Chapter 1A - Descriptive Statistics

Learning Outcome
• Construct and interpret visual data displays
1. Stem and Leaf Diagram

2. Histogram

3. Relative Position of Data

4. Box Plot

2
 Pictorial and Tabular Presentation of Data
In this section, we consider representing a data set using visual techniques.

Many visual techniques may already be familiar to you: frequency tables, tally
sheets, histograms, pie charts, bar graphs, scatter diagrams, and etc.

Here we focus on a selected few of these techniques that are most useful and
relevant to probability and inferential statistics.

3
(a) Stem-and-Leaf Displays

• Eg: If the data set consists of exam scores, each between 0 and 100, the score
of 83 would have a stem of 8 and a leaf of 3. For a data set of automobile fuel
temperature, all between 8.1 and 47.8, we could use the tens digit as the stem,
so 32.6 would then have a leaf of 2.6.

4
(a) Stem-and-Leaf Displays

5
 Figure: shows a stem-and-leaf display of 140 values of x = percentage of
undergraduate students who scored A in Statistics in Malaysia.

Stem Display

Leaf
Discussion:
- The first leaf on the stem 2 row is 1, which tells us that 21% of the students at
one of the university in the sample scored A in statistics.

- The fifth leaf on the stem 4 row is 2, which tells us that 42% of the students at
one of the university in the sample scored A in statistics.

6
 Figure: Length of golf court in USA

Display
Stem

Discussion: Leaf
- The first leaf on the stem 66 row is 05, which tells us that one of the golf court
in USA is 6605 yards.

- The first leaf on the stem 72 row is 80, which tells us that one of the golf court
in USA is 7208 yards.

7
In-class exercises:

There are 26 cooking oil production factory available in Malaysia alone.

Given below is the metric tons of cooking oil produced by these factories per
year. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for the collected data.

28 13 26 12 20 14 21 16 17 22
17 25 13 30 13 22 15 21 18 18
16 21 18 31 15 19

8
 Recap
The following data give the monthly rents paid by a
sample of 30 households selected from a small city.
(Discuss During lecture)

880 1081 721 1075 1023 775 1235 750 965 960
1210 985 1231 932 850 825 1000 915 1191 1035
1151 630 1175 952 1100 1140 750 1140 1370 1280

Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data.

9
 Build your Mind

A set of data 3, 4, 11, 3, 10, 11, 2, p and q has a

mode of 3 and a mean of 6. Find

(a) The value of p and q (3,7 or 7,3)

(b) Median of the set data. (4)

10
(b) Histogram

Eg.

11
Answer

Either from the tabulated information or from the histogram itself, we can determine
the following:

12
NOTE: It is encouraged to classify the collected data into a range and plot it as
histogram upon getting its relative frequency.

Collected data
Classified
in range
Histogram
Plot as

Prepared by Dr. Yeap Swee Pin, UCSI University 13

Histograms come in a variety of shapes. A unimodal
histogram is one that rises to a single peak and then
declines. A bimodal histogram has two different
peaks.

Unimodal Bimodal

14
Cumulative Frequency

15
 Example

Convert to graphical statistic representation

16
 (b) Histogram
For grouped data
1. Frequency, Cumulative Frequency, Relative
Frequency.
2. Step 1: Draw a table. (Consist lower limits, Class size,
Lower Boundary, Midpoint)
3. Step 2:

17
Mean from Histogram

18
Median from Histogram

19
Median from Histogram

20
Mode from Histogram

21
Mode from Histogram

22
 Histogram-Example
The marks obtained by 134 students in an
examination is recorded in the following table:

Marks 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89

Frequency 22 18 22 24 14 14 20

a) Construct a histogram for the frequency distribution.

b) Construct a cumulative frequencies line on the same plot.
c) Calculate the mean.
d) Locate the Modal Class and Mode of the Marks.
e) Locate the median Class.
23
 Example
The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1pm to
2pm for 60 consecutive days is shown in the table below.

Number of vehicles 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 90–99

Number of days 4 10 24 16 6

a) Construct a histogram for the frequency distribution.

b) Construct a cumulative frequencies line on the same plot.
c) Calculate the mean. (76.17 vehicles)
d) Locate the Modal Class and Mode of the Marks. (70-79),
76 vehicles
e) Locate the median Class. (70-79)
24
25
26
Box Plot

27
 Example of Box Plot

Construct a box plot and find the for the data

28
Example of Box Plot

29
End of Chapter 1A