence on one source of
livelihood because of which a community, or some part of it, becomes liable to damages in
case of a disastrous event.
27
 Environmental Vulnerability. Environmental degradation, deforestation or other
environment related factors which makes the surrounding areas vulnerable to losses by
possible disasters.
Exposure
By exposure we mean, proximity or closeness of the people, property, systems, or other elements to
the hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses in case of any disasters.
Capacity
Capacity is the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a
community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals or to resist and fight
the negative impacts of disastrous situation. Building capacities is the key to reducing
vulnerabilities and constructing disaster resilient societies because coping capacity is the ability of
people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse
conditions, emergencies or disasters.
Disaster Risk
The potential losses in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a
particular community or society over some specified future time period (UNISDR). The
combination of the probability of an event to happen and its negative consequences determine the
extent of disaster risk.
Components of Disaster Risk

Disaster Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
Capacity
Risk Treatment is a risk modification process. It includes selecting and implementing one or more
treatment alternatives. Once a treatment has been implemented, it becomes a control or it adjusts
the existing controls. Risk treatment alternatives comprise of retaining the risk, avoiding the risk,
reducing the risk or transferring the risk.
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) emphasize its objectives in order to avoid, reduce or transfer
the adverse impacts of disaster hazards on people, property and the environment through its
activities and proactive measures. It is the systematic process of using standard directives and
operational skills as well as capacities in implement strategies, policies and improved coping
mechanism capacities in order to lessen the adversative impacts of hazards and the possibility of
disaster.
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the preparation and application of policies, strategies and
practices to minimize vulnerabilities and hence disaster risk throughout society. It conceptualizes
standard and innovative best practices Disaster Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
Capacity17 of reducing disaster risks through systematic and organized efforts. Also, it evaluates
and manages the underlying factors of disasters, including through reduced contact to hazards,
lessened vulnerability of people and property, efficient and effective management of land and the
environment, and enhanced preparedness for adverse events.
Mitigation. All actions taken to minimize the extent of a disaster or potential disaster are called
mitigation measures. It includes and incorporates physical or structural measures, non-structural
interventions and steps to environmental protection and preservation.
Preparedness. Disaster preparedness involves specific measures taken before disasters strike.
These methods include disaster forecasting, early warnings etc. The information and capacities are
created by governments, various organizations, communities and people to viably expect, react to,
and recover from, the impacts of likely, inescapable or current hazard events or conditions.
Prevention. Prevention activities are the steps to avoid the adverse impact of hazards. It contains
and/or not limited to capacity building program, activities and projects as well as the community-
based disaster risk management.
28
Response. It consists of actions taken immediately following the impact of a disaster when
exceptional measures are required to meet the basic needs of the survivors. These actions comprise
of Search and rescue, Relief, Protection, Child Protection and Needs of vulnerable groups.
Rescue. The activities include saving and protecting human life, relieving suffering and containing
the emergency in an effective manner.
Relief. It relates on keeping up or reestablishing basic activities, giving basic services at an

appropriate level and advancing and encouraging self-help in affected communities.
Recovery. It basically implies restoration and advancement of the living conditions of disaster-
affected communities, including practices and approaches in reducing disaster risk related factors
and components.
Rehabilitation. It is the restoration of an entity to its normal or near-normal functional conditions

after the occurrence of a disaster. It includes Reestablishing essential services and Reviving key
economic and social activities.
Reconstruction. It is permanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and

infrastructure and to set the economy back on course, is categorized as Reconstruction.
Why is Early Warning System Important?

Early warning systems is a frameworks that provide assistance to reduce or avoid losses of
properties and lives and mitigate the number of casualties, by giving data that permits people and
communities to safeguard their lives and property.
Early warning information helps people to take action prior to a disaster. Early warning is provided
to people living in disaster prone areas through different means. Warnings are broadcast on radio
and FM stations, televisions two-way handset Radio and others. Warning can also be given through
various warning devices and equipment.
D3. Assessment
Activity 2. Hunt Me!
Go around in your community. Identify a certain hazard that can harm you and other people. Make
a plan of action regarding that hazard. Follow the template below.
Hazard Observed Plan of action/ Person in-charge Time table

recommendation
D4. Assimilation
Activity 3: Best Practices!
Choose a particular hazard in your community. What are the best practices they are implementing
of such hazard in your community? What is the impact of the activity to the people in your
community?
Hazard Observed Plan of action/ Person in-charge

recommendation
E. Rubrics
4 3 2 1
Present a detailed and accurate plan for Present a substantial plan for the Present an adequate for the Present a limited
the project. project. project. or partial plan for
29
the project.
All stages of action plan are recorded All stages of action plan are Most stages of action plan Stages of actions
with the timeline recorded with the timeline are recorded with the are suggested
timeline
Including related details including who , Some related details including
what, where and how are incorporated who , what, where and how are
as required. incorporated as required.
https://www.google.com/search?q=rubrics+for+action+plan&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuuO-
5gNvwAhWCMd4KHWZyAuAQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=GJnmGPBY2WrWsM
F. Reference:

Week 7 Day 2
LESSON 6: COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS PLAN
30
a. Explain how to make a community preparedness plan;
b. Create a family/community preparedness plan; and
c. Recognize the importance of community preparedness plan.
Develop a community preparedness plan; DRR11/12-IIg-h-45
D1. Introduction
1. Which of the following is not considered in disaster preparedness?
A. Analyzing the hazard
B. Evaluating the hazard
C. Identifying the hazard
D. Telling the hazard to your friends
2. In planning for a disaster, which of the following is considered most?

A. Simple scenario
B. Worst case scenario
C. Manageable scenario
D. All of the above
3. Which of the following is a goal of community preparedness plan?

A. To ready an organization for an influx of activity
B. To lessen the impact of disasters on vulnerable populations
C. To design a coordinated plan that reduces the waste of resources,
time, and efforts.
D. All of the above
4. The following are essentials in disaster preparedness except:

A. Family emergency plan
B. Appliances like television and refrigerator
C. Important documents placed in water proof containers
D. Updated contact numbers of family members and emergency hot lines
5. In preparing a family emergency plan, who among the family members should be included in the
planning?
A. Only the parents will do the planning.
B. Parents and relatives are included in the planning.
C. All members of the family are included it he planning.
D. The parents and the eldest child are included in the planning.
31
D2. Development
What is a Community Preparedness Plan?
Community preparedness is the ability of a community to prepare for, withstand, and recover
from public health incidents in both the short and long term; coordinate training and provide
guidance to support community involvement with preparedness efforts.
This will give the members of every community the proper training, proper education and resources
in preparation for any type of disaster. This is the reason why in every barangay, they have a well-
trained disaster response team who are capable in giving training to their constituents. They are
trained in identifying and analyzing the adverse effect of any hazard in their community.
This will give the members of every community the proper training, proper education and resources
in preparation for any type of disaster. This is the reason why in every barangay, they have a well-
trained disaster response team who are capable in giving training to their constituents. They are
trained in identifying and analyzing the adverse effect of any hazard in their community.
What is a family emergency plan?

One of the most important tools every individual and family can have to protect themselves in
possible emergencies is a family emergency preparedness plan, complete with a list of contacts
during an emergency.
In disaster planning, always consider the worst case scenario. Family members may not be together
when a disaster strikes. Line of communications might be cut-off; electrical power supply might be
shut-off; Malls, grocery stores and food provider services like fast-food chains might also be
closed. In this kind of scenario, families must be ready and be prepared enough in times of
emergencies. In other words, there must be a specific and concrete family emergency plan as to
where they meet and what essential things do they need to bring when they evacuate.
Why is a disaster plan important?

The goal of disaster preparedness is to lessen the impact of disasters on vulnerable populations, to
ready an organization for an influx of activity, and to design a coordinated plan that reduces the
waste of resources, time, and efforts.
Through a community preparedness plan, people in the community is informed and trained on how
to prepare for a disaster and emergencies to avoid panic and to lessen the impact of such disaster.
Below are examples of emergency/disaster preparedness.
Source: Weatherph.Org. 2020. Retrieved So u rc e : We a the rp h .O rg . 2020. Re trie ve d

https://weatherph.org h ttp s:/ / w e a th e rp h .o rg
/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/DisasterPreparedness.jpg / w p c o nte nt/ u p lo a d s/ 2018/ 09/ Disa ste rPre p a re d n
e ss.jp g
32
In preparing for an emergency plan, you need to include the updated contact numbers of you family
member, hotline of the barangay, municipality or city, PNP and Bureau of Fire Protection, hospitals
and other hotline numbers that can help you during emergency cases. There must also an
emergency kit at home like the “GO BAG” and “First Aid kit”. Put the important documents of the
family inside waterproof containers. There must also be clear family evacuation plan indicating the
exact place where the family will meet if cellphone signals are not available. Most importantly, you
must join emergency drills like the quarterly national simultaneous earthquake drills and others.
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan 2011-2028 (NDRRMP) sets down the
expected outcomes, outputs, key activities, indicators, lead agencies, implementing partners and
time lines under each of the four distinct yet mutually reinforcing thematic areas. The goals of each
thematic area lead to the attainment of the country’s overall DRRM vision as shown below.
DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY (DOST)
GOAL: Avoid hazard and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and exposure,
and enhancing capacities of communities.
Objectives:
1. Reduce vulnerabilities and exposure of communities to health hazards.
2. Enhance capacities of communities to reduce their own risks and cope with the impacts of all
hazards.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)
GOAL: Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope and recover from
the negative impacts of emergency occurrences and disasters.
Objectives:
1. Increase level of awareness of the community to threats and impacts of all hazards.
2. Equip the community with necessary skills to cope with the negative impacts of disaster.
3. Increase the capacity of a community.
4. Develop and implement disaster preparedness policies and plans.
5. Strengthen partnership among all key stakeholders.
DISASTER RESPONSE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE
AND DEVELOPMENT (DSWD)
GOAL: Provide life preservation and meet the basic subsistence needs of affected population based
on acceptable standards during or immediately after a disaster.
Objectives:
1. Decrease the number of preventable deaths and injuries.
2. Provide basic subsistence needs of affected population.
3. Immediately restore basic social services.
DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND

DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (NEDA)
GOAL: Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and living conditions and organization capacities
of affected communities, and reduce disaster risk in accordance with the “build back better”
principle.
Objectives:
1. Restore people’s means of livelihood and continuity of economic activities.
2. Restore shelter and other installation.
3. Reconstruct infrastructure and other public utilities.
4. Assist in the physical and psychological rehabilitation of persons who suffered from the effects
of disaster.
Source: “National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) 2011-2028.” 2012. Retrieved
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph /attachments/article/41/NDRRM_Plan_2011-2028.pdf.
D3. Assessment
Activity 2: Complete the Table
33
Fill in the Common type of disasters that usually occur in the municipality of Laurel. Follow the
example given below.
Type of Root cause Triggering factors Prevention /

Disaster mitigation
Flooding Illegal logging, Continuous heavy rainfall Continuous heavy
improper waste rainfall
disposal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D4. Assimilation
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which government agency has the goal of providing life preservation and meeting the basic
subsistence needs of affected population based on acceptable standards during or immediately after
a disaster?
A. Department of Science and Technology
B. National Economic Development Authority
C. Department of Interior and Local Government
D. Department of Social Welfare and Development
2. Which of the following is the lead agency in disaster rehabilitationand recovery?

3. In preparing a family emergency plan, which among the family members is included in the
planning?
A. Only the parents will do the planning.
B. Parents and relatives are included in the planning.
C. All members of the family is included it he planning.
D. The parents and the eldest child are included in the planning.
4. Which of the following is the lead agency in disaster prevention and mitigation?
5. Which of the following is not considered in disaster preparedness?

A. Analyzing the hazard
B. Evaluating the hazard
C. Identifying the hazard
D. Telling the hazard to your friends
6. Which government agency has the goal of restoring and improving facilities, livelihood and
living conditions and organization capacities of affected communities, and reducing disaster risk in
accordance with the “build back better” principle?
7. The following are essential in disaster preparedness EXCEPT

A. Family emergency plan
B. Appliances like television and refrigerator
34
C. Important documents placed in water proof containers
D. Updated contact numbers of family members and emergency hot lines
8. In planning for a disaster, which of the following is considered the most?

A. Simple scenario
B. Worst case scenario
C. Manageable scenario
D. All of the above
9. The following are tasks of the Department of Interior and Local Government EXCEPT.
A. Increase the capacity of a community.
B. Reconstruct infrastructure and other public utilities.
C. Increase level of awareness of the community to threats and impacts of all hazard.
D. Equip the community with necessary skills to cope with the negative impacts of a
disaster.
10. Which of the following is the lead agency in a disaster preparedness?

E. Reference:
35
Week 8 Day 1
LESSON 7: SURVIVAL KITS AND MATERIALS
a. define and enumerate the materials that are included in a survival kits;
b. define and enumerate the materials that are included in a survival kits;
c. define and enumerate the materials that are included in a survival kits;
d. create an advocacy plan in promoting public information about survival kits.
Discuss the different geological hazards; analyze the causes of geological hazards and Recognize
signs of impending geological hazards DRR11/12-IIa-b-27-29
D1. Introduction
1. How much water does each person need per day?
A. 2 water bottles C. 1 gallon
B. ½ liters D. 2 gallons
2. What other individual needs should you consider when packing your emergency kits?
A. Pet supplies C. Medical supplies
B. Baby supplies D. All of the above
3. It is a bag that contains supplies that one would require to survive when evacuating from disaster.
A. Make up Bag C. Medical Bag
36
B. Sanitary Bag D. Survival Kit Bag
4. The following items are used for light and signaling instruments except ____
A. Flashlight C. Mirror
B. Matches D. Whistle
5. Robert was tasked to prepare their “go bag” in case of emergency. Which of the following is not
a proper way to prepare for the “go bag”?
A. Store perishable food.
B. Food should be sufficient for three days.
C. Count the number of person in your family.
D. Keep the important documents inside a plastic bag.
D2. Development
Disaster is very unpredictable. Our country is commonly stricken by typhoon, volcanic eruption,
fires and other disasters, that is why we should be prepared and be aware to what will happen next.
According to Philippine Red Cross, the first 72 hours after a disaster is very crucial. There might be
shortage of food supply and water, and unavailability of electricity and communication. In addition,
access to safety services, rescue, clinics, and hospitals may not also be available. An emergency
kit/first aid kit is very essential in times of disasters. Emergency or survival kits are things that are
commonly found inside our home like water, flashlight, and hygiene kits. Families should be
prepared to be independent and be able to survive for at least 3 days or 72 hours. To be able to do
this the kits must be organized and easily to access, it should be checked every six months to make
sure the items are still in good condition and far from expirations.
According to Philippine Red Cross the following items are essential in a disaster kit:
1. Shelter
 Tents
 Sleeping bag
 Tarp
2. Water
 According Philippine Red Cross, a person can survive without food intake for 5
days as long as there is water intake. Prepare clean water in clean airtight
containers for washing, drinking and cooking: 1 gallon or equivalent of 4 liters per
person per day (1 liter for drinking and 3 liters for sanitation)
 Stored water must be changed to maintain its freshness, effectiveness and avoid
contamination.
3. Food
 Store only non-perishable food like canned foods.
 According to Philippine Red Cross, food should be sufficient for three days
consumption of every family member.
 Include also eating and drinking utensils.
4. Tools
 Maps with indication of evacuation sites and routes
 Emergency Number to call
 Whistle
 Flashlight with extra batteries (or self-powered flashlight)
 List of Emergency numbers to call
 Multi-purpose knife
 Matches or lighter and candles
 AM radio transistor with extra batteries or self-powered
37
 Blankets
 Sleeping bag
5. Fire starting
 Matches
 Lighter
 Candle
5. Fire starting
 Matches
 Lighter
 Candle
7. First aid kits

 Disposable Gloves
 Adhesive Strips
 Sterile medical tap
 Thermometer
 Adhesive Bandage
 First aid manual
 Pain reliever and antibiotics
 Anti-diarrhea medication
 Prescription medication (if needed)
7. First aid kits

 Disposable Gloves
 Adhesive Strips
 Sterile medical tap
 Thermometer
 Adhesive Bandage
 First aid manual
 Pain reliever and antibiotics
 Anti-diarrhea medication
 Prescription medication (if needed)
9. Others
 Important documents Birth certificates, passport, marriage contract, diploma,
insurance certificates, land titles, etc.
 Keep these in a plastic envelope or any waterproof container
 Money should be in the form of cash and loose change (ATM machines may not be
working)
 Prepaid cards
 Batteries
 Emergency charger
 Clothes
D3. Assessment
Activity 2: My Family Survival Kit
Instruction: If you’re going to create survival kit for your family for three days, what are 15 things
that you’re going to include? Make a list of items including the quantity depending on the number
of family member and give its importance. Consider also if there are elders, infant or in needs.
a. Number of Family Member: _______________
b. Number of Elders (60 years old and above): _______________
c. Number of Infant: _______________
38
d. Number of in need ( with health condition ): ______________
Item Quantity Importance

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
D4. Assimilation
Activity 3: Fill in the Blanks
1. _______________ a packed of basic supplies and tool prepared for survival in an emergency.
2. Families should be prepared to be independent and be able to survive for a
least_______________ days
3. A person can survive without food intake for _______________days as long as there is water
intake.
4. In case of emergency or disaster, you should bring money in the form of _______________.
5. In packing emergency kits, Store only _______________ foods.
E. Rubrics
5 4 3 2 1
90-100% 80-89% 70-79% completene 60-69% completenes 59% and below
completeness of completeness of ss of content with s of content with completeness and
content content with inadequate minimal explanation Irrelevant
demonstrating adequate explanation explanation of ideas of ideas explanation of
illustrative strong of ideas content
development of ideas
F. Reference:
Education, Division of Manila. Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J. Villegas St.
Ermita, Manila. 2020. Retrieved from

Week 8 Day 2
LESSON 8: Policies of DRRM -The Philippine DRRM Law
RA 10121 and its Implementing
39
Rules and Regulations
a. Discuss the international and national mandates for Disaster Risk Reduction
Management policies and programs;
b. Understand Republic Act 10121: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of
2010 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations; and
c. Conduct a simple disaster risk assessment in the school or in the community.
Explain DRR-related laws and policies. DRR11/12-IIi-j-47
D1. Introduction
Activity 1: You Complete Me!
Direction: Reveal the correct term by filling in the missing letters.
1. Something that happens suddenly which causes suffering or loss to many people. D____ ____
AS____ E____
2. A phenomenon, event, occurrence or human activity that may cause injury, loss of lives and
damage to property and the environment ____ A ____ A ____ D
3. An agency that is responsible in weather forecasting. (acronym)
____ AG ____ S____
4. The degree to which people and properties are likely to experience hazards. E____ ____ OS____
R ____
5. An agency that is responsible in detecting earthquake and volcanic eruption. (acronym) P____
I____OC____
D2. Development
Global Policy Frameworks

Philippine government policies and programs for disaster risk reduction and management was
anchored to Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030, the Hyogo Framework for
Action 2005-2015 and ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response.
These were formulated to reduce the risks during disaster as it gives concreate guides for national
government, local government, organizations, communities and stakeholders.
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, this was adopted by UN
member states, including the Philippines, in March 2015. The Sendai Framework aims to achieve
the following outcome over the next 15 years: the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in
lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets
of persons, businesses, communities and countries.
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015

40
According to International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-
2015, is a world conference on disaster reduction that was held from January 18-22, 2005 in Kobe,
Hyogo Japan. The HFA is a comprehensive, action‐ oriented response to international concern
about the growing impacts of disasters on individuals, communities & national development. Its
goal was to substantially reduced disaster loses in live and in social, economic and environmental
assets of communities and countries.
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response

On December 24, 2009, the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency
Response (AADMER) was ratified by all ten (10) ASEAN member states that include the
Philippines. It focuses on the region’s policy backbone on disaster management by giving priority
to disaster risk reduction, thus enabling a more proactive regional framework for cooperation,
coordination, technical assistance, and resource mobilization in all aspects of disaster management.
What is the DRRM Act?

According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, the Philippine DRRM Act of
2010 or Republic Act No. 10121 as signed into law on May 27, 2010, provides the basic policies
and coordination mechanism for DRRM through the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Councils (DRRMC) at the national, regional, and local levels. Section 15 of the law specifically
indicates the criteria for identifying the lead DRRMC in “preparing for, responding to and
recovering from the effects of any disaster.”
What are the Salient Features of the DRRM Act?

According to Disaster Risk Reduction Network Philippines, the following are the salient features of
the DRRM Act:
A. Coherence with international framework
B. Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of humanitarian assistance
C. Good governance through transparency and accountability
D. Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM
E. Integrated, coordinated, multi‐sectoral, inter‐agency, and community‐based approach to
disaster risk reduction
F. Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil society organizations (CSOs)
as key partners in disaster risk reduction
G. Integration of the DRRM into the educational system
H. Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels
I. Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of calamity, remedial measures,
prohibited acts and penalties
Who are involved in DRRM as mandated in the DRRM act?

National Local government Civil society Communities
government units (LGU) organizations (CSO),
the private Sector
and volunteers
Composed of Leading agency in They participate and They are considered
government preparing for, involved in all aspects as the “most
departments and responding to, and of DRRM from vulnerable sectors”
agencies with recovering from the planning to since they can be
responsibilities effects of any implementation They disaster victims and
related to DRRM that disaster. They are also complement and agents of change at the
are constituted as considered as the enhance the same time. Their
members of the “frontliners” and government’s actively and
National DRRM “first responders” in resources and efforts substantial
Council (NDRRMC) every disaster event. in implementing the participation at
DRRM act. DRRM coordination is
acknowledged since
they are most familiar
with their situation.
41
National Mandate
Strengthening the disaster risk reduction and management system was anchored to Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 or Republic Act No. 10121. It is stated
in the law that it is the policy of the state to:
1) Uphold the people’s constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of
vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the country’s institutional capacity for disaster risk
reduction and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including
climate change impacts.
2) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and
the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the country’s commitment to overcome
human sufferings due to recurring disasters.
3) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and
implementation of national, regional, and local sustainable development and poverty reduction
strategies, policies, plans and budgets.
4) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive,
integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters
including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all
stakeholders concerned, at all levels especially the local community.
5) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and
the local government units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster
resilience of communities, and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster
risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response
capabilities at all levels.
6) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and responsive disaster
risk reduction program incorporated in the development plan at various levels of government
adhering to the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability within the
context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection.
7) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy
formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the
areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and
urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others.
8) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing
budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national down to local levels towards building
a disaster-resilient nation and communities.
9) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in
order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict
zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts.
10) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive,
sensitive to indigenous know ledge systems, and respectful of human rights.
11) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the capacity of LGUs for
disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and
resources at the regional and local levels.
12) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in mitigating and preparing
for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of disasters.
13) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector and volunteers
in the government’s disaster risk reduction programs towards complementation of resources and
effective delivery of services to the Citizenry.
14) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate,
prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters.
15) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers, communities, health
professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the media are educated and trained on how
they can actively support breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency.
16) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster,
implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate
resumption of normal social and economic activities.
Structure of the DRRM

42
Source: Primer on the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Act of 2010 by DRRNetPhils. Retrieved from June 10, 2020
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http:// downloads.caraga.dilg.gov.ph/Disaster%2520Preparedness
A. National DRRM Councils

According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, the National DRRMC is
designated with policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision, and monitoring and
evaluation functions. It is headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as
Chairperson, with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as
Vice-Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) as Vice-Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice-Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation,
and the Secretary of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as the Vice-
Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery. Other members include other government
agencies like DOH, DPWH, DepEd and many more.
Functions of the NDRRMC

1. Develop a NDRRM Framework.
2. Create NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP).
3. Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation,
response and rehabilitation operations. As well as recommend to the President the
declaration of a state of calamity in areas.
4. Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation.
5. Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system.
6. Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms.
7. Monitor the development and enforcement required by this Act.
8. Manage and mobilize resources.
9. Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures on the Local Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF).
10. Develop assessment tools in coordination with the Climate Change Commission.
11. Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms.
12. Formulate a national institutional capability building program.
13. Formulate a national agenda for research and technology development.
14. Formulate and implement a framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk
reduction and management.
15. Constitute a technical management group.
16. Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance monitoring of the
member-agencies.
17. Coordinate or oversee the implementation of the country’s obligations with disaster
management treaties.
B. Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC)
43
The Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC) is the regional arm of NDRRMC. They are responsible
for coordinating, integrating, supervising and evaluating DRRM activities of the Local DRRM
Councils. It is headed by the Regional Director of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD).
Functions of the RDRRMC
1. Coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMC.
2. Ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans.
3. Establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Operations Center (RDRRMC).
C. Local DRRM Councils (LDRRMC)

The Local DRRM Councils shall be known as Provincial or Municipality Disaster Coordinating
Councils. The Barangay Development Council (BDC) shall undertake the powers and functions of
the council at the barangay level. It is composed of multi‐sectoral and multi‐agency members.
LDRRMCs oversee the implementation of the Local DRRM Plans (LDRRMPs) formulated by
Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMOs).
Functions of the LDRRMCS
1. Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs.
2. Ensure the integration of DRR and climate change adaptation.
3. Implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation.
4. Convene the local council.
D. Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMO)

LDRRMOs are established in every province under the office of the Governor, city under the office
of the City Mayor, municipality under the office of the municipality mayor and Barangay DRRM
Committees (BDRRMC) for the barangay level, headed by Barangay Chairman. Local DRRM
Offices sets the direction, development, implementation and coordination of DRRM programs and
activities within their territorial jurisdictions.
Functions of the LDRRMO

1. Set the direction, development and implementation of DRRM programs.
2. Design, program and coordinate DRRM Programs to NDRRMC.
3. Facilitate and support risk assessment and contingency plan.
4. Consolidate local disaster risk information.
5. Organize and conduct trainings.
6. Operate a multi hazard early warning system.
7. Formulate and implement a comprehensive LDRRMP.
8. Prepare and submit to the Local Sanggunian.
9. Conduct continuous disaster monitoring.
10. Identify, assess and manage hazard vulnerabilities and risk.
11. Disseminate information and raise public awareness.
12. Identify and implement cost effective risk reduction measures/strategies.
13. Maintain database of human resources, equipment, directories and location of critical
infrastructure.
14. Develop partnership with the private sectors, CSOs and volunteer groups.
15. Take all necessary steps on continuing the provision.
16. Organize, equip, train and supervise local emergency team.
17. Respond and manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carried out recovery
activities.
18. Promote and raise public awareness and compliance with the act.
19. Serve as secretariat and executive arm of LRRMC.
20. Coordinate with DRRM activities.
21. Establish network with LGU.
22. Recommend the enhancement of local ordinance relate to the act.
23. Implement policies, approved plans and program of LRRMC.
24. Establish Provincial/City/Municipality/Barangay operation center.
25. Prepare and submit report on utilization of LDRRM Fund.
26. Act on other matter that authorized by LDRRMC.
Disaster Volunteers
44
According to Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) of RA 1012, the following feature disaster
volunteers.
1. Their mobilization may be undertaken by
a. government agencies
b. civil service organizations
c. private sector, and local government units.
2. Their enhancement, welfare, and protection will be the responsibility :

a. agencies
b. civil service organizations
c. private sector, or
d. Local government unit which assembled them.
3. Their accreditation and inclusion in the database are done at municipal or city level.
4. They will follow guidelines set by the NDRRMC.
5. They are entitled to compensatory benefits and insurance under the guidelines.
Education and Training

According to Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) of RA 10121, education and training is
ruled to:
1. Integrate in the school curricula of DRR education for both of secondary and tertiary
level of education including National Service Training Program (NSTP) whether private or
public or formal and non-formal, technical-vocational, indigenous learning, and out of
school youth courses and programs.
2. Encourage the youth to participate in DRRM activities headed by SK councils together
with the DRRMCs.
3. Imposed trainings to the public sector employees that focus on emergency response and
preparedness.
Coordination Using Emergencies

BDC City/ Provincial Regional NDRRMC
Municipality DRRMC DRRMc
DRRMC
Affected: -2 or more -2 or more 2 or more 2 or more
One Barangay cities/munic cities/munic ipality provinces regions
-2 or more ipality
barangays
Note: NDRRMC and LDRRMCs support LGUs which have primary responsibility as first disaster
responders.
Declaration of State of Calamity

According to IRR of RA 10121, it is ruled that
A. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by the President
- It shall be recommend by National Council
- It can be a clustered of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions.
- International humanitarian assistance may be necessary
B. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by Local Sanggunian
- Issued based on the recommendation of the LDRRMC
- Based on the result of the damage assessment.
Remedial Measures
According to IRR of RA 10121, it is ruled that the member agencies must mandatorily undertake
the following remedial measure when the state of calamity was declared:
a. Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities as recommended
by implementing agency to the President.
45
b. Local Price Coordination Council shall monitor, prevent and control
overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime commodities, medicines and petroleum
products.
c. Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety upgrading of public
infrastructures and facilities.
d. Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending institutions to the most
affected section of the population.
Prohibited Acts
According to IRR of RA 10121 the following are the prohibited acts during the declaration of state
of calamity:
1. Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of facilities
and misuse of funds
2. Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster stricken areas, including
appropriate technology, tools, equipment, accessories, disaster teams/experts
3. Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief goods,
equipment or other and commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster affected
communities
4. Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster affected persons any relief
goods, equipment or other aid commodities received by them.
5. Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which are intended for
distribution to disaster victims
6. Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities intended for or
consigned to a specific group of victims or relief agency
7. Diverting of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities to persons other than the
rightful recipient or consignee
8. Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
not intended for nor consigned to him/her
9. Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities by:
a. Covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to make it appear
that the goods, equipment or other aid commodities came from another agency or persons;
b. Repacking the! goods, equipment or other aid commodities into containers with
different markings to make it appear that the goods came from another agency or persons or
was released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons; and
c. Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other and commodity m
its untampered original containers actually came from another agency or persons or was
released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons.
10. Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities with the same
items or inferior/cheaper quality. Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations
representing others as defined in the standards and guidelines set by the NDRRMC
11. Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for funding, relief goods,
equipment or other aid commodities for emergency assistance or livelihood projects
12. Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness equipment and
paraphernalia
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Funds

1. According to IRR of RA 10121 LDRRM Fund must be not less than 5% of estimated
revenue from regular sources shall be set aside to support disaster risk management
activities such as, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs (training,
purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines) and post-disaster
activities.
2. It is the duty of the LDRRMC to monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the
LDRRMF.
3. Upon the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of Sanggunian concerned, it may
transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of other LDRRMCs which are
declared under state of calamity by the LDRRMC.
46
4. Quick Response Fund - Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund is amounting to
Thirty percent (30%) of LDRRMF, that is allocated for relief and recovery programs.
5. Special Trust Fund – unused LDRRMF shall be converted to trust fund for the purpose of
DRRM activities of the LDRRMC within the next five years. Any such amount that is not
fully utilized after 5 years shall be return to the general fund and can be made available for
other social services by the local Sanggunian.
6. LRRMC shall make its reports on utilization of LRRMF open to public by publication and
posting.
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Funds

1. According to IRR of RA 10121, NDDRM fund should be used for disaster risk reduction or
mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities. It can be utilized for relief, recovery,
reconstruction and other work or service in connection with natural or human- induced
calamities that may occur during the budget year or in the past 2 years from the budget
year.
2. NDRRM fund amount and the recipient agencies and/or LGUs are based on the approval of
President with the recommendation of NDDRMC
3. Quick Response Fund - Thirty percent (30%) from the NDRRM Fund shall be allocated as
Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund to the agencies identifies by NDRRMC It
will be used for relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of
people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex
emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.
4. All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government shall submit their
monthly statements on the utilization of the funds.
5. All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby authorized to
use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM
activities in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination
with the DBM.
Funding of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD)

OCD as the lead agency to carry out the provisions of the act , shall be allocated a budget of one
billion pesos (Php1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund.
D3. Assessment
Activity 2: Agencies General Role in DRRM
Give the meanings of the following acronyms and general roles of agency in DRRM.
Name of Agency Meaning General Role in DRRM

1. NDRRMC
2. OCD
3. DOST
4. DWSD
5. DILG
6. NEDA
7. LDRRMC
8. LDRRMO
9. BDRRMC
10. DND
D4. Assimilation
Activity 3: Fill in the blanks
47
1. The policies and programs of the Philippines government on DRRM is anchored to the three
international principles:
a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
2. Republic Act No. 10121 is also known as ___________________________.
3. The following are involved in DRRM as mandated in the DRRM Act.

a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
d. ___________________________
4. NDRMM PLAN 2011-2028, thematic areas

a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
d. ___________________________
5. Give at least 3 prohibited acts in RA 10121.

a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
6. Give at least one function of the following:

a. NDRRMC: _________________________________________
b. RDRRMC: _________________________________________
c. LDRRMC: _________________________________________
d. NDRRMO: _________________________________________
e. BDRRMC: _________________________________________
7. Complete the following phrases with ideas you have gained from this lesson.
a. I learned that _____________________________________.
b. I realized that _____________________________________.
c. I hope to learn more on _____________________________________.
d. I am having difficulty on _____________________________________.
E. Reference:
48

DRRR - Week 5-8

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PLACIDO T.

AMO SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

B. Learning Competency with code

Activity 1: Multiple Choice

3. Which of the following is required to start a fire?

4. Sand can be added to fire in order to extinguish the latter by

The Fire Triangle

Things to do to prevent cooking fire:

Things to do to control cooking fire:

Fires from smoking material can be prevented by following these tips:

Fires caused by electric can be prevented by the following appropriate actions.

Source: Learn about

Types of Fire Extinguisher

Source: Learn about

Fire Safety Signs

Source: Learn about

Source: “Booklet Rubric”, RCampus iRubric, accessed June 7, 2020, https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

E. Background Information for Learners

F. Learning Competency with code

Activity 1: Multiple Choice

Common Fire Related Hazards

Fire Safety Precautions

What you should do during a fire incident?

1. Check the door.

4. Stop, Drop, and Roll

5. National Emergency Hotline 911

What you should NOT do during a Fire Incident?

School Fire Safety Education

 Educating and preparing students for a fire emergency should be a priority.

On-Campus Fire Safety

 Cook only in designated areas.

Campus Laboratory Fire Safety

Maintaining Your Computer Room to Prevent Fire

Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plans

The Conduct of Fire Drills in School

Fire and Emergency Plans

1. Fire is already under control when __________________.

5. Fire is considered a hazard. Is this true?

6. Electric appliances must be “dust free” because __________________.

7. What is the effect of fire among the people?

9. Smoking causes fire through __________________.

I. Background Information for Learners

J. Learning Competency with code

Discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of DRR DRR11/12-IIg-h-42

Activity 1: Multiple Choice

3. Which of the following is not part of the negative consequences of a disaster?

(a) Hazards and risks that threaten the target area,

Key Principles of DRRM

Elements of Disaster Risk Reduction

9. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about DRRM?

A. Background Information for Learners

B. Learning Competency with code

Recognize the importance of DRR on one’s life DRR11/12-IIg-h-43

Five priorities identified for action are:

Why disaster risk reduction is important during and after emergencies:

A. Background Information for Learners

B. Learning Competency with code

What is Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)?

Aim of Disaster Risk Reduction

Community is the Key Resource in Disaster Risk Management.

Application of Multi-Sectoral and Multi-Disciplinary Approaches.