UPSC IAS CSE Interview Hobbies Related Study Material

SNIPPET - IGP
CSE Interview - 2020
Hobbies
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IAS INTERVIEW GUIDANCE PROGRAMME (IGP) 2020
The objective of the IAS Interview is to assess some qualities of candidate viz. balance of judgment
leadership, intellectual and moral integrity within 30 to 35 minutes. However, marks scored have
a wide range: 130 to 225. Thus interview has a great scoring potential. Even if someone’s score in
the Mains is near the cut-off, he can score very high in interview and be in the selection list.
We cordially invite all aspirants for our INTERVIEW GUIDANCE PROGRAMME 2020 as it follows
one on one tailored approach for maximizing marks in personality test.
Hobby- an activity pursued in spare time for pleasure or relaxation; an activity
that someone does for pleasure when they are not working.
“What we do outside of work can often attribute to our success at work. Being
in public service is extremely rewarding in many ways but it comes with its
stresses too. The hobby helps in handling the stress. Having a hobby that we
enjoy brings us joy and enriches our lives. It gives us something fun to do
during our leisure time and affords us the opportunity to learn new skills.
In the UPSC interview questions on hobbies are frequently asked and are
often the starting point of initiation of the conversation. Thoroughly prepare
about the hobby you have mentioned in your DAF. Search for popular terms
and the basic understanding of that particular hobby, recent happening in
that area etc. Follow the Current affairs related to your hobby- you can expect
a lot of questions linked with current affairs of your hobby.”
Information about few important hobbies is provided in this booklet. You should
use this booket for a comprehensive study of your respective hobby.
25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi.
(Opp. Metro Pillar Number 117) • Tel. : 011-41251555, 9205274743
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The booklet contains in-depth information about following hobbies:
1. Basketball 3
2. Chess 9
3. Cricket 13
4. Diary Writing 21
5. Football 24
6. Painting & Sketching 29
7. Poem & Poetry 33
8. Shayari 37
9. Songs & Music 38
10. Swimming 44
11. Teaching 50
12. Walking. Jogging & Running 54
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Basketball
Previous year's questions:
1. Who is your favourite player? Can India adopt a college-basketball model -

like Stanford and Harvard, where they even get Olympic medals?
2. Why is it famous in USA? Why is it not famous in India?
3. Does swinging of ball happen in Basketball?
4. Explain Magnus effect.
5. Who organizes Basketball in India?
6. What are the dimensions of the court?
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Basketball
Figure 1 Basketball Court
Rules:
Two teams of five players (7 Extras) each try to score by shooting a ball through a
hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played on a rectangular floor
called the court, and there is a hoop at each end. The court is divided into two
main sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball into play
behind the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court
line. If it doesn’t, then the defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets
the ball over the mid-court line, it can no longer have possession of the ball in the
area in back of the line. If it does, the defense is awarded the ball.
The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The
team with the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the
defense.
When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other
team. If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then that
basket is worth three points. A free throw is worth one point. Free throws are
awarded to a team according to some formats involving the number of fouls
committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws being
awarded the shooter, depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was
beyond the three-point line, then he gets three shots. Other types of fouls do not
result in free throws being awarded until a certain number have accumulated
during a half. Once that number is reached, then the player who was fouled is
awarded a ‘1-and-1’ opportunity. If he makes his first free throw, he gets to
attempt a second. If he misses the first shot, the ball is live on the rebound.
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA). College

men’s games use two 20-minute halves, college women’s games use 10-minute
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quarters, and most high school varsity games use 8-minute quarters; 15 minutes
are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules.
Overtime periods are five minutes in length. Teams exchange baskets for the
second half.
A limited number of time-outs, for a short meeting with the players, are allowed.
They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA)
Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped.
Equipments:
1. Basket: The basket is a steel rim 18 inches (46 cm) diameter with an
attached net. the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 meters) above the
court and 4 feet (1.22 meters) inside the baseline.
2. Basketball: For men, the official ball is 29.5 inches (75 cm) in circumference
(size 7, or a “295 ball”) and weighs 22 oz (623.69 grams). If women are
playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72 cm) in circumference
(size 6, or a “285 ball”) with a weight of 20 oz (567 grams).
Fouls:
1. Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.
a. Hitting
b. Pushing
c. Slapping
d. Holding
e. Illegal pick/screen — when an offensive player is moving. When an

offensive player sticks out a limb and makes physical contact with a
defender in an attempt to block the path of the defender.
Penalties:
a. Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting for
a three-point goal and they miss their shot. If a player is fouled while
shooting a three-point shot and makes it anyway, he is awarded one
free throw. Thus, he could score four points on the play.
b. Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the
foul was committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or
baseline, out of bounds, and have 5 seconds to pass the ball onto the
court.
c. One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls in
the game, then the player who was fouled is awarded one free throw. If
he makes his first shot, then he is awarded another free throw.
d. Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more
fouls, then the fouled player receives two free throws.
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1. Charging. An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or
runs over a defensive player. The ball is given to the team that the foul was
committed upon.
2. Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender

not establishing position in time to prevent an opponent’s drive to the basket.
3. Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting,

kicking, and punching. This type of foul results in free throws plus the
offense retaining possession of the ball after the free throws.
4. Intentional foul. When a player makes physical contact with another player
with no reasonable effort to steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the
officials.
5. Technical foul. Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of
foul. It does not involve player contact or the ball but is instead about the
‘manners’ of the game. Foul language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and
even arguing can be considered a technical foul, as can technical details
regarding filling in the scorebook improperly or dunking during warm-ups.
Violations:
1. Walking/Traveling. Taking more than ‘a step and a half’ without dribbling
the ball is traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you’ve stopped dribbling is
traveling.
2. Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to
the side of or, sometimes, even under the ball.
3. Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same
time or picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.
4. Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession
of the ball at the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent
tussle, the referee stops the action and awards the ball to one team or the
other on a rotating basis.
5. Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it’s on the

way down toward the basket, while it’s on the way up toward the basket
after having touched the backboard, or while it’s in the cylinder above the
rim, it’s goaltending and the shot counts. If committed by an offensive
player, it’s a violation and the ball is awarded to the opposing team for a
throw-in.
6. Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the
mid-court line, they cannot go back across the line during possession. If
they do, the ball is awarded to the other team to pass inbounds.
7. Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to
pass the ball. If he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team.
Other time restrictions include the rule that a player cannot have the ball
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for more than five seconds when being closely guarded and, in some states
and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team to attempt a shot within
a given time frame.
Player Positions:
Point guard (often called the “1”): usually the fastest player on the team, organizes
the team’s offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the
right player at the right time.
Shooting guard (the “2”): creates a high volume of shots on offense, mainly long-
ranged; and guards the opponent’s best perimeter player on defense.
Small forward (the “3”): often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to
the basket and dribble penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but
sometimes plays more actively.
Power forward (the “4”): plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on
defense, plays under the basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing
power forward (in man-to-man defense).
Center (the “5”): uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket
closely (on defense), or to rebound.
Figure 2: Basketball Positions
Game trategies:
1. Shooting: the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through
the basket, methods varying with players and situations.
2. Rebounding: The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession

of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds
from the hoop or backboard.
3. Passing: A pass is a method of moving the ball between players.
4. Dribbling: the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand and is a
requirement for a player to take steps with the ball. To dribble, a player
pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips rather than
patting it; this ensures greater control.
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5. Blocking: A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender
succeeds in altering the shot by touching the ball
List of major Basketball Tournaments in India:

1. UBA Pro League
2. National Championship
3. Federation Cup
4. ISBL and ICBL (Indian School Basketball League and Indian College
Basketball League)
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Chess
1. Why Chess Board have 64 square Blocks?
2. How many queens can be in this game?
3. Tell us about FIDE.
4. Name any chess player in India. What is his world rating? Who is at number
1 at present?
5. Name some attacking opening in chess.
6. Where did the game originate?
7. What is castling?
8. What is zugzwang?
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Chess
Introduction:
Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a checkered board with
64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. Chess is believed to have been invented
1500 years ago in India, then named chaturanga. The game has changed only
slightly since then with the advent of the queen in the 15th century. The ultimate
aim in the chess game is delivering a checkmate – trapping your opponent´s
king. The term checkmate is an alteration of the Persian phrase “Shah Mat”,
meaning literally, “the King is ambushed”, and not “the King is dead”, that is a
common misconception.Each player begins with 16 pieces: one king, one queen,
two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each piece
type moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen and the least
powerful the pawn. The game is played on a square board of eight rows
called ranks,and eight columns called files. White moves first, after which players
alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces
are moved).Moving is compulsory; it is illegal to skip a turn.
The first generally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed

his title in 1886. Since 1948, the World Championship has been regulated by
the FédérationInternationale des Échecs (FIDE), the game’s international
governing body. FIDE also awards life-time master titles to skilled players, the
highest of which is Grandmaster (GM). Many national chess organizations have
a title system of their own. FIDE also organizes the Women’s World Championship,
the World Junior Championship, the World Senior Championship, the Blitz and
Rapid World Championships, and the Chess Olympiad, a popular competition among
international teams. FIDE is a member of the International Olympic Committee,
which can be considered recognition of chess as a sport.
Moving:
The king moves one square in any direction.
A rook can move any number of squares along a rank or file, but cannot leap over
other pieces
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The queen can move any number of squares along a rank, file, or diagonal, but
cannot leap over other pieces.
A knight moves to any of the closest squares that are not on the same rank, file,
or diagonal. (Thus the move forms an “L”-shape: two squares vertically and one
square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one square vertically.) The
knight is the only piece that can leap over other pieces.
A pawn can move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on

the same file, or on its first move it can advance two squares along the same file,
provided both squares are unoccupied; or the pawn can capture an opponent’s
piece on a square diagonally in front of it on an adjacent file, by moving to that
square.
Special moves:
1. Castling:
It is a special move allowed only once in a game, for each player. Castling consists
of moving the king two squares along the first rank toward a rook that is on the
player’s first rank and then placing the rook on the last square that the king just
crossed. Castling is permissible if the following conditions are met:
 Neither the king nor the rook has previously moved during the game.
 There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

 The king cannot be in check, nor can the king pass through any square
that is under attack by an enemy piece, or move to a square that would
result in check. (Note that castling is permitted if the rook is under attack,
or if the rook crosses an attacked square.
2. En passant:
When a pawn makes a two-step advance from its starting position and there is an
opponent’s pawn on a square next to the destination square on an adjacent file,
then the opponent’s pawn can capture it en passant (“in passing”), moving to the
square the pawn passed over. This can be done only on the very next turn;
otherwise the right to do so is forfeited
3. Promotion:
When a pawn advances to the eighth rank, as a part of the move it is promoted and
must be exchanged for the player’s choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the
same color.Usually, the pawn is chosen to be promoted to a queen, but in some
cases another piece is chosen; this is called underpromotion.There is no restriction
on the piece promoted to, so it is possible to have more pieces of the same type
than at the start of the game
4. Check:
When a king is under immediate attack by one or two of the opponent’s pieces, it
is said to be in check. This can involve capturing the checking piece; interposing
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a piece between the checking piece and the king (which is possible only if the
attacking piece is a queen, rook, or bishop and there is a square between it and
the king); or moving the king to a square where it is not under attack. Castling is
not a permissible response to a check.The object of the game is to checkmate the
opponent; this occurs when the opponent’s king is in check, and there is no legal
way to remove it from attack.
Famous Personalities:
1. VishwanathanAnand:He became the first grandmaster from India in
1988.Anand held the FIDE World Chess Championship from 2000 to 2002,
thus becoming the first Asian to do so. He became the undisputed World
Champion in 2007 and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008.
He then defended his title in the World Chess Championship
2010 against VeselinTopalov and in the World Chess Championship
2012against Boris Gelfand. In the World Chess Championship 2013 he lost
to challenger Magnus Carlsen and lost again to Carlsen in the World Chess
Championship 2014.[3] He won the World Rapid Chess Championship in 2003
and 2017.Anand was also the first recipient of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel
Ratna Award in 1991–92, India’s highest sporting honour. In 2007, he was
awarded India’s second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, making
him the first sportsperson to receive the award.
2. Vladimir Kramnik: He is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was the Classical

World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and the undisputed World Chess
Champion from 2006 to 2007. He has won three team gold medals and three
individual medals at Chess Olympiads.Kramnik publicly announced his
retirement as a professional chess player in January 2019.
3. Magnus Carlsen: He is a Norwegian chess grandmaster and the

current World Chess Champion. In addition to his success in classical chess,
he is also a two-time World Rapid Chess Champion and four-time World Blitz
Chess Champion. Carlsen first reached the top of the FIDE world rankings in
2010, and trails only Garry Kasparov at time spent as the highest rated player
in the world. His peak classical rating of 2882 is the highest in history.
World Ranking:
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Cricket
1. Name two changes in present Indian cricket culture to make it win the
world cup?
2. Can BCCI give up 25% of its revenue to support other sports? Will India win
the world cup?
3. Name 3 pace bowlers for the world cup ? Why didnt you include Umesh
Yadav.
4. What is your view on women’s cricket? Who is the women cricketer who
made a difference in the semifinal in women’s world cricket?
5. Regarding broadcasting rights of cricket. No matches on DD channel, what

about poor people?
6. Is better talent being left out during the cricket team selection?
7. What are the zones for cricket at the national level?
8. Your hobby is to play and watch cricket? Playing is fine, don’t you think to
watch the game which is already fixed is a waste of time?
9. Name the Players involved in fixing scandal?
10. Why BCCI is against UDRS?
11. What is Lodha committee? What are its recommendations?
12. What are issues in BCCI?
13. Why cricket is only famous that much and not other sports.?
14. You Play cricket? Batting or Bowling? So what is Yorker?
15. What is chinamen Bowling? What law applies to bawling? What is in-swing
and out-swing?
16. Tell me field positions in cricket.
17. Should India and Pakistan play cricket?
18. If you want to adopt a cricketer couple as your parents then who would
they be?
19. Compare Tendulkar with Kohli? Choose one from them?
20. Do you think cricket is encroaching space of other sports?
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21. What changes need to be there in the cricket body and anything you feel
should be done to utilize it?
22. Do you watch IPL? Is it helping for improving Indian cricket? Don’t you
think it is monopolizing cricket?
23. Should cricketer be allowed for advertising?
24. IPL wasting Indian water. What should be done?
25. Is IPL good for India? Should BCCI be exempted from tax liabilities? Don’t
you think tax exemption amounts to wastage of taxpayers’ money?
26. You are a sportsperson. The head if IOC has said that no sport except
Cricket can survive in India without government funds. Do you agree? -
Why is cricket so famous? We were world champions in both Cricket and
Hockey. So, why didn’t we focus on Hockey? Why is it not famous?
27. Have you heard of “Duckworth Lewis”? How it calculates a target for the
team batting second?
28. The Indian cricket team is on a winning spree and people say it’s because
of the captain, What do you think?
29. Tell me whether a batsman can be stumped out on no ball?
30. How many no balls are allowed in the over?
31. Who won the recent IPL?
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Cricket
Brief Introduction:
Cricket is a sport which is played between two teams of eleven players each who
score runs (points). This is done by hitting the ball across the boundary, or by
running between two sets of three small, wooden posts called wickets. The wickets
are at each end of a rectangle of short grass called ‘the pitch’. The pitch is inside
a much larger oval of grass called the ‘area of play’. The area of play is a
30 yard circle inside the cricket ground or stadium. The game started in England in
the 16th century
Rules:
There are two teams: The team of bowling has 11 players on the field. The team
batting has two players, one at each end of the wicket and rest of the players are
sitting. The runs are scored by running between the wickets or by hitting the ball
outside the boundary line. If the ball leaves the field after being hit without
bouncing, six runs are scored. If the ball rolls or bounces out, whether or not the
batter hit it, it counts as four runs. The bowler is trying to aim the ball at a wicket,
which is made up of three sticks (called stumps) stuck into the earth, with two
small sticks (called bails) balanced on them. Bawler delivers the balls in a set of
deliveries called an “Over” which is composed of six balls.The batsman is trying
to defend the wicket from getting hit with the ball. One of the fielders, called the
‘wicket keeper’, stands behind the wicket to catch the ball if the bowler misses
the wicket. The other fielders may chase the ball after the batsman has hit it.
Ways of getting the batsman out:
1. The batsman misses the ball and the ball hits the wicket: called bowled
2. A fielder catches the ball after the batsman hits it, and before it bounces
or leaves the field: called caught.
3. The ball hits the batsman’s body when it would have hit the wicket
otherwise. Called LBW (leg before wicket).
4. While the batsmen are running, a fielder can throw the ball at the wicket.
If the batsmen cannot finish the run in time, and the ball hits the wicket,
the batsman nearer to the wicket that is hit is out: this is called run out.
When a batsman is out, another comes onto the field to take his place. The
innings is over when ten wickets are taken. After this, the team which was the
‘fielding’ team becomes the ‘batting’ team. They now have to score one run more
than the other team managed to score to win.
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Forms of Cricket:
1. One-Day International (ODI): restricted to 50 overs batting for each side

and each bowler can bowl up to 10 overs maximum.
2. Test Match: It is the longest form of cricket, played for 2 days, giving 2
innings to each team.
3. T-20: It has 20 overs for each side and each bowler can bowl up to 4 overs
maximum.
Figure 1: Dimensions of Ground
Figure 2: Field Positions
Equipment Description:
1. Stumps and bails:
- Each stump is 28 inches (71.1 cm) tall with maximum and minimum

diameters of 1 1 2 inches (3.81 cm) and 13 8 inches (3.49 cm).
- Each stump is referred to by a specific name: Off Stump, Middle Stump,

Leg Stump
- Length of the bail: 4 5/16 inch or10.95cm
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2. Ball:
- A red, white or pink ball with a cork base, wrapped in twine covered
with leather. The ball should have a circumference of 9.1 inch (23 cm)
3. Bat:
- A wooden bat is used. The wood used is from the Kashmir or
English willow tree. The bat cannot be more than 38 inches (96.5 cm)
long and 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The bat has a long handle and one
side has a smooth face.
Popular Tournaments:
A. International:
1. ODI World
2. T20 World Cup
3. Champions Trophy
4. U-19 World Cup
B. Indian:
1. Ranji Trophy: The Ranji Trophy is a domestic first-class
cricket championship played in India between multiple teams representing
regional and state cricket associations. The competition currently consists of
37 teams. The competition is named after first Indian cricketer who played
international cricket, Ranjitsinhji. The current Ranji Trophy championship
is held by Vidarbha, which won against Saurashtra by 78 runs in the final.
Mumbai has won total 41 Ranji Trophy championships, the most by any team.
A first-class match is of three or more days’ scheduled duration between

two sides of eleven players each and is officially adjudged to be worthy of
the status by virtue of the standard of the competing teams. Matches must
allow for the teams to play two innings each.
2. Duleep Trophy: is a domestic first-class cricket competition in India. It is

named after Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji of Nawanagar who is also known as
“Duleep”, the competition was originally contested by teams representing
geographical zones of India. It is played by teams chosen by BCCI selectors;
as well as only three teams- India Red, India Blue and India Green. The
Tournament also sees a shift in format from Knock-out to Tri Series and
matches will proceed under Flood Lights. North Zone and West Zone have
been the most successful teams with 18 wins each. India Red, led by Dinesh
Karthik won the 2017-18 Duleep Trophy.
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3. Vijay Hazare Trophy: The Vijay Hazare trophy follows Duleep Trophy. It is
named after Prominent Indian Batsman-Vijay Hazare. Since its inauguration
in the 1993-94 season, The Vijay Hazare Trophy lives through various format
changes. Until 2001-02, no finals were held. Teams consequently played only
within their zones, with no overall winner named. During the 2002–03 and
2003–04 seasons, a final round-robin stage was held for the top teams in
each zone. Since the 2004–05 tournament, it follows a full finals series
(including semi-finals and afinal), with varying formats. This year Mumbai
Cricket Team has lifted the trophy.
4. The Deodhar Trophy is a List A cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket.

It is named after Prof. D. B. Deodhar (known as the Grand Old Man of Indian
cricket) and is a 50-over knockout competition played on an annual basis
among the 3 national level teams - India A, India B and India C. India B are
the current champions, winning the 2019-20 after defeating India C by 51
runs in the final. It was introduced in 1973-74 season as an inter-zonal
tournament. Till 2014–15, two zonal teams played in a quarter-final, with the
winner joining the other three zonal teams in the semi-finals. From there, it
was a simple knockout tournament. From 2015–16 to 2017-18, the winners
of the Vijay Hazare Trophy, India A and India B play each other in a round-
robin format. The top two teams progress to the finals. From 2018–19, India
A, India B and India C play each other in a round-robin format. The top two
teams progress to the finals.
List A cricket is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form. T20,

Test, World cup warm up matches do not qualify for List A Cricket.
Round-Robin Format a competition in which each contestant meets all other

contestants in turn. A round-robin contrasts with an elimin ation
tournament, in which participants are eliminated after a certain number of
losses.
5. Challenger Trophy: It was named after former Board of Control for Cricket

in India president N. K. P. Salve - the man who brought the World Cup to
the sub-continent in 1987. The annual tournament is played between three
sides, consisting of 36 of the best players in India. The three teams were
India Senior and India A& India B. Team names were changed for the 2006
version of this tournament. India Seniors became India Blue and India A and
India B became India Red and India Green, respectively. This year, Team A
won the U-19 Challenger’s trophy.
6. Indian Premier League: a professional Twenty20 cricket league

in India contested during March or April and May of every year by eight teams
representing eight different cities in India. The league was founded by BCCI
in 2008. 2019 winner is Mumbai Indians.
7. The Z. R. Irani Cup: This tournament was conceived during the 1959-60
season to mark the completion of 25 years of the Ranji Trophy championship
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and was named after the late Z. R. Irani, who was associated with the(BCCI)
from its inception in 1928. It is played annually between the incumbent Ranji
Trophy winners and the Rest of India Team. This year, Vidarbha won the
Irani Trophy defeating Rest Of India Team.
The Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method (DLS):
DLS is a mathematical formulation designed to calculate the target score for the
team batting second in a limited overs cricket match interrupted by weather or
other circumstances. The method was devised by two English statisticians, Frank
Duckworth and Tony Lewis and was formerly known as the Duckworth–Lewis
method (D/L). It was introduced in 1997, and adopted officially by the ICC in
1999. When overs are lost, setting an adjusted target for the team batting second
is not as simple as reducing the run target proportionally to the loss in overs,
because a team with ten wickets in hand and 25 overs to bat can play more
aggressively than if they had ten wickets and a full 50 overs, for example, and
can consequently achieve a higher run rate. The DLS method is an attempt to
set a statistically fair target for the second team’s innings, which is the same
difficulty as the original target.
Recent Technological Developments:
1. LED Bails
2. Spidercam
3. Hawk Eye: It provide another perspective view for the Leg Before Wicket
(LBW) appeals to the commentators and viewers. It predicts the trajectory
of the ball after its impact thereby helping in the judgment of the LBW
appeals. It is also implemented in the Umpire Decision Review System.
4. HotSpot: these are infrared cameras to detect the heat signature of the
ball’s impact, the HotSpot is substantially helpful in judging the slightest
edges and close bat-pad LBW shouts.
5. Ball Spin RPM: ball spin RPM (revolutions per minute) counter provides the
rate of spin of ball after it is released. The RPM counter is a critically
important development to estimate the skills and abilities of the spinners
19
ICC Awards 2018:
Men’s winners:
1. Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for Cricketer of the Year: ViratKohli (IND)
2. ICC Test Cricketer of the Year: ViratKohli (IND)
3. ICC ODI Cricketer of the Year:ViratKohli (IND)
4. ICC Associate Cricketer of the Year: Calum Macleod (SCO)
Women’s Winners:
1. Rachael Heyhoe-Flint Award for Women’s Cricketer of the Year:

SmritiMandana (IND)
2. ICC Women’s ODI Cricketer of the Year: SmritiMadana (IND)
3. ICC Women’s T20I Player of the Year: Alyssa Healy (AUS)
4. ICC Women’s Emerging Cricketer of the Year: Sophie Ecclestone

(ENG)
Other Awards:
1. Spirit of Cricket Award 2018: Kane Williamson (NZ)
2. Umpire of the Year 2018: Kumar Dharmasena (SL)
3. Fans’ Moment of the Year 2018: India win U19 Cricket World Cup 2018
20
Diary writing
1. Why diary writing? Advantages of diary writing? Do you wish to publish your
diaries?
2. Name the famous personality associated with diary writing.
3. What do you do in your diary? Which events do you write?
21
Diary writing
Advantages:
1. You have track of all of your activities.
2. writing down your tasks with the appropriate words prepares you to

carry them out properly. Therefore it helps to organize your tasks and
develops professionalism.
3. Your overflowing emotions (anger, hate, happiness etc) are controlled in

the process of writing them down resulting in making u calm.
4. You can time travel and re-live (visualise) those moments which you
have written in your diary.
5. There’s no one to judge you when you’re writing a diary. You write out
everything about yourself and you get to understand yourself better
6. Writing down your faults and subsequently your resolution to change

yourself makes you more determined to inculcate good habits and get rid
of the bad habits or work on the improvement deserving facets of your
character.
7. Diary can be a great critic, if you read it periodically. It helps you avoid
mistakes that you have done, and sometimes, makes you recollect your
lessons for life.
8. It helps you to improve your writing skills.
9. You will communicate with clarity. Unlike talking, when you write you
look for more sophisticated words and expressions to describe what you
have in mind. This helps you build a structure that will allow you to
express yourself better and communicate complex ideas in a much more
effective way.
10. You become more observant, because, You start musing more and noting
down things you may not have paid attention to before. You tend to find
metaphors in your everyday life when you sit down and reflect in order to
fill up your diary entry for the day.
11. Emotional Intelligence is the ability to perceive and manage your

emotions, as well as that of the others around you. Maintaining a journal
helps you manage your emotions better. It gives you an outlet to let out
both your negative and positive emotions. When you experience an
excessive influx of either of them you feel the need of sharing your
thoughts with someone. Someone trustworthy, someone who won’t let
your secrets out, what better than sharing them with your best friend -
your diary.
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Famous personalities:
1. Mahadev Desai (Personnel secretary of Mahatma Gandhi), “Mahadevbhaini

Diary” is the 19 volume publication of Mahadev Desai’s Diaries.
2. ShahidBhagat Singh had written 140 pages dairy in English in his jail.
3. PanditDeendayalUpadhyaya’s diary “ My Political diary”
4. Jai Prakash Naraina’s diary “ Meri Jail Yatra”
23
Football
1. Who is your favorite footballer?
2. What is the full form of FIFA? Who is its chairman? Which country does it
belong to?
3. Do you know the signature move of Pele?
4. What is the standard size of a football ground?
5. Tell me about Ronaldo and Messi.
6. Where is the next FIFA World Cup? Where was the last and who was the
winner?
7. What is the science behind football manufacturing? How many hexagons

and pentagons are there on football?
8. So why is India not doing well in football compared to other sports.?
9. What is the difference between Football, soccer and Rugby?
10. So your hobby is football why is India not able to win in the olympics? If the
infrastructure is not there in rural areas how is north east performing
well?
11. What is the current rank of India in football? Name some Indian footballers.
12. Do tall players possess any inherent advantage in football? (hobby).your

position in team.? Attributes of good Center Back(CB)?
24
Football
Introduction: Football, also called soccer, game in which two teams of 11 players,
using any part of their bodies except their hands and arms, try to maneuver
the ball into the opposing team’s goal. Only the goalkeeper is permitted to handle
the ball and may do so only within the penalty area surrounding the goal. The
team that scores more goals wins. The governing body of football worldwide is
the FédérationInternationale de Football Association (FIFA)
Ball: Its circumference is 27-28cm and mass is 14-16 oz (410-450g). The balls
used in a league or international match have to be approved by FIFA
There are four classes in which the 11 players are divided:-
 Goalkeepers: He/She has to try and stop the other team from scoring (kicking
the ball into his goal). The goalkeeper is the only player who can touch the
ball with his/her hands.
 Defenders: They try and stop the other team from scoring by protecting their
goal.
 Midfielders: They are the players in between the defenders and strikers.
They pass the ball to the strikers so they can score. Midfielders also help
defenders (by defending their goal) and strikers (by trying to score themselves).
 Strikers (also known as forwards or attackers): They try to score goals by
kicking the ball into the other team’s goal.
Formations:
The three most commonly used formations today are probably the 4-5-1, 4-3-3,
and the 4-4-2 (note: first # is the # of defenders, the second midfielders, and
third forwards) although there are some different variations of each. Two variations
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of a 4-4-2 are the “flat back four” and a “diamond back” or “sweeper, stopper”
where the back four defenders form a diamond with the stopper ahead of the
sweeper. Other less commonly used formations are the 3-6-1, 4-2-4, and the
3-5-2.
Referees:
There are 4 referees. The centre referee has sole authority, but two assistant
referees who officiate from the touchline may advise him, particularly on issues
of offsides and whether the ball has left the pitch, or draw his attention to
infringements that he may have missed. The fourth referee stands off the pitch
in between both team’s benches and controls substitutions and keeps track of
the games goals, bookings and ejections.
Duration:
A football match consists of two halves and each half is 45 minutes long. Between
the two halves there is an interval of 15 minutes.
Stoppage time (also called injury time) is the time added on at the end of each
half at the discretion of the referee. The stoppage time added is roughly
proportional to the length of delays in the game. These delays may be due to
injuries, time lost through substitutions, general time wasting etc.
If tied at the end of regular time, in some competitions the game may go into
extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still
tied after extra time, the teams proceed to penalty shoot outs (known officially in
the Laws of the Game as “kicks from the penalty mark”) to determine the winner.
Note that goals scored during extra time periods are considered part of the final
score of the game
A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line entirely, between the goalposts
and under the crossbar, provided the attacking side has not committed an offence.
Offside Law:
1. Offside Position: A player is in an offside position if “he is nearer to his

opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent”,
unless he is in his own half of the field of play. A player level with the
second last opponent is considered to be in an onside position. Note that
the last two defenders can be either the goalkeeper and another defender,
or two ordinary defenders. Also note that offside position is determined
when the ball is touched/played by a team-mate - a player’s offside position
status is not then altered by subsequent runs by players of either side.It is
important to note that being in an offside position is not an offence in
itself.
2. Offside Offence: A player in an offside position is only committing an offside

offence if, “at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his team”,
the player is in the referee’s opinion involved in active play by: interfering
26
with play; interfering with an opponent; or gaining an advantage by being
in that position.
3. Offside Sanction: The sanction for an offside offence is an indirect free

kick to the opposing team, from where the offence occurred.
Kicks:
1. Free Kicks:
These are of two types: Direct and Indirect
Direct free kick is rewarded to a team if the opponent’s player touches the
ball with his hands or arms (unless he is the goalkeeper within the penalty
area) or fouls a player on the other team. An indirect free kick is usually
awarded for an infraction of the rules, not necessarily aimed at a player of the
opposing team. Direct free kicks are allowed to go into the goal with only one
person touching the ball.
Indirect free kicks are indicated by the referee raising his arm from the time
the foul is awarded until it is first touched by a player other than the taker of
the free kick. If a shot from an indirect free kick goes into the opponents’ goal
without having been touched by another player, no goal is scored and a goal
kick is awarded to the defending team. A difficult concept for many to grasp is
advantage, a player may foul another player and yet a foul may not be called if
that players team does not lose the advantage. An example would be if a
player was knocked down in the course of passing the ball to the team mate
who scored.
2. Penalty Kick:
A penalty kick is the kick rewarded to a team whose opponent’s player commits
a foul inside its own box for which the sanction is a direct free kick. The ball is
kept at a spot marked 12 yards from the centre of the goal. No player other
than the penalty taker is allowed within 10 yards of the ball until it has been
struck: the goalkeeper is the only other player allowed in the penalty area
during this time, and he may not advance from his line until the penalty has
been taken. The taker cannot touch the ball again until another player has
touched it. A goal is rewarded if the ball goes in the net.
3. Corner Kick:
If a member of the defending team is the last person to touch the ball before it
crosses the goal line or if the ball enters the goal directly from a goal-kick,
throw in or indirect free kick taken by the defending team, a member of the
attacking team restarts play with a kick from the quarter circle at the corner
of the pitch nearest to where the ball left the pitch.
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India and Football:
Tournaments:
1. Indian Super League:India’s current top domestic league, Indian Super
League, was formed in 2013 in an attempt to professionalize domestic football.
In 2013 the Indian Super League was formed as an unrecognised professional
league with eight teams to promote Indian football to the country and world.
It was recently recognized by FIFA. Unlike the vast majority of football leagues
around the world, the ISL does not use the promotion and relegation system.
Instead, it uses an American style franchise system in which ten teams
were specifically created to participate in the league
2. Santosh Trophy : a knock-out competition between states (provinces) and

government institutions. This is held annually since 1941. The trophy is
named after the late Maharaja Sir ManmathaNath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh.
3. Durand Football Tournament: It was started by then, India’s Foreign

Secretary, Mortimer Durand at Simla, India, in 1888, initial matches were
played in Dagshai. It was basically initiated, as a recreation for British troops
stationed in India. The Durand Cup was twice suspended, during the two
world wars. In 1940 the venue was shifted to New Delhi.
4. Indian Women’s League: On 21 April 2016, over a year after the AIFF started
plans for a women’s football league, the AIFF President, Praful Patel, said
that a women’s football league would kick off in October 2016 with six teams
to be decided, with the goal to expand to eight teams by 2017.
Administration: The game in India is administered by the All India Football

Federation (AIFF), which is affiliated with the regional Asian Football
Confederation, as well as with the worldwide body FIFA. The Indian national
team has entered into the regional Asian Cup but has never competed in
any World Cup. The Indian women’s national team has also played in various
competitions; moreover, women’s football has its own separate inter-state and
state competitions. Youth football is administered by the governmental Sports
Authority of India.
28
Painting and Sketching
1. Tell me about your hobby painting.
2. Tell me about warli painting. (mentioned in DAF)
3. What is different in warli painting? What do the shapes in the warli painting
depict?
4. Tell me about the monalisa painting.
5. Who was M.F. Hussain? Tell about him.
6. What kind of painting do you like?
7. What is the difference between painting and sketching?
8. Tell us the names of the famous Indian painters.
9. What is the use of painting?
10. What is to be done to promote Indian painting?
11. Why don’t you opt for it as a profession?
12. Your hobby is cartoon sketching. Name some famous cartoonists of India.
13. Your hobby is cartoon sketching. There are instances when certain people
are depicted in a derogatory way? What do you think?
14. Which is best painting you like? Why?
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Painting and Sketching
Painting:
It is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid
surface called the “matrix” or “support” using brush, knives, sponges,
and airbrushes. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still
life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic,
emotive, political in nature. support for paintings includes such surfaces
as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete,
and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay,
paper, plaster, gold leaf, as well as objects.
Types of Painting:
1. Oil painting: is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a
medium of drying oil. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin
or even frankincense; these were called ‘varnishes’ and were prized for their
body and gloss.
2. Pastel: is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered

pigment and a binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those
used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints; the binder is of a
neutral hue and low saturation. The color effect of pastels is closer to the
natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Because the surface of
a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires
protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed
with a fixative.
3. Acrylic paint: is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension

in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but
become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted
(with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished
acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own
unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical
difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.Oils
allow for more time to blend colors.
4. Watercolor: is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments

suspended in a water-soluble vehicle.
5. Ink paintings: are done with a liquid that contains pigments and/
or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design.
Ink is used for drawing with a pen, brush, or quill. Ink can be a complex
medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants,
solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other
materials.
30
6. Fresco: is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on
walls or ceilings.The pigments require a binding medium, such
as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall.
7. Gouache: is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials

designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs
from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water
is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is also
present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective
qualities.
8. Aerosol paint or spray paint: is a type of paint that comes in a sealed

pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing
a valve button. A form of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a smooth, evenly
coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to
store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and many
plastics.Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a
common graffiti medium.
9. Tempera or egg tempera: is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium

consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium.
Tempera paintings are very long lasting.
Famous Indian Folk Paintings:

1. Madhubani painting:
It was originated in a small village known as Maithili of Bihar, initially, the
women folk of the village drew the paintings on the walls of their home, as an
illustration of their thoughts, hopes and dreams.
2. Kalamkari Paintings:
The literal meaning of Kalamkari is a painting done by kalam (pen).These
paintings are made in Andhra Pradesh. It is hand painted as well as block
printing with vegetable dyes applied on cloth. Vegetable dyes are used for
colour in the Kalamkari work.
3. Phad Paintings:
It is a type of scroll painting. It is a-most famous painting of Rajasthan. Phad
painting depicts the heroic deeds or a heroic figure, the daily life of a peasant,
rural life, animals and birds, flora and fauna.
4. Warli Paintings:
Warli painting derives its name from a small tribe inhabiting the remote,
tribal regions of Maharashtra. These are decorative paintings on floors and
walls of ‘gond’ and `kol’ tribes’ homes and places of worship. Trees, birds,
men and Women, collaborate to create a composite whole in a Warli painting.
These are made mostly by the women.
5. Kalighat painting:
Kalighat painting derives its name from its place of origin Kalighat in
Kolkata. These paintings on paper made with water colours. Subjects are
images of Kali, Lakshmi, Krishna, Ganesha, Shiva, and other gods and
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goddesses in this process artists developed a unique new form of expression,
and effectively, portray a wide range of subjects commenting on the social
life of Bengal.
Famous Indian painters:
1. MaqboolFida Husain (1915-2011)
Primarily a self-taught artist, Husain was part of the revolutionary Progressive

Artists’ Group. He became famous for his fearless depiction of his imagination.
However, Husain faced several challenges in the way of controversies and
criticism regarding the depiction of religious figures in his paintings.
2. Francis Newton Souza (1924-2002)
He led the newly independent India’s avant-garde movement. However, Souza

drew tremendously from international influences to an extent that he was
often referred as the “Indian Picasso”. His subjects often depicted the human
figure, frequently distorted. These figures would often embody a sense of
eroticism and present itself in the form of a religious dilemma.
3. Syed Haider Raza (1922-2016)
Raza known for his abstract geometric colourful canvases started off as a
landscape artist. Following his move to Paris, his landscapes were noticeably
more rigid and geometric reminiscent of the French landscape in the 1950s.By
the 1970s, the artist began creating what is now easily identifiable as Raza’s
style—geometric, bright, colourful patterns. He attempted to map out
metaphorical spaces with the central ‘bindu’ as the sanctified motif.
Sketching:
It is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished
work. Sketches can be made in any drawing medium such as
silverpoint, graphite, pencil, charcoal or pastel.It may also apply to drawings
executed in pen and ink, digital input such as a digital pen, ballpoint pen, marker
pen, water colour and oil paint. The latter two are generally referred to as “water
colour sketches” and “oil sketches”.Sketching is also used as a form of
communication in areas of product design such as industrial design. It can be
used to communicate design intent and is most widely used in ideation It can be
used to map out floor plans of homes.
32
Poem and Poetry
1. What kind of poem do you write?
2. How frequently do you write?
3. What was the last topic?
4. In which language you like to hear the poems?
5. Recite your own poetry.
6. Tell us about any ancient Indian poet?
7. Tell us any Shayari of Ghalib.
8. Does Shayari inspire you?
9. So you read and write Shayari. Recite one.
10. Role of poets in Indian freedom struggle?
11. Tell me your best poem?
12. What is the main difference between poems and poetry?
13. What is the difference between Shayari and wazm?
14. Who is your favorite poet and why?
15. What is the difference between Ghazal and Nazm?
33
Poem and Poetry
Poem
A poem is the arrangement of words that contain meaning and musical elements.
It is a piece of writing that expresses the writer’s thought and feelings in order to
set a mood; it can be happy or sad, simple or complex. In just a few words, a poem
can say a lot. It can inspire and awe and can be a welcome escape into something
that is totally wonderful.
A poem can either be rhyming or non-rhyming. It uses symbols and has lines and
stanzas that have sentences, fragments of sentences or both. It uses metaphor
and alliteration, especially in poems for children.
There are several types of poems including: Sonnets, which are poems about love
and is the most popular type of poem and Ode, which is a lyrical poem with three
parts; strophe, antistrophe and epode.
A poem can also be epic, narrative, dramatic, or lyrical. An epic poem is one that
is centered on mythical or heroic figures, a narrative poem tells a story, dramatic
poems are written in verse, and lyrical poems describe the poet’s feelings and
thoughts.
Poetry
Poetry existed long before people became literate. Ancient poems were memorized
and passed down from one generation to another orally. Indian Vedas, Zoroaster’s
Gathas and Odyssey are examples of ancient poetry.
Poetry is defined as a literary form of art, evoked in language. It can be written

on its own or in combination with other arts as in poetic drama, poetic hymns,
lyrical poetry and prose poetry.
Poetry is distinguished from other forms of writing by its use of repetition, verse,

rhyme and aesthetics. It uses words and speech in rhetoric, drama, song and
comedy.
It suggests alternative meanings in its words to bring about an emotional or

sensual response. Poetry uses rhythm, alliteration and onomatopoeia, which give
it a musical effect. It uses symbolism, metaphor, simile, metonymy, irony and
ambiguity to suggest different interpretations.
Poetry has many elements, some of them are: Prosody, the study of the meter,
rhythm and intonation of a poem; Rhythm, the timing set by accents, syllables or
moras; Meter, a metric system used by poets; Rhyme, alliteration and resonance,
which are ways that create a repetitive pattern of sound that can be identical
(hard rhyme) or similar (soft rhyme).
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Difference between Poem and Poetry:
1. Poetry is the use of words and language to evoke a writer’s feelings
and thoughts, while a poem is the arrangement of these words.
2. Poetry is the process of creating a literary piece using metaphor,

symbols and ambiguity, while a poem is the end result of this process.
3. Poem is the fundamental unit of poetry whereas poetry is made of

the poem.
Famous Poets in India:

1. Kabir: Kabir is known for his Dohe (Couplets). Kabir penned poems in Hindi
borrowing from a range of dialects, and wrote on various aspects of life and
faith. A revered saint, Kabir was known for being critical of religion as it
existed at the time – primarily Hinduism and Islam, and the various rituals
they came with. His work echoed his criticism and philosophy on what
constitutes true devotion.
2. Kalidasa: He is considered to bethe greatest Sanskrit language poet in India,

Kalidasa is widely said to have been from the 5th-century. His two epic works
of poetry, Kumârasambhava and RaghuvaCœa are among the most revered
in Indian literature to this day.
3. Ghalib: One of the most influential poets in Urdu, Ghalib wrote during the
last years of the Mughal Empire in India.Ghalib’s poetry, composed in Urdu
and Persian, probes a range of topics including philosophy, existentialism,
the mysteries of life and other subjects.
4. Amir Khusrau: Born in 1253, this Sufi poet has been called the father of
Urdu literature even though his poetry was primarily composed in Persian.
An expert in Persian poetry, he is credited with having fused traditions from
across the continent to create the qawwali style of songwriting. He is also
remembered today for having introduced ghazals to the Indian subcontinent.
His poetry took many forms including ghazals, masnavi, qata, rubai – all of
which soon became integral to poetry traditions in Urdu.
5. Mirabai: Born in 1498, Mirabai’s mystic poetry is remembered mostly for its
devotion to the Hindu deity, Krishna.Her poems explore topics of divinity,
mysticism and love, and have been highly influential in setting the tone for
literature for centuries to come.
6. Mir Taki Mir: Born in 1722 in Agra, Mir Taqi Mir entered the world of Urdu
poetry at a time when it was considered to have been at its formative stage.
His work didn’t just set a tone for poetry traditions in Urdu, but was integral
to developing the language itself. His work explores themes of love and
spirituality.
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7. Rabindranath Tagore: Among the most influential and recognized figures from
modern Indian literature, Tagore wrote poetry primarily in Bengali. Tagore
was much more than a poet, having composed highly revered novels, dramas,
short stories and even paintings. However, he received the Nobel Prize for
Literature in 1913, largely for Gitanjali, a collection of his poetry that is
today among his best-known work. Tagore’s work explores a range of topics
from spiritualism to social realities.
8. Sri Aurobindo: Besides being one of India’s most important modern poets, Sri
Aurobindo was also a highly influential philosopher, yogi and political figure.
His poetry revolved primarily on themes of spirituality and mortality, as well
as involved commentaries on and translations of Vedas, Upanishads and
the Bhagavad Gita.
9. Sarojini Naidu: Known as the Nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu is among

the most influential poets in modern India.Her work explores themes such
as love, death, patriotism, among others.
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Shayri
Shayriis a rich tradition of Urdu poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is
an important part of the cultures of South Asia. There are five major poets of
Urdu which are Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib, Mir Anees, Allama Iqbal and Josh
Malihabadi.It is fundamentally performative poetry and its recital, sometimes
impromptu, is held in Mushairas (poetic expositions).
Forms of Shayri:
 Ghazalis a set of two liner couplets, which strictly should end with the same
rhyme and should be within one of the predefined meters of ghazals. There
has to be a minimum of five couplets to form a ghazal. Each couplet of a
ghazal is known as Sher.
 Qasida usually an ode to a benefactor, a satire, or an account of an event. It

uses the same rhyme system as the ghazal, but is usually longer.
 Hamd is a poem in praise of Allah.
 Na‘at is a poetry that specifically praises the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
 Manqabatis a Sufi devotional poem, in praise of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-

law of Muhammad.
 Nazm is a major part of Urdu poetry. From NazeerAkarabadi, Iqbal, Josh, Firaq,

Akhtarul Iman to down the line Noon Meem Rashid, Faiz, Ali Sardar
Jafri and KaifiAzmi have covered common life, philosophical thinking, national
issues and the precarious predicament of an individual human being. As a
distinct form of Nazm many Urdu poets influenced by English and other
European poets took to writing sonnets in the Urdu language. Azmatullah
Khan (1887–1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu
Literature. The other renowned Urdu poets were Akhtar Junagarhi, Akhtar
Sheerani, Noon Meem Rashid, Zia Fatehabadi, Salaam
Machhalishahari and Wazir Agha.
 Marsiya is an elegy typically composed about the death of Hasan, Husain, or

their relatives. Each stanza has six lines, with the rhyme
scheme AAAABB. The famous marsia writers are Mir Nawab Ali ‘Munis’,
DulahaSahab ‘Uruj’, Syed Mohammed Mohsin (Jaunpuri), Mustafa
MeerzaurfPiyareSahab ‘Rasheed’, Syed Muhammad Mirza Uns, Ali Nawab
‘Qadeem’, Syed Sajjad Hussain “Shadeed” Lucknavi, Allama, Dr.Syed Ali Imam
Zaidi, “Gauher” Luckhnavi the great-grandson of Mir Babber Ali Anis, Syed
KarrarHyder (Jaunpuri) and Syed YadullahHaider (son of Syed KarrarHyder).
 Masnavi is a poem written in couplets in bacchic tetrameter with an iambus for

last foot. The topic is often romance. Mir Taqi Mir and Sauda wrote some of
this kind.
 Tazkirais a biographical anthology of poetry.
37
Songs and Music
Singing:
1. Do you sing? What songs do you sing? Any training?
2. Can you sing a song for us?
3. What qualities do singers possess?
4. The recent song which you like? Singer?
5. Name some Marathi classical singers?
6. What type of songs do you sing? Favorite singer?
7. What are Rabindra Sangeet and classical songs?
8. What is raag, sur, taan?
9. Have you participated in any competition? Have you won any prize?
10. Can you name some important classical music singer that passed away
last year?
Listening music:
1. Have you not listened to Carnatic music? Why don’t you prefer it? Any such
musical theatre in the surrounding states of Maharashtra? What are the
differences between Marathi Sangeet Natak and Yakshagana? Why did
Sangeet Natak develop in the 19th century Maharashtra?
2. Sufi Music- What are its basic principles? How is it different from Bhakti
Music?
3. Why do you like old Hindi songs? How old songs differ from new songs?
4. Tell me a few songs from the last decade.
5. Quality of music nowadays improving or worsening?
6. Any musical theatre around your city?
7. Talk about the Gwalior Gharana of music?
8. What is the difference between Sufi music and Bhakti music? Why are
they significant even today?
9. Do you listen to Ghazal? Who is your favorite singer? What is the difference
between Ghazal and Nazm?
38
10. What is the difference between Ghazal, Qawwali and Bhajan?
11. What is the difference between Lyrics and Music?
12. What is rap music? What is its history? Why is it so popular?
13. I see you like listening to music. What kind of music do you listen to?
14. How is Carnatic and western music different?
15. What is music therapy?
16. What is your opinion about plagiarism and piracy of music?
17. Why do you like listening to music? Of what kind?
39
Songs and Music
Types of music:
Blues: Blues is a music genre and musical form which was originated in the Deep
South of the United States around the 1870s by African-Americans from roots
in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, and spirituals. Blues
incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed
simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and
blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern. Blues
as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation.
Many elements, such as the call-and-response format and the use of blue notes,
can be traced back to the music of Africa. The origins of the blues are also closely
related to the religious music of the Afro-American community, the spirituals.
The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery.
Rock: It was originated in USA in 1940s.The sound of rock is traditionally centered

on the amplified electric guitar, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s
with the popularity of rock and roll. The sound of an electric guitar in rock music
is typically supported by an electric bass guitar, which pioneered in jazz music in
the same era, and percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums
and cymbals. This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the
inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano,
the Hammond organ, and the synthesizer. A group of musicians performing rock
music is termed as a rock band or a rock group. Furthermore, it typically consists
of between three (the power trio) and five members. Classically, a rock band
takes the form of a quartet whose members cover one or more roles,
including vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bass guitarist, drummer, and
often keyboard player or other instrumentalist.
Jazz: Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities

of New Orleans, United States. It originated in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, and developed from roots in blues. Jazz is seen by many as “America’s
classical music”. Although jazz can be played on any instrument (including the
human voice), the most common instruments on which jazz is played are
saxophone, trumpet, trombone, piano, bass, drums, and guitar.
Pop: Popular Music or Pop Musicis a genre of popular music that originated in its
modern forms in the US and the UK during the mid-1950s. It typically has an
emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance;
a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and
aims to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms. The main medium
of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half
minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic
element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure. Common variants
include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus
40
on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically,
rhythmically and harmonically with the verse.[18] The beat and the melodies tend
to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment. The lyrics of modern pop
songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships.
Throughout its development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres
of popular music. Early pop music drew on the sentimental ballad for its form,
gained its use of vocal harmonies from gospel and soul music, instrumentation
from jazz and rock music, orchestration from classical music, tempo from dance
music, backing from electronic music, rhythmic elements from hip-hop music,
and spoken passages from rap.
Hip Hop: It is a genre of popular music. It consists of a stylized rhythmic music

that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is
chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key
stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break
dancing, and graffiti writing. The term hip hop music is sometimes used
synonymously with the term rap music, though rapping is not a required component
of hip hop music. Hip hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s in New
York City from the multicultural exchange between African-American youth from
the United States and young immigrants and children of immigrants from countries
in the Caribbean.
Rapping or MCing: is a musical form of vocal delivery that incorporates “rhyme,

rhythmic speech, and street vernacular”, which is performed or chanted in a
variety of ways, usually over a backing beat or musical accompaniment. The
components of rap include “content” (what is being said), “flow” (rhythm, rhyme),
and “delivery” (cadence, tone). Rap is usually delivered over a beat, typically
provided by a DJ, turntablist, beatboxer, or performed a cappella without
accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies a gray area between speech, prose,
poetry, and singing. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots. Centuries
before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering
stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation.
Difference between Hip Hop and Rapping:

1. Rapping is a style of long-form narrative poetry recitation with a strong
and regular rhythmic beat. Rap is most closely associated with the hip-
hop musical genre, which often includes sampling, vinyl scratching,
rapping, a distinctive beat, a deconstructionist aesthetic, and an urban
sensibility. The hip-hop genre is not exclusively associated with
rapping.
2. Rap music is usually all about the lyrics, while hip-hop can simply be
a ‘street’ style of house beats or other genres.
3. Hip hop is more like an entertainment industry that is part of the

history and culture of African civilization. This includes Dances,
41
Clothes, Music, Singing, and so on. All this is summed up in one - Hip
Hop Culture. Rap on the other hand is the voice of the street, the voice
of the poor man who recruits to seek an opinion against someone or
against the regime in which he lives.
Hip hop, classically, consisted of the use of beats and symphonies,

cultivated through an orchestra of synchronized drums, high hat and
snare beats, and an assortment of similar sounds, whereas, rapping is a
form of musical art wherein the primary focus, the spotlight, is shed on
the rappers linguistic abilities. Beats are of significance, but are secondary
Folk: Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music
transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, or music performed
by custom over a long period of time. The music was often related to national
culture. It was culturally particular; from a particular region or culture.
Classical: Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions

of Western culture, including both religious and secular music. Classical music
is noted for its development of highly sophisticated instrumental musical
forms, like the concerto, symphony and sonata. Classical music is also noted for
its use of sophisticated vocal/instrumental forms, such as opera. Longer
instrumental works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements,
often with contrasting characters or moods. The instruments consist of the
instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several
other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony
orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, brass,
and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members
of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families.
Indian Classical Music: Indian classical music is the classical music of the Indian

subcontinent. It has two major traditions: the North Indian classical music tradition
is called Hindustani, while the South Indian expression is called Carnatic. These
traditions were not distinct until about the 16th century. During the period of
Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent, the traditions separated and evolved
into distinct forms. Hindustani music emphasizes improvisation and exploring all
aspects of a raga, while Carnatic performances tend to be short and composition-
based. Indian classical music has two foundational elements, raga and tala.
The raga, based on swara (notes including microtones), forms the fabric of a melodic
structure, while the tala measures the time cycle. The raga gives an artist a palette
to build the melody from sounds, while the tala provides them with a creative
framework for rhythmic improvisation using time. Since Hindustani music gives
a scope for improvisation, there was an emergence of Gharanas. Broadly three-
fold set of Gharanas have emerged – Dhrupad Gharanas, KhyalGharanas and
Thumri.
42
Sufi movement and Bhakti Movement music:
1. Sufi music: Qawwali is a form of Sufi devotional music popular in South Asia,
usually performed at dargahs. Sufi saint Amir Khusrow is said to have infused
Persian, Arabic Turkish and Indian classical musical styles to create the genre
in the 13th century. The songs (Qawwali) are classified according to their
content into hamd, na’at, manqabat, marsiya or ghazal, among others. The
songs lasting for about 15 to 30 minutes, are performed by a group of singers,
and instruments including the harmonium, tabla and dholak are used.
a. A hamd is a song in praise of Allah
b. A na‘at is a song in praise of Muhammad.
c. A manqabat is a song in praise of Imam Ali
d. A marsiya is a song for lamentation of a dead person
e . A ghazal is a love song that sounds secular on the face of it.
2. Bhakti Movement music: The devotion to God in the form of singing Bhajan,
Dohe (couplets), Kirtan, etc. are very much popular in Bhakti Movement.
Difference between Kirtan and Bhajan: A Kirtan and a Bhajan are closely

related, with both sharing common aims, subjects, musical themes and
being devotional performance arts. A Bhajan is more free form, can be
singular melody that is performed by a single singer with or without one
and more musical instruments. Kirtan, in contrast, differs in being a more
structured team performance, typically with a call and response musical
structure.
43
Swimming
Introduction:
Swimming, in recreation and sports, the propulsion of the body through water by
combined arm and leg motions and the natural flotation of the body. Swimming
as an exercise is popular as an all-around body developer and is particularly
useful in therapy and as exercise for physically handicapped persons. It is also
taught for lifesaving purposes. Swimming is administered by rules of
the International Swimming Federation (FINA). There are several styles of
swimming, known as “strokes”.
A. Front crawl:
Fastest and most efficient technique; also called freestyle, because swimmers
use it in freestyle events.The front crawl is most commonly chosen by swimmers,
as this provides the greatest speed. During a race, the competitor circles the
arms forward in alternation, kicking the feet up and down (flutter kick). Freestyle
means that in an event so designated the swimmer may swim any style, except
that in individual medley or medley relay events, freestyle means any style
other than backstroke, breaststroke, or butterfly
Figure 1 Freestyle
Arm Movement:
The arm movements of the front crawl provide most of the forward motion. The
arms alternate from side to side, so while one arm is pulling and pushing under
the water, the other arm is recovering above the water. The move can be separated
into four parts: the downsweep, the insweep, the upsweep, and the
recovery.[8] Each complete arm movement is referred to as a stroke; one stroke
with each arm forms a stroke cycle. From the initial position, the arm sinks
slightly lower and the palm of the hand turns 45 degrees with the thumb side of
the palm towards the bottom, to catch the water and prepare for the pull. The
pull movement follows a semicircle, with the elbow higher than the hand, and
the hand pointing towards the body center and downward. The semicircle ends
44
in front of the chest at the beginning of the ribcage. The push pushes the palm
backward through the water underneath the body at the beginning and at the
side of the body at the end of the push. This pull and push is also known as the
S-curve. After the beginning of the pull, the other arm begins its recovery. The
recovery moves the elbow in a semicircle in a vertical plane in the swimming
direction. The lower arm and the hand are completely relaxed and hang down
from the elbow close to the water surface and close to the swimmer’s body.
Leg Movement:
The most usual leg movement with the front crawl is called the flutter kick.[8] The
legs move alternately, with one leg kicking downward while the other leg moves
upward. While the legs provide only a small part of the overall speed, they are
important to stabilize the body position. This lack of balance is apparent when
using a pull buoy to neutralize the leg action.
There are nine competitions used in freestyle swimming:

1. 50 m freestyle (50 yards for short course yards)
7. 4×50 m freestyle relay (4 x 50 yards for short course yards)

8. 4 × 100 m freestyle relay (4 x 100 yards for short course yards)
9. 4 × 200 m freestyle relay (4 x 200 yards for short course yards)

A. Backstroke:
The only stroke that is swum on the back with the swimmer looking up; uses
the same flutter kick as crawl.This swimming style has the advantage of
easy breathing, but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see where
they are going. In the initial position, the swimmer performing backstroke
lies flat on the back; arms stretched with extended fingertips, and legs
extended backwards. The arms contribute most of the forward movement.
During the power phase the hand follows a semi-circular path from the catch
to the side of the hip. The palm is always facing away from the swimming
direction, while remaining straight as an extension of the arm, and the elbow
always points downward towards the bottom of the pool. This is done so that
both the arms and the elbow can push the maximum amount of water back in
order to push the body forward. At the height of the shoulders, the upper and
lower arms should have their maximum angle of about 90 degrees. This is
called the Mid-Pull of the power phase. The leg movement in backstroke is
45
similar to the flutter kick in front crawl. The kick makes a large contribution to
the forward speed, while significantly stabilizing the body.
Figure 2 Backstroke
Arm Movement:
In backstroke, the arms contribute most of the forward movement. The arm
stroke consists of two main parts: the power phase (consisting of three separate
parts) and the recovery. The arms alternate so that always one arm is
underwater while the other arm is recovering. One complete arm turn is
considered one cycle. From the initial position, one arm sinks slightly under
water and turns the palm outward to start the catch phase (first part of the
power phase). The hand enters downward (pinkie finger first) then pulling
out at a 45 degree angle, catching the water. During the power phase the
hand follows a semi-circular path from the catch to the side of the hip. The
palm is always facing away from the swimming direction, while remaining
straight as an extension of the arm, and the elbow always points downward
towards the bottom of the pool. This is done so that both the arms and the
elbow can push the maximum amount of water back in order to push the body
forward.
Leg Movement:
The leg movement in backstroke is similar to the flutter kick in front crawl.
The kick makes a large contribution to the forward speed, while significantly
stabilizing the body.
There are three common distances swum in competitive backstroke

swimming:
1. 50 m backstroke
2. 100 m backstroke
3. 200 m backstroke
46
C. Breaststroke:
Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and

the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the
swimmer’s head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it
can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. Some people refer to breaststroke
as the “frog” stroke, as the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming
in the water. One of the easiest and most relaxing strokes for novices;
competitive swimmers find it difficult because it uses more energy when
swum at a fast pace.
Figure 3 Breakstroke
Arm Movement:
There are three steps to the arm movement: outsweep, insweep, and recovery.
The movement starts with the outsweep. From the streamline position, the
palms turn out and the hands separate to slightly past shoulder width. The
outsweep is followed by the insweep, where the hands point down and push
the water backwards. The elbows stay in the horizontal plane through the
shoulders. The hands push back until approximately the vertical plane through
the shoulders. At the end of the insweep the hands come together with
facing palms in front of the chest and the elbows are at the side at the body.
In the recovery phase, the hands are moved forward again into the initial
position under water. The entire arm stroke starts slowly, increases speed to
the peak arm movement speed in the insweep phase, and slows down again
during recovery.
Leg movement:
It consists of two phases: bringing the feet into position for the thrust phase
and the insweep phase. From the initial position with the legs stretched out
backward, the feet are moved together towards the posterior, while the knees
stay together. The knees should not sink too low, as this increases the drag.
Then the feet point outward in preparation for the thrust phase. In the thrust
phase, the legs are moved elliptically back to the initial position. During this
movement, the knees are kept together. The legs move slower while bringing
the legs into position for the thrust phase, and move very fast during the
thrust phase.
47
There are 8 common distances jumped in competitive breaststroke swimming,
4 in yards and 4 in meters.
In Yards:
1. 25 yd Breaststroke (age group and club swimming for children 8 and under)
2. 50 yd Breaststroke (age group swimming for children 12 and under)
3. 100 yd Breaststroke
4. 200 yd Breaststroke
In Metre:
1. 25 m Breaststroke (age group and club swimming for children 8 and under,
25 meter pool only, and not swum in year-around swimming)
2. 50 m Breaststroke (age group and club swimming for children 12 and under)
3. 100 m Breaststroke
4. 200 m Breaststroke
A. Butterfly:
It is a swimming stroke swum on the chest, with both arms moving symmetrically,
accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the “dolphin kick”). While other
styles like the breaststroke, front crawl, or backstroke can be swum adequately
by beginners, the butterfly is a more difficult stroke that requires good technique
as well as strong muscles. It is the newest swimming style swum in competition.
The peak speed of the butterfly is faster than that of the freestyle stroke due to
the synchronous pull/push with both arms and legs, which is done quite fast.
Yet since speed drops significantly during the recovery phase, it is overall slightly
slower than freestyle, especially over longer distances. Another reason it is slower
is because of the extremely different physical exertion it puts on the swimmer
compared to the freestyle.
Figure 4 Butterfly
48
Arm Movement:
The butterfly stroke has three major parts, the pull, the push, and the recovery.
At the beginning the hands sink a little bit down with the palms facing outwards
and slightly down at shoulder width, then the hands move out to create a Y.
This is called catching the water. The push pushes the palm backward through
the water underneath the body at the beginning and at the side of the body at
the end of the push. The swimmer only pushes the arms 1/3 of the way to the
hips, making it easier to enter into the recovery and making the recovery
shorter and making the breathing window shorter. The movement increases
speed throughout the pull-push phase until the hand is the fastest at the end
of the push. This step is called the release and is crucial for the recovery.
The speed at the end of the push is used to help with the recovery. In the
recovery, the arms are swung sideways across the water surface to the front,
with the elbows straight. The arms should be swung forward from the end of
the underwater movement; the extension of the triceps in combination with
the butterfly kick will allow the arm to be brought forwards quickly in a
relaxed manner.
Leg Movement:
The legs are synchronized with each other which uses a whole different set
of muscles. The shoulders are brought above the surface by a strong up and
medium down kick, and back below the surface by a strong down and up kick.
A smooth undulation fuses the motion together. The feet are pressed together
to avoid loss of water pressure. The feet are naturally pointing downwards,
giving downwards thrust, moving up the feet and pressing down the head.
There are three common distances swum in competitive Butterfly swimming:

1. 50 m backstroke
2. 100 m backstroke
3. 200 m backstroke
49
Teaching
1. I also see that you teach “underprivileged”. What kind of underprivileged

children? Did you also try to enrol them in schools? What else did you do?
Did you teach them as well?
2. What according to you is any one shortcoming of RTE Act?
3. Why do you like teaching? Which subject do you like to teach? Which age
group?
4. Have you come across a complaint that teachers dont understand the
psychology of children completely?
5. Your one hobby is teaching slum children, how do you get time? There are
huge slum population, so how do you select the slum in which you teach?
6. Education- ASER report,what is it? What is the recent controversy?
7. What are the teaching techniques for effective learning?
8. Why is it considered as a noble profession?
9. What is the difference between University and UPSC teaching methodology?
10. How do you keep your students well-behaved?
11. When is teachers day? Who is the personality associated?
12. If you are asked to design a curriculum from 1st to 8th standard how would
it be?
50
Teaching
Qualities:
1. Ability to develop relationship with students: Teachers need to be able to
build trusting relationships with students in order to create a safe, positive,
and productive learning environment.
2. Patience: patience will always be tested while working as an

educator.Whether you’re managing classroom behavior, working with
colleagues with different views or communicating student issues or progress
with parents, patience is one of the most important skills to practice as a
teacher.
3. Dedication: It refers to a love of teaching or passion for the work, which

includes commitment to students’ success.To a student, this means a
teacher should be “always willing to help and give time.”
4. Engage and motivate the students: teachers should be able to engage and
motivate students to learn. Three types of engagement that are required
for students to learn: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral.
5. Strong communication skills
6. A good listener: Teachers that are skilled in listening and observing often
pick up on what isn’t being said, such as any anxieties a student may
have, and can then help the student build their skills and confidence
levels
7. Ability to Adapt: Effective teachers need to be able to work in a constantly

evolving environment and adjust their teaching methods based on the age
of their students, the resources available and changing curriculum, practices
and requirements. Also a teacher has to be able to adapt based upon your
audience
8. Empathy: being empathetic and understanding to what may be going on in

the lives of students. It’s so important to be observant, attentive, empathetic
and always have a positive attitude. Something that may be easy for one
student may not be so easy for someone else. Everyone learns differently,
whether it be faster or slower than normal, learns better by writing, reading
or hands on. Teachers need to always keep this in mind and always pay
close attention to ensure each student is on the track they need to be.
9. Lifelong Learner: Whether you’re learning more about your subject area,
learning new methods of communication or even exploring how to bring
more technology into your classroom, continuing to expand your own
knowledge is key to expanding that of your students.
51
Teaching Styles:
1. Authority or Lecture style: It is teacher-centered and frequently entails
lengthy lecture sessions or one-way presentations. Students are expected
to take notes or absorb information.This style is acceptable for certain
higher-education disciplines and auditorium settings with large groups of
students. It is not useful for teaching children.
2. Demonstrator or Coach: The demonstrator is a lot like the lecturer, but

their lessons include multimedia presentations, activities, and
demonstrations.Although it’s well-suited for teaching mathematics, music,
physical education, or arts and crafts, it is difficult to accommodate students’
individual needs in larger classrooms.
3. Facilitator or Activity style: Facilitators promote self-learning and help

students develop critical thinking skills and retain knowledge that leads to
self-actualization. It helps develop skills to find answers and solutions
through exploration; it is ideal for teaching science and similar subjects.
4. Delegator or Group style: It is best suited for curricula that require lab
activitiesor subjects that warrant peer feedback, like debate and creative
writing. The benefit is guided discovery and inquiry-based learning place
the teacher in an observer role that inspires students by working in tandem
toward common goals.
Teaching Techniques:
1. Creative teaching: Take the help of tools to stimulate creativity. Include
playful games or forms of visual exercises that will excite young minds
and capture their interest. Identify every young student’s creative abilities
and encourage creative contributions.
2. Audio-Video Tools: Incorporate audio-visual materials to supplement

textbooks during your sessions. These can be models, filmstrips, movies,
pictures, infographics or other mind mapping and brain mapping tools.Such
tools will help their imagination thrive and grow.These methods will not
only develop their ability to listen but will also help them understand the
concepts better.
3. Real World Learning: Infusing real-world experiences into your instructions

will make teaching moments fresh, and enrich classroom learning.Relating
and demonstrating through real-life situations will make the material easy
to understand and easy to learn. It will spark their interest and get the
children excited and involved.
4. Brainstorming: Make time for brainstorming sessions in your classrooms.

These sessions are a great way to get the creative juices flowing.When you
have multiple brains focusing on one single idea, you are sure to get
numerous ideas and will also involve everyone into the discussion.These
52
sessions will be a great platform for students to voice their thoughts without
having to worry about right or wrong.
5. Role Play: Teaching through role-playing is a great way to make children
step out of their comfort zone and develop their interpersonal skills. It
will help a student understand how the academic material will be relevant
to his everyday tasks
6. Storyboard Teaching: Storyboarding is a great way to teach any subject

which requires step-by-step memorization or visualization highly-conceptual
ideas. History teachers use this method extensively.
7. Welcome new ideas: An open-minded attitude can help you in innovating

new teaching methods. Though you might claim to be open-minded, its
human nature to resist change.Evaluate yourself and ensure you try out
new ideas in the classroom.
8. Start school clubs: It increases teamwork quality among the students. You
can share your views and learn more from others when you have school
clubs or groups.
53
Walking, Jogging and Running
1. Usually, people prefer jogging, why do you prefer walking. How many times
the walking event held in the Olympics?
2. What is the current record of 100m running?
3. How Running helps you?
4. Slow walking or Fast? Benefits of walking?
5. Who is Budhia Singh? Who is the lead road actor in the film Budhia Singh?
6. What kind of exercise you do? What is the difference between doing exercise
in the gym and regular exercise?
7. Are you practicing yoga regularly? When is yoga day? Why that day?
8. I see your interest is in aesthetic bodybuilding? What is aesthetic

bodybuilding? What is this hype about this size zero? What is it and as a
doctor would you advise it? What is the vision and philosophy of aesthetics?
9. What is the distance of the Marathon?
10. What do you like about jogging? Have you run any marathon? What speed
do you jog?
11. Give me a numeric of your weight loss? What is your fitness regime?
12. You do jogging, trekking, fitness. What do you understand by health? What
do you think is the health condition in India? Do you know the number of
children who are malnourished?
54
Walking, Jogging and Running
Introduction:
The difference between walking, jogging and running hinges on two very specific
and related things: energy cost and muscle load.
Walking:
Walking is one of the basic locomotion gaits – defined as the pattern of movement
of the limbs – of legged animals and humans. It is characterized by lifting one foot
forward after another at a regular and relatively slow pace. When you walk, you
never have two feet both on the ground at the same time.In humans, walking is
done in a method called an inverted pendulum. To start a walk, the leg swings
forward from the hip while leaving the ground. When it comes down, it first
strikes with the heel of the foot and onto the toes.
Benefits:
1. increased cardiovascular and pulmonary (heart and lung) fitness
2. reduced risk of heart disease and stroke
3. improved management of conditions such as hypertension (high blood

pressure), high cholesterol, joint and muscular pain or stiffness, and diabetes
4. stronger bones and improved balance
5. increased muscle strength and endurance
6. reduced body fat.

Jogging:
Jogging is a form of running at a slow pace. The main intention is to
increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running
but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time.
It is performed over long distances. Jogging may also be used as a warm up or
cool down for runners, preceding or following a workout or race. It is often used
by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training.
Benefits:
1. effective in increasing human lifespan, and decreasing the effects of aging
2. benefits for the cardiovascular system
3. useful for fighting obesity and staying healthy.
4. It can reduce the risk of lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers, among
others. It is suggested by the American Cancer Society that jogging for at
least 30 minutes five days a week can help in cancer prevention.
55
5. Jogging outdoors is a better way to improve energy levels and advance
mood than using a treadmill at the gym
6. Jogging also prevents muscle and bone damage that often occurs with age
7. Jogging also prevents muscle and bone damage that often occurs with age.
8. helps improve oxygen uptake in your body and strengthens your heart and
lungs.
Running:
Running is a type of gait that allows humans to move at a rapid pace over a short
period of time. Both of the feet are above the ground during an aerial phase. The
legs are kept mostly straight and the center of gravity vaults over the stance leg
or legs in an inverted pendulum fashion
Benefits:
1. Relief from stress: When you run, you force your body to exert excess
energy and hormones. Running also helps to reduce your chances of
developing tension headaches
2. Eliminates Depression: While running, the brain will start to secrete

hormones that naturally improve your mood.
3. Reduce weight due to loss of calories.
4. It reduces the risk of stroke or any other risks of cardiovascular disease

like blood pressure, osteoporosis.
Difference between Walking and Jogging:

1. Walking is a low-impact, moderate-intensity exercise, while jogging is a
high-impact, vigorous-intensity exercise.
2. Jogging does burn more calories per minute
3. While walking, one foot remains on the ground at all times to support your
weight. During jogging, both feet may leave the ground.
4. Jogging put more pressure on your joints when your feet hit the ground,
than that by Walking.
Difference between Running and Jogging:

1. Jogging is less stressful than running
2. Running is sometimes defined as requiring a moment of no contact to the

ground, whereas jogging often sustains the contact
3. Jogging is also distinguished from running by having a wider lateral spacing

of foot strikes, creating side-to-side movement that likely adds stability at
slower speeds
56
4. Since jogging is done at a gentle pace, it can be maintained for a long time
depending on the person’s level of fitness or desire to promote his/her
aerobic endurance. It is not the same in case of running.
Difference between Walking and Running:
1. Walking is a natural movement of the body putting one foot forward at a

time, while running is a movement that allows faster movement than the
speed of walking – when you run an instant occurs where both feet are off
the ground.
2. Walking can be done for longer period, as it is done at slower pace and thus
does not give much stress to muscles. Running cannot be done for a longer
period.
3. Running put more pressure on your joints when your feet hit the ground,
than that by Walking.
4. Running burns more calories than walking for the same distance travelled.
Marathon:
The marathon is a long-distance race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres
(26.2 miles). The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in
1896, though the distance did not become standardized until 1921.The current
world record time for men over the distance is 2 hours 1 minute and 39 seconds,
set in the Berlin Marathon by Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya on 16 September 2018. In
October 2019, in Vienna, in an athletic spectacle of historic proportions, Eliud
Kipchoge of Kenya ran 26.2 miles in a once-inconceivable time of 1 hour 59 minutes
40 seconds, becoming the first person to cover the marathon distance in less
than two hours. However, it was not be officially recognized as a world record
because it was not run under open marathon conditions and because it featured
a dense rotation of professional pacesetters.
57
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SNIPPET - IGP

CSE Interview - 2020

9205274743 011 41251555

6. Painting & Sketching 29

7. Poem & Poetry 33

9. Songs & Music 38

12. Walking. Jogging & Running 54

1. Who is your favourite player? Can India adopt a college-basketball model -

2. Why is it famous in USA? Why is it not famous in India?

3. Does swinging of ball happen in Basketball?

4. Explain Magnus effect.

5. Who organizes Basketball in India?

6. What are the dimensions of the court?

Figure 1 Basketball Court

Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA). College

e. Illegal pick/screen — when an offensive player is moving. When an

2. Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender

3. Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting,

5. Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it’s on the

Figure 2: Basketball Positions

2. Rebounding: The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession

3. Passing: A pass is a method of moving the ball between players.

List of major Basketball Tournaments in India:

1. Why Chess Board have 64 square Blocks?

2. How many queens can be in this game?

3. Tell us about FIDE.

5. Name some attacking opening in chess.

6. Where did the game originate?

The first generally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed

A pawn can move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on

 There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

2. Vladimir Kramnik: He is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was the Classical

3. Magnus Carlsen: He is a Norwegian chess grandmaster and the

5. Regarding broadcasting rights of cricket. No matches on DD channel, what

7. What are the zones for cricket at the national level?

9. Name the Players involved in fixing scandal?

10. Why BCCI is against UDRS?

11. What is Lodha committee? What are its recommendations?

12. What are issues in BCCI?

14. You Play cricket? Batting or Bowling? So what is Yorker?

16. Tell me field positions in cricket.

17. Should India and Pakistan play cricket?

19. Compare Tendulkar with Kohli? Choose one from them?

20. Do you think cricket is encroaching space of other sports?

23. Should cricketer be allowed for advertising?

24. IPL wasting Indian water. What should be done?

29. Tell me whether a batsman can be stumped out on no ball?

30. How many no balls are allowed in the over?

31. Who won the recent IPL?

Ways of getting the batsman out:

1. One-Day International (ODI): restricted to 50 overs batting for each side

Figure 1: Dimensions of Ground

Figure 2: Field Positions

1. Stumps and bails:

- Each stump is 28 inches (71.1 cm) tall with maximum and minimum

- Each stump is referred to by a specific name: Off Stump, Middle Stump,

- Length of the bail: 4 5/16 inch or10.95cm

2. T20 World Cup

4. U-19 World Cup

A first-class match is of three or more days’ scheduled duration between

2. Duleep Trophy: is a domestic first-class cricket competition in India. It is

4. The Deodhar Trophy is a List A cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket.

List A cricket is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form. T20,