Engr.

Albert Pestaño, CE
Professor - Safety Engineering
Objectives:

• Discuss Accident Causation Theories (ex. Domino Theory)

• Enumerate Accident Causation and Prevention
• Define Unsafe Act and Unsafe Conditions
• Enumerate Accident Prevention Methods in the Workplace
The Work System

The work is a system – more than a collection of

independent variables.

When an accident happens, there is a sound

reason to believe that an accident is a breakdown in
a system rather than a fault in any variable,
example, the individual.
The Work System
Accident occur within the systems, and the
worker’s is part of the a work system.
Obviously if a person went to work, sat in a
room and did nothing, that person would have
little chance of being involved in an accident.
In carrying out the work function the person
has demands placed on his/her physical and
psychological make-up.
 ACCIDENT THEORY
Environment

People
Equipment

Materials
 An occurrence or event that is unexpected,
unplanned, unforseen, and unwanted that
may or may not cause damage, injury, fatality,
loss or work stoppage.
According to US-OSHA
An “Accident” is defined as as unplanned event
that results in personal injury or property
damage.
An “Incident” is defined as an unplanned event
that does not result in personal injury but may
result in property damage or is worthy of
recording. Basically, by definition, all accidents are incidents
but not all incidents are accidents.
Different Level Fall
A worker was standing on a
platform edge of 10th floor
building installing support for
temporary elevator. The
platform did not have railings
around it. When he stepped
back he fell off the platform and
was injured.

Are there any hazards or

conditions in your work area
that could result in Same Level
Fall injuries?

How can you prevent them?

Different Level Fall
A worker was standing on a platform
edge of 10th floor building installing
support for temporary elevator. The
platform did not have railings around
it. When he stepped back he fell off
the platform. But because he has
proper protection PPE or safety
harness he did not fell down and no
injury occurred.

Are there any hazards or conditions in

your work area that could result in
Same Level Fall injuries?

How can you prevent them?

 MANAGEMENT ORIGIN (S) SYMPTOMS EVENT

MANAGEMENT ORIGIN (S) SYMPTOMS EVENT

TLV LOSS
MANAGEMENT ORIGIN (S) SYMPTOMS EVENT

TLV LOSS
 P
P
E

MANAGEMENT ORIGIN (S) SYMPTOMS EVENT

LOSS
 MODERN SAFETY MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS
LACK OF CONTROL 1. Leadership and Administration
2. Leadership Training
3. Planned Inspection and Maintenance
4. Critical Task Analysis and Procedures
5. Accident/Incident Investigation
6. Task Observation
7. Emergency Preparedness
8.Rules and Work Permits
9.Accident/Incident Analysis
10.Knowledge and Skill Training
MANAGEMENT
 MODERN SAFETY MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS
LACK OF CONTROL 11. Personal Protective Equipment
12. Health and Hygiene Control
13. System Evaluation
14. Engineering and Change Management
15. Personal Communications
16.Group Communications
17.General Promotion
18.Hiring and Placement
19.Materials/Services Mgmt
20.Off-the-job Safety.
MANAGEMENT
 Albert L. Pestaño, CE MSCM

•PERSONAL FACTORS
BASIC CAUSE (S)

Inadequate Physical Capacity as:

-lack of height,
-lack of heft, etc.
 •PERSONAL FACTORS
Physical Stress as:
BASIC CAUSE (S)

-injury,
-fatigue,
-illness,
-diabetic condition, etc.
 •PERSONAL FACTORS
Inadequate Mental Ability as:
-mental illness,
BASIC CAUSE (S)

-mechanical inaptitude,
-poor judgment,
-memory failure
Lack of Knowledge and Training,
-lack of practice,
-lack of coaching,
-lack of skill.
 •PERSONAL FACTORS

Mental Stress such as:

BASIC CAUSE (S)

-emotional overload,
-frustration,
-routine, demanding,
meaningless work.
 •OTHER PERSONAL FACTORS

- phobias
BASIC CAUSE (S)

- allergies,
- color blindness etc.
 • JOB FACTORS
-Inadequate leadership as poor
supervisory skills,
BASIC CAUSE (S)

-Inadequate supervision,
-Inadequate policy,
-Inadequate Engineering,
such as poor layout
-Inadequate matching of capabilities
and job requirements.
 • JOB FACTORS

-Inadequate preparation of
BASIC CAUSE (S)

equipment,
-Poor assessment of loss exposures
-Inadequate Logistics as inadequate
specs,
-Inadequate handling of equipment, etc
-Inadequate maintenance or Poor PM.
 -Exposures to hazardous energies
such as: electricity, pneumatics,
hydraulics, mechanical, chemical,
BASIC CAUSE (S)

thermal, other energies such as

gravity, etc.
 JOB FACTORS
-Inadequate Tools and equipment
-Unavailability of proper tools
BASIC CAUSE (S)

-Human factors not considered

-Too high requirements
-Inconsistent work descriptions
-Standards not updated.
The human action
that departs from
a standard or
written job
procedure or
common practice,
safety rules,
regulations or
instructions.
The physical or chemical
property of a material,
machine or the
environment which could
result in injury to a
person, damage or
destruction to property or
other forms of losses.
 UNSAFE ACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSE (S) -Running at too-high speeds
-Operating equipment without training
and certificate
-Failure to give warning
-Failure to secure equipment, materials
-Tampering with safety devices.
 UNSAFE ACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSE (S) -Smoking in flammable area
-Doing hot works without work
permit
-Work with hazardous chemicals
without appropriate PPE
-Working over 2M high without
protective barrier or fall protection.
 UNSAFE CONDITION
IMMEDIATE CAUSE (S) -Guards, barriers not adequate
-PPE not adequate
-Defective equipment, materials,
restricted workplace
-Fire, flammable, explosion hazards.
 UNSAFE CONDITION
IMMEDIATE CAUSE (S) -Poor housekeeping
-Poor ventilation
-High temperatures
 UNSAFE CONDITION
IMMEDIATE CAUSE (S)
-High Noise levels.
 Work Accident
ACCIDENT/INCIDENT shall mean an unplanned or unexpected
occurrence, that may or may not result in
personal injury, property damage, work
stoppage or interference or any
combination thereof which arises out of and
in the course of employment.”
Occupational Safety and Health Standards Rule 1002 (8)
UNSAFE ACT 88%
98%

UNSAFE 10%
CONDITION
 2% are not preventable
Mostly coming from natural calamities.

Typhoons Earthquakes Floods

1. Struck against rigid structure
2. Struck by falling object
3. Caught in, on or between
4. Fall on same level
5. Fall in different level
6. Electrocution
7. Fire
 •Personal Injury
PEOPLE, PROPERTY, ETC. •Property Damage
•Production Losses
•Materials Wastes
•Rejects & Reworks
•Lost Sales
•Loss of Skill &
Experience
•Recruitment &
Placement Costs
•Loss of Goodwill
44
 Classification of Personal Injury:
PEOPLE, PROPERTY, ETC.
Death, Permanent Total Disability
Lost Time Accident (LTA)
Non-Lost Time Accidents
Medical Treatment Case
Restricted Work Cases or Light Duty
Work
First Aid Cases (FAC’s)
 All accidents have causes,
therefore accidents can be
prevented by correcting the
potential causes before the
accident happens.
References

Dr. Niel B Dayan, MBA, Accredited DOLE OSH Consultant

Albert L. Pestaño, CE MSCM