Chapter 1 Part 1

Health Physics Course 2020
2021
Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

1
Health Physics Course

Preparatory Studies Medical Physics Students Program
Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim

Associate Professor of Biomedical Physics
Radiation Protection Consultant,
Ministry of Health and Population (Egypt)
1St Semester 2021-2022

2
Health Physics Course

• Course code :Phys 666
• Academic year :2021-2022

• Semester :1st Semester.
• Level :Preparatory Studies Medical Physics Students Program.
• Credit hours: 2 C. H.

3
Attendance policy:
• Attendance is required. If absence reaches 25 % of the
total number of Lectures during the term, this will cause
dismissal from the course.
Grading policy:
• 10 % Mid-term Exam.
• 10 % Oral Exam.
• 10 % Assay or report.
• 70 % Final Exam.
Required textbook and references:

(1) Introduction to Health Physics, herman cember and
thomas E. Johnson, 4th Edition, mcgraw-hill companies,
.2009
(2) Rachel A. Powsner and Edward R. Powsner., “Essential
Nuclear Medicine Physics”, 2nd Edition, Rachel A.
Powsner and Edward R. Powsner, .2006
(3) E.B.Podgorsak, Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists,
2nd Edition,, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, .2009
(4) https://www.iaea.org
(5) https://www.env.go.jp

5
Introduction:
• Health physics, also referred to as the science of radiation
protection, is the profession devoted to protecting people and their
environment from potential radiation hazards, while making it
possible to enjoy the beneficial uses of radiation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_physics
• Health physicists normally require a four-year bachelor’s degree and

qualifying experience that demonstrates a professional knowledge of
the theory and application of radiation protection principles and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_physics
closely related sciences. 6
Question: What is the main

responsibility of the health
physicist in the medical facility?
Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics 7

• The health physicist is responsible for:

(1) Safety aspects in the design of processes, equipment, and facilities
utilizing radiation sources and
‫جوانب السالمة في تصميم العمليات والمعدات والمرافق التي تستخدم مصادر اإلشعاع‬
(2) For the safe disposal of radioactive waste so that radiation exposure to
personnel will be minimized and will at all times be within acceptable limits;
‫من أجل التخلص اآلمن من النفايات المشعة بحيث يتم التقليل من التعرض لإلشعاع لألفراد ويكون في‬
‫جميع األوقات ضمن الحدود المقبولة ؛‬
(3) He or she must keep personnel and the environment under constant
surveillance in order to ascertain that these designs are indeed effective.
‫يجب عليه أو عليها إبقاء الموظفين والبيئة تحت المراقبة المستمرة من أجل التأكد من أن هذه التصاميم‬
.‫فعالة بالفعل‬
8
Conceptual Overview of Health Physics for Medical Physicists

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5HfoK1H2YE

What is Radiation and Radioactivity?

11

12
Natural and Manmade sources

13

14

15

16

https://www.env.go.jp
17

18
Classification of Radiation
Radiation is classified into two main categories:

19
Ionizing Radiation
e- e-
N
N P+ N
e-
e- N P+ P+
P+
P+
N N
P+
e- e-
21
21
4
• Helium-4 Nucleus ( He) 2 neutrons, 2 protons
2
• Slow moving, but high energy
• Cannot penetrate material easily

– Stopped by one piece of paper
– Stopped by dead layer of skin

22
Alpha Particle (a)

Characteristics Range Shielding Hazards Sources
• +2 charge • Very short • Paper • Internal • Plutonium

• 2 protons range • Outer layer • Uranium
• 2 neutrons • 1" -4" in air of skin • Radium
• Large mass • Thorium
a a a • Americium
a a
24

24
Example of Alpha Decay
Parent nuclei Daughter nuclei + a - particles
+
Alpha particle
Radium-226 Radon- 222
( 88 protons, 138 neut rons) ( 86 protons, 136 neut ron)

Alpha decay occurs when the nuclides of high atomic mass have a higher neutron to proton ratio than
stable nuclides and ejects an alpha particle. Alpha decay is rare for nuclides with low or intermediate
mass numbers. Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics
25
2-Beta Particles (β)

• Electron
• Fast moving, Medium energy
• Can penetrate material well
– Stopped by 100 to 150 pieces of paper
– Stopped by 0.5 -1 centimeter of water
27
Beta Particle (b)

Characteristics Range Shielding Hazards Sources
• -1 charge • Short range • Plastic • Skin and • Radioisotopes

• Small mass • About 10' safety eyes • Activation
in air glasses • Can be Products
• Thin internal • Sealed
metal sources
• Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha

particles, but are less damaging to living tissue and
DNA because the ionizations they produce are more Promethium 147
widely spaced.
• They travel farther in air than alpha particles, but can
be stopped by a layer of clothing or by a thin layer of Samarium
a substance such as aluminum.
• Some beta particles are capable of penetrating the
skin and causing damage such as skin burns. Neodymium 143
• However, as with alpha-emitters, beta-emitters are
most hazardous when they are inhaled or swallowed.
28

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30
End of Lecture
31

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Health Physics Course 2020

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Health Physics Course

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim

1St Semester 2021-2022

Health Physics Course

• Academic year :2021-2022

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Required textbook and references:

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

• Health physicists normally require a four-year bachelor’s degree and

Question: What is the main

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics 7

• The health physicist is responsible for:

Conceptual Overview of Health Physics for Medical Physicists

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics 9

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

What is Radiation and Radioactivity?

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Natural and Manmade sources

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

• Slow moving, but high energy

• Cannot penetrate material easily

– Stopped by dead layer of skin

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Alpha Particle (a)

• +2 charge • Very short • Paper • Internal • Plutonium

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Example of Alpha Decay

Parent nuclei Daughter nuclei + a - particles

Radium-226 Radon- 222

( 88 protons, 138 neut rons) ( 86 protons, 136 neut ron)

2-Beta Particles (β)

Beta Particle (b)

• -1 charge • Short range • Plastic • Skin and • Radioisotopes

• Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics

Dr. Hosam Salaheldin Ibrahim, Associate Prof. of Biomedical Physics 28

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