THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

383
() Line CQ is drawn perpendicular to the output line OA. From is
deawn the vertical line Qe. It measures 5.6 cm and represents the maximum
output.
maximum output =5.6x 1985 11116 Synchronous watts.

4.39 HIGH-TORQUE CAGE MOTORS

Conventional squirre-cage motors suffer from the disadvantage of low
because of low rotor resistance. The be in-
starting torque can
starting torque
Creased by usirig bar material of higher resistivity. A higher rotor resistance gives
and lower starting line current at a higher power factor.
a higher starting torque
However, higher rotor resistance reduces the full-load speed, increases rotor
resistance is required for normal
ohmic losses and lower efficiency. A low rotor
so that the slip is low and the efficiency is high.
There-
operation, when running,
rotor resistance should be high, and under
fore for good starting performances, the
should be low.
normal operating speeds, the rotor resistance
In wound-rotor induction motors these conditions are fulfilled by connect
resistances in the rotor circuit at the
time of starting. As the motor
ing external At normal running speed the
cut out in steps.
speeds up, the external resistance is are short circuited
entire external resistance is cut out and
the rotor windings
through the slip rings.
and low rotor resistance
In order to obtain high rotor resistance at starting
connections are used in cage motors:
at running, two types of rotor
1. Deep bar rotor."
2. Double-cage rotor.

4.40 DEEP-BAR CAGE MOTORS

bars. A bar may be
cage rotor
with deep and narrow
Figure 4.30 shows a
of n a r r o w layers
connected in parallel. Figure
to be made up of number layer element
Aed B anid C. It is seen
that the topmost
shows three such layers A,
therefore, its leakage
inductance is
flux and,
nked with minimum leakagebottom layer C links with m a x i m u m leakage
mum. On the other hand, the
maximum.
flux. Therefore its leakage inductance is

Element A Rotor bar

Element B ig. 4.30. Deep-bar cage rotor bar.

Leakage flux

Element Cc
 ELECTRIC MACHINES
384
is equal to the supply
frequency. The bottomm
At starting the rotor-frequency flow of current than the top lavs
offers impedance to the
more
layer element C maximum current
flows
the
through
and minimum
tOp layer
element A. Therefore current distribution of current
Because of the unequal
through the bottom layer. increases and the leakage
reactance decreases. With
the effective rotor resistance is relatively higher
conditions, the starting torque er
a high rotor resistance at starting lower.
and the starting current is relatively frequency are
the rotor
the slip and
Under normal operating conditions,
reactances of all the layers
of the bar are small compared to their
very small. The so current
all layers of the bar are nearly equal,
resistances. The impedances of The resulting large cross-reactional area
flows through all parts of the bar equally.
in a good efficiency at low slips.
makes the rotor resistance quite small, resulting
4.41 DoUBLE-CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS
An induction motor with two rotor windings or cages is used for obtaining
at low starting current. The stator of a double-cage rotor
high starting torque
motor. In the double-
induction motor is similar to that of an ordinary induction
cage rotor there are two layers of bars as shown in' Fig. 4.31.
***
**.
Outer Negligible
outer cage leakage flux
cage
Slit
Inner cage Inner cage leakage flux
Mutual flux
Fig. 4.31. Double-cage rotor slot.
aller
Each layer is short circuited by end rings. The outer-cage bars have a
Sta
cross-sectional area than the inner bars and are made of high resistivity matere
terials
aluminium, bronze etc. The inner-cage bars are made of
ance
like brass, low-resistan
the
the
copper. Thus, the resistance of the outer cage is greater than the resistaneases
inner cage. There is a slit between the top and bottom slots. The slit increaor
flux
permeance for leakage flux around the inner-cage bars. Thus, the leakage
ding
linking the inner-cage winding is much larger than that of the outer-cage wind
and the inner winding, therefore, has a greater self inductance.
ncy
At starting, the voltage induced in the rotor is same as the supply freque
2=f). Hence, the leakage reactance of the inner-cage winding (=2 fL) 1s
 ELECTRIC MACHINES
384 frequency. The botto ottom
is equal
to supply
the than the top
the
rotor-frequency
the flow
of c u r r e n t
minim
layer
At starting impedance to the top layer and
C offers flows through
more
layer element maximum
current
current distribution of CuTe
of the unequal
Therefore
element A. Because reactance decreases,
bottom layer. the leakage
through the increases and is relatively higher her
resistance the starting torque
the effective rotor conditions,
resistance at starting
rotor lower.
a high
c u r r e n t is relatively and the rotor frequencv a
and the starting conditions, the slip
operating a r e small compared
to their
Under normal of the bar
reactances of all the layers a r e nearly equal,
so curent
smalL. The of the bar
very of all layers c r o s s - r e a c t i o n a l area
resistances. The impedances The resulting large
of the bar equally. at low slips.
flows through all parts in a good efficiency
makes the rotor
resistance quite small, resulting
DOUBLE-CAGE
INDUCTION MOTORS
4.41 or cages is used for obtaining
with two rotor windings
An induction motor of a double-cage rotor
current. The stator
at low starting induction motor. In the double-
high starting torque that of an ordinary
induction motor is similar to
are two layers of
there
bars as shown in Fig. 4.31.
cage rotor
Outer Negligible
outer cage leakage flux
cage
Slit
Inner cage. Inner cage leakage flux
Mutual flux
Fig.4.31. Double-cage rotor slot.
Each layer is short circuited by end rings. The outer-cage bars have a smaller
cross-sectional area than the inner bars and are made of high resistivity materials
like brass, aluminium, bronze etc. The inner-cage bars are made of
low-resista
copper. Thus, the resistance of the outer cage is greater than the resistance or
inner cage here is a slit between the top and bottom slots. The slit increases
permeancetor leakage flux around the inner-cage bars. Thus, the leakage fu
linking the inner-cage winding is much larger than that of the outer-cage winau
and the inner winding, therefore, has a greater self inductance.
At starting, the voltage induced in the rotor is same as the supply
frequen
- f . Hence, the leakage reactance of the inner-cage winding (=2xfL)
rfL) is much
is mucn
 THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
385
largerthan that
of the outer-cage winding. Therefore. most of the starting current
flowing in the outer-cage winding which offers low-impedance to the flow of
nt
curren

The high-resistance outer cage winding, therefore, develops a high start

ing torque.
As the rotor speed increases, the frequency of the rotor emf (, = s) de-
mal operating speed, the leakage reactances (= 2n sf L) of both the
creases. At norma
windings become negligibly small. The rotor current division between the two
aoes is governed mainly by their resistances. Since the resistance of the outer cage
f about to6 times that of the inner cage, most of the rotor current flows through
the inner cage. Hence under normal operating speed, torque is developed mainly
low-resistance inner cage.
by the It is to be noted that for low-starting torque requirements an ordinary cage
motor is
motor is generally used. For higher torque requirements a deep-bar cage motors
used. A double-cage motor is used
for still higher torques. For large-size
with very large starting torques and exceptionally long starting periods,
slip-ring
construction is used.
4.42 COMPARISON BETWEEN SINGLE-CAGE AND
DOUBLE-CAGE MOTORS
motor of the same rating carn be
A single-cage motor and a double-cage
compared as follows
rotor has low starting current and high starting
1. A double-cage
m o r e suitable for
starting.
direct-on-line
torque. Therefore, it is motor is higher,
resistance of a double-cage
2. Since effective rotor as compared to
at the time of starting
there is a larger rotor heating
that of a single-cage rotor.
increases the effective resis-
3. The resistance of the outer cage
high Therefore, full-load copper
losses are
motor.
tance of a double-cage motor is decreased.
increased and the efficiency of the double-cage
induction motor has
effective
higher leakage reac-
4. A double-cage of the inner cage. Therefore;
the
reactance
tance due to additional
reduced.
full-load power factor is
motor is smaller than that of a
. The pull-out torque a double-cage the maximum
because the two cages produce
single-cage motor
torque at different speeds
reactances of the outer and
resistances and
.By a proper choice of characteristics can be ob-
wide range of torque-slip
inner cages, a
not possible with a single-
motors. This is
tained with double-cage
cage motor. tan that
motor is about 20 to 30
% higher
T h e cost of a double-cage the same rating
of a single-cage motor of
INDUCTION MOTOR
4.43 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A
DOUBLE-CAGE
et R= resistance per phase of stator
A= reactance per phase of stàtor
 ELECTRIC MACHINES
386
**
referred to stator
resistance per phase of outer cage
R20
of outer cage referred to stator
X20 stand still leakage reactance per phase
to stator
the inner cage referred
Rzi=resistance per phase of
Xzí= stand still leakage reactance per phase
of the
imner cage referred to stator
s= fractional slip
links both the cages, the
If it is assumed that the main flux completely
considered in parallel.
impedances of the two cages can be
2 R X
o 20
X 2i
1 Ro o E2
Fig. 4.32. Equivalent circuit ofa double-cage induction motor
The equivalent circuit of the double-cage induction motor at slip s is shown
in Fig. 4.32. If the shunt branches containing R, and X, are neglected, the equivalent
circuit is simplified to that shown in Fig. 4.33.
R
'20
X20
Vi Ea
R20
Fig. 4.33. Approximate equivalent circuit of a
with magnetising current double-cage induction
motor
neglected.
At slip s, the outer-cage impedance, Z2: X
At slip s, the inner-cage
impedance, Z=+j Xzi
S
The impedance of the stator,
Z R+j X
Torque, current (pu)»