Science - defined as a body of organized knowledge that has been accumulated through research and

that serves as a tool for solving problems, a learning theme, a cultural resource, or a social enterpreise
which needs physical facilities (Ziman, 1985).

Scientific investigations - geared towards obtaining new information

Principles or concepts - are used to explain or describe the features or aspects of science

Facets of Science:

Discovery science - the formation of scientific knowledge starts from the works of scientists that leads to
discovery of novel (new) information explaining or describing a new phenomenon.

Systematic methods - data relating to the discovery is rigorously examined for validity prior to its
publication as historical knowledge for addressing a corresponding economic, social, or political
problem, issue or necessity

Academic science - from the territory of science, scientific knowledge is passed on to the world of
technology

Industrial science - technology that emerges from scientific knowledge serves as an instrument to solve
practical problems in areas of sociology, military, commerce, or industry.

Science as a social enterprise/institution - scientists have a responsibility in their quest for novel
knowledge, while the society interacts with science and are becoming increasingly concerned about its
impact to both society and culture.

Community of scientists - communicate with one another in order to arrive at a concensus of opinion as
to the validity or truthfulness of publicized outcomes of scientific investigations

Community of learners - examine such publications through a variety of media, such as books and
scholarly journals

Science as a cultural resource - scientific knowledge influences cultural beliefs and values

Dimensions of Science:

Cognitive/Philosophical Dimension - scientific knowledge is spread, for instance, through scholarly

publication, which brings about the historical dimension, as the pieces of scientific knowledge are stored
and organized in an achive to serve as a bridge to future discoveries.

Sociological/Communal Dimension - scientific knowledge is addresed to a specific segment of society,

for example, the scientific researchers

Psychological Dimension - scientific information has a psychological relevance to its author or discoverer
who has an intellectual authority over the information and who deserves the recognition for bringing
about novel knowledge which is related to the cognitive status of the reseach outcome that the
information presents
The stages of obtaining scientific knowledge are:

1. Describing the natural or physical world or event through expert observation

2. Making generalizations about an observed phenomenon

3. Examining patterns of facts derived from observation

4. Using research instruments to measure and interpret data collected from investigation

5. Conducting a purposeful, contrived (designed), empirical (real-world or experience-based), and

relatively original experiment

6. Formulating scientific laws or rational (logical) generalizations based on the outcome of the
experimentation

7. Presenting an explanation for the formulated scientific laws or rational generalizations, which can be
(a) a cause-and-effect relationship, (b) a model for the investigated, or (c) a theory

8. Subjecting the rational generalizations or scientific laws to investigation and review by other members
of the scientific community for evaluation

9. Interpolating over the evaluated information for consideration as a scientific frontier (fresh discovery)
or as a support or addition to an already established or widely accepted knowledge

10. Acknowledging the verity (trueness) of the scientific knowledge

Science - is a body of organized knowledge that has been accumulated through research and that serves
as a tool for solving problems, learning theme, cultural resource, and source institution, which needs
physical facilities.

Phenomenon - a situation or event that can be perceibed by the senses

Model - a descriptive statement of how something works

Theory - an explanation of why or how something occurs; a set of principles on which a particular
subject or occurence is based

Cognitive - recognition and comprehension of things

Reference 1:

Reducing carbon: a bacterial approach

Happy Earth week to everyone! In honor of such an occasion, I would like to present some work by
researchers trying to clean up our atmosphere.

There is a host of literature that says the abundance of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is caused by
humans, and it is responsible for climate

change.
It is up to us then to offset our addition of gases into the atmosphere. Researchers from the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory have

recently presented a progressive technology that converts carbon dioxide into biofuels.

To do this, they are taking some hints from nature and using

photosynthesis.

Plants make photosynthesis look easy. Normally it is very difficult to mimic photosynthesis because it
takes far more energy for us to reduce carbon

dioxide than it does for a plant.

A plant uses its energy efficiently to turn carbon dioxide into many complex molecules by using a lot of
intermediates.

It is far harder for us to create and store these intermediates than the organisms that do it naturally.

The difficulty in engineering photosynthesis led researchers to enlist some help in the form of bacteria.
Combining materials science and living

organisms allows for the best of both worlds: powerful light absorption tools and the natural synthetic
capabilities of the cell. The researchers used

nanowires made of silicon and titanium dioxide to capture light.

The wires absorb light and donate electrons to a bacteria, S. ovata, which acts as a

workhorse to reduce the carbon dioxide into acetate. S. ovata works well because it is acetogenic,
meaning, it can produce acetate from carbon

dioxide in an anaerobic environment.

At this point, they can add different types of engineered bacteria that turn acetate into Acetyl-CoA. The

engineered bacteria then use the Acetyl-CoA they created to synthesize any number of valuable
chemicals such as n-butanol which can be used a
biofuel and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable plastic.

As a proof of principal, using just water, carbon dioxide and sunlight as the energy source, they were

able to produce acetate at a 0.38% efficiency. With the acetate and other engineered bacteria, they

produced n-butanol with 26% efficiency, and PHB with 52% efficiency.

Hybrid technology like this is a huge step in the right direction. Converting harmful greenhouse gasses

to valuable chemicals both reduces emissions and provides necessary products at seemingly no cost

to the environment, other than using up water. It may appear that the efficiency of reducing carbon

dioxide is low, but this is still a novel technology with plenty of room to increase its efficacy. I hope that

technology like this gets the ball rolling on new ways we can at least slow down the effects humans

have on the environment.

Producing acetate out of carbon dioxide and sunlight using nanowires and bacteria, and subsequently
producing valuable chemicals using out of acetate using engineered bacteria is an example of what?

b. Hybrid Technology

It is an established illustrated idea by the blog post that discusses a breakthrough in biotechnology in a
published article where it is passed on to the world of technology for use in industries.

d. Hybrid Technology

A valuable chemical that can be used as a biofuel.

c. n-butanol

What process did the researchers from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory adopted in order to
convert carbon dioxide to biofuels?

c. Photosynthesis

It functions as a workhorse to break down carbon dioxide to acetate.

c. S. ovata

It is the conversion of greenhouse gas to value-added chemicals can diminish

d.Emission

Converting harmful greenhouse gases to valuable chemicals both reduces emissions and provides
necessary products that helps the
b. Environment

The high density of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere brings about which of the following :

a. Climate Change

The blog post describes how the researchers conducted a relatively original _________.

d. Experiment

It is the dimension of science where the published article corresponds to.

a. Cognitive or Philosophical Dimension

It is the principle describing the quest for unconventional knowledge through systematic investigation
and experimentation.

c. Discovery Science

It refers to the way scientific knowledge is transferred from an area of science to a territory of
technology.

c. Academic Science

It is an accumulated and organized body of knowledge that is intended to solve real-world problems.

a. Science

It is the dimension of science that relates to the distribution and understanding of scientific knowledge
through the publication of scientific works.

d. Cognitive or Philosophical Dimension

It is the scientific statements that scientists make based on the results of experimentation.

c. Logical Generalizations

It relates to science as an interplay between the works of scientists and the active involvement of the
people in examining the products of scientific inquiry.

b. Science as a Social Enterprise

It deals with how the technology that arises from science is applied in industries.

d. Industrial Science

It shows the impact of science on societal values and cultural beliefs.

d. Science as a Cultural Resource

It is the dimension of science that alludes to the authority of the author of scientific knowledge and its
corresponding recognition.

c. Psychological Dimension
It is the dimension of science that pertains to the transmission of scientific knowledge to a particular
sector of society.

a. Sociological and Communal Dimension

b.

Biomedical Experimentation with Animals

Sociopolitical Foundation

Biomedical experimantion - using animals as subjects in understanding the functions of body organs and
in formulating medicinal drugs

Antivivisectionists - animal rights activists who are critical of animal experimentation

Most influential animal rights philosophers - Peter Singer (Princeton) and Tom Regan (North Carolina)

3rd principle listed in the Nuremberg Code (1940s) - validates the use of animals for biomedical
experimentation

Legislation/Regulation:

1960 - requiring individual animal researchers to be licensed was proposed by Animal Welfare Institute

1963 - US National Institute of Health (NIH) published The Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
(revised from 1965 - 1996)

1966 - The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act was enacted, owing to the public clamor over an article in Life
Magazine (amended from 1970 - 1975). It is now called Animal Welfare Act (AWA).

1985 - NIH was required, thorugh the Health Research Extension Act of 1985 - to establish guidelines
concerning the use of animals in both biomedical and behavioral research.

1986 - NIH Office of Protection from Research Risks published the Public Health Service (PHS) policy on
the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, whereby PHS laboratories (as well any other
institution that would request for funding from PHS) must abide by the PHS policy and the Guide.

2010 - US National Academy of Sciences published the 8th edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals (AKA The Guide)

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (shortened to the Guide) - serves as a significant
document for both the scientific community and animal care personnel because of the following
reasons:
(1) The Guide provides guidelines concerning the way in which animal research should be done,
including recommendations for overseeing the welfare of animals, including veterinary care and
management of facilities for housing and environment.

(2) The Guide mandates numerous institutional policies that animal researchers should follow as to the
screening and training of the profesional animal care personel and as to the protection of the staff who
came into contact with the animal subjects

(3) The Guide addresses the appropriateness of the physical environment where the experimental
animals stay, including ventilation and temperature conditions as well as the actual place where animals
are experimented upon

The Guide requires - each research institution to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
(IACUC) having a minimum of three members, who are responsible for the welfare of animals used in
research and who should evaluate the living conditions of the animals and the research protocols for
approval. One of the members of the comitte must be a doctor of the veterinary medicine (DVM) who
should oversee all aspects of animal care, one practicing scientist, and at least one non-affiliated
personnel

The AWA obliges each research institution to have an Institutional Animal CAre and Use Committee
(IACUC) having a minimum of three members. The members must include one DMV and at least one
non-affiliated personnel.

The PHS policy mandates an IACUC that has a minimum of five members. The members must include
one DMV, one practicing scientist, one non-scienst, and at least one non-affiliated personnel

Ethical Guidelines (Three principles or 3 R's by William Russel and Rex Burch, 1959):

(1) Replacement - refers to the use of lower species of animals as much as possible, as lower species are
viewed as less susceptible to pain and distress as compared to higher species of animals, including
chimpanzees

(2) Reduction - refers to the reduction of the number of animals to be used for experimentation as much
as possible.

(3) Refinement - refers to the minimization of frequency or degree of pain and distress that animal
subjects experience in experiments

Animal Rights Movement

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)

Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (2006) to protect researchers from acts of violence perpetrated by
groups of anti-animal research militants

Biomedical Experimentation with Humans:

Sociopolitical Foundation

10 Nuremberg Principles (Nuremberg Code) - serves as the ethical and legal foundation for the future
guidelies concering the use of human subjects for biomedical research (most notable is the Declaration
of Helsinki)

International Regulation:

Declaration of Helsinki (1964) - formalized by the World Medical Association (WMA). Containing
guidelines concerning the humane use of humans in biomedical research.

American Initiative

US PHS memo - specifying the first requisite to the institutional review boards (IRBs). It requires that
research studies to be funded by PHS to be subjected to independent review to examine the rights and
welfare of study participants

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
(1979) - presented Belmont Report:

Belmont Report - contains three basic ethical considerations in using humans as subjects for research:

1. Respect for persons - research subjects to be capable of making their own decisions

2. Beneficence - risk to human subjects be minimized and that the benefits of conducting the research
be maximized

3. Justice - the burden on human subjects be equally distributed and not merely concentrated on an
individual or a single group of individuals

Anatomy - parts of the animal or human body; plant structure

Physiology - study of the functioning or operation of bodily parts of living things

Biomedical - pertaining to biomedicine

Biomedicine - the application of the principles of biology/biochemistry to the field of medicine

There is a vital need for human subjects in research related to drug development, but can we

properly balance the welfare of human research subjects with the need for experimental

data?

Medical and psychological studies involving human subjects remain a critical factor in advancing our
scientific knowledge. Despite historical episodes of

tragically unethical treatment of humans in the name of medical science, such as the Tuskegee study,
the need for human subjects in biomedical

research is vital for the development of any new drug. But how can we balance the welfare of human
research subjects with the need for valuable data

from human experimentation? Several solutions to this conundrum have been proposed, but none is
without its flaws.

Learning from the Tuskegee Study

Sadly, there is a long history of the unethical treatment of human subjects in various types of medical
and biological research. For example, one of the

most notorious clinical studies of all time was initiated in 1932, with the goal of tracking the progression
of untreated syphilis infection. At the time,

treatments for syphilis included highly toxic mercury, bismuth, and arsenic-containing compounds of
questionable effectiveness. The study was a

collaboration between the Tuskegee Institute and the U.S. Public Health Service in Alabama, and was
intended to determine the progression of

the disease, the effectiveness of treatments at different stages, and modes of disease transmission.
Doctors recruited 399 black men thought to have

syphilis, as well as 201 healthy black men as controls. Study participants were kept unaware of their
diagnosis of syphilis but, in return for participating

in the study, the men were promised free medical treatment if they tested positive, rides to the clinic,
meals, and burial insurance in case of death.

The initial aim of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, as it was known, was
perfectly legitimate: to gather medical knowledge.

However, during the mid-1940s, when penicillin had been shown to be a highly safe and effective cure
for syphilis infection, the researchers did not
abandon the study, but continued to subject their unwitting participants to painful complications and
death due to syphilis infection until 1972, when a

story about the study appeared in the national press. Public outcry caused an abrupt end to this
research, followed by the filing of a class action lawsuit

against the U.S. government on behalf of the survivors.

Structuring a Clinical Drug Trial

In spite of the ethical dilemmas associated with the use of human subjects, no new drugs could ever be
developed without thorough human testing to demonstrate their effectiveness; this process of testing is
known as a clinical trial. Clinical trials occur at the end of the incredibly lengthy and expensive process of
drug discovery. Only one of about every 5,000 screened substances that are originally synthesized or
identified from natural products makes it through the clinical trial process and is approved as a new
medicine (Pritchard, 2003).

Of course, a great deal of research and testing occur before drugs are subject to clinical trial. First, after
basic research and screening, promising substances are moved into the development stage. While in
development, the drugs are tested in vitro. The next step involves preclinical trials, in which a drug's
effectiveness and toxicology are established in animal models, like mice. Following successful animal
studies, the substance is moved through three phases of clinical testing that involve human subjects.
The first phase establishes the metabolism and the side effects of the drug treatment; the second phase
gauges the efficacy of the treatment; and the final stage evaluates the overall risk-benefit ratio.

The entire process of drug discovery must meet federally mandated standards of scientific practice, and
all drugs that yield successful trial results must receive approval from the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) before being released in the market. Moreover, human and animal testing are also
subject to scrutiny by, respectively, institutional review boards (IRBs) and institutional animal care and
use committees (IACUCs), both before and during drug trials. Finally, long-term efficacy trials after a
drug becomes available help document any additional effects and are an integral part of producing a
safe product (Figure 1).

Making Experimentation Safer: The Creation of IRBs

When the tragic ethical misconduct of the Tuskegee study came to light in the 1970s, it highlighted the
importance of clearly defined regulations on human testing. Thus, on July 12, 1974, the National
Research Act was signed into law, thereby creating the National Commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont Report of 1979 is a summary of
the Commission's recommendations. This
report is a statement of basic principles and guidelines to assist in resolving the ethical problems that
surround the conduct of research with human

subjects. One of the major outcomes of this document was the mandate of institutional review boards
(IRBs) for any federally funded research program

involving human subjects.

As previously mentioned, the purpose of an IRB is to assure, both in advance and by periodic review,
that appropriate steps are taken to protect the

rights and welfare of humans participating as subjects in a research study. Every institution intending to
carry out research involving human subjects

must establish a committee of at least five members with expertise in science, ethics, and other
nonscientific areas to serve as an IRB. IRBs evaluate

proposed research protocols to verify that they are scientifically sound and meet all legal and ethical
standards. These boards can approve, disapprove,

or modify any research protocol and must conduct reviews of approved research protocols at least
yearly (U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, 2004). All IRBs must be registered with the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP)
within the U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services (HHS).

Informed Consent

A key requirement for IRB approval of human research is to obtain informed consent from all study
participants. Informed consent is not just a form; it is a process. Information must be presented to the
participation candidates to aid their voluntary decision of whether or not to take part in the research
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). At a minimum, consent documents should include the
following:

- A description of the expected overall experience

- The extent to which a participant's personal information will be kept in confidence

- Benefits to the subject that may be reasonably anticipated

- The potential for injury and the nature of compensation or treatment that will be provided in case an
injury is sustained Whom to contact with questions about the research, one's rights as a research
subject, and research-related injuries
- A clear statement of the voluntary nature of subject participation and the subject's right to withdraw
from the study at any time for any reason

Providing such thorough background and guidelines to study participants ensures mutual collaboration
and minimizes the risks associated with

uninformed consent.

Recruitment of Volunteers for Human Studies

HHS expects IRBs to review any advertisements for the active recruitment of volunteers to assure that
these advertisements are not unduly coercive and do not promise a cure. This is especially critical when
a study may involve subjects who are likely to be vulnerable to undue influence, such as people who are
desperately ill (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1998). The FDA recommends that advertisements to
recruit subjects provide the information that prospective subjects need to determine their eligibility and
interest, while refraining from active encouragement. A decision to take part in a drug study is often
driven by the need for more effective treatment, and it should thus be accompanied by detailed and
unbiased information.

Access to Testing or Treatment That Is Otherwise Unavailable

Gaining access to a potentially lifesaving treatment is sometimes the impetus for individuals to enter
into a clinical trial. However, the strongest support of the effectiveness of a drug comes from
randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies. In this type of study, patients are randomly
assigned to receive either the test drug or a placebo. Neither the patients nor the researchers know
which participants have been assigned to which group (hence the term "double blind"). This type of
study eliminates evaluator bias when assessing the outcome of the drug treatment. In this type of
clinical trial, volunteers have only a 50% chance of receiving the drug being tested, a fact that would be
disclosed on the consent forms.

The FDA recognizes that there are individuals with serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions who
lack any alternative treatments. In an effort to help such individuals while still maintaining the integrity
of the scientific process that brings new drugs to the market, the FDA has made significant regulatory
changes to its policy in recent years to make investigational therapies more widely available (U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, 2008). Proposed in 2006, these changes attempt to increase awareness in the
health care setting of the availability of investigational drugs, and to encourage drug companies to make
the products available to patients by allowing recompense for the provision of the drugs to such
programs.

Financial Incentives for Risky Drug Trials

Financial incentives are often used when health benefits to research subjects are remote or nonexistent.
For instance, in a 2004 study conducted at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), 127
volunteers ages 18 to 35 were paid 15 dollars an hour to be exposed to incremental doses of
chloropicrin, a fumigant used in a variety of pesticides and tear gas (Lee & Clark, 2005). The experiments
intended to establish at what level of chloropicrin the participants would notice the exposure to the
chemical, as well as to establish any associated health risks that were not observed in animal testing.
The results of this study were used to provide data for establishing accurate guidelines regarding the
distances that should be maintained between homes and businesses and sites of chloropicrin
fumigation. The data were also used to assess the welfare of field-workers who could regularly come in
contact with chloropicrin or of passersby who might be accidentally exposed to the chemical. Although
the study was heavily criticized by two California lawmakers who issued a report alleging that such
testing unnecessarily puts participants at risk and targets college students in need of money, the study
officials insisted that the research met all legal and ethical standards and that all participants were fully
informed.

Disclosure of Subjects’ Medical Information

Some studies collect information that, if disclosed, could have adverse consequences for study subjects,
such as damage to their financial standing, employability, insurability, or reputation. For such studies,
certificates of confidentiality can be requested and issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and
other HHS agencies to protect identifiable research information from forced or compelled disclosure.
These certificates allow the investigator and others who have access to research records to refuse to
disclose identifying information on research participants in civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or
other proceedings, whether federal, state, or local. A certificate may be an important deciding factor for
some individuals who are considering whether to participate in a study.

An alternative to this scenario is one in which full disclosure of all test information is permitted by the
study subject. An example of this is the Personal Genome Project (Harvard University), an open-ended
research study that aims to improve our understanding of genetic and environmental contributions to
human traits. To that end, this study recruits volunteers who agree to the collection of full genomic
sequence data and other personal information to be shared with the scientific community and the
general public. One goal of the project is to improve the understanding of personal genomics and its
potential use in the management of human health and disease

Changing with the Times

The establishment of appropriate ethical protections for human research participants has not been
static; it has evolved over time, alongside the evolution of biomedical research and social values. For
example, judges presiding over the Nuremberg trials of the Nazi doctors who performed experiments on
concentration camp prisoners recognized a need for oversight of medical experiments involving
humans. Thus, the Nuremberg Code was formulated in 1947, and it provided guidelines for research
that are still adhered to today. Similarly, outrage over the Tuskegee syphilis study led to the Belmont
Report, which ultimately resulted in official regulation of human subject research by the United States
government and the IRB requirement. These and other events have resulted in major changes in the
way human studies have subsequently been conducted
More recently, the question of financial interests influencing risky research protocols has come to the
forefront with the death of 18-year-old gene therapy study volunteer Jesse Gelsinger in 1999 (News
Weekly, 2000). Gelsinger was involved in a trial that aimed to demonstrate the use of a viral vector in
replacing a defective ornithine transcarbamylase gene. Unfortunately, he died of major organ failure
due to a massive immune response to the viral vector. Amid accusations of undisclosed risks and
possible side effects that might have stopped the study before Gelsinger's death, the FDA temporarily
halted all such studies while the NIH conducted thorough reviews of all adverse reactions and deaths
associated with gene therapy trials.

Future scientific experiments will test medical treatments that are outside the scope of modern testing
standards; therefore, these experiments will

undoubtedly prompt further modifications to the current regulations that ensure the well-being of
human research subjects. Throughout this process of

evolution, however, the protocol for using human subjects in medical trials will most certainly continue
to be tightly regulated.

Aside from metabolism the initial phase of clinical testing using human subjects also determines what of
the drug regimen?

a. Side Effects

It is a substance where the use of human subjects in biomedical research is essential in its development
and for it to be used for new therapy.

c. Drug

Prior to preclinical trials, the drugs under investigation are tested in what condition.

b. In Vitro

Part of the government in United States that gives approval to clinical trials with successful outcomes.

b. Food and Drug Administration

It's a study involving an 18-year-old male illustrates the need to disclose to the participants all risks
involved in a biomedical research study.

a. Gene Therapy

It is what IRB requires researchers to obtain from human subjects.

a. Informed Consent

A research which demonstrates ethical misconduct and therefore shows the need for ethical and legal
guidelines in using humans for biomedical research.

b. Tuskegee Study

It is the institute or office where all IRBs should be registered.

b. Office for Human Research Protection

It is a process where new drugs are tested for effectiveness and safety using human subjects.

b. Clinical Trial

It is where the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug under the development stage are tested

d. Animal Models

One of the members of IACUC must be a __________.

c. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

It published the Public Health Service (PHS) policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

c. NIH Office of Protection from Research

The _________ formalized the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964.

c. World Medical Association

It is a principle of the Belmont Report which requires the equal distribution of burden among the
experimental animals.

a. Justice

It refers to the reduction of frequency or level of pain and distress that animals experience in biomedical
experimentation.

a. Refinement

It refers to the use of lower species in biomedical experimentation as much as possible.

d. Replacement

It is an organization that has a policy which requires that the number of IACUC members be a minimum
of five.

a. Public Health Service

It is a well-known animal rights activist group.

a. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

It is responsible for the evaluation of the living conditions of experimental animals.

d. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

It was the one who generally accepted the principles contained in the Belmont Report.

c. Institutional Review Board

Science and Technology (S&T)

Possible arguments for learning S&T:

1. Industry needs people with high qualifications in S&T. Modern industry is high tech and often called
'knowledge industry'. This in industry is in need for highly qualified scientists and engineers to survive in
a competitive global economy. This aspect is of importance of the economy of the nation.

2. Universities and research institution have similarly a need for researchers (and teachers) to maintain
research at high international level and to provide good learning possibilities for coming generations of
experts, researchers and teachers.

3. Schools need qualified teachers in S&T. The decline in recruitment has already hit the teaching
profession. Well-qualified and enthusiastic teachers constitute the key to any improvement of S&T in
schools -- and for the further development of knowledge, interests and attitudes of ordinary citizens
when they have left school. The S&T teachers also play a key role in the recruitment of people to the
S&T sector. The long-term effects of a lack of good S&T teachers could be very damaging, although the
effects are not so immediately observable as the lack of qualified people in industry and research. The
S*T teachers need a broad basis for their activities. A solid foundation in the academic discipline is
important, but not enough. They need broader perspectives and skills in order to cope with challenges
of the sort outlined earlier in this document. In short: S&T teachers do not only need a foundation in
S&T, they also need to have perspectives on S&T in a historical and social context.

4. A broader labor market needs S&T competencies. People in general need qualifications in S&T to
compete on the modern labor market. The need is great and growing fast, as knowledge and skills based
on science and technology become prerequisites in new areas and new parts of the labor market. Not
only doctors, pharmacists, engineers and technicians need S&T. Health workers handle complicated and
dangerous equipment, secretaries and office staff need good computer literacy etc. New as well as more
traditional technologies often dominate workplaces, and those with skills in these areas may have a
competitive advantage for their further career. Many countries have also identified a need for people
with S&T skills to replace those retiring in the near future. There is also a general need to become
flexible and able to learn. A foundation in S&T as well as mathematics is of great importance to develop
such learning skills. Besides, most of the changes are likely to be related to technological innovations,
and people with basic S&T skills may be better equipped to cope with changes and innovations.

5. S&T for citizenship and democratic participation: As stated in the introduction, our modern society is
dominated by S&T. Many aspects of life have a dimension related to S&T. All citizens are confronted
with such issues as consumers and as voters. As consumers we have to take decisions about food and
health, quality and characteristics of products, claims made in advertisements etc. As voters we have to
take a stand and be able to judge arguments on all sorts of issues. Many of these political issues also
have an S&T dimension. In such cases, knowledge of the S&T involved has to be combined with values
and political ideals. Issues relating to the environment are obviously of this nature, but also issues
relating to energy, traffic, health policy etc. have S&T dimensions. It is indeed hard to think of any
contemporary issue that does not have some aspects relating to S&T. Social and political issues should
not be seen as 'technical' - and left in the hands of the 'expert'. A broad Public understanding of science
and technology may in fact be a democratic safeguard against 'scientism' and a domination of experts.
The above 'democratic argument' does not only assume that people have some grasp of the contents of
S&T. It also requires some public understanding of the nature of S&T and the role they play in society.
Among other things, people need to know that scientific knowledge is based on argumentation and
evidence, and that statistical considerations about risks play an important role. Everybody cannot
become 'experts', but everybody should have tools to be able to judge which 'expert' and what kind of
arguments one should trust.

Science and Technology in schools - recent trends and responses

The challenges for S&T education outlined in this document have been met in different ways. Many
countries have introduced more or less radical reforms, and there has been support to curriculum
development and experiments. Reforms are related to the content and framing of the curriculum as well
as to pedagogies: teaching methods and organization of the learning processes. A general trend is that
there seems to be less influence from the (traditional) academic organization of curricula and contents.
An underlying concern is that S&T should contribute to more general aims of schooling in a situation
where 'everybody' attends school for 12-13 years. The general tendency is a widening of the perspective
and a gradual redefinition of what counts as valid school science. Social and ethical aspects of S&T are
often becoming part of the curriculum. The following is a listing of some trends. Many are related, but
still mentioned separately. Not all these trends are found in all countries, but together they represent a
series of identifiable tendencies:

A. Towards "Science for all"

More weight on aspects of science that can be seen to contribute to the overall goals of schooling. Key
concern: liberal education ('allmenn dannelse', 'allmänn Bildning' Bildung, Formation.....) Hence; there is
less weight on traditional academic contents and science as mainly as preparation for tertiary studies in
science. Specialization postponed to the last few years of school.

B. Towards more subject integration.

In the early years of schooling, S&T is usually more or less integrated with other school subjects. Only
later are the sciences presented as separate disciplines. The level where this specialization starts varies
between countries. It is a general trend that separate science subjects are taught only at a late stage.
(e.g. in Norway, only the two last years of upper secondary school have single science subject.)

C. Widening perspectives

More weight on cultural, historical and philosophical aspects of science and technology. S&T are
presented as human activities. These aspects may also appeal to the pupils that are in search for
'meaning', not only factual information and the accepted correct explanations.

D. NOS: The Nature of Science

The 'Nature of science' has become an important concern in the curriculum. This often means a
rejection of the often stereotypical (and false) image of science as a simple search for objective and final
truths based on unproblematic observations. The weight on recent understanding of the nature of
science also implies a stress on the social, cultural and human aspects of science. Science is presented as
knowledge that builds on evidence as well arguments in a creative search for meaning and explanation.
This aspect also strengthens that human and social relevance of science, and may
attract pupils who value such aspects.

E. Contexts become important

More weight on putting science and technology in meaningful contexts for the learner. This often
implies examples from everyday life and current socioscientific issues. These themes or topics are by
their nature interdisciplinary, and require teacher cooperation. Such issues often require methods like
project work. (For which teachers have to be adequately educated.)

F. Concern for the environment

Towards more weight on environmental questions as part of the S&T curriculum. (The name of the S&T
subject in the new Norwegian curriculum is "Science and environmental study") Environmental issues
are often of the socio-scientific nature mentioned above, and their treatment often requires project
work in interdisciplinary settings.

G. Weight on Technology

Technology has recently been introduced in many countries as a subject in its own right, also in the
general part of the education system. In other countries, it has received a broader place within the
science curriculum, not only as interesting concrete examples to illustrate scientific theories and
principles. (The name of the new S&T subject in Denmark is "Nature and technology"). The curricular
definition of technology' is, however, often confusing and incoherent. In some countries technology is
placed in a context of design and technology' (in the UK). In other countries the term technology implies
modern information technology and ICT. In some places, the stress is on the technical and underlying
scientific aspect of technology. In other countries the weight is put on human relations to technology,
society and technology etc.

H. STS: Science, Technology and Society

STS has become an acronym for a whole 'movement' within S&T education. The key concern is not only
the Science and the Technology content, but also the relationship between S&T and society. The trends
described in the preceding points (relevant contexts, stress on the environmental and the role of
technology) can also be seen as belonging to an increase of the STS perspective.

I. Inclusion of ethics

When S&T issues are treated in a wider context, it becomes evident that many of the topics have ethical
dimensions. This is of course the case when dealing with socioscientific issues. But ethics is also involved
in discussions relating to 'pure' science, like what sorts of research one ought to prioritize (or even
allow), and the moral dilemmas in e.g. using animals in research. Again, this ethical dimension may
contribute to giving S&T a more human face. It is also likely to empower future voters on important
political issues on which they are invited to take a stand.

J. "Less is more"

This has become a slogan for curriculum development. More weight is put on 'great stories' of S&T and
on presentation of key ideas and their development, often in an historical and social context. These key
ideas replace (the impossible) attempt to give an encyclopaedic coverage of the whole of science. One
hopes to avoid the curse of the overcrowded curriculum that leaves so little time for reflection and
search for meaning. By choosing 'typical' and important stories, one hopes to convey an understanding
of the nature of S&T. One also hopes to nourish curiosity and respect for S&T - and to inspire some
students to pursue S&T. 'Narratives' have become a key word for this development.

K. Information technologies as subject matter and as tools

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are products that by their definition 'belong' to the
S&T sector. (The 'hardware' is science-based technologies; the 'software' builds on basic mathematics
etc.) Hence, the underlying physical and technical ideas are to an increasing extent treated as important
subject matter on their own right in S&T curricula.

Besides, ICT provide new tools that are very suitable for teaching and learning in S&T. The whole range
of 'ordinary' software is used, including databases, spreadsheets, statistical and graphical programs. In
addition, modelling, visualization and simulations of processes are important. ICT is also used for taking
time series of measurements for a wide variety of parameters ('data logging)

S&T subjects are likely to be key elements in strategies to develop ICT to become a better educational
tool. It is also likely that S&T teachers are better educationally equipped for this task than most other
teachers - although they are also in need for ways to be updated and retrained.

Cultural Influence in Science

THE JOY OF SCIENCE.

For most scientists, a powerful psychological motivation is curiosity about "how things work" and a taste
for intellectual stimulation. The joy of scientific discovery is captured in the following excerpts from
letters between two scientists involved in the development of quantum mechanics: Max Planck (who
opened the quantum era in 1900) and Erwin Schrodinger (who formulated a successful quantum theory
in 1926). [Planck, in a letter to Schrodinger, says] "I am reading your paper in the way a curious child
eagerly listens to the solution of a riddle with which he has struggled for a long time, and I rejoice over
the beauties that my eye discovers." (Schrodinger replies by agreeing that] "everything resolves itself
with unbelievable simplicity and unbelievable beauty, everything turns out exactly as one would wish, in
a perfectly straightforward manner, all by itself and without forcing."

OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES and PRACTICAL CONCERNS

Most scientists try to achieve personal satisfaction and professional success by forming intellectual
alliances with colleagues and by seeking respect and rewards, status and power in the form of
publications, grant money, employment, promotions, and honors. When a theory (or a request for
research funding) is evaluated, most scientists will be influenced by the common-sense question, "How
will the result of this evaluation affect my own personal and professional life?" Maybe a scientist has
publicly taken sides on an issue and there is ego involvement with a competitive desire to win the
debate"; or time and money has been invested in a theory or research project, and there will be higher
payoffs, both practical and psychological, if there is a favorable evaluation by the scientific community.
In these situations, when there is a substantial investment of personal resources, many scientists will try
to use logic and "authority" to influence the process and result of evaluation.

IDEOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
are based on subjective values and on political goals for "the way things should be" in society. These
principles span a wide range of concerns, including socioeconomic structures, race relations, gender
issues, social philosophies and customs, religions, morality, equality, freedom, and justice. A dramatic
example of political influence is the control of Russian biology, from the 1930s into the 1960s, by the
"ideologically correct" theories and research programs of Lysenko, supported by the power of the Soviet
government.

OPINIONS OF "AUTHORITIES"

can also influence evaluation. The quotation marks are a reminder that a perception of authority is in
the eye of the beholder. Perceived authority can be due to an acknowledgment of expertise, a response
to a dominant personality, and/or involvement in a power relationship. Authority that is based at least
partly on power occurs in scientists' relationships with employers, tenure committees, cliques of
colleagues, professional organizations, journal editors and referees, publishers, grant reviewers, and
politicians who vote on funding for science.

SOCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS.

These five factors (psychology, practicality, metaphysics, ideology, authority) interact with each other,
and they develop and operate in a complex social context at many levels in the lives of individuals, in the
scientific community, and in society as a whole. In an attempt to describe this complexity, the analysis-
and-synthesis framework of ISM includes: the characteristics of individuals and their interactions with
each other and with a variety of groups (familial, recreational, professional, political); profession-related
politics (occurring primarily within the scientific community) and societal politics (involving broader
issues in society); and the institutional structures of science and society.

The term "cultural-personal" implies that both cultural and personal levels are important. These levels
are intimately connected by mutual interactions because individuals (with their motivations, concerns,
worldviews, and principles) work and think in the context of a culture, and this culture (including its
institutional structure, operations, and politics, and its shared concepts and habits of thinking) is
constructed by and composed of individual persons. Cultural-personal factors are influenced by the
social and institutional context that constitutes the reward system of a scientific community. In fact, in
many ways this context can be considered a causal mechanism that is partially responsible for producing
the factors. For example, a desire for respect is intrinsic in humans, existing independently of a
particular social structure, but the situations that stimulate this desire (and the responses that are
motivated by these situations) do depend on the social structure. An important aspect of a social-
institutional structure is its effects on the ways in which authority is created and manifested, especially
when power relationships are involved.

What are the results of mutual interactions between science and society? How does science affect
culture, and how does culture affect science?

SCIENCE AFFECTS CULTURE.

The most obvious effect of science has been its medical and technological applications, with the
accompanying effects on health care, lifestyles, and social structures. But science also influences culture,
in many modern societies, by playing a major role in shaping cultural worldviews, concepts, and thinking
patterns. Sometimes this occurs by the gradual, unorchestrated diffusion of ideas from science into the
culture. At other times, however, there is a conscious effort, by scientists or nonscientists, to use "the
authority of science" for rhetorical purposes, to claim that scientific theories and evidence support a
particular belief system or political program.

CULTURE AFFECTS SCIENCE.

ISM, which is mainly concerned with the operation of science, asks "How does culture affect science?"
Some influence occurs as a result of manipulating the "science affects culture" influence described
above. If society wants to obtain certain types of science-based medical or technological applications,
this will influence the types of scientific research that society supports with its resources. And if
scientists (or their financial supporters) have already accepted some cultural concepts, such as
metaphysical and/or ideological theories, they will tend to prefer (and support) scientific theories that
agree with these culturalpersonal theories. In the ISM diagram this influence appears as a conceptual
factor, external relationships with cultural-personal theories. For example, the Soviet government
supported the science of Lysenko because his theories and research supported the principles of
Marxism. They also hoped that this science would increase their own political power, so their support of
Lysenko contained a strong element of self-interest.

PERSONAL CONSISTENCY.

Some cultural-personal influence occurs due to a desire for personal consistency in life. According to the
theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1956), if there is a conflict between ideas, between actions, or
between thoughts and actions, this inconsistency produces an unpleasant dissonance, and a person will
be motivated to take action aimed at reducing the dissonance. In the overall context of a scientist's life,
which includes science and much more, a scientist will seek consistency between the science and non-
science aspects of life. Because groups are formed by people, the principles of personal consistency can
be extrapolated (with appropriate modifications, and with caution) beyond individuals to other levels of
social structure, to groups that are small or large, including societies and governments. For example,
during the period when the research program of Lysenko dominated Russian biology, the Soviets
wanted consistency between their ideological beliefs and scientific beliefs. A consistency between
ideology and science will reduce psychological dissonance, and it is also logically preferable. If a Marxist
theory and a scientific theory are both true, these theories should agree with each other. If the theories
of Marx are believed to be true, there tends to be a decrease in logical status for all theories that are
inconsistent with Marx, and an increase in status for theories consistent with Marx. This logical principle,
applied to psychology, forms the foundation for theories of cognitive dissonance, which therefore also
predict an increase in the status of Lysenko's science in the context of Soviet politics. Usually scientists
and others) want theories to be not just plausible, but also useful. With Lysenko's biology, the Soviets
hoped that attaining consistency between science policy and the principles of communism would
produce increased problem-solving utility. Part of this hope was that Lysenko's theories, applied to
agricultural policy, would increase the Russian food supply; but nature did not cooperate with the false
theories, so this policy resulted in decreased productivity. Another assumption was that the Soviet
political policies would gain popular support if there was a belief that this policy was based on and was
consistent with) reliable scientific principles. And if science "plays a major role in shaping
cultural...thinking patterns," the government wanted to insure that a shaping-of-ideas by science would
support their ideological principles and political policies. The government officials also wanted to
maintain and increase their own power, so self-interest was another motivating factor.
FEEDBACK

In the ISM diagram, three large arrows point toward "evaluation of theory" from the three evaluation
factors, and three small arrows point back the other way. These small arrows show the feedback that
occurs when a conclusion about theory status already has been reached based on some factors and, to
minimize cognitive dissonance, there is a tendency to interpret other factors in a way that will support
this conclusion. Therefore, each evaluation criterion is affected by feedback from the current status of
the theory and from the other two criteria.

THOUGHT STYLES.

In the case of Lysenko there was an obvious, consciously planned interference with the operation of
science. But cultural influence is usually not so obvious. A more subtle influence is exerted by the
assumed ideas and values of a culture (especially the culture of a scientific community) because these
assumptions, along with explicitly formulated ideas and values, form a foundation for the way scientists
think when they generate and evaluate theories, and plan their research programs. The influence of
these foundational ideas and values, on the process and content of science, is summarized at the top of
the ISM diagram: "Scientific activities...are affected by culturally influenced thought styles

OVER-GENERALIZING.

When scholars are thinking about cultural-personal factors and their influence in science, too often
there is too much over-generalizing. It's easy to get carried away into silly ideas, unless we remember
that all of these cultural-personal factors vary in different areas of science and in communities within
each area, and for different individuals, so the types and amounts of resulting influences (on the process
of science and the content of science) vary widely.

CONTROVERSY.

Among scholars who study science there is a wide range of views about the extent to which cultural
factors influence the process and content of science. An extreme emphasis on cultural influence is
neither accurate nor educationally beneficial, and that even though there is a significant cultural
influence on the process of science, usually (but not always) the content of science is not strongly
affected by cultural factors.

Technoscience

Technoscience refers to the strong interactions in contemporary scientific research and development
(R&D) between that which traditionally was separated into science (theoretical) and technology
(practical), especially by philosophers. The emphasis that the term technoscience places on technology
as well as the intensity of the connection between science and technology varies. Moreover the majority
of scientists and philosophers of science continue to externalize technology as applications and
consequences of scientific progress. Nevertheless they recognize the success and efficiency of
technology as promoting realism, objectivity, and universality of science. The prehistory of the concept
of technoscience goes back at least to the beginning of modern science. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
explicitly associated knowledge and power; science provided knowledge of the effective causes of
phenomena and thus the capacity for efficient intervention within them. The concept became clearer
during the first half of the twentieth century. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) in Le nouvel esprit
scientifique (1934; The new scientific spirit) places the new scientific spirit under the preponderant
influence of the mathematical and technical operations, and utilizes the expression science technique to
designate contemporary science. However the term techno(-) science itself was not coined until the
1970s.

The History of Techno(-)science

The first important occurrence of the term appears in the title of an article titled "Ethique et techno-
science" by Gilbert Hottois, first published in 1978 (included in Hottois 1996). This first usage expresses a
critical reaction against the theoretical and discursive conception of contemporary science, and against
philosophy blind to the importance of technology. It associates technoscience with the ethical question,
"What are we to make of human beings?" posed from an evolutionist perspective open to technical
intervention. Throughout the 1980s two French philosophers, Jean François Lyotard and Bruno Latour,
contributed to the diffusion of the term in France and North America. For Lyotard technoscience realizes
the modern project of rendering the human being, as argued from the work of René Descartes (1596-
1650), a master and possessor of nature. This project has become technocratic and should be
denounced because of its political association with capitalism. As a promoter of the postmodern,
Lyotard thus facilitates diffusion of the term within postmodern discussions. In Science in Action (1987),
Latour utilizes the plural technosciences in order to underline his empirical and sociological approach.
The technosciences refer to those sciences created by human beings in real-world socioeconomic-
political contexts, by conflicts and alliances among humans and also among humans and
non(institutions, machines, and animals among others). Latour insists on networks and hybrid mixtures.
He denounces the myth of a pure science, distinct from technologies susceptible to good and bad
usages. In reality it is less technology that Latour internalizes in the idea of science than society and
therefore politics), of logies are part in the same ways as other artifacts. He rejects any philosophical
idea, whether ancient or modern, of a science that is supra-or extrasocial and apolitical. The worldwide
successes of the technosciences are a matter of political organization and will, and do not derive from
some universal recognition of a rational and objectively true knowledge that progressively imposes
itself. Latour has contributed to the success of the term technoscience in social constructivist discussion
since the 1990s. The work of Donna Haraway illustrates well the diffusion of technoscience crossed
modern and social-constructivist discussions in North America. Technoscience becomes the word-
symbol of the contemporary tangle of processes and interactions. The basic ingredients are the sciences,
technologies, and societies. These allow the inclusion of everything: from purely symbolic practices to
the physical processes of nature in worldwide networks, productions, and exchanges. In France, in
continental Europe, and in the countries of Latin America, the use of the term technoscience has often
remained closer to its original meaning that involves more ontological (as with German philosopher
Martin Heidegger (18891976)), epistemological, and ethical questioning than social and political
criticism. Indeed, in a perspective that complements the one provided here, in La revolución
tecnocientífica (2003; The technoscience revolution), Spanish philosopher Javier Echeverría provides an
extensive analysis of technoscience as both concept and phenomenon. A political usage is not, however,
rare, especially in France where there is a tendency to attribute to technoscience a host of
contemporary ills such as technicism and technocracy, multinational capitalism, economic neo-
liberalism, pollution, the depletion of natural resources, the climate change, globalization, planetary
injustice, the disappearance of human values, and more, all related to U.S. imperialism. The common
archetype of technoscience is Big Science, originally exemplified by the Manhattan Project, which closely
associated science, technology, and the politics of power. In this interpretation, technoscience is
presented from the point of view of domination, mastery, and control, and not from that of exploration,
research, and creativity. It is technocratic and totalitarian, not technopoiétique and emancipating.

The Questions of Technoscience

What distinguishes contemporary science as technoscience is that, unlike the philosophical enterprise of
science identified as a fundamentally linguistic and theoretical activity, it is physically manipulative,
interventionist, and creative. Determining the function of a gene whether in order to create a medicine
or to participate in the sequencing of the human genome leads to technoscientific knowledge-power-
doing. In a technoscientific civilization, distinctions between theory and practice, fundamental and
applied, become blurred. Philosophers are invited to define human death or birth, taking into account
the consequences of these definitions in the practical-ethical plans, that is to say, in regard to what will
or will not be permitted (for example, the harvesting of organs or embryonic experimentation). Another
example is familiar to bioethicists. Since the 1980s there has existed a line of transgenic mice (Onco
mice) used as a model for research on the genesis of certain cancers. Here is an object at once natural
and artificial, theoretical and practical, abstract and concrete, living and yet patented like an invention.
Their existence and use in research further involves many different cognitive and practical scientific
questions and interests: therapeutic, economic, ethical, and juridical. It is even a political issue, because
transgenic mice are at the center of a conflict between the European Union and the United States over
the patentability of living organisms. The most radical questions raised by technosciences concern their
application to the natural (as a living organisms formed by the evolutionary process) and manipulated as
a contingent creation of human culture). Such questions acquire their greatest importance when one
takes into account the past and future (unknowable) immensity of biological, geological, and
cosmological temporality, in asking, for example: What will become of the human being in a million
years? From this perspective the investigation of human beings appears open not only to symbolic
invention (definitions, images, interpretations, values), but also to technophysical invention
(experimentation, mutations, prosthetics, cyborgs). A related examination places the technosciences
themselves within the scope of an evolution that is more and more affected by conscious human
intervention. Both approaches raise questions and responsibilities that are not foreign to ethics and
politics but that invite us at the same time to consider with a critical eye all specific ethics and politics
because the issues exceed all conceivable societal projects.

In Liquid Biopsy, which of the following is needed to know if a person has cancer

a. Blood

Which of the following did the investigators mixed to create an fuel in an attempt to copy the leaf's
capability of producing energy.

c. Paired inorganic, solar water-splitting technology with specially engineered microbes

Quantum computing aims to solve problems that cannot be answered by a simple machine examples of
the problems that it can aims to solve are the following except:

c. Problems related to Logarithmic Functions

Genomic Vaccines take form of what in order to encode desired proteins in a cell.
c. DNA or RNA

What is a recent progress in deep-learning approach called which is capable of not only identifying
between dogs and cats but also knowing the breed of a specific animal.

d. Convolutional neural network

In producing sustainable communities the researchers plans to use what in order to produce electricity?

c. Solar panels

It is a research funded by different organizations and companies that focus on developing an open data-
coordination platform focused profiling the cells in the human body

d. The Human Cell Atlas

Which of the following material has a high affinity for water and is used to gather water from the
surrounding with less energy and is capable of up taking water even in environment with low humidity?

b. Zirconium furmarate

It is where sensors, robots, GPS, Mapping tools, and data analytics software are all combined into
farming to be able to produce a machine capable of customizing care for plants and therefore lower the
needs for labor.

a. Precision Farming

Hydrogen powered cars were too pricey largely because of the fact that it uses platinum which is rare,
so in order to cut the cost researchers are planning to replace it with what

a. Paladium

Unlike the philosophical enterprise of science, technoscience

b. Can be physically manipulated

According to theory of cognitive dissonance, if there is a conflict between ideas, between actions, or
between thoughts and actions, it produces an unpleasant dissonance, and a person will be motivated to
take action aimed at reducing the dissonance.

True

Under ideological principles psychology, practicality, metaphysics, ideology, and authority interact with
each other, and they develop and operate in a complex social context at many levels.

False

Environmental issues are often of the socio-scientific nature and treatment often requires project work
in interdisciplinary settings.

True

The term technoscience is coined from

a. Ethique et techno-science

Bruno Latour insisted on networks and hybrid mixtures and denounces the myth of a pure science,
distinct from technologiessusceptible to good and bad usages.

True

Technosciencerefers to the strong interactions in contemporary scientific research and development

between that which traditionally was merged into science and technology.

False

Industry needs people with high qualification in S&T especially nowadays that modern industry also
called as "Wisdom Industry" needs highly qualified scientists and engineers to survive in a competitive
global economy.

False

The term technoscience first important appearance was on an article written by

a. Gilbert Hottois

The general tendency of the science and technology in schools is widening of perspective and a gradual
redefinition of what counts as valid school science.

True

Biopolicy

The text below is from the presentation of Dr. Agni Vlavianos-Arvanitis, President and Founder of the
Biopolitics International Organization, entitled: Biopolicy - A Vision for the Millennium: "Poverty, hunger,
disease, environmental degradation, a declining resource base, the loss of species and habitats, climate
change, inadequate water supplies, desertification - all these are global problems. They do not respect
national boundaries and they are all related. Addressing them will require an unprecedented level of
international cooperation. If we are to solve the problems of our world, nations must redirect their
efforts away from conflict toward environmental restoration and the eradication of poverty, hunger and
disease. This is the goal and vision of biopolicy. Over the past 50 years. humans have affected global
ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any other comparable period in human history.
Humans are an integral part of the world's ecosystems, constantly changing them and often damaging
the ability of the ecosystems to provide the services necessary for human well being. The deterioration
of the global environment is threatening the very continuation of life on our planet, adding urgency to
the need for coherent long-term international strategy and cooperation. The increased mobility of
goods, services, labor, technology and capital throughout the world, facilitated by technological
advancements in communications and transportation that has been called globalization, profoundly
demonstrates the urgency for rigorous inquiry into the opportunities and challenges ahead. Increasingly,
with information and communication technologies empowering individuals everywhere, humanity's
future rests with new models of thought, action, communication and participation. A new millennium
vision in policy, which we call biopolicy, is needed to guarantee the continuity of bios on our planet and
lead society to a harmonious future. In 2000, all 189 member states of the United Nations adopted the
Millennium Declaration, an international acknowledgement of the massive problems facing humanity
which sets goals for achieving specific targets by certain dates. The Millennium Development Goals
include the reduction by one half of the proportion of people in the world whose income is less than one
dollar per day, and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Other goals call for the
achievement of universal primary education, the promotion of gender equality, the reduction of child
mortality, improvement of maternal health, halting the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major
diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a global partnership for development.
The Millennium Development Goals are an admirable effort to solve the world's great problems.
Achieving

The one who believes that ensoulment occurs 40 days after conception

a. Jews

The person who wrote "Whose View of Life?".

a. Jane Maienschein

Which of the following is the meaning of "in vitro"?

d. A process performed outside the living organism

He was the one who recalled Hartsoeker's understanding and argued that the destruction of sperm is
wrong as well as masturbation.

a. Pinhas Elijah

According to the article the US-centric that Maienschein adopted is disappointing because;

b. It fails to appreciate the growing global anxiety that big businesses will control and selfishly exploit
the fruits of science.

In the statement'Imitatio Dei is morally positive' what is the meaning of the italicized word?

a. Imitation of God

The person who argued that if science is to improve the lot of humans, then scientists must hone their
moral thinking and be more ready to listen to the opinions of ordinary people

a. Jane Maienschein

Which of the following countries has highly contributed to the growing knowledge about IVF and cloning
where the first mammalian clone and early work on embryonic stem cells was initiated?

d. Britain
In the article who among the following is said to have an early understanding of genetics, modern in
vitro fertilization, and stem-cell biology.

b. Thomas Hunt Morgan

According to the article the person who believes that the sperm contains a homunculus?

b. Nicolaas Hartsoeker

It has the purpose and responsibility of uplifting the spirit of humanity in order to reverse the crisis in
values that has resulted in serious environmental deterioration.

d. Bio-education

It has a concept that focuses on the interdependence of all forms of life, and calls upon diplomats and
other people of influence to engage in a collective endeavor in international relations and act as a bridge
between global communities at the national and cultural diversity.

a. Bio-diplomacy

It is a new policy which is needed to guarantee that we have a harmonious future.

a. Biopolicy

In 2000, all 189 member state of the United Nations adopted what to set goals for achieving specific
targets by certain dates.

c. Millennium declaration

B.I.O.'s educational and awareness-raising programs are directed at which of the following?

c. Restoring the stability of our human and natural environments

It is concerned with preserving the wealth and beauty of the natural world, securing the health of the
earth's population, providing fair rules of trade, and guaranteeing equal educational oppurtunities for
every country in the world can be a source of genuine profit, both monetary and social.

a.Bio-economics

It has the central concept of linking the protection of bios rights to the defense of the rights of future
generations

c.Bio-legislation

The Millennium Development Goals include the following except:

b. Spread HIV and Malaria

It urges the scholars, decision-makers, diplomats, business and civic leaders to actively contribute to the
development of a life-supporting society.

a. International University for the Bio-environment

Which of the following would best explain how culture affects science?
a. The society's view depends on the culture that they have and it affects what form of technology the
society will accept

It is a project which aims to identify the role of every cell in the body and their identity.

c. Human Cell Atlas

Science as a cultural resource shows which of the following?

c. The impact of science on societal beliefs and values

Which of the following is included in the Belmont report?

c. Three basic ethical considerations in using humans as subjects for research

Liquid Biopsy is capable of detecting which of the following?

a.Cancer

Which of the following is the definition of science according to the module?

b. An accumulated and organized body of knowledge that is intended to solve real-world problems.

This refers to the use of lower species of animals as much as possible.

b. Replacement

One of the members of the Institutional Animal Care Use Committee who would oversee all aspect of
animal care is required to be which of the following?

d. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

It is the lessening of pain that an animal subject should undergo to.

a.Refinement

What is a metal-organic framework?

d. It is a form of technology used for harvesting water out of thin air

Industrial science deals with which of the following?

c. How the technology that arises from science is applied in industries

Science as a social enterprise relates to science itself as an interplay between which of the following?

b. The works of scientists and the active involvement of people examining the product of scientific
inquiry

It is an act which has a goal on protecting the researchers from acts of violence perpetrated by groups of
anti-animal research militants

b. Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act

The following are the three generally accepted principles of the institutional Review Board on the Use of
Human Subject except:

b. Aspects of Life Science

Which of the following would perfectly define what an acetogenic organism is?

d. It is an organism capable of producing acetate from carbon dioxide in an anaerobic environment.

Academic science refers to which of the following?

d. The way scientific knowledge is transferred from an area of science to territory of technology

The first step of clinical trial which is done after research and screening of the substance.

d. Development Stage

It is an unethical study where it used a hundred of African men where to be able to study syphilis.

d. Tuskegee Study

The following are tools or technologies that is very important in precision farming except

a. Android Operating System

It is the code which has statements that upheld the protection of human subjects, the analysis of the risk
as contrasted to the benefit of the experiments, and the performance of experiments only by scientist.

b. Declaration of Helsinki

Which of the following is the third principle of the nurmberg code.

c. It validated the use of animals for biomedical experimentation

The following are the three principle proposed by William Russell and Rex Burch where animal research
should conform to except for:

d.Resurrection

Which of the following is the first stage of obtaining scientific knowledge?

c. Describing the natural or physical world or event through expert observation

The following are the required personnel for an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee except for:

d.Nurse

What is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)?

b. It is a deep learning tool used for solving/doing visual activity

It is the second stage of clinical trial where it involves testing on animals?

b. Preclinical Trials

This refers to the action of lowering the number of animals involved in the experimentation:
a.Reduction

Which of the following would best describe how science affects culture?

c. Science can shape the cultural views of the people, their understanding about the world and the
thoughts they have

In the process of mimicking photosynthesis what is the use of nanowires?

a. They used to capture light

Discovery science is the principle describing the quest for unconventional knowledge through what?

c. Systematic investigation and experiment

Which of the following is not a bias in data analysis?

b. Interpretation of Data

It is any trend or deviation from the truth in data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and
publication which can cause false conclusions.

d.Bias

Selection bias is

c. When the people who are part of the study are those only interested to be part of the study and
would have a big difference to those who don't

It is a kind of bias which occurs when something is poorly defined, no gold standard for diagnosis of the
disease, or when a disease might not be easily detectable for example a disease.

d. Misclassification Bias

Admission bias is

c. When the population studied does not reflect the general population

Reporting non-existing data, eliminating data, and using inappropriate statistical tests are all part of
what?

c. Bias in Data analysis

Having only research with positive result and not accepting of those with negative results would be a
form of what bias?

a. Publication Bias

According to the reading material that if deviation is still present the author should:

b. Confess it in their articles by declaring the known limitations of their work

It is a form of bias that occurs when the study is supported by the company that wouldhelp the interest
of the same company but instead of conducting a correct form of experiment the conclusion of the
study was changed or manipulated.
a. Funding Bias

To ensure that a sample is representative of the population, sampling should be or is preferred to be

d. Random

What is external responsibilities of a researcher?

c. Refers to the role of the scientist or researcher not only to the scientific community but also to the
community outside of the laboratory.

It is also given in the module that scientist should have set both of its internal and external
responsibilities. How is internal responsibilities defined?

d. It is the role of the of the scientist to stick to the standards of the scientific community

According to Steven Nissen, a cardiologist in Cleveland Clinic, pharmaceutical industry's has a growing
influence over what?

c. Medical research

According to the survey conducted by the Union of the Concerned Scientists in 2005 half the scientists at
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service agreed that

b. Private corporations did affect the withdrawal or reversal of scientific research conclusions

Bayh-Dole act which is passed in 1980, is the

b. Act granting universities and their professors automatic rights to own and commercialize federally
funded research

According to the module, the amount of research in 2006 funded by private industries

d.Increased

Which of the following is not a benefit of tape recording?

b. Writing down the observations is not largely the job of the researcher

The following is seen crucial for any research organization except for

c. Having the right private funding for researches

Overall the module talks about

b. The problem faced by the scientific research community in response to the conflict of interest with
different privately owned corporations funding researches.

Transparency and objectivity of researchers can be affected by personal or financial interests. Directly or
indirectly. Research can be directly affected by the interests of the person conducting it if the person has
a direct benefit from a company such as stock ownership, grants, and patents. And indirectly if
c. The person will be given recognition, paid expert testimony, and support from sponsored
organizations of the company

On the last part of the of the article the authors had concluded that

d. The internet may lead to a great improvement in the future where it will be a part of our memory
without risking our identity.

The authors describe It as a manner of changing how people think when they start to largely relay on
the internet for some facts

a. Google Effect

This is the tendency to distribute information where we consider a human mind as a storage of
information.

b. Transactive Memory System

According to the article, cognitive self-esteem after using google gives people a sense of thinking that
google has become part of their cognitive tool set. This means that:

d. They feel like they are smarter while they tend to rely on google

Which of the following statement would best summarize the article.

b. The internet has changed the way humans think from relying on another human being to relying on
the internet which by then changed our manner of thinking.

The first part of the article explained which of the following

a. A person tends to distribute some facts he or she might not be capable of remembering to another
person that is part of the group where he belongs.

In the experiment where a different group of people were told to copy 40 memorable factoids where
some of them were told that their work will be saved in a computer and some were told that there work
will not be saved, which of the following was a conclusion they derived from the experiment.

b. The group that was told that their work will be saved is much worse at remembering compared to the
group of people who are told that their work will not be saved.

According to the article, which of the following is one of the best reason why humans rely more on the
internet than another human beings when they are in search of answers.

a. Because unlike humans internet are generally easier to access nowadays and can answer faster and
more accurate than another person.

The Stroop Task that they have given their subjects showed that:

c. That people tend to think more about things on the internet compared to brands.

Which of the following is the nearest model for a Stroop task?

c. Testing a group of people by showing them a set of words with different colors where they have to
identify the colors of the word given

It is a complex set of knowledge, ideas and methods and is likely to be the result of a variety of different
activities.

c.technology

It is the emergence of new scientific or technological ideas that may be part of a random exogenous
process.

d.Invention

Republic Act No. 10175 is also known as

a. Cybercrime Prevention Act

Rural Electrification Act is

b. A law that enacted to bring electric power to most rural areas of the United States

It refers to the legal issues related to the use of Internet.

c. Cyberlaw

Process innovation is defined as

a. Change in the process of doing something to either lower the cost of production or to satisfy the new
ways of satisfying existing wants

It refers to the freedom of the right of having access to every data on the internet.

c. Net neutrality

It is the intentional or reckless alteration or reckless hindering with the functioning of a computer or
computer network by imputing, transmitting, damaging, deleting, altering or suppressing computer data
or program.

c. System Interference

There are two activities involve in technical progress which is process innovation and which of the
following?

a. Product Innovation

It is the product of laboratory scientist where it entails the conception of basic ideas

a.Invention

The following are challenges in taking drugs orally except

a. A drug has to be kept away from water until it is ready to be taken

According to the article between the two manners of building materials which is more promising?

a. Bottom-up approach

Which of the following is one of the major challenges with nanotechnology given by the article?

c. Creating large quantities of nanoscale materials is still time-consuming and expensive

Modified buckyballs can be used for

b. Trapping harmful chemicals inside the body

It is a method of building nanomaterials by adding something to a material or taking something away

from it.

c. Top-down approach

Buckyball is a hollow ball made from what element

b. Carbon

Which of the following is a potential of nanowires?

c. Potential Applications in Solar cells and sensors

It is a method of building nanomaterials by starting with individual atoms and bringing them together to
form a product

c. Bottom-up approach

Nanotechnology came from the Greek word "nanos" which means what?

d. Small Person

The U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill that requires federal agencies participating in National
Nanotechnology Initiative to what?

c. Develop a plan for environmental and safety research

Photovoltaics, fuel cells, hydrogen storage and transportation are all part of which of the following areas
of application of a greener nanotechnology?

c. Nanomaterials for energy conversion

The following are key findings on the impact of nanotechnology in business except which off the
following?

c. Business nowadays largely rely on nanotechnology and would need to come up with new form of
technology to fit in the futures of businesses

Whish of the following would best explain green nanotechnology?

d. It is adopting a form of nanotechnology that would focus on addressing issues in the environment and
the social aspects of it.
Which of the following is one of the reasons why nanotechnology faces challenges when it comes to
funding.

c. It risk on health, safety, and environment

What does the review article "Opportunities and Challenges of Nanotechnology in the Green Economy"
analyze?

c. It analyze the opportunities and challenges that nanotechnology have in building a greener economy.

According to the module intellectual property rights may become an issue as commercialization
progresses and nanotechnology matures because?

b. There is already a very wide range of patent claims, and the possible formation of patent thickets,
which could contribute to barriers to entry for companies.

An action that is important for the sources of innovation and knowledge, especially for small companies.

c. Collaborating with research community especially those coming from universities and other scientists

The advancement of nanotechnology causes which of the following in the field of business?

b. Less accessibility for smaller companies

Which of the following is not true based on the given module

d. Nanotechnology allows the improvement of technology that can be used to create a more damaging
weapon to protect our nation

Which of the following is gives the best definition for nanotechnology?

d. It is science, engineering, and technology conducted at a nanoscale

It is the interception made by technical means without right of any non-public transmission of computer
data to, from, or within a computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer
system carrying such computer data.

a. Illegal Interception

Which of the following is not one of the reason for having a conflict of interest in doing a research?

b. The scientist has a goal of helping the community

A research surveyed an area to know the population of a certain species of bird. While gathering the
data, the researcher wrongly classified a group of birds and mistaken them to be the same kind of the
bird she was studying. What form of bias took place in gathering the data?

a. Misclassification bias

It is concerned with the relevance of biology and the life sciences for the public policy.

b.Biopolicy
The following are benefits of voice recording interviews except:

b. It will take less time to finish the research.

Which of the following statements define what Bayh-Dole Act?

b. The act granted universities and their professor's automatic rights to own and commercialize federally
funded research

Along studying a new drug for a disease which was in a span of three years, two of the subjects died,
which might be caused by old age. Which of the following bias would be fit to define the situation?

c. Survivor bias

The following are the primary modes of internet regulations except for:

b.Bandwidth

It is the tendency to distribute information to other people who you think would remember a certain
information more than you do.

d. Transactive Memory System

It is the intentional alteration or reckless hindering or interference with the functioning of a computer or
computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering, or suppressing
right or authority, including the introduction or transmission of viruses

a. System interference

Pollution loads, genetically modified organism, water and soils, biotechnology, and environmental policy
are all part of which of the following courses?

d. Food and Agriculture

It has a concept of linking the protection of bios rights to the defense of the rights of future generations.

b.Bio-Legislation

One of the most obvious financial relationship which results to conflict of interest in research where it
includes stock ownership in a company, grants coming from the company, and patents.

a. Direct relationship

The health botanical published a paper that antioxidant was really helpful to our body, but after a week
it was found out that the researcher has a strong connection with a company that sells product which
claims that it contains antioxidants. What kind of bias can be derived from the situation?

c. Funding bias

It is a course that B.I.O. places online where environmental management, natural resource economics,
international policy, EU environmental policy, and corporate policy are all part of it.

d.Bio-economics
It is an admirable effort that aims to solve the world's great problems, it has a goal to achieve with a
given certain dates.

d. The Millennium Development Goals

The following is said to be required to any research organization except

c. Superiority over ordinary people

It is the application of ideas to something directly useful to mankind.

b.Innovation

Which of the following would be an example of selection bias?

a. Conducting a survey about quality of life where you were only to gather data from poor communities

It urges scholars, decision-makers, diplomats, business and civic leaders to actively contribute to the
development of a life supporting society.

d. International University for the Bio-environment

A form of financial relationship which results to conflict of interest where it includes honoraria,
consultancies to sponsoring organizations, mutual fund ownership, and paid expert testimonies.

d. Indirect relationship

Which of the following statement would best define technology?

c . Is a complex set of knowledge, ideas and methods and is likely to be the result of a variety of different
activities

Which of the following statement would best define what the line "Technology is partially non-rival in
nature" means?

a. Technology can be used by the person without preventing the other person from using it either

It entails the conception of basic ideas and it is a product of laboratory scientist

d.Invention

What is google effect?

c. It is the manner of changing how people think when they start to largely rely on the internet for some
facts

Which of the following is not part of the three core ideas that Mark S. Frankel would like to see
integrated into graduate education?

d. Science requires greater sacrifice coming from the life of the normal people

The following are forms of biases in data analysis except for:

c. Analyzing the data in relation to the study

It is part of the research data recording which takes up about 5 hours in a one hour interview

b.Transcribing

Which of the following statement would best describe what the article "Playing god" is about?

b. The article talks about a wider view of opinions about ethics in science

It is a course being offered online by B.I.O. where it has a simplified text for non-experts who wish to
become acquainted with the EU's Common Agricultural Policy.

b. Common Agricultural Policy

Multipotent stem cells harvested from bone marrow have been used since 1960's to treat the following
except what?

b.Gymnostoma

A type of stem cell that shares some of the same characteristics as stem cells that came from embryos
such as proliferation, morphology and gene expression but came from adult differentiated cells

b. Induced pluripotent Stem Cells

A type of stem cell that is restricted to becoming a more limited population of cells.

c. Multipotent Stem cells

It is a self-organized system that performs complex life processes and is considered as the smallest unit
of life

b.Cell

Cell that can only become one specialized cell type such as skin stem cells or muscle stem cells.

d. Unipotent Stem cells

According to article which of the following would be the best definition for stem cell?

a. Self-renewing and can differentiate to other types of cell

Why is pluripotent stem cells have not yet been used therapeutically in humans? because many of the
early animal studies resulted in the undesirable formation of unusual solid tumors

c. Because many of the early use of it develops tumors

Sox2 and Oct4 are transcription factors which

d. Reprogram the adult nucleus back into its embryonic state

It is a type of stem cell that can become any cell in the adult body.

a. Pluripotent stem cells

What are teratomas?

a. Solid tumors made up of mixture of all germ layer

A basic commercialization strategies for nanotechnology which is in response to anticipated or actual

demand for specific product characteristics.

d. Product Innovation

A basic commercialization strategies for nanotechnology which is focused on developing technologies

and thus new markets.

b. Process Innovation

A cell consist a large number of functional

d.Macromolecules

According to the module cellular activities are manifestations of which of the following.

b. Intra and intermolecular transports and motions of cellular molecules

Nanotechnology has enabled the following except

a. Destruction of hunger in Africa

It has served as the catalyst for organizing and understanding vast knowledge from a system point of
view.

a. Informatics

The following, according to the module, are significant barriers to firms trying to enter nanotechnology
market except for

d. Policies which blocks the improvement of science and technology

It is a self-organized system that performs complex life processes and is considered as the smallest unit
of life

b.Cell

National Nanotechnology Institute defines nanotechnology as

d. The understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications

The national Institute of Health is planning to

c. Use cells towards therapeutic use

The following are major factors limiting the bioavailability of nasally administered insulin except:

b. A direct form of delivering insulin to the blood stream

A type of diabetes where the body's cells do not respond to the presence of insulin.

c. Type 2 diabetes

Are biodegradable polymers, with the polymer-insulin matrix enclosed by the nanoporous membrane
containing grafted glucose oxidase?

d. Polymeric nanoparticles

In orally taken insulin what coating is used to be able to protect the insulin from gastric juices

c. Casein coating

It is a metabolic disorder which results in high levels of blood glucose.

a. Diabetes mellitus

Why is orally taking insulin useless without applying nanotechnology?

c. Because gastric juices can destroy insulin making it useless for oral intake of insulin

It acts both as protease inhibitors by protecting the encapsulated insulin from enzymatic degradation
within its matrix and as permeation enhancers by effectively crossing the epithelial layer after oral
administration.

d.Microspheres

A type of diabetes where the pancreas is not capable of producing insulin for the body.

a. Type 1 diabetes

The following are innovations with the use of nanotechnology in treating diabetes except:

a. Insoluble glycerols

A small form of injection where the patient's body is injected with insulin in a constant rate to balance
the amount of sugar in his or her blood, it is also capable of small drug doses over a long period of time

b.Nanopump

Eric Drexler has identified four challenges in dealing with the development, impact, and effects of
nanotechnology on society. Which of the following is not part of it?

c. The Challenge of Technological Degradation

Which of the following if the second step in the 10-step model for nanotechnology risk management?

d. Division of the work for every staff or the Work Breakdown Structure

As we design systems on a nanoscale we develop which of the following

a. Develop new materials or redesign it

If there is an inadequate control procedure reported it is required to:

c. Review and regulation of the assessment

Which of the following is required to be done in the work place if nanoparticle-related intoxication is
reported?

b. Review and regulation of the assessment

Which of the following is the first step for the 10-step model for nanotechnology risk management that
Goudarziet. al. has suggested?

c. Involvement of Experts in the process of developing nanotechnology

In a small workplace who should be the one to assess the work and the environment in the workplace?

c. Project Manager

In the 8th step of the 10-step model for nanotechnology risk management, If the assessment shows that
there are significant risks to health beside from doing several actions in early steps the following are
further actions should be acquired except:

d. Change the form of technology being harnessed

If there are uncertainties about the risks involve or not enough information or uncertainty about the
degree of exposure, what should the action be?

a. Find more information or conduct a more detailed assessment

The following are the four social objectives that nanotechnology stakeholders should strive to achieve
except.

d. Limit the access of the community to nanotechnology

It is the process of conforming to descriptive norms which usually results to actions which genuine and
unrestrained.

b. Informational social influence

The article focused on analyzing the importance of social norms in two different domains which is:

d. Prejudice and Energy Use

It is an expectation about appropriate behavior occurs in a group context.

c. Social norms

It is defined by the article as a negative attitude toward a group that is moving toward greater
acceptability, but not toward a group with normatively stable social rejection.

c.Prejudice

It is formed in grouped situations and subsequently serve as a standards for the individual's perception
and judgment when he is not in the group situation.
d. Social norms

People tend to save more energy if the message they received appealed to them if it implies a norm of
energy saving among neighbors compared to messages which asks them to save energy for the planet or
money. This simply means that

b. Normative influence is generally not detected compared to informational influences

When a person is in more than one group and the group standards do not align, which of the following
will be likely to happen

c. The existence of normative conflict

It is the process of conforming to a norm which is about what a group considers appropriate, moral, or
necessary.

b. Normative group pressure

It is a type of norm that is characterized by what most people will approve or disapprove.

d. Injunctive norms

It is a type of norm where the behavior reflects on what people actually do

d. Descriptive norms

The norms in the ethos of science are expressed in the form of prescriptions, proscriptions, preferences,
and which of the following?

a.Permissions

The set of institutional imperatives where it adapts the idea that the substantive findings of science are
product of social collaboration and are assigned to the community.

b.Communism

It is the set of institutional imperatives where it is variously interrelated with the other elements of the
scientific ethos.

c. Organized Skepticism

It is the set of institutional imperatives where it attributes the passion for knowledge, idle curiosity,
altruistic concern with benefit to humanity, and a host of other special motives to a scientist without an
outlook of engaging to selfish interest.

a. Disinterestedness

According to Merton's "The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations science, like
any other activity involving social collaboration, is what?

c. Subjected to shifting fortunes

It is under universalism where it is tantamount to the progressive elimination of restraints upon the
exercise and development of socially valued capacities.
a.Democratization

The norms under the ethos of science are legitimatized in terms of

b. Institutional Values

According to the module the communism of scientific ethos is incompatible with the definition of
technology as private property in what?

d. A capitalistic economy

Science is commonly used to denote the following except:

b. A way of developing new skills to improve the world around us

The set of institutional imperatives where it finds immediate expression in the canon that truth claims
are to be subjected to pre-established impersonal criteria.

d.Universalism

A stem have four fates/outcomes, which of the following is the first one?

a. Remain Quiescent without dividing or differentiating

It is a form of stem cell where adult cells were taken back into a pluripotent state by molecular
manipulation.

b. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Which of the following is the second fate of a stem cell?

a. Producing two daughter cells increasing the stem cell pool

Which of the following is the right etymology the term nano in nanotechnology?

c. Nanos - Greek word for small person

The following are examples of where nanomaterials can be applied to help in addressing environmental
challenges except for

b. Energy policy

Which of the following would best describe what product innovation is?

c. It is where nanotechnology is mostly used, often in response to anticipated or actual demand for
specific product characteristics

It is an institution which defined nanotechnology as the understanding and control of matter at

dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers.

b. National Nanotechnology Institute

A sheet of pure, carbon graphite rolled into cylinders usually a few nanometers in diameter and
between 1 and 100 micrometers.

c.Nanotube

The following are challenges in dealing with the development, impact, and effects of nanotechnology to
the society except for

b. Salary Equality

Which of the following statement would best define what product innovation is?

c. It is the enhancement of a product in response to anticipated or actual demand

Which of the following is the biggest issue that nanotechnology is facing?

b. It has risk on health, safety, and environment which is why it's too risky to invest on it

The following are challenges in orally taken drugs except for:

c. It should be capable of surviving peristaltic movement of the esophagus

They are molecules that have an uneven number of electrons making them unstable and highly reactive.

a. Free radicals

Nanotechnology has social objectives that stakeholder should strive to achieve, which of the following is
not one of them?

c. Limit the access of the community to nanotechnology to prevent damage on the environment and the
people

It is a type of cell that is capable of perpetual self-renewal and has the ability to differentiate into
specialized adult cell type.

a. Stem Cell

In building nanotechnology which of the following approach is where you start with individual molecules
and create a product from there.

b. Bottom-up approach

It is adopting technologies on a nanoscale to be capable of producing products that would address

issues in the environment and its effect on the community.

c. Green Nanotechnology

Which of the following is the third fate of a stem cell?

c. Dividing into two daughter cell where one is the same as the parent stem cell and the other is
differentiated

Which of the following would best define what process innovation is?
d. It is where the developer focuses on developing new technologies and modifying the process of
producing a certain product

What is type II diabetes?

b. It is a type of diabetes where the body's cell is not capable of responding to insulin.

Which of the following is the fourth fate of a stem cell?

d. Producing two new daughter cell where both are different and highly differentiated from the parent
stem cell

It is a combination of science, engineering, and technology conducted at a nanoscale.

a.Nanotechnology

The following requires a review and regulation of assessment except for

d. If the head of the company will visit the site of production

The first step on the 10-step model for nanotechnology risk management states that "A basic knowledge
of the work is essential for doing an adequate assessment". Which of the following statement would be
able to explain what it means

c. It means that a person with the right knowledge should always be involved

What is type 1 Diabetes?

c. It is a type of diabetes where the pancreas cannot produce insulin

Stem cells which has restriction on becoming a more limited population of cells

d. Multipotent Stem Cells

The following are four social Objectives that is essential for nanotechnology stake holders to strive to
achieve except for

d. Developing technologies that is only essential for the market

Which of the following would best define/describe what process innovation is?

d. An application of science and technology where it is focused on developing new technologies and
thus new markets

There are two approaches in building nanomaterials. Which of the following is where you start with a
material and start taking off some parts of it or adding something into it.

d. Top-down Approach

There are challenges that Eric Drexler identified in dealing with the improvements of nanotechnology,
which of the following is not one of them?

c. The Challenge of Technological Degradation

It refers to the differential expression of maternal and paternal alleles for a particular gene.

d.Imprinting

The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm for

d.Translation

The resulting mRNA is an exact copy of the DNA sequence, except

a. Uridine take the place of thymine

The following are all forms of mutation that can be found in a DNA except for

d.Mismanagement

It is defined as differences in the degree or quality of expression of a specific phenotype

a. Variable expressivity

It is the basic unit of genetic function

c.Genes

Alteration in the DNA coding sequence are referred to as

c.Mutations

It is expressed regardless if it is in either the homozygous or heterozygous state

a. Dominant traits

A recessive trait is expressed only if

a. The person gets to inherit both recessive trait

The process of copying the DNA sequence of a gene into messenger RNA is referred to as

d.Transcription

The following are given applications of genomic sequencing except.

d. Statistically knowing a person's day of death

The combined impact of two distinct Mendelian disease variants often leads to which of the following,
which makes it hard to diagnose?

c. A hybrid phenotype

Which of the following is required to ensure proper interpretation of genomic variants?

a. Thorough counseling and evaluation

The following are benefits of digitizing medical files except:

c. It allows people to share their medical records with each other

The digitization of medical files is known as

a. Electronic Health Records

Targeted multiplex genotyping screens which of the following

a. Mutations present in a person's genes

It allows testing of embryos for a specific genetic variants to make sure that the conceived embryo will
have less chances of developing abnormalities or diseases.

c. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Health systems need a comprehensive approach to data security that includes all aspects of their
operations to be able to prevent which of the following?

a. Cyber-attacks which may harm the confidentiality of health records

Which is the biggest and perhaps most visible risk of adopting digitized health records?

c. Data security

Gathering detailed family history, systematically evaluating the patients phenotype, reviewing medical
literature and databases for possible overlap with known syndromes or implicated biochemical
pathways, and obtaining informed consent are all needed to satisfy which of the following according to
the module?

c. Proper interpretation of genomic variant

It is a plasmid or viral DNA employed in recombinant DNA technology to clone a foreign gene in
prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.

c.Vectors

It has been developed for transfection of insects.

b. Bacculovirus vectors

Which of the following is NOT true about milk production and lactation in transgenic animals

c. Transgenic animals is capable of overproduction of growth hormone making it five times heavier than
it should be.

The animal which are genetically engineered is called as

c. Transgenic Animals

Technique in gene transfer where it involves the microinjection of exogenous DNA into the pronucleus
of a fertilized ovum.

d. Pronuclear Injection
The two basic strategies for producing transgenic animals are

d. Gain of function and loss of function

The following are limitations of transgenic technology except.

c. Increased number of Parasitic infections found in humans

It is the production of recombinant and biologically active proteins in the mammary gland and this in
turn could be used for the benefit of mankind

b. Gene Pharming

With all the potential of having transgenic animals people still have reservations about the idea of it.
Which of the following is not included in the main reasons for not supporting the production of
transgenic animals.

c. It cost more money compared to other forms of research

Technique in gene transfer where cells are exposed to electric field which causes the membranes to
become polarized and a potential develops across the membrane thereby breaking at localized areas
and thus the cell becomes permeable to exogenous molecule

d.Electroporation

Increase crop yield, greater flexibility in growing environments, less use of chemical pesticides and
improved nutritional content are all parts of which of the following

d. Agricultural biotechnology

It applies the techniques of modern biology to improve the efficiency and reduce the environmental
impacts of industrial processes like textile, paper and pulp, and chemical manufacturing.

c. Industrial Biotechnology

The golden rice which is a research sponsored by Rockefeller Foundation aims to

a. Improve nutrition by enhancing rice to contain some of vitamins

Which of the following did Patrick Geddes did?

c. He divided the history of technology into three stages

It is the old term for the study of the processes of fermentation in yeast and bacteria in the production
of foods and beverages such as bread, cheese, tofu, beer, wine, wine, nato, etc.

d.Zymotechnology

Which of the following would best describe the effort of Imitation rhizobia production?

a. Developing bacterial fertilizers that could convert nitrogen to ammonia

It is the commandeering of knowledge and biological resources from an indigenous people without
compensation.

c.Biocolonialism

It is defined as any use of biological organism or processes in industrial, agricultural and environmental
engineering.

c.Biotechnology

It is the process of transferring individual genes between organisms or modifying the genes in an
organism to remove or add a desired trait or characteristic.

b. Genetic Engineering

Which of the following did Karl Ereky contributed in the field of biotechnology?

d. He was the one who coined the term biotechnology