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STRESS
SOIL STRESS s (kN/m 2 )= .z
where:
Total Stress, s  = unit weight of soil (kN/m3)
z = depth / thickness from ground surface (m)
Pore Pressure, u
Effective Stress, s’

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EXAMPLE 1 : Total stress in multi-layered in soil

TOTAL NORMAL STRESS The total stress at depth z (i.e. Point D) is the sum of the weights of soil in eachlayer
thickness above.
Generated by the mass in the soil body, calculated by
sum up the unit weight of all the material (soil solids + 1m sA = t,1 x 1 m
t,1 = 17kN/m3
water) multiplied by soil thickness or depth. 3m ·A = 17kN/m2
Denoted as s, sv, Po
The unit weight of soil is in natural condition and the ·B sB = t,1 x 3m
water influence is ignored. = 51kN/m2
t,2 = 18kN/m3
Total stress increases with depth and with unit weight: 4m
Vertical total stress at depth z
   t .z ·C sC = t,1 x 3 m + t,2 x 4 m

2m = 123kN/m2
t,3 = 18kN/m3
z = The depth ofpoint 4m
·D sD = t,1 x 3 m + t,2 x 4 m
+ t,3 x 2m
= 159 kN/m2

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Pore water pressure (u) Negative pore pressure

Under hydrostatic conditions (no water flow) the pore pressure at a given point is given -Below the water table, pore pressures
by the hydrostatic pressure:
are positive.
u = w .hw - In dry soil, the pore pressure is zero.
Where
w = unit weight of water (9.81kN/m3  10 kN/m3) - Above the water table, when the soil is
hw = depth below water table or overlying saturated, pore pressure will be negative.
water surface

u = -(w .hw)

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EFFECTIVE
EFFECTIVE STRESS STRESS

Defined as soil stress which not influenced by water pressure insoil s'  s  u
body.
Published first time by Terzaghi at 1923 base on the experimental
result s   t .z u   w .z
Applied to saturated soil and has a relationship with two typeof
stress i.e.:
Total Normal Stress (s)
@
Pore Water Pressure (u)
Effective stress formula s' ( t   w ).z  '.z
s'  s  u

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EX.# 2 EXAMPLE

Total Stress
s = d,1 . h1 + t,1 . h2 + t,2 . h3
h1 = 2m s = 13.1 . 2 + 18 . 2.5 + 19.8 . 4.5
Sand = 160.3 kN/m2
MAT
sat = 18.0kN/m3
Pore Water Pressure
h 2 = 2.5 m
d = 13.1kN/m3 u = w .(h2+h3)
u = 10 . 7
= 70 kN/m2

Clay Effective Stress

h 3 = 4.5 m s’ = s - u = 90.3 kN/m2
sat = 19.80kN/m3

s’ = d,1 . h1 + ( t,2 -  w) . h 2 + ( t,2 -  w) . h 3

x
s’ = 13.1 . 2 + (18-10) . 2.5 + (19,8-10) . 4.5
= 90.3 kN/m2

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SEATWORK
EXAMPLE For the soil profile shown here, plot the stress distribution diagram including totalstress,
pore pressure and effective stress
Total Stress (s) Pore Water Pressure (u) Effective Stress (s’)
d= 18 kN/m3
1m
Dry sand
26.2 kPa 26.2 kPa
-2.0

d= 19 kN/m3
71.2 kPa 25 kPa 46.2 kPa 0.5 m
-4.5 Silty sand

d= 20 kN/m3
2m sat= 22 kN/m3
160.3 kPa 70 kPa 90.3 kPa
-9.0 Clay

Profile of Vertical Stress / Stress distribution Diagram Point X

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SEATWORK

For the soil profile shown here, plot the stress distribution diagram including totalstress,
pore pressure and effective stress

d= 18 kN/m3
1m
Dry sand

d= 19 kN/m3
0.5 m Silty sand

d= 20 kN/m3
0.5 m sat= 22 kN/m3
Clay

Point X