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Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

Department of Education
i – Division of Palawan
Earth and Life Science-SHS
Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Rock Metamorphism and the Formation of the Different
Types of Igneous Rocks
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent:
Roger F. Capa, CESO VI
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Rufino B. Foz
Arnaldo G. Ventura

Development Team

Writer: Jenny Loren Mendoza- Echanes

Content Editor: Jenny Loren M. Echanes
Illustrator/Lay out Artist: Harold D. Garcellano
Reviewer: Jenny Loren M. Echanes

Management Team:
Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.co

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Earth and Life
ROCK METAMORPHISM AND THE
Science
First Quarter FORMATION OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES
Week 5 OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

This module will help you master the nature of Earth and Life Science, specifically
about the physical and chemical changes that took place in rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature (metamorphism) and the how the different types of igneous
rocks formed. The scope of this module permits you to explore on how the different
Earth’s materials formed and changes over time due to the different factors affecting
them. The processes that shape the Earth and its environment constantly changes and
evolved throughout the planet. These processes sustain life and leads to the formation
of the different Earth’s materials including rocks and minerals as well as the energy that
flows to the entire Earth system.

MELCs:
1. Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature metamorphism). (S11/12ES-Ic-17)
2. Compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks.
(S11/12ES-Ic-18)

Objectives:

1. Describe the physical and chemical changes that happens in rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism).
2. Explain the processes that took place on the formation of the different types of
igneous rocks.

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What type of metamorphism exhibits high temperature but low pressure?

A. Contact metamorphism C. Fault zone metamorphism
B. Deposition D. Regional metamorphism

2. What are the flat continental areas with exposed igneous and metamorphic
rocks called?
A. Mylonites B. Platforms C. Salt flats D. Shields

3. In what plate tectonic setting does regional metamorphism usually take place?
A. Convergent plate boundaries C. Transform plate boundaries
B. Divergent plate boundaries D. Plate interiors

4. Which type of rocks are abundant in Earth’s crust which are formed through the
cooling of magma?
A. Clastic rocks C. Metamorphic rocks
B. Igneous rocks D. Sedimentary rocks

5. What is the usual orientation of foliation?

A. Random orientation
B. Vertical and parallel to stress
C. Vertical and perpendicular to stress
D. Horizontal, the same as sedimentary beds

6. Which of the choices below is NOT one of the three types of rocks?
A. Igneous C. Metamorphic
B. Indigenous D. Sedimentary

7. What process is involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

A. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock.
B. Magma trapped under the Earth's surface cools and solidifies.
C. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure.
D. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn rocks into new rocks.

8. What type of rock can turn into a metamorphic rock?

A. Igneous rock only C. Sedimentary only
B. Metamorphic rock only D. Any type of rock

9. What type of rock would you expect to find near a volcano?

A. Igneous C. Metamorphic
B. Indigenous D. Sedimentary

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 10. In order for a metamorphic rock to form, _______ is needed.
A. Heat C. Pressure
B. Heat and pressure D. Weathering

11. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes responsible
for the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion.
B. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering.
C. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition.
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation.

12. Fossils are found in what type of rocks.

A. Extrusive igneous rocks C. Metamorphic rocks
B. Intrusive igneous rocks D. Sedimentary rocks

13. What rock-forming process occurs when hot magma comes near and heats up
rock?
A. Biochemical sedimentation C. Deposition
B. Contact metamorphism D. Regional metamorphism

14. Which of the following is true about rocks?

A. Coal is not considered a rock.
B. Rocks do not contain minerals.
C. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
D. Rocks are composed of only one mineral.

15. What type of metamorphism exhibits both high temperature and high pressure?
A. Contact metamorphism C. Regional metamorphism
B. Fault zone metamorphism D. Sedimentation

What is It

The word metamorphism is taken from the Greek for a “change of form”;
metamorphic rocks are derived from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have altered
their form (recrystallized) as a result of changes in their physical environment.
Metamorphism comprises changes both in mineralogy and in the fabric of the
original rock. In general, these alterations are brought about either by the intrusion of
hot magma into cooler surrounding rocks (contact metamorphism) or by large-
scale tectonic movements of Earth’s lithospheric plates that alter the pressure-
temperature conditions of the rocks (regional metamorphism); see also plate tectonics).

Minerals within the original rock, or protolith, respond to the changing conditions
by reacting with one another to produce a new mineral assemblage that is
thermodynamically stable under the new pressure-temperature conditions.

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These reactions occur in the solid state but may be facilitated by the presence of
a fluid phase lining the grain boundaries of the minerals. In contrast to the formation of
igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks do not crystallize from a silicate melt, although high-
temperature metamorphism can lead to partial melting of the host rock.

Because metamorphism represents a response to changing physical conditions,

those regions of Earth’s surface where dynamic processes are most active will also be
regions where metamorphic processes are most intense and easily observed. The vast
region of the Pacific margin, for example, with its seismic and volcanic activity, is also an
area in which materials are being buried and metamorphosed intensely.

Where does metamorphism happens?

In general, the margins of continents and regions of mountain building are the regions
where metamorphic processes proceed with intensity. But in relatively quiet places,
where sediments accumulate at slow rates, less spectacular changes also occur in
response to changes in pressure and temperature conditions. Metamorphic rocks are
therefore distributed throughout the geologic column.

Because most of Earth’s mantle is solid, metamorphic processes may also occur
there. Mantle rocks are seldom observed at the surface because they are too dense to
rise, but occasionally a glimpse is presented by their inclusion in volcanic materials. Such
rocks may represent samples from a depth of a few hundred kilometres, where pressures
of about 100 kilobars (3 million inches of mercury) may be operative.

Experiments at high pressure have shown that few of the common minerals that
occur at the surface will survive at depth within the mantle without changing to new,
high-density phases, in which atoms are packed more closely together. Thus, the
common form of SiO2, quartz, with a density of 2.65 grams per cubic cm (1.53 ounces
per cubic inch), transforms to a new phase, stishovite, with a density of 4.29 grams per
cubic centimeter (2.48 ounces per cubic inch). Such changes are of critical significance
in the geophysical interpretation of Earth’s interior.

In general, temperatures increase with depth within Earth along curves referred to
as geotherms. Geotherm is a line or surface within or on the Earth connecting points of
equal temperature. The specific shape of the geotherm beneath any location on Earth
is a function of its corresponding local tectonic regime.

Metamorphism can occur either when a rock moves from one position to another along
a single geotherm or when the geotherm itself changes form. The former can take place
when a rock is buried or uplifted at a rate that permits it to maintain
thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. This type of metamorphism occurs beneath
slowly subsiding sedimentary basins and also in the descending oceanic plate in
some subduction zones. The latter process occurs either when hot magma intrudes and
alters the thermal state of a stationary rock or when the rock is rapidly transported by
tectonic processes (e.g., thrust faulting or large-scale folding) into a new depth-
temperature regime in, for example, areas of collision between two continents.

Regardless of which process occurs, the result is that a collection of minerals that
are thermodynamically stable at the initial conditions are placed under a new set of
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conditions at which they may or may not be stable. If they are no longer
in equilibrium with one another under the new conditions, the minerals will react in such
a way as to approach a new equilibrium state. This may involve a complete change
in mineral assemblage or simply a shift in the compositions of the preexisting mineral
phases. The resultant mineral assemblage will reflect the chemical composition of the
original rock and the new pressure-temperature conditions to which the rock was
subjected.

What are the physical and chemical changes that happens in rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature?
Metamorphism usually involves slow changes to rocks in the solid state, as atoms or ions
diffuse out of unstable minerals that are breaking down in the given pressure and
temperature conditions and migrate into new minerals that are stable in those
conditions. This type of chemical reaction takes a long time.

There are three (3) agents of metamorphism:

(1) heat;
(2) pressure or stress due to confining pressure and differential stress during
mountain building.
(3) chemically active fluids (mainly water and other volatile),which promote
recrystallization by enhancing ion migration.

Three (3) types of Metamorphism:

When rocks are buried deep in the crust, (1.) regional metamorphism (pressure) occurs.
Large geological processes such as mountain-building cause regional metamorphism.
When great masses of rock change over a wide area due to pressure exerted on rocks
at plate boundaries, these rocks show the incredible pressure that causes the mountain
building process to bend and break the rocks.

Most regionally metamorphosed rocks occur in areas that have undergone deformation
during an orogenic event resulting in mountain belts that have since been eroded to
expose the metamorphic rocks.

(2.) Contact metamorphism (heat) is the name given to the changes that take place
when magma is injected in the surrounding solid rock (country rock). Any type of magma
body can lead to contact metamorphism, from a thin dyke to a large stock. The type
and intensity of the metamorphism, and width of the metamorphic aureole will depend
on a number of factors, including the type of country rock, the temperature of the
intruding body and the size of the body. The changes that occur are greatest wherever
the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at
this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms
from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact
metamorphism aureole.

Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to
unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of
important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the
contact zone.

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Contact metamorphic aureoles are typically quite small, from just a few centimeters
around small dykes and sills, to as much as 100 m around a large stock. Contact
metamorphism can take place over a wide range of temperatures — from around 300°
to over 800°C — and of course the type of metamorphism, and new minerals formed,
will vary accordingly. The nature of the country rock is also important. Mud rock or
volcanic rock will be converted to hornfels. Limestone will be metamorphosed
to marble, and sandstone to quartzite.

Photo credit: https://slideplayer.com/slide/17253294/

(3.) Dynamic metamorphism occurs at fault lines such as transform faults and typically
involves high pressures. It can also occur wherever there are earthquakes. In collision
zones, earthquakes that occur nearer to the surface are cooler, so heat does not play a
role like it does in regional metamorphism.

Photo credit: https://maggiesscienceconnection.weebly.com/metamorphic-rocks.html

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Metamorphism occurs because some minerals are stable only under certain conditions
of pressure and temperature. When pressure and temperature change, chemical
reactions occur to cause the minerals in the rock to change to an assemblage that is
stable at the new pressure and temperature conditions. Thus, higher temperature can
occur by burial of rock. Temperature can also increase due to igneous intrusion.

Types of Igneous Rocks and its Formation

Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) are form when hot, molten rock
crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate
boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two
groups, intrusive and extrusive, depending upon where the molten rock solidifies. The
area to where the molten rocks solidifies determines the classification of the igneous
rocks.

1.) Intrusive igneous rocks or (plutonic rocks) are form when magma is trapped deep
inside the Earth. Great globs of molten rock rise toward the surface. Some of the
magma may feed volcanoes on the Earth’s surface, but most remains trapped
below, where it cools very slowly over many thousands or millions of years until it
solidifies.

Photo credit: https://slideplayer.com/slide/4007862/

Slow cooling means the individual mineral grains have a very long time to grow, so
they grow to a relatively large size. Intrusive rocks have a coarse-grained texture.
Some examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diabase, diorite, gabbro, granite,
pegmatite, and peridotite.

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2.) Extrusive Igneous Rocks or (volcanic rocks) are produced when magma exits and
cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface. These are the rocks that form at
erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures. The magma, called lava when molten rock
erupts on the surface, cools and solidifies almost instantly when it is exposed to the
relatively cool temperature of the atmosphere.

Photo credit: https://slideplayer.com/slide/4007862/

Quick cooling means that mineral crystals don't have much time to grow, so these
rocks have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture. Hot gas bubbles are often
trapped in the quenched lava, forming a bubbly, vesicular texture. Extrusive igneous
rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Some
cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass. These rocks include andesite,
basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.

Photo credit: https://www.thoughtco.com/about-igneous-rocks-1438950

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1: Complete ME!

Direction: Through the table, complete the information being asked.

Types of Agent/s of How agents of Geologic/ Tectonic

Metamorphism Metamorphism Metamorphism are setting
Applied

Activity 2.
Directions: Fill up the table by comparing and contrasting the types of igneous rocks
and give example for each type.

Compare and Contrast Igneous Rocks

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK

COMPARE

CONTRAST

EXAMPLE

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 What’s More

Activity 3. Know me better!

A. Direction: Write IR if the given rock sample is an intrusive igneous rock and ER if
it is an example of extrusive igneous rock.

_________1. Diorite
_________ 2. Pegmatite
_________ 3. Andesite
_________ 4. Rhyolite
_________ 5. Gabbro

B. What are the three (3) agents of metamorphism that could cause changes of
one type of rock into another type? Explain each briefly.

What I Have Learned

Directions. Read the following statements. Complete them by filling in the blanks with
the correct term or phrases.
1. Contact metamorphism is primarily caused by ________________.
2. It can occur either when a rock moves from one position to another along a single
geotherm or when the geotherm itself changes its form. _____________.
3. It is also known as volcanic rock. ____________
4. A type of metamorphism where a wide area was subjected to an extreme
pressure from an overlying rock or from compression caused by geologic
processes.
5. Plutonic rock is another term for ____________.
6. Basalt is an example of ________ igneous rock.
7. Slow cooling of molten materials will result to __________ mineral grains.
8. In order for the rocks to transform into another form, there are three (3) factors
that causes rocks to metamorphosized which are, ____________, ______________
and _____________.

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. A type of igneous rocks that forms entirely beneath the Earth’s surface and cools
very slowly.
A. Basaltic C. Intrusive
B. Extrusive D. Platonic

2. If you live in areas near volcanoes, which type of rock would likely to be found in the
area?
A. Igneous rocks C. Porous rocks
B. Metamorphic rocks D. Sedimentary rocks

3. Extrusive igneous rocks are also called ___, while intrusive rocks are ___ rocks.
A. Plutonic, volcanic C. Plutonic, granitic
B. Volcanic, plutonic D. Volcanic, basaltic

4. Where does the process of rock metamorphism happens?

A. Earth’s crust
B. Ocean floor
C. On top of the mountain
D. Margins of continents and regions of mountain building.

5. What are the two important criteria used for igneous rock classification?
A. Texture and temperature
B. Temperature and viscosity
C. Texture and mineral composition
D. Mineral composition and temperature

6. The major difference between an intrusive rock from extrusive igneous rock is_______.
A. Where the molten materials solidify
B. Their chemical composition
C. The type of minerals they contain
D. All of the above

7. These types of rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma.
A. Extrusive igneous C. Metamorphic
B. Intrusive igneous D. Sedimentary

8. Which statement is true about deformation of rocks to occur?

A. Deformation must be applied abruptly.
B. Pressure must exceed the internal strength of the rock.
C. The lower the temperature of the rock, the more elastic it becomes.
D. The rock material must have the ability to deform under pressure and heat.

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9. Which of the following rock is an example of extrusive igneous rock?
A. Diabase B. Diorite C. Gabbro D. Pumice

10. Which of the following processes will cause rock metamorphism?

A. A change in the chemical environment C. An increase in pressure
B. An increase in temperature D. All of the above

11. Which of the following rocks can be considered gradational between an igneous
rock and a metamorphic rock?
A. Gneiss C. Quartzite
B. Migmatite D. Schist

12. In order for a metamorphic rock to form, _______ is needed.

A. Heat C. Pressure
B. Heat and Pressure D. Sediments

13. What type of rock can turn into a metamorphic rock?

A. Igneous only C. Sedimentary only
B. Metamorphic only D. Any type of rock

14. What type of material is used to form an igneous rock?

A. Fossil B. Gravel C. Magma D. Sand

15. What does the presence of tiny crystals in a piece of an igneous rocks tell you
about it?
A. The molten rock cooled very quickly.
B. The molten rock cooled very slowly.
C. The molten rock cooled deep underground.
D. The rock materials were deposited beneath ocean floor.

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 13
Assessment What I Have learned What’s More
(Post-test) 1. Heat from magma A.
2. Metamorphism
1. C
3. Extrusive igneous rock
2. A 1. IR
4. Regional
3. B metamorphism 2. IR
4. D 5. Intrusive igneous rock 3. ER
5. C 6. Extrusive igneous rock 4. ER
6. D 7. Large- size 5. IR
7. B 8. Heat
8. D 9. Pressure B. Student’s answer
9. D 10. Presence of fluids in
may vary
10. D the rock
11. B
(Note: The answers in item
12. B
8-10 may interchange.)
13. A
14. C
15. A
What I Can Do (Possible answers)
Activity 1
Types of Agent/s of How agents of Geologic/
Metamorphism Metamorphism Metamorphism are Tectonic
Applied setting
Contact Heat/ thermal Cooling magma heats Contact What I know
rock cut by an intrusive between a
metamorphism (Pretest)
body or beneath a lava pluton or lava
flow flow or wall 1. A
rock. 2. D
3. A
Regional Heat & pressure, Mountains 4. B
metamorphism stress, formed at 5. C
Heat & pressure come from
hydrothermal ancient 6. B
burial in thickened crust,
fluids convergent 7. C
plate collisions generate
boundaries
compressional stress. 8. C
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. B
Activity 2. Answers may vary 13. B
14. C
Rock Metamorphism and the Formation of Different Types of Igneous Rocks 15. C
Answer Key
COMPARE
CONTRAST
EXAMPLE
 References

Ang, Roly Bayo B., Coronacion, Maria Lourdes G. Jorda, AnnaMae T., Restubog, Anna
Jamille and Moncada, Maria Noemi M. 2016 “Earth and Life Science for Senior
High School: Educational Resources Corporation

Olivar, Jose Tolentino II, Ramos, Anna Cherylle M. and Ramos, Ramos, John
Donnie A. 2016. “Exploring Life Science through Science Series”: Earth and Life
Science: Phoenix

Olivar, Jose Tolentino II, Rodolfo, Raymond S., Cabria, Hillel B. and Ramos, John
Donnie A. 2016. “Exploring Life Science through Science Series”: Earth
Science: Phoenix

Internet/Web References:

http://apps.usd.edu/esci/exams/metamorp.html Accessed date: August 24, 2021

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/576c02e2ff89df57501ab8fe/threetypesofrocks.
Accessed date: August 13, 2021

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=rocks-quiz. Accessed date:

August 11, 2021

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/earthscience/chapter/metamorphic-rocks/
Accessed date: August 14, 2021

https://openpress.usask.ca/

https://www.britannica.com/science/metamorphic-rock. Accessed date: August 18,

2021

https://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/contact-metamorphism-vs-regional.html.
Accessed date: July 20, 2021

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-igneous-rocks?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-
news_science_products. Accessed date: August 20, 2021

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Palawan

Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor DepEd Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292

Learning Resources Management Section

LRMS Building, PEO Compound
Telephone No. (048) 434-0099

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