DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Architecture

Mechanical Engineering Department

CONTROL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

Experiment 4

EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS IN MATLAB

STUDENT NAME:

SECTION: BSME-4B

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ANTHONY TOLENTINO

DATE SUBMITTED: DECEMBER 3,2021

 Experiment 5
Continuous-Time Signal Representation

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The analysis of continuous- and discrete-time signals is very important and is a requirement in
the analysis of feedback control systems. This chapter will introduce you to different techniques
in generating and analyzing continuous- and discrete-time signals using MATLAB.

2.0 CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS OVERVIEW

A continuous-time signal is uniquely defined at all ‘time’ as an independent variable, for a

certain time domain except for discontinuities at denumerable set of points. (Nagrath, et al,
2001). An example of a continuous-time signal with the function:

3
f ( t )=t +20 sin ( 3 t )

is shown in Fig. 2.1.

Listing 2.1 shows a script that produces a continuous-time plot of Eq. 2.1.

Listing 2.1
t = -5:.01:5;
f = t.^3+20*sin(3.*t);
plot(t,f)

Figure 2.1: An Example of a continuous time signal

Listing 2.2

Listing 2.2 shows a script that produces an amplitude modulated signal with the equation:
y=20 sin ( t ) sin ( t /20 )
t = 0:.01:40*pi;
y=20*sin(t).*sin(t./20);
plot(t,y)

Figure 2.1: An Example of an amplitude modulated signal

3.0 SOME IDEAL SIGNALS

Step Function

Listing 2.3
t = -5:0.01:10;
y1 = zeros(1,length(-5:0.01:0-0.01));
y2 = 10*ones(1,length(0:0.01:10));
y = [y1 y2];
plot(t,y,’+’)

Figure 2.3: A plot of the step function with an amplitude of 10.0

A step function represents a sudden change as indicated in Fig. 2.3. It is mathematically

defined as:

f s ( t )= A t>0
{ }
0 t<0

where, A is the amplitude of the function. If the amplitude A is 1.0, then the function is
called a unit step function, which is sometimes denoted as u(t).
Ramp Function

Listing 2.4
t1=-5:0.01:0-0.01;
t2=0:0.01:10;
t=[t1 t2];
y1 = zeros(1,length(t1));
y2 = 2*ones(1,length(t2)).*t2;
y=[y1 y2];
plot(t,y,’+’)

Figure 2.4: A plot of the ramp function with a multiplicative factor of 2.0.

A ramp function is a function that increases in amplitude as time increases from zero to infinity.
It is mathematically defined as:

f s ( t )= At t>0
{ }
0 t<0
where, A is a multiplicative factor that dictates the steepness of the ramp. If A is 1.0, the ramp
function is called a unit ramp function.

Sine wave (Sinusoidal Function)

A sinusoidal function is expressed as:

x ( t )= A sin ( 2Tπ t+φ )

where, A is the amplitude of the sinusoid, T is the fundamental period of the wave in seconds,
and φ is the phase angle in radians. Since the fundamental period is equal to the reciprocal of
the fundamental frequency, the sinusoid can be expressed as:

x ( t )= A sin ( 2 π +φ )= A sin ( ωt +φ )

Listing 2.5
Listing 2.5 shows a script that produces an amplitude modulated signal with the equation:
x ( t )=5 sin ( t )
t=0:2*pi/100:4*pi;
y=5*sin(t);
plot(t,y)
 Figure 2.5: An example of a sinusoid

4.0 EXERCISES

1) Generate a step function with an amplitude of 5.0. Plot the signal at the range of
−10≤t≤20 seconds with a resolution of 0.01 secs.

2) Make a delay shift to the step function generated in No. 1 by 2 secs. Plot the signal at
the range and resolution given in No. 1.

3) Generate a pulse train with a period of 5 secs. and a duty cycle of 50%. Plot the pulse
train at the range 0≤t≤20 with a resolution of 0.01 secs.
* A duty cycle is the fraction of one period in which a signal or system is active.

4) Plot the function x ( t )=2 cos ( 100 πt ) +1 . The range is 0≤t≤0 .1 with a resolution of
0.001 secs.

5) Generate a sequence of impulses with amplitude of 1.0 at the range 0≤t≤5 seconds with a
resolution of 0.01 secs. The interval between pulses is 1 sec. Use the pulstran command as
tripuls with a sample rate and repetition amplitude of 0.
5.0 Data and Results
6.0 Analysis and Conclusions

With the proper knowledge on using matlab and by following the procedure we can easily
get the outcome we want.

7.0 References