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partial fractions
Method
This is a brief and very terse tutorial in inversion of the z-transform using partial
fractions. The z-domain transfer function must be in the form given below.
a0 + a1 z −1 + a2 z −2 + · · · + ap z −p
H(z) = |z| > Rmax
b0 + b1 z −1 + b2 z −2 + · · · + bq z −q
This tutorial will cover only real roots up to multiplicity two. The procedure is
separated into seven steps.
Step 1
If p ≥ q, then use long division to convert H(z) into the sum a polynomial in z
and a rational function in z. If p < q, then continue to step 2.
The next several steps will involve only the rational function part of the above
equation, so define
d0 + d1 z −1 + d2 z −2 + · · · + dq−1 z −(q−1)
R(z) =
b0 + b1 z −1 + b2 z −2 + · · · + bq z −q
Step 2
Write the R(z) using only positive powers of z.
1
Step 3
Multiply both sides of the above equation by z −1 :
Step 4
Assuming there are several real poles of multiplicity one and one real pole of
multiplicity two, the partial fraction form of z −1 R(z) will take the following
form:
A B C1 C0
z −1 R(z) = + + ··· + + 2
z − e1 z − e2 z − eq−1 (z − eq−1 )
A = (z − e1 ) z −1 R(z) z=e
1
q−1 q−2
d0 z + d2 z q−3 + · · · + dq−1
+ d1 z
= 2
(z − e2 ) (z − e3 ) · · · (z − eq−2 ) (z − eq−1 ) z=e
1
B = (z − e2 ) z −1 R(z) z=e
2
q−1 q−2
d0 z + d2 z q−3 + · · · + dq−1
+ d1 z
= 2
(z − e1 ) (z − e3 ) · · · (z − eq−2 ) (z − eq−1 ) z=e
2
2
C0 = (z − eq−1 ) z −1 R(z)
z=eq−1
q−1 q−2 q−3
d0 z + d1 z + d2 z + · · · + dq−1
=
(z − e1 ) (z − e2 ) · · · (z − eq−2 )
z=eq−1
d n 2 −1
o
C1 = (z − eq−1 ) z R(z)
dz z=eq−1
q−1 q−2 q−3
d d0 z + d1 z + d2 z + · · · + dq−1
=
dz (z − e1 ) (z − e2 ) · · · (z − eq−2 )
z=eq−1
Step 5
Substitute the values calculated for A, B, C0 , and C1 , then multiply both sides
of the equation by z:
Az Bz C1 z C0 z
R(z) = + + ··· + + 2
z − e1 z − e2 z − eq−1 (z − eq−1 )
2
Step 6
Put all terms in powers of z −1 :
A B C1 C0 z −1
R(z) = + + · · · + + 2
1 − e1 z −1 1 − e2 z −1 1 − eq−1 z −1 (1 − eq−1 z −1 )
Write H(z) as
Step 7
Finally, the inverse z-transform is
Example 1
Find the inverse z-transform of
4 − 25 z −1 5
H(z) = |z| >
1 − 56 z −1 6
Step 1
3
− 56 z −1 + 1 − 5 z −1 + 4
2
− 52 z −1 + 3
1
1
H(z) = 3 +
1 − 56 z −1
Step 7
n
5
h[n] = 3δ[n] + u[n]
6
3
Example 2
Find the inverse z-transform of
−1
1 − 21
5 z 9
H(z) = |z| >
1 + 10 z − 18
1 −1
25 z
−2 10
Step 2
z 2 − 21
5 z
H(z) = 1 18
z2 + 10 z − 25
Step 3
z − 21 z− 21
z −1 H(z) = 1
5
18 = 9
5
4
z2 + 10 z− 25 z+ 10 z− 5
Step 4
z − 21 − 9 − 21 51
5 − 10
4 = 109 5
4 = 17 = 3
z − 5 z=− 9 − 10 − 5 − 10
10
21 4
z− 5 − 21 − 17
9 = 54 5 5
9 = 17 = −2
z + 10 z= 4 5 + 10 10
5
3 2
z −1 H(z) = 9 − 4
z + 10 z− 5
Step 5
3z 2z
H(z) = 9 −
z + 10 z − 45
Step 6
3 2
H(z) = 9 −1 −
1+ 10 z 1 − 45 z −1
Step 7
n n
9 4
h[n] = 3 − u[n] − 2 u[n]
10 5
4
Example 3
Find the inverse z-transform of
1 + z −1 2
H(z) = |z| >
2 −1 2 3
1− 3z
Step 2
z2 + z
H(z) = 2
z − 23
Step 3
z+1
z −1 H(z) = 2
z − 23
Step 4
A B
z −1 H(z) = 2 + 2
z−3 z − 23
5
B = z + 1|z= 2 =
3 3
d
A= {z + 1} = {1}|z= 2 = 1
dz z= 2
3
3
5
1
z −1 H(z) = 2 + 3
z− 2 2
3 z− 3
Step 5
5
z 3z
H(z) = 2 + 2
z− 3 z − 23
Step 6
5 2 −1
1 2 3z
H(z) = +
1 − 32 z −1
2
1 − 23 z −1
5
Step 7
n n
2 5 2
h[n] = u[n] + n u[n]
3 2 3
n
5 2
= 1+ n u[n]
2 3
Example 4
Find the inverse z-transform of
−1 −2
− 10
3 z + 13
4 z − 54 z −3 + 61 z −4 1
H(z) = |z| >
7 −2
1 − 43 z −1 + 12 z − 12 1 −3
z 2
Step 1
−1
1 −3 7 −2 4 −1
−2z +1
− 12 z + − 1 z −4 − 5 z −3 + 13 z −2 − 10 z −1 + 0
12 z 3z +1 6 4 4 3
1 −4
6z − 67 z −3 + 83 z −2 − 2z −1
1 −3 7 −2
− 12 z + 12 z − 43 z −1 + 0
− 12 z + 12 z − 43 z −1 + 1
1 −3 7 −2
−1
−1
H(z) = 1 − 2z −1 + 4 −1 7 −2 1 −3
1− 3z + 12 z − 12 z
Step 2
−z 3
H(z) = 1 − 2z −1 + 4 2 7 1
z3 − 3z + 12 z− 12
Step 3
−z 2
z −1 H(z) = z −1 − 2z −2 + 4 2 7 1
z3 − 3z + 12 z− 12
Step 4
−z 2
z −1 H(z) = z −1 − 2z −2 + 2
z − 13 z − 12
A B C
z −1 H(z) = z −1 − 2z −2 + 1 + 1 +
z−3 z− 1 2
2 z− 2
−z 2
−1
A= = 19 = −4
2
z − 12 z= 1
36
3
6
−z 2 −1
3
C= 1 = 14 = −
z − 3 z= 1 6
2
2
−z 2
d
B=
dz z − 13 z= 1
2
1
z − 3 (−2z) − −z 2 (1)
= 2
z − 13 1
z= 2
2 2 1 1
−z + 3 z − +
= = 41 3 = 3
1 2
z− 3 1
z= 2 36
−4 3 − 32
z −1 H(z) = z −1 − 2z −2 + 1 + 1 +
z−3 z− 1 2
2 z− 2
Step 5
−4z 3z − 23 z
H(z) = 1 − 2z −1 + + +
z − 13 z − 12
2
z − 12
Step 6
−3 12 z −1
−1 −4 3
H(z) = 1 − 2z + + +
1 − 13 z −1 1 − 21 z −1
2
1 − 21 z −1
Step 7
n n n
1 1 1
h[n] = δ[n] − 2δ[n − 1] − 4 u[n] + 3 u[n] − 3n u[n]
3 2 2