Hydraulic Backhoe Machine

Table of Contents
I. CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii
III. ABSTTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv
1.INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 HYDRAULIC 4 1.1.1 PRPOERTIES OF FLUID 5 1.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF
FLUID………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 1.1.3 USES OF
HYDRAULIC………………………………………………..………….…………………………………………………..7
1.2 MEANING OF BACKHOE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
1.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKHOE…………………………………………………………………………………………………8
2. HISTORY 12
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
3.1 PASCAL’S LAW …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
3.2 HYDRAULIC PRESSURE AND FORCES……………………………………………………………………… …………………22
3.3 PARTS OF FLUID POWER…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
3.4 TRANSMISSION OF FORCES THROUGH LIQUID…………………………………………………………………………..27
4. MATERIALS USED…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28
5. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….38
6. WORKING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
6.1 WORKING OF ARMS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
6.2 WORKING OF LOADERS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………44
7. ADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….45
8. APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..49
9. COSTING AND CAPACITY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51
10. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…53
11.REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55
Table of figures :
1.1 Backhoe arm ……………………………………………………………………………....09
1.2 Hydraulic arm…………….…………………………………………………….09
1.3 Hydraulic arm (b)………….…………………………………….……………...10
1.4 pressure transfer through liquid ……………………….………………………..11
2.1 First tractor loaded backhoe……………………………………....……………..14
3.1 Confined liquid pressure………………………………………..……………….18
3.2 Pressure is independent of temperature…………………….……………………20
3.3 Water pressure in 1 cubic foot container………………...………………………20
3.4 Pressure in different sections …………………………………………………….21
3.5 Forces transmitted through liquid……………..……………..….……………......22
3.6 Hydraulic lift Working……………………………………….….……………….24
3.7 Effect of atmospheric temperature…………………..………………….………..27
3.8 Transmission forces……………………………………….……………………..27
4.1 Hydraulic cylinder……………………………………………….………………32
4.2 Syringes……………………………………………….………………………….33
4.3 Vinyl tubes………………………………………………………………………33
4.4 DC Motor………………………………………………...………………………35
4.5 Battery ………………………………………………….………………………..36
4.6 Wheels ……………………………………………………………………………37
6.1 Motion of Backhoe Machine…………………………………….……………….42
6.2 Motion of Digger………………………………………………..…….………….43
6.3 Motion of Loader………………………………………..……………………....44
HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 2

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

: Intrduction
This project is designing a JCB model based on the principle of hydraulic systems. In this project
JCB model is hydraulically operated and controlled by the movement filled with some fluid. It
consists of various parts connected to each other in a pre-designed manner which are guided in a
constrained way to obtain required output. The principle of the working of the hydraulic JCB is
PASCAL’s LAW. This law states that when a pressure is applied at one point of a fluid contained in
a constrained volume, then the pressure due to that force is equally transmitted to all the points of the
fluid, which are acted upon by the same pressure. Using the same principle, we applied pressure to
fluid in syringe which is transmitted to other end of tube which is connected to a syringe. The
operation of the JCB arm is controlled by the pressure of the fluid. Hence, this project is useful from
both the perspectives that are theoretical as well as practical
1.1 - Hydraulics
Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences
involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is
the liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics,
which focuses on the applied engineering using the properties of fluids. In fluid power, hydraulics are
used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids.
Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modules, and cover
concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry, pumps. The principles of
hydraulics are in use naturally in the human body within the heart and the male erection.[3][4] Free
surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring
in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field open channel flow studies the flow in
open channels

1.1.1 :Properties of fluid :-
 Viscosity
 Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a measure of a
fluid’s resistance to flow. A liquid, such as gasoline, which flows easily has a low
viscosity; and a liquid, such as tar, which flows slowly has a high viscosity. The
viscosity of a liquid is affected by changes in temperature and pressure. As the
temperature of a liquid increases, its viscosity decreases. That is, a liquid flows more
easily when it is hot than when it is cold. The viscosity of a liquid increases as the
pressure on the liquid increases. A satisfactory liquid for a hydraulic system must be
thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors, valves, and so on
 Lubricating Power
 Chemical Stability
 Freedom from Acidity
 Flash point :-
Flashpoint is the temperature at which a liquid gives off vapour in sufficient quantity to ignite
momentarily or flash when a flame is applied. A high flashpoint is desirable for hydraulic liquids
because it provides good resistance to combustion and a low degree of evaporation at normal
temperatures. Required flashpoint minimums vary from 300°F for the lightest oils to 510°F for
the heaviest oils
 Fire Point :-
Fire point is the temperature at which a substance gives off vapour in sufficient quantity to
ignite and continue to burn when exposed to a spark or flame. Like flashpoint, a high fire point is
required of desirable hydraulic liquids.

 Minimum Toxicity
 Density and Compressibility :-

A fluid with a specific gravity of less than 1.0is desired when weight is critical, although with proper
system design, a fluid with a specific gravity greater than one can be tolerated. Where avoidance
of detection by military units is desired, a fluid which sinks rather than rises to the surface of the
water is desirable..
1.1.2 : Characteristics of Hydraulic:-
 Fluids cannot be compressed
 Fluids can transmit Movement
 Acts “Like a steel rod” in a closed container
 Master cylinder transmits fluid to wheel cylinder or caliper piston bore.Fluids can transmit
and increase force

1.1.3:Use of Hydraulics:-
Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a measure of a
fluid’s resistance to flow. A liquid, such as gasoline, which flows easily has a low
viscosity; and a liquid, such as tar, which flows slowly has a high viscosity. The
pressure on the liquid increases.
A satisfactory liquid for a hydraulic system must be thick enough to give a good seal
at pumps, motors, valves, and so on, and power drives for elevating and training guns and
rocket launchers. Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is
a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. A liquid, such as gasoline, which flows easily
has a low viscosity; and a liquid, such as tar, which flows slowly has a high viscosity. The
pressure on the liquid increases. A satisfactory liquid for a hydraulic system must be
thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors, valves, and so on

1.2. - Meaning of BACKHOE
A backhoe, also called a rear actororback actor, is a piece of excavating equipment
or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically
mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a 'backhoe loader' The section of
the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is
known as the dipper or dipper-stick, terms derived from steam shovels). The boom is generally
attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm to pivot left and
right, usually through a total of around 180–200 degrees.
1.2.1 :- Characteristics Of Backhoe :-
The name "backhoe" refers to the action of the shovel, not its location on the vehicle, a backhoe digs
by drawing earth backwards, rather than lifting it with a forward motion like a man shovelling,
a steam shovel or a bulldozer. Confusingly, the buckets on some backhoes may be reconfigured
facing forward, making them "hoes". However they are not as effective in that orientation, since the
dimensions of the various components are optimized for backhoeing. Most backhoes are at their
strongest curling the bucket, with the dipper arm next most powerful, and boom movements the least
powerful.
A backhoe loader is a tractor-like vehicle with a backhoe at one end, a front loader on the other and
a swivelling seat to position the operator facing whichever he is using at the time. In North America,
this arrangement is often referred to as simply a backhoe or, when on a chassis originally derived
from farm tractors, a tractor loader backhoe (TLB). To differentiate, a backhoe on its own dedicated
chassis may then be referred to as an "excavator".
Backhoe loaders can be designed and manufactured from the start as such, or can be the result of a
farm tractor equipped with a front end loader (FEL) and rear backhoe. Though similar looking, the
purpose-designed backhoe loaders are much stronger, with the farm variation unsuitable for heavy

work. The farm variation also requires that the operator switch seats from sitting in front of the
backhoe controls to the tractor seat in order to reposition the equipment while digging, and this often
slows down the digging process.
Dipper Stick
Boom
Digging Bucket Digger

Figure .1.1 Backhoe arm
With the advent of hydraulic powered attachments such as a tiltrotator, breaker, a grapple or
an auger, the backhoe is frequently used in many applications other than excavation and with
the tiltrotator attachment, serves as an effective tool carrier. Many backhoes feature quick
coupler (quick-attach) mounting systems for simplified attachment mounting, dramatically increasing
the machine's utilization on the job site. Backhoes are usually employed together
with loaders and bulldozers. Excavators that use a backhoe are sometimes called "trackhoes" by
people who do not realize the name is due to the action of the bucket, not its location on a backhoe
loader.
Figure1.2 hydraulic arm

Backhoe loaders are general-purpose tools, and are being displaced to some extent by multiple
specialist tools like the excavator and the speciality front end loader, especially with the rise of the
mini-excavator. On many job sites which would have previously seen a backhoe used,
a skidsteer (colloquially often called a Bobcat after the most well known manufacturer and inventor
of the category) and a mini excavator will be used in conjunction to fill the backhoe's role. However,
backhoes still are in general use.
Sometimes a backhoe bucket is reversed to work in a power shovel configuration. This is generally
when loading from a large stockpile, for picking up or filling material next to walls, to increase the
reach of the machine, or working around obstacles such as pipes.
Sometimes a backhoe arm is used as a crane, by slinging the lifted object from the support linkages
behind the scoop
Figure 1 .3 Hydraulic arm(b)
Pressure in a closed container is the same at all points. If there are two cylinders connected, applying
force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same amount of pressure in the larger cylinder.
However, since the larger cylinder has more area, the resulting force will be greater. In other words,
an increase in area leads to an increase in force. The greater the difference in size between the two
cylinders, the greater the increase in the force will be. A hydraulic truck operates based on this two
cylinder system.

Figure 1.4 Pressure transfer through liquid
One of the most important equipment used in transporting goods and people is the hydraulic lift. By
the way of hydraulics, such JCB Truck are able to carry heavy loads with great ease, and lift it
vertically. Hydraulic lifts come in the form of passenger lift, service lifts (to carry goods to higher
floors etc.)
The main reason for the use of JCB Hydraulic truck is the benefits it provides by creating
ergonomically safe working environment and conditions.

CHAPTER-2
HISTORY

Chapter 2 : History
The Greek philosopher Archimedes once said, “Give me a place to stand, and I can move the world.”
He was talking about leverage, but the same force multiplying principle applies to hydraulics. Simply
put, hydraulics is a way to multiply force by utilizing an incompressible fluid (typically oil). The
initial force is applied at one end of the hydraulic system, transmitted through the fluid, with constant
pressure to the other end.
Early development of hydraulic systems for what would become the backhoe loader proceeded in
parallel in the US and the UK. The invention of the first backhoe swing frame was developed in July
1947 by Vaino J. Holopainen (pronounced "Waino") and Roy E. Handy, Jr. (thus the company name
"Wain-Roy"), and assigned to Wain-Roy Corporation of Hubbardston, Massachusetts, United States.
In July 1948, patent # 2,698,697 was filed by Vaino J. Holopainen. The swing frame breakthrough
allowed the hydraulic digging arm to swing to the side to dump the bucket. This patent also included
the invention of the out-rigger bar, and high flow control. In April 1948 Wain-Roy Corporation sold
the very first all hydraulic backhoe, mounted to a Ford Model 8N tractor, to the Connecticut Light
and Power Company. Wain-Roy made 24 units in 1948. Wain-Roy also made them for Sherman
Products of Royal Oak, Michigan, and Ford. Approximately 7000 Wain-Roy Backhoes were
manufactured and sold between the fall of 1948 and early 1954, mainly through Ford dealers.
The first hydraulic wheel loader was invented by Frank G. Hough in the mid-1940s under patents
2,782,946 and 2,726,778. The first Tractor Loader Backhoe was a Wain-Roy backhoe mounted to a
Frank G. Hough model "HE" in 1952 in Holden, Massachusetts, US, for the Holden Water
Department. The F.G. Hough Company was a subsidiary of the International Harvester Company. By
early 1954, two Hough "Payloader" model wheel loaders, the HE and the HF, were available with

Wain-Roy backhoes. In 1954 Wain-Roy Corporation got a deal with IH for the Hough TLB full-scale
production on several other models of Hough loaders.
Figure2. 1 First tractor Loader Backhoe
In the same year, 1948, JCB launched the first European hydraulic loader, and followed that in 1953
with a backhoe with a 180° slew, fitted to a tractor. Then in 1957, while Case produced the first
"integrated" Tractor Loader Backhoe in the US (whereby all the components were manufactured and
warranted by the same manufacturer), JCB introduced the first dedicated backhoe loader (whereby
the loader and backhoe were permanently attached to the chassis, allowing them to be more robust,
rather than being demountable accessories for an agricultural tractor). [3] In 1965, they would follow
this with the world's first 360° excavator.
The patent for the first reversible seat was developed at Wain-Roy by Carroll Arnold and Vaino
Holopainen and then filed by Vaino under patent #2,784,768, and in June 1954, Vaino filed patent #
2,781,927 for individually controlled outriggers. John S. Pilch of Ware Machine Works, Ware, MA,
developed the first 4-bar linkage to achieve greater bucket digging and dumping rotation. Pilch filed

for patent #2,678,741 in September 1950. The 4-bar linkages were also used on the Wain-Roy
backhoes after 1954.
In 1960 Vaino Holopainen was introduced as "Mr. Backhoe" to Henry Ford II. Wain-Roy continued
to produce them for Ford until 1963 when Ford made their own and Wain-Roy could not compete
with such a large company after that. Wain-Roy Corporation bought the AC Anderson Company and
then the company suffered.
In 1964 Elton B. Long of the J.I. Case Corporation filed a patent #3,249,244 for the first extendible
boom. Patent #3,273,729 was filed in January 1965 by Vaino J. Holopainen for the first hydraulic
thumb.
Although Wain-Roy Corporation no longer exists, the Wain Roy product line of backhoe attachments
and couplers is still available through the Woods Equipment Company of Rockford, Illinois, US.
Because of the long-time predominance of the JCB marque in the United Kingdom and Ireland, it has
become a genericized trademark there, and backhoe-equipped diggers are commonly called JCBs,
while the term "backhoe" as an excavator component is almost unknown to the general public in this
context. The founder of the JCB company, Joseph Cyril Bamford, holds the honour of being the only
non-American in the U.S. construction industry's hall of fame.
The American company Hy-Dynamic, a division of Bucyrus-Erie, introduced the second purpose-
built American-made backhoe loader in 1959, the Dynahoe Model A. It offered a 14,000 lb.
operating weight, 14-foot dig depth, and was powered by either a 65 hp Continental flat-head "Red
Seal" 6-cylinder gasoline engine, or starting in 1961, a Detroit Diesel 353 diesel engine. The gasoline
engine was phased out in 1964, with only diesel-powered units produced from that point on. The
company marketed the Dynahoe as the only purpose-built backhoe-loader; previously all American
backhoes were merely farm tractors fitted with front loader and rear backhoe attachments. The
Dynahoe was built very robustly from the ground up with heavy excavation in mind. Production of
the Dynahoe continued into the early 1990s culminating in the model Dynahoe 200-4, with a

36,000 lb. operating weight, 4-wheel drive, and a 20-foot dig depth. Production ceased with demand
wavering in favor of more modern and versatile excavator type machines becoming more cost
effective, and productive. Many of the original Dynahoe Model A's are still in use to this day.
The first, and much more popular Case Corporation introduced their backhoes in 1957. The design of
the Case backhoes, from the straight arm boom assembly, to the "Extendahoe" design, which can
extend the dipper from four to eight feet longer, are all registered with the U.S. Patent Office, along
with the chassis design. JCB also brought their range of backhoe loaders, tractors and other products,
to the North American market in 1960.

CHAPTER-3
WORKING
PRINCIPLE

Chapter 3 : Working Principle
A simple hydraulic system consists of hydraulic fluid, pistons or rams, cylinders, accumulator or oil
reservoir, a complete working mechanism, and safety devices. These systems are capable of remotely
controlling a wide variety of equipment by transmitting force, carried by the hydraulic fluid, in a
confined medium. Modern developments in hydraulics have involved many fields in engineering and
transportation. These systems transfer high forces rapidly and accurately even in small pipes of light
weight, small size, any shape, and over a long distance. These systems play a vital role from small
car's steering to super sonic aircraft’s maneuvering devices. More powerful and accurate systems are
also used in maneuvering huge ships.
The principle of the working of the hydraulic Backhoe is PASCAL's LAW. This law states that
when a pressure is applied at one point of a fluid contained in a constrained volume, then the pressure
due to that force is equally transmitted to all the points of the fluid, which are acted upon by the same
pressure.
Figure3. 1 Confined Liquid Pressure
 Pascal’s Law
 Hydraulic Pressure & Forces

3.1 :-Pascal’s Law
“Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a
principle in fluid mechanics that states that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined
incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs
everywhere.”
Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a measure of a fluid’s
resistance to flow. A liquid, such as gasoline, which flows easily has a low viscosity; and a liquid,
such as tar, which flows slowly has a high viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid is affected
by changes in temperature and pressure. As the temperature of a liquid increases, its viscosity
decreases. That is, a liquid flows more easily when it is hot than when it is cold. The
viscosity of a liquid increases as the pressure on the liquid increases. A satisfactory liquid for a
hydraulic system must be thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors, valves, and so
on.
Since there are 144 square inches in 1 square foot

on
Figure3. 2 Pressure of liquid is independent of direction Figure3. 3.water pressure in 1 cubic foot container
Since pressure is equal to the force per unit area, set A equal to 1. Then the formula pressure
becomes
P = h D . . . . . . . . . . Equation (2).
It is essential that h and D be expressed in similar units. That is, if D is expressed in pounds per
cubic foot, the value of h must be expressed in feet. If the desired pressure is to be expressed in
pounds per square inch, the pressure formula, equation 2-5, becomes
. . . . . . . . . . . Equation (3).

Pascal was also the first to prove by experiment that the shape and volume of a container in
no way alters pressure. Thus in figure2-8, if the pressure due to the weight of the liquid at a point
on horizontal line H is 8 psi, the pressure is 8 psi everywhere at level H in the system.
Equation 2-5 also shows that the pressure is independent of the shape and volume of a container.
Figure3. 4 - Pressure in diffrent section
3.1.1 : Pressure and Force in Fluid Power Systems

Recall that, according to Pascal’s law, any force applied to a confined fluid is transmitted in
all directions throughout the fluid regardless of the shape of the container. Consider the effect of this
in the system shown in figure 2-9. If there is a resistance on the output piston and the input piston is
pushed downward, a pressure is created through the fluid, which acts equally at right angles to
surfaces in all parts of the container. If force 1 is 100 pounds and the area of the input piston is 10
square inches, then the pressure in the fluid is 10 psi
Figure3. 5 Force transmitted through fluid
NOTE : Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a measure of a
fluid’s resistance to flow. A liquid, such as gasoline, which flows easily has a low viscosity; and
a liquid, such as tar, which flows slowly has a high viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid is
affected by changes in temperature and pressure. As the temperature of a liquid increases, its
viscosity decreases. That is, a liquid flows more easily when it is hot than when it is cold.
The viscosity of a liquid increases as the pressure on the liquid increases. A satisfactory liquid for
a hydraulic system must be thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors, valves, and
so on

3.2: Hydraulic forces and pressure
The terms force and pressure are used extensively in the study of fluid power. It is
essential that we distinguish between the terms. Force means a total push or pull. It is
the push or pull exerted against the total area of a particular surface and is expressed in
pounds or grams. Pressure means the amount of push or pull (force) applied to each unit area of the
surface and is expressed in pounds per square inch (lb/in2) or grams per square centimetre
(gm/cm2). Pressure maybe exerted in one direction, in several directions, or in all directions.
Computing Force, Pressure, and Area:-
A formula is used in computing force, pressure, and area in fluid power systems. In this
formula,
F=P×A
F indicates force,
and A represents area.
Force equals pressure times area.
Pressure equals force divided by area. By rearranging the formula this statement may be condensed
into.
P = ( F / A)
Since area equals force divided by pressure, the formula is written

During the design of equipment that requires fluid power, many factors are considered in
selecting the type of system to be used—hydraulic, Viscosity is one of the most important
properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. A liquid, such as
gasoline, which flows easily has a low viscosity; and a liquid, such as tar, which flows slowly has a
high viscosity. Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a
measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. A liquid, such as gasoline, which flows easily has a low
viscosity; and a liquid, such as tar, which flows slowly has a high viscosity. The viscosity of a
liquid is affected by changes in temperature and pressure. As the temperature of a liquid
increases, its viscosity decreases. That is, a liquid flows more easily when it is hot than when
it is cold. The viscosity of a liquid increases as the pressure on the liquid increases. A satisfactory
liquid for a hydraulic system must be thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors,
valves, and so on
A hydraulic lift works by using an incompressible liquid to multiply the effects of the force applied
to lift something very large or heavy. A larger surface area requires a smaller amount of force to do
the same amount of work.

Figure3.6- Hydraulic lift Working
Hydraulics uses incompressible liquids so the applied pressure from one end (small arrow) is equal to
the desired pressure on the other end (big arrow).
The big arrow is pointing toward a piston that is free to move, and is sometimes connected to a rod.
When the force is applied, the piston moves up or down.
The equations are:

Of course, as Prof. Newman says, "there is no free lunch," In order to move the larger area, the
smaller area has to move a lot in order to move the larger area a little
3.3 :Parts of FLUID POWER:-

Fluid Power
Gas Liquid
Pneumatics Hydraulics
Liquid at rest:
In studying fluids at rest, we are concerned with the transmission of force and the factors
which affect the forces in liquids. Additionally, pressure in and on liquids and factors
affecting pressure are of great importance.
F indicates force,
and A represents area.
Force equals pressure times area.
Pressure equals force divided by area. By rearranging the formula this statement may be condensed
F
into. P = Since area equals force divided by pressure, the formula is written
A

3.4:Transmission of forces through liquid:
When the end of a solid bar is struck, the main force of the blow is carried straight through the
bar to the other end (fig. 2-4, view A). This happens because the bar is rigid. The direction of
the blow almost entirely determines the direction

Theofmore
the transmitted force.
rigid the bar, the less force is
lost inside the bar or transmitted
outward at right angles to the direction
of the blow. When a force is applied to
the end of a column of confined liquid
(fig. 2-4, view B), it is transmitted
straight through to the other end and
also equally and undiminished in every
direction throughout the column—
forward, backward, and sideways—so
that the containing vessel is literally filled
with pressure. An example of this
distribution of force is illustrated in
figure 2-5. The flat hose takes on a
circular cross section when it is filled with
water under pressure. The outward
push of the water is equal in every
direction.
Figure3. 7 - Effect of atmospheric pressure
Figure3. 8 -Transmission Of forces A- solid, B- Liquid

CHAPTER -4
MATERIALS USED

:Materials used for Hydraulic Backhoe :
Innovation components allow for greater alternative and innovative designs. They are not required,
but are suggested to bring more engineering and innovation to the activity. Only a few innovation
components are usually needed to create alternative designs, so your supply of innovation
components can be used for many hydraulic arms and other activities. Here are the components that
are used in this project:
 Hydraulic cylinders (Syringe with clips and mounts)
 DC motor( 30 rpm)
 Battery -12 V
 Switch Controller
 Glue Stick
 Wheels
 Tin sheet
 Hydraulic Lines (Vinyl Tubing)
 wooden blocks
 Plywoods
 Screws
 nuts
 washers
 Connector strips
 Galvanised colored wire
 Anything else things like the recycling bin, wood, metal, plastic, broken toys, etc.

1. Hydraulic cylinder
A Hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator that is
used to give a unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It has many applications, notably
in engineering vehicles.
Operation
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The
hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves
back and forth. The barrel is closed on each end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap end) and
by the cylinder head where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and
seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder in two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end)
and the piston rod side chamber (rod end). The hydraulic pressure acts on the piston to do
linear work and motion.
Parts of a hydraulic cylinder
A hydraulic cylinder consists of the following parts
Cylinder barrel :
The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled forged pipe that must be machined internally.
The cylinder barrel is ground and/or honed internally
Cylinder base or cap:
In most hydraulic cylinders, the barrel and the bottom portion are welded together. This can damage
the inside of the barrel if done poorly. Therefore, some cylinder designs have a screwed or flanged
connection from the cylinder end cap to the barrel. (See "Tie rod cylinder", below) In this type the
barrel can be disassembled and repaired.

Cylinder head :
The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel with a sort of a simple lock (for simple
cylinders). In general, however, the connection is screwed or flanged. Flange connections are the
best, but also the most expensive. A flange has to be welded to the pipe before machining. The
advantage is that the connection is bolted and always simple to remove. For larger cylinder sizes, the
disconnection of a screw with a diameter of 300 to 600 mm is a huge problem as well as the
alignment during mounting.
Piston
The piston is a short, cylindrical metal component that separates the two parts of the cylinder barrel
internally. The piston is usually machined with grooves to fit elastomeric or metal seals. These seals
are often O-rings, U-cups or cast iron rings. They prevent the pressurized hydraulic oil from passing
by the piston to the chamber on the opposite side. This difference in pressure between the two sides
of the piston causes the cylinder to extend and retract. Piston seals vary in design and material
according to the pressure and temperature requirements that the cylinder will see in service.
Generally speaking, elastomeric seals made from nitrile rubber or other materials are best in lower
temperature environments, while seals made of Viton are better for higher temperatures. The best
seals for high temperature are cast iron piston rings.
Piston rod
The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel which attaches to the
piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. In double rod-end cylinders, the
actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. The piston
rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the work. This connection can
be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment, such as a rod-clevis or rod-eye. These
mounting attachments can be threaded or welded to the piston rod or, in some cases, they are a
machined part of the rod-end.

Rod gland:
The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from leaking past the interface
between the rod and the head. This area is called the rod gland. It often has another seal called a rod
wiper which prevents contaminants from entering the cylinder when the extended rod retracts back
into the cylinder. The rod gland also has a rod wear ring. This wear ring acts as a linear bearing to
support the weight of the piston rod and guides it as it passes back and forth through the rod gland. In
some cases, especially in small hydraulic cylinders, the rod gland and the rod wear ring are made
from a single integral machined part.
Other parts :
 Cylinder base connection
 Seals
 Cushions
Figure 4.1 -Hydraulic Cylinder

Figure 4.1 Hydraulic Cylinder
Figure 4.2 - Syringes
2. Fluid pipes (Vinyl tubes):

The control and application of fluid power would be impossible without suitable means of
transferring the fluid between the reservoir, the power source, and the points of application. Fluid
lines are used to transfer the fluid, and fittings are used to connect the lines to the power source
and the points of application.
Figure : 4.3 – vinyl tubes
Figure 4.3Vinyl tubes
3. PIPES AND TUBING

on
1. The lines must have the correct ID to provide the required volume and velocity of flow with
the least amount of turbulence during all demands on the system.
2. The lines must be made of the proper material and have the wall thickness to provide
sufficient strength to both contain the fluid at the required pressure and withstand the surges of
pressure that may develop in the system.
In our project we have used sections of clear

1/8 I.D. Vinyl tubing of length.

4. DC Motors:
In our project we have used two DC motors of 30 rpm rating which are operated by 12 volt DC
supply .
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.
Figure 4.4 - DC Motor
5. Battery:-
In our project we have used 12 volt Battery(rechargeable ) which are used to operate the dc motor
and provide the required power for the movement of machine .
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.

[1]
When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected
to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected
to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to
be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the

movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform
work.Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells,
however the usage has evolved additionally to include devices composed of a single cell.
Figure 4.5 - Bttery
6. Plywood :-
In our project we have used 0.5 cm thick plywood for the base and for the construction of arm
7. Thin sheets:-
For the making the outer body and as a strip connectors we have used thin aluminium sheets.

8. Wheels ;-
In this project we have used two pairs of wheels , one for rear and another for front . And the power
is given to the rear wheels.Rear wheels are of 9 cm dia. and front wheels are of 6cm dia.
Figure 4.6 - wheels

CHAPTER – 5
METHODOLOGY
:Methodology:
 First of all we have blue print of the project and according to that we cut the design of arms
and base of plywood.

 After that drive system such as axle(front and rear) and wheels.
 Two DC motors are connected with the rear wheels.
 For the power production we used 12 V battery , which is rechargeable .
 All the wire connection and control system are joined by the soldering.
 After that we have setup the hydraulic system in which the hydraulic cylinders i.e. syringes
are connected in a proper manner with the tubes .
 These tubes are filled with the fluid that is water.
 Now the for the operation and controlling we have made a lever controlling system.
 Syringes are connected at their respective places for the movement of arms and digger.
 Arms , digger and loader are connected to the base with the help of screw and hot glue .
 Thin aluminium sheets are cut according to the required shape and sizes to make the outer
body.
 From Al sheets we have also make digger and loader.
 In last we have give the final touch to our project by painting and finishing.

CHA
PTE
R-
6
W
OR
KI
NG
: Working :
 The science behind hydraulics is called Pascal's principle. Essentially, because the liquid in
the pipe is incompressible, the pressure must stay constant all the way through it, even when
you're pushing it hard at one end or the other. Now pressure is defined as the force acting per
unit of area
 As the main ideology of our project is to convert the hydraulic power to obtain required
mechanical work.
This can be possible by using the syringes and vinyl tubes.
The complete working and controlling of the drive system is operated by the lever system.
 As the fluid used is incompressible so applied pressure to the plunger of lever system is fully
transmitted to the plunger of the drive system .
 Basic operations in this project are digging, loading and unloading, rotating, bending of arms,
collecting of materials by bucket.
 These all operation are done by the help of of syringes ,tubes and fluid filled in the tubes.
 There are total 7 pairs of syringes are connected between lever system and drive system with
the help of vinyl tubes.
 In which 4 pairs are used for complete action of rear digging arm such as rotation of arms ,
bending of arms, digging by digging bucket, uplifting and down-falling.
 Remaining pairs are used for the working of the loader which is situated at the front of the
backhoe machine.
 The loader is used for the loading and unloading purpose and for surfacing.
 The drive system is used for the reaching of the machine to the required site.

 The movement of wheels are obtained by the help of dc motor which is connected with the
battery.
 The forward and backward motion is provided by the controlling switch.
Figure 6.1 - Motion of Backhoe Machine

6.1: Working of digger :-
As we discussed above that 4 pairs of syringes are used for the working of the rear arms.
When we push the plunger used for the rotating action then it will rotate the boom in
leftward and rightward direction as per requirement. Also a pair of syringe is used for up and
down motion of the boom.
When we push the plunger of dipper stick, then the upward and downward motion is
obtained.
Now the required torque is provided to the digging bucket for the digging and pouring action
by pushing the syringe plunger connected to the digging bucket
Figure :6.2 – Motion of Digger
Figure 6.2 - Motion of Digger

6.2 : Working of loader :-
There are 3 pairs of syringes are used for the complete action of the loader which is situated at
the front side of the backhoe machine.
We push the respective plunger for the upward and downward motion of the loader arm.
Loader bucket ‘s working is maintained by the help of torque which is applied to the other
remaining plungers.
Loader is used to lift the wastage of the ground and poured it in the required area.
Figure 6. 3 Motion Of loader

CHAPTER-7
ADVANTAGES

: Advantages:
1. Full power stroke - The full power of a hydraulic press can be delivered at any point in the
stroke. Not only at the very bottom, as is the case with mechanical presses. Advantages? No
allowances for reduced tonnage at the top of the stroke. In drawing operations, for example,
you have the full power of the press available at the top of the stroke. You don't have to buy a
200-ton press to get 100 tons throughout the stroke. Other advantages are faster set-ups and
no time consuming job of adjusting the stroke nut on the slide to accommodate different dies.
2. Built-in overload protection - A 100-ton hydraulic press will exert only 100 tons of pressure
(or less, if you have set it for less) no matter what mistakes you make in set-up. You needn't
worry about overloading or breaking the press or smashing a die. When a hydraulic press
reaches its set pressure, that's all the pressure there is. The relief valve opens at that limit and
there is no danger of overload.
3. Much lower original cost and operating costs - Hydraulic presses are relatively simple, and
you may be surprised at the significant cost advantage over mechanical presses in comparable
sizes. The numbers of moving parts are few, and these are fully lubricated in a flow of
pressurized oil. Breakdowns, when they occur, are usually minor; not, for example, like a
broken crankshaft. Replacements of packing, solenoid coils, and occasionally a valve, are
typical maintenance items. Not only are these parts inexpensive, but also they are easily
replaced without tearing the machine apart. This means more up-time and lower maintenance
costs.
4.

5. Larger capacities at lower cost - It is easier and less expensive to buy certain kinds of
capacity in hydraulic presses. Stroke lengths of 12, 18, and 24 inches are common. Extra
stroke length is easy to provide. Open gap (daylight), too, can be added without much
additional cost. Similarly, larger table areas and small presses with big bed areas can be
provided. Large 200-ton presses with relatively small beds are available; tonnage of the press
doesn't dictate what the bed size will be.
6. More control flexibility - Hydraulic press power is always under control. The ram force, the
direction, the speed, the release of force, the duration of pressure dwell, all can be adjusted to
fit a particular job. Jobs with light dies can be done with the pressure turned down. The ram
can be made to approach the work rapidly, then shifted to a slower speed before contacting
the work. Tool life is thus prolonged. Timers, feeders, heaters, coolers, and a variety of
auxiliary functions can be brought into the sequence to suit the job. Hydraulic presses can do
far more than just go up and down, up and down.
7. Greater versatility - A single hydraulic press can do a wide variety of jobs within its tonnage
range. Commonly seen are deep draws, shell reductions, urethane bulging, forming, blank and
pierce, stake, punch, press fits, straightening, and assembly. They are also used for powered
metal forming, abrasive wheel forming, bonding, broaching, ball sizing, plastic and rubber
compression, and transfer molding.
8. Quiet - Fewer moving parts and the elimination of a flywheel reduce the overall noise level
of hydraulic presses compared to mechanical presses. Properly sized and properly mounted

pumping units meet and exceed current Federal standards for noise, even with the pump under
full pressure.
Because each phase of the ram movement can be controlled, noise levels can also be
controlled. A hydraulic ram can be controlled to pass through the work slowly and quietly.
9. More compact - A typical 20-ton hydraulic press is eight feet high, six feet deep, and two
feet wide. A 200-ton press is only ten feet high, nine feet deep, and a little over three feet
wide. At ten times the capacity, the 200-ton press only takes up 50 percent more floor space.
Hydraulic presses become less and less expensive compared to mechanical presses.
10. Lower tool costs - the built-in overload protection (see advantage 2) goes for the tools, too. If
they are built to withstand a certain load, there is no danger of damaging them because of
overloading. Tools can be sized to withstand the load of a particular job, not a particular
press. The pressure of the press can be set down to suit the job. The lack of impact, shock, and
vibration promotes longer tool life.
11. Safety - No manufacturer will (or should) claim that hydraulic presses are safer than
mechanical presses. Both types of machines are designed and built to be safe if the controls
and safety features built in are used properly.

CHAPTER-8
APPLICATIONS
: Applications :

This system is used for the:
 Road construction.
 Digging of the soil.
 Lifting up the required things and placing it to the required places.
 Picking up the wastages and dumping it.
 In the field of infraction of the structures.
 In large scale industries.
 For the surfacing of the soil floors.
 For the breaking of stones.
 For cleaning of water bodies like canal, lake, ponds etc .

CHAPTER-9
COSTING
:Costing:

As per as our costing information is concerned , the overall expenses on making this project may be
near about ₹ 3500/-.

CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION
:CONCLUSION:

The prepared mechanism has been successfully constrained and executed to carry out the required
work of digging and lifting up the weight of the object and to put them in to the placed at different
location.
Our design uses extremely simple ideas and mechanisms to achieve a complex set of actions and is
intended to imitate the actions of the operators. However, these hydraulic arms are expensive for
small scale industries. If the major problem of high initial cost is addressed, a robotic hydraulic arm
can be introduced in any industry to bring in automation. The mechanical links and parts that have
been fabricated are extremely simple.
That Hydraulic Arm will-
 Reach the greatest distance to deliver a given object.
 Pick up the heaviest possible object.
 Deliver the most objects in a given amount of time.
 Function in an assembly line.
 Have a system to weight the object it picks up.
 Battle against another arm for an object.
 Rotate as well as reach and grab.
 Dig and recover objects.

CHAPTER-11
REFERENCES

: REFERENCES:
 http://sciencekit.com/teacher-geek-hydraulics-pneumatics/c/1091955/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder
 http://enginemechanics.tpub.com/14105/
 http://www.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/hydraulic.htm
 A text book of Fluid Mechanics by R.K. Bansal
 www.greenerd.com
 www.madehow.com
 www.techpedia.org
 www.valvehydraulic.com

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Table of Contents

9. COSTING AND CAPACITY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51

1.2 Hydraulic arm…………….…………………………………………………….09

1.3 Hydraulic arm (b)………….…………………………………….……………...10

1.4 pressure transfer through liquid ……………………….………………………..11

2.1 First tractor loaded backhoe……………………………………....……………..14

3.1 Confined liquid pressure………………………………………..……………….18

3.2 Pressure is independent of temperature…………………….……………………20

3.3 Water pressure in 1 cubic foot container………………...………………………20

3.4 Pressure in different sections …………………………………………………….21

3.5 Forces transmitted through liquid……………..……………..….……………......22

3.6 Hydraulic lift Working……………………………………….….……………….24

3.7 Effect of atmospheric temperature…………………..………………….………..27

3.8 Transmission forces……………………………………….……………………..27

4.1 Hydraulic cylinder……………………………………………….………………32

4.3 Vinyl tubes………………………………………………………………………33

4.5 Battery ………………………………………………….………………………..36

4.6 Wheels ……………………………………………………………………………37

6.1 Motion of Backhoe Machine…………………………………….……………….42

6.2 Motion of Digger………………………………………………..…….………….43

6.3 Motion of Loader………………………………………..……………………....44

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 2

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 3

both the perspectives that are theoretical as well as practical

concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry, pumps. The principles of

in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field open channel flow studies the flow in

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 4

viscosity of a liquid is affected by changes in temperature and pressure. As the

thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors, valves, and so on

 Freedom from Acidity

the heaviest oils

required of desirable hydraulic liquids.

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 5

 Density and Compressibility :-

1.1.2 : Characteristics of Hydraulic:-

 Fluids cannot be compressed

 Fluids can transmit Movement

 Acts “Like a steel rod” in a closed container

and increase force

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 6

Viscosity is one of the most important properties of hydraulic fluids. It is a measure of a

viscosity of a liquid is affected by changes in temperature and pressure. As the

pressure on the liquid increases.

viscosity of a liquid is affected by changes in temperature and pressure. As the

thick enough to give a good seal at pumps, motors, valves, and so on

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 7

right, usually through a total of around 180–200 degrees.

1.2.1 :- Characteristics Of Backhoe :-

chassis may then be referred to as an "excavator".

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 8

slows down the digging process.

Digging Bucket Digger

With the advent of hydraulic powered attachments such as a tiltrotator, breaker, a grapple or

the tiltrotator attachment, serves as an effective tool carrier. Many backhoes feature quick

coupler (quick-attach) mounting systems for simplified attachment mounting, dramatically increasing

with loaders and bulldozers. Excavators that use a backhoe are sometimes called "trackhoes" by

Figure1.2 hydraulic arm

HYDRAULIC BACKHOE MACHINE Page 9

backhoes still are in general use.

Sometimes a backhoe bucket is reversed to work in a power shovel configuration. This is generally

reach of the machine, or working around obstacles such as pipes.

behind the scoop

Figure 1 .3 Hydraulic arm(b)