FCStructures

I.
Introduction
II. Required Design Data
III. Design Criteria and Standards
IV. Design Procedures
V. Design Revisions
I. Introduction
V. Design Revisions
Introduction
What is a Flood Control and Drainage Structure?
Measure taken to reduce the damaging effects

of floodwaters have on human lives and
property damage
What are the
FC & Drainage Structures?
What are the FC &
Drainage Structures?
Flood Control structures include:

1. Dike/Embankment/Levee
2. Spur Dikes
3. Revetments
4. Ground Sill
5. Small Dams
6. Sluiceway and Conduits
7. Overtopping Embankments
What are the FC &
1. Dike/Embankment/Levee
• constructed along the banks of a
stream, river, lake or other body of
water
• protects the landside from overflowing
floodwater
• confines the stream flow in the regular
channel
2. Spur Dikes
• river training structures constructed
along the banks of rivers and flood
dikes
• deflect or repel the flow for the
purpose of training the course of the
river channel
• protects the banks from scouring by
inducing siltation in the area
What are the FC &
3. Revetments
• constructed along river banks subjected
to direct attack of the river flow and
along levee slopes
• protection against erosion, scouring,
riverbed degradation and wave wash
4. Ground Sill
• drop structures located within a channel
• used downstream of culverts to prevent
head cutting from discharge flows
• maintains a consistent streambed profile
in the vicinity of the culvert
What are the FC &
5. Small Dams
• any dams that are less than 15 m in height
• constructed to meet a variety of needs such as:
o flood control and flood mitigation
o creation of fresh water storage for the provision of clean water
o generation of power through hydro-electric schemes
o creation of recreation areas
6. Sluiceway for Drainage

• incorporates a culvert passing through the
dike and an associated control structure
such as a gate
• categorized into two types according to its
purpose
What are the FC &
7. Overtopping Embankment
• Overtopping embankments include:
o Dikes that overtop during flooding
o Lower level road embankments or bridge approaches that overtop
-
<0 Iluberl ClIANSO'.N200
What are the FC &
Drainage structures include:

1. Open Drains & Channels
2. Closed Conduit Network
(Pipe Network)
3. Culverts
4. Inlet Manholes
5. Manholes & Access Chambers
6. Detention Basins
7. Overland Flow paths
8. Pumping Stations
What are the FC &
1. Open Drains & Channels

• Three (3) key types of channels :
o Channels with rigid linings
o Channels with flexible linings
o Composite Channels
What are the FC &
Channels with rigid linings
o Rigid linings are useful in flow
zones where high shear stress or
non uniform flow conditions
exist, such as at transitions in
channel shape or at an energy
dissipation.
o Generally higher initial costs but

lower maintenance.
o Susceptibility to failure from

foundation instability and
undermining.
What are the FC &
Channels with flexible
linings
o Best suited in areas of uniform
flow and low shear stress.
o Lower initial costs but higher

maintenance costs
o Higher roughness and therefore

greater area required for same
capacity.
o Used in channels with

intermittent flows.
What are the FC &
Composite Channels
o Utilizes a combination of rigid
lining and flexible lining.
o Rigid lining is typically used in

the bottom of the channel
where higher velocities occur
What are the FC &
2. Closed Conduit Network

(Pipe Network)
• Energy losses s to be accounted in the
design should include:
o Losses at junctions
o Inlets and outlets
o Obstruction and penetrations
o Pipe branch losses, and
o Transition losses
What are the FC &
3. Culverts
• a relatively short length of pipe or closed conduit
used to convey stormwater through an
embankment or road, connected at each end to
an open channel
What are the FC &
4. Inlet Manholes
• Inlet pits should be located:
o Such that the capacity of the reach between inlet
pits is not exceeded.
o In all low points/depressions in order to prevent

the unwanted collection of stormwater.
o Upstream of bridges/crossings to prevent

stormwater flowing onto the bridge/crossing.
o In locations were overland flow may present a

hazard to pedestrians or vehicles.
o Where they do not interfere with pedestrian or

vehicular access (for example, driveways).
What are the FC &
5. Manholes & Access Chambers
• used to provide access to the drainage system for
inspection and maintenance
• Inlet pits can also serve as access points and
should be used in lieu of access chambers where
possible as they provide the additional benefit of
stormwater interception at a minimal additional
cost
6. Detention Basins
• used to reduce the peak outflow from a location
• Basins perform through intercepting stormwater
flows and releasing the stormwater volume in
acontrolled manner over a period of time
What are the FC &
7. Overland Flowpaths
• designed to carry flow in excess of the
piped capacity
• where possible, overland flowpaths
should not be contained within private
properties
• if this is unavoidable, a drainage
easement should be obtained to contain
the overland flow path, in order to allow
maintenance teams to undertake any
required control works
What are the FC &
8. Pumping Station
• Pumping stations allow for the removal of
stormwater from pipe systems that cannot
be drained through gravity.
• Pumping stations must be designed

by a professional mechanical
engineer.
I. Introduction
V. Design Revisions
Required Design Data
A. Field Survey Information
• Topographic Survey
• Hydrographic Survey
• Soils Subsurface and Surface Exploration
B. Other Data
• Rainfall Data
• River Channel Gauge Data
• Runoff Data
• Tidal Data
• Soil Investigation
A. Field Survey Information: Topographic Survey
A. Field Survey Information: Hydrographic Survey
A. Field Survey Information: Hydrographic Survey
A. Field Survey Information: Soils Subsurface
and Surface Explorations
Soils Subsurface and Surface Exploration

• Construction Materials
• Field and Laboratory Tests
• Requirements
Type of Project Spacing Depth
Dams, Dams Dams and other retention structures
Embankments •60m spacing over foundation areas and • (0.5)x BW for earth dams
30m intermediate along centreline • (1-1.5)H for small concrete dams
• 3-6 m in hard and imperious strata
Dikes and Dikes & Revetments High embankments and revetments
Revetments • one boring in active slide area •(0.5 – 1.25) x HL
• three to five on line in critical transverse where HL – hor. length of side slope
for high embankments and deep cuts •Up to hard strata for deep or irregular soft
• 100m to 200m for irregular soft strata strata are encountered
• 500m to 1km for homogeneous strata
B. Other Data
Rainfall Data
• Historical rainfall can be used to verify design rainfall information or as an
input to a hydrological model in order to calibrate it to a historical flood
event.
• Rainfall information is available from Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).
River or Channel Gauge Data

• The data may be recorded water levels, or where a rating curve is
available, observed discharges as well.
RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY (RIDF)
CURVE AND DATA
B. Other Data
Runoff Data
• Can be obtained from:
o Rational Formula
– Catchment Area < 20 Km2 (Rural and Forested)
– Catchment Area ≤5 Km2 (Urban)
Q = cIA/3.6
Q = maximum flood discharge in cu. m./sec
c = runoff coefficient
I = rainfall intensity in mm/hr
A = catchment are in sq. km.
B. Other Data
Runoff Data
o Unit Hydrograph Method
B. Other Data
Runoff Data
o Storage Function Method
B. Other Data
Runoff Data
o Flood Frequency Analysis
B. Other Data
Runoff Data
o Specific Discharge Method
B. Other Data
Tidal Data
• Tidal data comes in two forms:
o Observed or measured data
o Predicted data
B. Other Data
Soil Investigation
• Subsoil conditions can be
explored by drilling and
sampling, seismic surveying,
excavation of test pits and by the
study of existing data
I. Introduction
V. Design Revisions
Old DGCS:
Design Flood / Return Period

Bridges 1 in 50 yr
Box Culvert 1 in 25 yr
Pipe Culvert 1 in 10 yr
Embankment 1 in 10 yr
Ditches and road surface 1 in 2 yr
Design Flood: FC Structures
PROTECTION LEVELS
River Type Design Flood
Principal and Major Rivers

100 years
(40 sq. km. drainage area and above)
Small Rivers
50 years
(below 40 sq. km. drainage area)
Design Criteria:
Dike/Embankment/Levee
Design Criteria:
FREEBOARD
The freeboard allowance corresponding to the design flood discharge
Design Discharge, Q
Freeboard(m)
(m3 /s)
Less than 200 0.60
200 and less than 500 0.80
500 and less than 2000 1.00
2000 and less than 5000 1.20
5000 and less than 10,000 1.50
10,000 and over 2.00
Design Criteria:
RECOMMENDED CREST WIDTH
Design Discharge, Q
Crest Width (m)
(m3 /s)
Less than 500 3.00
500 and less than 2, 000 4.00
2, 000 and less than 5, 000 5.00
5, 000 and less than 10, 6.00
000
10,000 and over 7.00
Design Criteria:
Slope
• The side slopes should be gentler on both landside and riverside of the
embankment that 1V:2H for low embankments (< 6.0 m) and 1V:3H
for high embankments (>6.0 m).
• A minimum side slope of 1V:4H is typically adopted for embankments

consisting of sand and shall be protected by providing a total cover of
300 mm thick of a good soil and sodding.
Hf DFWL Hf DFWL
1 1 1 1
RIVERSIDE LANDSIDE RIVERSIDE LANDSIDE
2 EMBANKMENT 2 3 EMBANKMENT 3
FOR LOW EMBANKMENT FOR HIGH EMBANKMENT
Hf DFWL
1 1
RIVERSIDE EMBANKMENT LANDSIDE
4 4
FOR SAND EMBANKMENT

Design Criteria:
Slope
• On the landward side, steeper slopes can be achieved with crib walls or
concrete walls where space may be restricted.
• A slope gentler than 1V:4H to 1V:5H should be adopted if maintenance

and mowing of the surface is required.
• A steeper slope may be adopted on the riverside where this is protected

by a revetment.
Design Criteria:
Berms
• Provided for stability, repair and maintenance purposes
• On the riverbank side, when the crest height from the river bed is more
than 6 m, berms shall be provided at every 3 to 5 m having a width
of 1 m or more.
Design Criteria:
Berms
• On the landward side, when the crest height from the existing ground is
more than 4 m, berms shall be provided at every 2 to 3 m in height having
a width of 1 m or more
• A steeper slope may be adopted on the riverside where this is protected

by a revetment.
• A masonry dike may have a minimum berm width of 1 m when necessary

for stability purposes.
Design Criteria:
Berms
• Additional height, or extra embankment, should be incorporated to allow
for settlement of the dike over time.
• The preferred vegetation for levees is grasses
• When the levees is constructed along the road or the drain, toe
protection is required. It should have a height of 0.5-1.0 m and be made
of dry stone masonry to secure the drainage in the levee body
Design Criteria:
Levees
Levees generally result in the obstruction of overland flow paths and the
drainage from the landward side to the river. Pipes or drainage culverts will
be required to cross through the levee to relieve local drainage.
Design Criteria:
Types of Levee
1. Urban Levees - provide protection of the densely populated communities, including their
industrial, commercial, and residential facilities against flooding.
2. Agricultural Levees - provide protection from flooding in lands used for

agricultural purposes.
Classification of Levees According to Use
1. Mainline and Tributary Levees – lies along a mainstream and its tributaries
2. Ring Levees – completely encircle or “ring” an area subject to inundation
3. Setbacks Levees – built landward of existing levees that have suffered distress
or are in some way being endangered, as by river migration.
Design Criteria: Spur Dike
Types of Spur Dikes:

• Permeable type
• Impermeable type
• Overflow type
• Non-overflow type
At right Deflected
angles Upstream
spur
Overflow and Overflo

Non - w
overflow Type
Type
FlowDirection
- SedimentationArea
- ScouringArea
Length
• Spur dikes should have lengths from 10 to 15% of the width of the
river or channel but not to exceed 100 metres.
DFL : Design Flood Level
Lspur _< ( 0.1x W)

Crest slope = 1:20 to 1:100
OWL : Ordinary Water Level
H spur = OWL +
( 0.5m. to 1.0m.) ( Rainy Season)
Spur Dike
Width
• Usually, the top width of spur dikes ranges from 1 to 3 metres.
Lspur <_ ( 0.1x W)

H spur = OWL +
Slope
• The longitudinal slope of the spur dike should be 1V:20H to 1V:100H
toward the center of the river.
Lspur _< ( 0.1x W)

H spur = OWL +
Slope
• Slopes are typically between 1V:1H and 1V:2H on the upstream
side and 1V:1H and 1H:2H toward the center of the river.
Lspur _< ( 0.1x W)

H spur = OWL +
Spacing
• Spacing for semi-impermeable (up to 35% permeable) or impermeable
spur dikes should be less than 2 times its effective length at flow
attack zones and 2 to 4 times at straight sections of channel.
• Permeable spurs should be spaced closer together.
Embedment Depth
• For concrete and stone masonry type spur dike, a minimum
embedment depth of 0.5 m is recommended
• For gabion-type, boulder type and concrete block type spur dikes, only a
provision of about 0.2 m layer of gravel before placement of the
main body is sufficient.
Toe Protection Works
TOE PROTECTION :
Gabion Mattress
/ Boulders
PLAN
Design Criteria: Revetment
Types of Revetment
R e v e t m e n t S c o u r i n g a n d
D e g r a d a t i o n P a r t
S a n d B a r
F o r m ation
SUMMARY OF QUANTlTIES
PAY ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY UNIT COST COST/ Km.
NO.
505 (1) DRY BOULDER RIPRAP m' 3,123 Php 1,975.74 Php 6,170,236.02
622 (3) a COCONET w/ GRASS PLANTING m• 2,800 Php 109.07 Php 305,396.00
SAND & GRAVEL BACKING m' 1,040 Php 851.76 Php 885,830.40
l 000, EXISTING GROUND
TOTAL= Php 7,361,462.42 (MIN.)
C MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL COCONETw/

GRASS PLANTING
sz
0
8
L{)
ORDINARY FLOOD LEVEL
I
1000
LOOSEBOULDER APRON
300-400mm0
100mm THICKSAND AND
GRAVEL BACKING
DRY BOULDER RIP-RAP

(300 mm 0 BOULDER)
NOTES:
1. IF THE HEIGHTS OF REVETMENTS GREATER
THAN FOUR (4) METERS BERM MUST BE
PROVIDED AND SHALL BE LOCATED MIDWAY
OF REVETMENT SLOPE WITH 1.0M. WIDTH,
2 FOR BANK SLOPE 1·1
C) DRY BOULDER RIPRAP 3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY

= 3.0mls
4. ASSUMED HEIGHT OF COCONET = 2.80m.
SUMMAR¥ OF ClUANTITIES
PAY ITEM
DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY UNIT COST COST/ Km.
NO.
505 (1) GROUTED RIPRAP m 3,123 Php 3,581.88 Php 11,186,211.24
622 (3) a COCONET wt GRASS PLANTING m> 2,800 Php 109 .07 Php 305,396.00
508 LOOSE BOULDER m' 1,600 Php 1,616.46 Php 2,586,336
1000 EXISTING GROUND
TOTAL= Php 14,072,934.24
{MIN.)
I
I MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL COCONETw/
GRASS PLANTING
I ORDINARY FLOOD LEVEL
LOOSE BOULDER APRON

300-400mm 0 ' - - - - GRADED GRAVEL WITHTHELARGER ONES
PLACED ADJACENT TO HOLES AS SHOWN
RIVER BED
, WEEPHOLES STAGGERED AT 2000mm
INTERVAL ABOVE THE ORDINARY WATER LEVEL
GROUTED BOULDER RIP-RAP

8 ' - - - - - - -
(250· 300 mm 0 BOULDER)
NOTES:
1 IF THE HEIGHTS OF REVETMENTS GREATER
OF REVETMENT SLOPE W ITH 1.0M. WIDTH
E=) GROUTED RIPRAP

2. FOR BANK SLOPE 1·1
3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY = 5.0 mis

SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES
PAY ITEM
NO.
511 (1) GABION REVETMENT rn• 3,981 Php 3,564.35 Php 14,189,677_35
511 (3) FILTER FABRIC m' 13,000 Php 410.87 Php 5,341,310
SPL 1 PEG Pcs. 1000 Php 450.00 Php 450,000
TOTAL= Php 20,286,383.35
MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL
COCONET w/ _/
GRASS PLANTING
0
SLIP PREVENTION PEG
0 ( 9 0 mm0 , L= 1500@ 2000 O.C. (STAGGERED)
0
LI)
/ ORDINARYFLOOD LEVEL
1000
GEOTEXTILEFABRIC
SLIP PREVENTION PEG

(90mm0 , L= 1500@ 2000 O.C. (STAGGERED)
NOTES:
4000 (MIN.) ., MATTRESSFACING 1 IF THE HEIGHTS OF REVETMENTS GREATER
(6000 X 2000 X 300) THAN FOUR (4) METERS BERM MUST BE
OF REVETMENT SLOPE WITH 1 OM. WIDTH
MATTRESS REVETMENT W/OUT CUT-OFF
2. FOR BANK SLOPE 1;1
(9 WALL FOUNDATION (SPREAD TYPE II) 3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY = 5.0m/s

.c.,;,:UMMARY OF QUANTITIES
PAY ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY UNIT COST COST/Km.
NO.
511 (1) GABION REVETMENT m•

m•
5,450 Php 3,564.35 Php 19,461,351.00 I TOTAL= Php 27,078,276.00 I
622(3)a COCONET w/ GRASS PLANTING 2,800 Php 109,07 Php 305,396.00
511 (3) FILTER FABRIC m' 16,700 Php 410.87 Php 6.861,529.00
SPL 1 PEG Pcs. 1000 Php 45000 P hp 450,000

COCONETw/
GRASS PLANTING
0
0
0
LI")
ORDINARY FLOOD LEVEL SUP PREVENTION PEG
I 1000
- - - (9 0 mm0 , L= 1500@ 1000 TO 2000 B.W.)
MATTRESS FACING GEOTEXTILE FABRIC

- - - - ,
(6000 X 2000 X 300)
SLIP PREVENTION PEG
- (9 0 m m 0 , L= 1500@ 1000 TO 2000 B.W.)
0...,.
0 MATTRESS FACING
LI")
- - (6000 X 2000 NOTES:
X 300) 1, IF THE HEIGHTS OF REVETMENTS GREATER
200 x l 000 x 1OOOMM GABION PROVIDED AND SHALL BE LOCATED MIDWAY
- - - - - - CUT-OFF WALL FOUNDATION
4000 (MIN.) .I 1000 I
OF REVETMENT SLOPE W ITH 1 OM WIDTH.
2. FOR BANK SLOPE 1·1

MATTRESS REVETMENT W/ GABION CUT
3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY= 5.0m/s
OFF WALL FOUNDATION (SPREAD TYPE Ill)
SUMMAF<'Y OF QUANTITIES
PAY ITEM
NO.
511 (1) GABION REVETiv1ENT m• 14,000 Php 3 ,564 .35 Php 49,900,900.00
622 (3) a COCONETw/ GRASS PLANTING m• 2,800 Php 109.07 Php 305,396.00
511 (3) Fil TER CLOTH m• 15,000 Php 410.87 Php 6,163.050.0D
TOTAL= Php 56,369,346.00
EXISTING GROUND
C MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL

COCONETw/
sz GRASS PLANTING
0
8
I.I")
sz
2000 X l 000 X l 000 GAB/ON
\_ --
WI 100-200mm 0 BOULDERS
GEOTEXTILE FABRIC
NOTES:
1. FOR BANK SLOPE 1:1
2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY = 5.D mis
3 ASSUMED HE:IGHT OF COCONET = 2 80m.
(:) GABION REVETMENT (SPREAD TYPE IV)

SUMMARY OF OUANTlTIES
PAY ITEM
DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY UNIT COST COST/Km.
NO.
507 RUBBLE CONCRETE m' 3,281 Php 3,818.56 Php 12,528.695.36
622 (3) a COCONET w/ GRASS PLANTING m' 2,800 Php 109.07 Php 305,396.00
511 (2) GABION MATTRESS m• 1,200 Php 3,419.14 Php 4,102,968.00
511 (3) FILTER CLOTH m' 4000 Php 410.87 Php 1 ,643,480.00
EXISTING
TOTAL= Php 18,580,539.36
8 i r- GROUND
l J ") I
I MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL LJ COCONET W/

- - - C R A S S PLANTING
0
0
0
lJ") RUBBLE CONCRETE
1000 t = 300mm
MATTRE-SSFACING --
(6000 X 2000 X 300) - - GRADED GRAVEL WITH THE LARGER ONES
FILTER C L O T H - -
WEEPHOLES STAGGERED AT 2000mm
- -
INTERVAL ABOVE THE ORDINARY WATER LEVE
NOTES:
1. IF THE HEIGHTS OF REVETMENTS IS GREATER
THAN FOUR (4) METERS. BERM MUST BE
OF REVETMENT SLOPE W ITH 1.0M. WIDTH.
, 4_00_0-'(_M_IN ;.) [ 500 I 2. FOR BANK S L O P [ 1:1
3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY = 5.0m/s

RUBBLE CONCRETE REVETMENT (SPREAD TYPE I)
SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES
NO.
404 REINFORCING STEEL kg. 83,916 Php 58.00 Php 4,867.178.00
405 (1) STRUCTURAL CONC. m• 1,695 Php 7,000 Php 11,865,000.00
508 LOOSE BOULDER m• 2,000 Php 1,616 .46 Php 3.232,920.00
622 (3) a COCONET w/ GRASS PLANTING m' 2.800 Php 109.07 Php 305.396.00
EXISTING
TOTAL= Php 20,270,494.00
I GROUND
COCONETw/
GRASS PLANTING
150mm THK. CONCRETE SLAB W/

0
--- 12mm 0 REINFORCING BARS SPACED
8
Lf)
@ 250mm O.C. B.W.
/ ORDINARY FLOOD LEVEL
--
GRADED GRAVEL WITHTHE LARGER ONES
LOOSE BOULDER
RIVER BED
APRON -- WEEPHOLES STAGGERED AT 2000mm
INTERVAL ABOVE THEORDINARY WATER LEVE
/ , y _ , . .-;v, ( l>-< ,-,.,,...,...,._, :>--<'.......0-0-
0 150mm THK. CONCRETE SLAB W /
0
0 - - - - 12mm 0 REINFORCING BARS SPACED
@ 250mm O.C. B.W.
I. 4000 (MIN.)
NOTES:
1. IF THE HEIGHTS OF REVETMENTS IS GREATER
THAN FOUR (4) METERS, BERM MUST BE
CJ REINFORCED CONCRETE REVETMENT PROVIDED AND SHALL BE LOCATED MIDWAY

OF REVETMENT SLOPE W ITH 1.0M. WIDTH.
2. FOR BANK SLOPE 1:1

SuMMARY OF QUANTITIES ,
NO.
511 (1) GEOBAG TYPE I W/ SAND Bags 6,675 Php 5,500 Php 36,712,500.00
TOTAL= Php 37,017,896.00
EXISTING GROUND
I MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL

COCONETw/
' GRASS PLANTING
0
8
V)
r ORDINARY FLOOD LEVEL
GEOBAG TYPE I
(1.25m L X 0.50m H)
NOTES:
1250 1. FOR BANK SLOPE 1 1
2 ASSUMED HEIGHT OF COCONET = 2.80m.
(!) GEOBAG TYPE I

Overview of the Different Slope Protection Works
Indicative
Type Maximum Velocity Slope (V:H)
(m/s)
1. Sodded Riverbank with Pile
2.0 Milder than 1:2
Fence
2. Dry Boulder Riprap 3.0 to 4.0 Milder than 1:2
3. Grouted Riprap (Spread
5.0 Milder than 1:1.5
Type)
4. Grouted Riprap (Wall Type) 5.0 1:1.5 to 1:0.5
5. Gabion (Mattress or Spread
Type)
Indicative
(m/s)
6. Gabion (Pile-up Type) –
6.5 1:1.5 to 1:0.5
Gabion Wall
7. Rubble Concrete (Spread
Type)
8. Rubble Concrete (Wall Type) 5.0 Milder than 1:1.5
9. Reinforced Concrete
>6.0 Milder than 0.5:1
(minimum thickness is 20 cm)
10. Gravity Wall 5.0 Vertical
Indicative
(m/s)
11. Sheet Pile Vertical
12. Vegetation and Reinforced
Varies Milder than 1:4
Grass/TRM
Freeboard
• A freeboard of 0.60 meter should be adopted above the level of the
flood event
Slope
• same as those of the dike at 1V:2H or milder.
• In case of rapid flow stretches, the slope shall not be necessarily gentle
but shall be milder than 1V:0.5H.
Thickness
• Minimum thickness should be 300 mm for all types of revetment,
except for reinforced concrete type.
Slope
• In case of joint portion with a rock-strewn slope, the slope of revetment
shall be gradually changed to smoothly connect with the natural slope
• For the retaining wall type revetment (reinforced concrete, gravity wall,
rubble concrete etc.), a maximum slope of 1V:0.3H shall be observed
considering stability and the resulting residual hydraulic pressure.
Segment Length
• The length of one segment of revetment along the longitudinal direction
should not be more than 50 meters
Provision against scouring
of existing bank adjacent
the revetment. _ 20 cm
b>
(boulder/ gabion type)
_ 50 cm
a>
Original bank
River Flow A End protection
PLAN
50 cm
SECTION A- A
Berm
• If the height of revetment is more than 5.0 meters, berm must be
provided in order to separate the revetments into segments, as well as in
consideration of site and geological condition and structural stability of
the revetment. Berms shall be at least 1.0 meter in width for
maintenance
Berm
(banquette)
H
End Protection Works

• The scouring causes the
escape of backfill materials
resulting to the gradual
damage of the revetment.
• A transition structure like
gabions/boulders should
be provided on both ends of
the revetment.
Weepholes
• Revetment should be provided with weepholes ranging from 50 – 75
mm in diameter PVC pipes spaced at 2.00 meters on center and
staggered.
• The lowest weepholes shall be installed 1.0 m above the ordinary water
level.
Design Criteria: Groundsill
Design Criteria: Groundsill
Height
• It is generally best to keep the height of the groundsill smaller.
• A drop of 2 meter or less is recommended.
Alignment
• Groundsills should be constructed as straight as possible.
Design Criteria: Small Dams
Material Classification
• Earthen dams
• Rock dams
• Concrete dams
Freeboard
Greatest Straight Line Distance over
Minimum Freeboard
Water on Reservoir (km)
<2 1.00
2 1.30
5 1.60
10 2.00
15 2.30
Easement
• Easement shall conform to Articles 50 and 51 of the Water Code of the
Philippines.
Design Criteria: Sluiceway
Direction/Alignment
• The direction of a sluiceway should normally be at right angles to the dike
alignment.
• Where an oblique arrangement is inevitable; sufficient measures should

be taken for the safety of the structure and of execution of work. Where
this is necessary, it is recommended that the sluiceway be angled in a
downstream direction with the river.
Opening Level
• The opening level of a sluiceway for irrigation shall be according to its
particular intake and taking into account the bed variations in the future.
• For drainage, the opening level shall consider the height of the riverbed
or the foundation height of the channel to be connected.
• Where a drainage sluiceway discharges above the river bed, protection

will be required to prevent erosion of the river side of the dike.
Capacity
• For an irrigation sluiceway, the cross section area (or capacity) shall be
large enough to secure the design intake volume even during dry season
or based on the specific requirements of the project.
• For a drainage sluiceway, the capacity shall be determined by analyzing

the runoff from the drainage basin connected to the sluiceway.
• The minimum diameter of the sluiceway shall be 910 mm, in

accordance with the requirements for drainage
Gate
• The type of gate or control structure adopted for the sluiceway will
depend on the application.
• Each particular structure will result in specific head losses associated with
it, which will affect the capacity of the sluiceway. It is important to
consult with the manufacturer specifications to determine the
appropriate losses to account for.
Design Criteria:
Overtopping Embankment
Design Criteria:
Overtopping Embankment
Design analyses include hydraulic analyses, uplift pressures and slope
stability. A radius of 3.30 m is recommended for slope stability.
Design Flood
• Minor drainage system consists of culverts, pipes and drainage channels

to minimize relatively frequent and nuisance flooding
• Major drainage system is intended to provide relief for stormwater flows

along overland flowpaths such as roads, parks, drainage reserves, etc. to
protect the community from larger flood events that exceeds the minor
drainage system
Design Criteria:
Open Drains and Channels
Design Criteria:
Key Types of Channels

Channels with rigid linings:
• Concrete
• Concrete blocks
• Masonry blocks
• Partially grouted riprap
Design Criteria:
Key Types of Channels
Channels with flexible linings:
• Vegetative
• Rock riprap/dry boulder
• Wire enclosed rock
• Turf reinforcement matting (TRM) and
reinforced grass
• Coconets with vegetation
Composite channels where a combination of the

above are used.
Design Criteria:
Side Slopes
Stream Bank Materials Side Slope (V:H)
Rigid Lined Channels Nearly vertical

Not steeper than 1:4, generally
Grass Lined Channels aiming for 1:6 to assist in
maintenance and for public safety
Rock (Dry Boulder Riprap) lined channel 1:3
Gabion Mattress Refer to manufacturer specifications
Refer to manufacturer
Reinforced Grass/TRM specifications. 1:6 would be
preferable
Design Criteria:
Side Slopes
Stream Bank Materials Side Slope (V:H)
Hard Clay 1:2 to 1:1

Clay Loam and Silty Loam 1:2
Sandy Loam 1:2
Sand 1:3
Design Criteria:
Froude Number for Subcritical Flow
• The design of channels with flow approaching supercritical conditions
should be avoided. As general practice, Froude number below 0.80
should be adopted for the design.
Transitions
• Changes from one channel cross section to another cross section should
be undertaken smoothly with no sudden change in cross section.
Design Criteria:
Closed Conduit Network
Design Criteria:
Minimum Diameter Size
• Minimum size of pipe adopted shall
be 910 mm in order to allow the
passage of debris.
Minimum and Maximum Velocity
• Minimum velocity to be adopted is
0.8 m/s at pipe full.
• Maximum velocity to be adopted is

5m/s.
Design Criteria:
Cover
• Cover refers to the distance from the top of the pipe to the ground surface.
• A minimum cover of 600 mm should typically be adopted.
• For pipes under highways, or heavily trafficked areas, a cover of 900 mm
• A cover depth of 450 mm may be adopted on private property or under
open space that experience occasional traffic.
Capacity
• The capacity of a pipe flowing full, but not under pressure, should be
calculated using Manning’s equation.
Design Criteria: Culverts
Types of Culvert
Inlet and Outlet Structures
PROJECTING BARREL
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE HEADWALL
AND WINGWALLS
PRECAST END SECTION
END MITERED TO THE SLOPE
Minimum Sizing
• For culverts crossing under local roads, a minimum internal width and clear
depth of 910 mm is required.
• For culverts crossing under expressways, a minimum internal width and clear
depth of 1 m is required.
Maximum and Minimum Velocity

• Minimum velocity to be adopted is 0.8 m/s at pipe full.
• Maximum velocity to be adopted is 5m/s.

Cover
• A minimum cover of 600 mm
should typically be adopted.
• A cover depth of 300 mm may

be adopted on private property or
under open space that experience
occasional traffic.
Backflow Control Structures
• These include structures such as
tidal flaps, flood gates and
duck billed valves.
Outlet Scour Control

• Outlet scour control may be
required at outlets to reduce
flow velocities prior to
discharging to
watercourses in order to
reduce the risk of erosion
Design Criteria:
Inlet Manholes
Inflow Capacity
• The capacity of an inlet is dependent
on the depth of water over the

inlet.
• Under shallow flow conditions the inflow
behaves as for a sharp crested weir.
• As the depth increases, the inlet
becomes submerged, and the inflow
behaves as for an orifice.
Design Criteria:
Inlet Manholes
Inflow Capacity
• In determining the inflow capacity of inlets, an appropriate blockage rate
should be adopted.
• For inlets located on-grade, a blockage of 20% should be adopted.
• For inlets located in depressions and low points, a blockage of 50% should be
adopted.
𝑄𝑔 = 𝐵𝐹 × 1.66. 𝐿. ℎ3Τ2 (weir flow)

𝑄𝑔 = 𝐵𝐹 × 𝐶𝑜 . 𝐴𝑔 . (2𝑔. ℎ)1Τ2 (orifice flow)
Design Criteria:
Manholes and Access Chambers
Entry
• In order to allow safe entry and exit from access points, all access chambers
should have a minimum inside diameter of 1.2 m, or 1.5 m for pipes larger
than 2.1m.
• The top of the access shaft may taper to 0.9 m, so long as the tapered zone
does not affect working at the base of the shaft.
Design Criteria:
Detention Basins
Design Criteria:
Detention Basins
Sizing
• The size of the basin will be governed by the volume of flow generated from
the upstream catchment and the amount of retardation required of the flow.
Freeboard
Scenario Freeboard Requirement
Bottom of pavement box 0.30 m

Basin formed by road embankment
below edge of the shoulder
Basin formed by railway embankment Underside of ballast
10% of the design flood depth, or
Large basins with separate high level spillway
0.30 m, whichever is greater
Design Criteria:
Pumping Stations
Pumping stations allow for the removal

of stormwater from pipe systems that
cannot be drained through gravity.
Pumping stations must be

DESIGNED
BY a PROFESSIONAL
mechanical engineer.
I. Introduction
V. Design Revisions
Design Procedure:
Dikes/Embankment/Levees
1. From the location or topographic map of the project area, establish the
alignment of the embankments considering the present course and
probable meander of the river.
Design Procedure:
2. For confining dikes, the width of the floodway or distance between
parallel dikes shall be determined with due consideration to non-silting
and/or non-scouring velocity in the channel.
Design Procedure:
3. Then, establish DFL at a
particular section, using the
Stage Discharge Relationship
or Rating Curve, if available, or
by the Manning’s Formula.
DFL’s at different section are
computed by backwater
analysis for non-uniform flow
for the given design flood
discharge.
NOMOGRAPH FOR SOLUTION OF

MANNING’S FORMULA
Design Procedure:
4. Select the most suitable type of dike or embankment to be adopted

based on the field conditions and available materials at the project site
5. Establish an appropriate section for the dike based on the design criteria
6. Determine the stability of the embankment slopes and check if the

factor of safety is within acceptable limits
7. Check if protection works are needed, and so, determine the

appropriate type to be provided
Design Procedure:
Spur Dikes
1. Gather the information on design flood level, ordinary water level and
river behavior
2. From the location map of the river showing the extent of erosion and
scouring establish the positions and locations of the proposed spur dikes
3. Determine the type of spur dike to be used depending upon the

available construction materials at the project area
4. Determine the section, longitudinal slope, height, as well as the length

and spacing based on the design criteria
Design Procedure:
Revetments
1. Gather all survey and hydrologic information needed for the design of
revetments
2. Compute the velocity of flow based on the design flood discharge and
the river profile and the cross-section using the Manning’s formula
3. Determine the type of revetment to be adopted based on the design

flood level and the quality and quantity of available construction
materials at the project area
4. For dry boulders riprap, the size of boulders to be used can be

determined from the graph
CHART SHOWING STABILITY OF LOOSE ROCK IN FLOWING WATER
Design Procedure:
Revetments
5. Determine by backwater analysis the design flood level along the banks
to be protected
6. Determine the kind and extent of foundation works that would be

needed such as cut-off walls, sheet piles, boulder aprons, or other foot
protection works, based on the maximum probable depth of scour as
determine from field conditions
Design Procedure:
Small Dams
1. Determine the type of dam to be adopted based on topography of the
area and kind of foundation and the available materials at, or in the
vicinity of the project site
2. Establish a trial section of the dam and compute for all forces acting on
the dam based on the unit length of the dam
3. Compute all forces acting considering a unit length of the dam
4. Determine the location of the resultant force
5. Check the stability of the trial section against overturning by computing

the corresponding factor of safety and find out if they are within
acceptable limits
Design Procedure:
Open Drains & Channels
1. Collect all necessary information needed for the design of channels
2. For the given material forming the channel body, estimate the roughness
coefficient n, side slopes and the maximum and or minimum permissible
velocity, for non-scouring or non-silting requirement as the case may be
3. Express the hydraulic radius R in terms of the bottom width, b and depth
of flow, y, by the Manning’s formula
4. Compute the water area required by the given design flood discharge
and the permissible velocity, or A = Q/V
5. Compute the wetted perimeter, or P = A/R

Design Procedure:
Open Drains & Channels
6. Using the expressions for A and P, solve simultaneously for b and y
7. Add a proper free board, and modify the section for practicability
8. Long channels are usually divided into several reaches. The discharge for
each is computed considering the total tributary area. The channel
section is then designed to carry this discharge following the above
procedures
Design Procedure:
Pumping Stations
1. Gather the necessary watershed data which include drainage area,
runoff coefficient and time of concentration.
2. Compute the runoff for duration equal to the time of concentration and
at hourly intervals using the data gathered and from the formula on
Rational Method expressed as:
V = 10CiTA (T - tc)
where:
V = total volume of flow
C = runoff coefficient
iT = average intensity in mm per hour for duration T
A = drainage area in hectares
T = storm duration in hours
tc = time of concentration in hours
Design Procedure:
Pumping Stations
3. The Stage-Area and Stage-Volume curves are then constructed.
4. Determine the pump starting elevation depending on the proposed

channel bottom elevation at the pump site, the flood elevation at the
discharge point and the storage in the waterways required to absorb
intense runoffs.
5. With the above determined data and information, the pump capacity for
any desired condition can readily be obtained.
I. Introduction
V. Design Revisions
Bureau of Design (BOD)
prepared a checklist of requirements for the review and
evaluation of detailed engineering plans and variation
orders for reference and guidance
Requirements for Review of
Detailed Engineering Plans
1. General plans (location plan; schematic diagram for water supply;
vicinity map; legends and symbols; abbreviations; and general notes
including design criteria)
2. Hydrologic and hydraulic design analysis supported by topographic map

showing the watershed area and point of interest
3. Topographic map of service area (for water supply)
4. Oceanographic investigations and analysis for shore protection works
5. Soil investigation data and analysis
6. Structural/stability analysis of proposed structures in SI units

Detailed Engineering Plans
7. Profile along both banks and channels centerline and cross-sections
indicating the proposed structures, maximum experienced flood control
level and ordinary water level as well as design water level
8. Typical sections of proposed works
9. Detailed quantity calculations
Refer to D.O. No. 32, Series of 2011

Re: Guidelines in the Submission of Plans, POW and
ABC for approval in the Central Office
“As-staked” Plans
1. When there are changes, original plan, profile and cross section
superimposed on the “As-Staked” plans
2. Detailed quantity calculations of all the items of work involved
3. Technical justifications with design analysis and computations for the

proposed changes
4. Copy of complete set of the approved original plans
5. Copy of complete design analysis (Structural, hydrologic and hydraulic) if

it will involve major revision of structures
Requirements for Evaluation of
Change And Extra Work Orders, and
Supplemental Agreements
1. Duly signed/approved plans for the proposed changes
2. Technical justifications for the proposed changes
3. Design analysis and computations (in SI units) and quantity calculations

for the proposed changes
4. Copy of the complete set of the approved original plans
5. Copy of prior clearance/authority to issue the proposed variation order
6. Comments/recommendations of DPWH officials (Regional Director,

Project Director/Manager and Project Consultant) concerned
7. Copy of approved contract and previously approved variation order(s)

Where Substitution of Materials is
Involved
1.Certification on the non-availability of the specified

materials by three (3) leading manufacturers or
suppliers
2. Technical specifications of the original and substitute

materials
Requirements for Evaluation of
Final Change Orders
1. Copy of complete set of “As-Built” plans duly approved by Head of Implementing
Office
2. Technical justifications for the proposed changes
3. Design analysis and computations (in SI units) and quantity calculations for the
proposed changes
4. Copy of the complete set of the approved original plans
5. Copy of prior clearance/authority to issue the proposed variation order
6. Comments/recommendations of DPWH officials (Regional Director, Project

Director/Manager) and Project Consultants concerned
7. Copy of approved contract and previously approved variation order(s)

• Flood Control Structures are
not meant to prevent a flood
of any size
• Their design is meant to

attenuate floodwaters and
floodwaves of a certain
return period based on a cost
risk analysis
THANK YOU

FCStructures

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I.

What is a Flood Control and Drainage Structure?

Measure taken to reduce the damaging effects

Flood Control structures include:

6. Sluiceway for Drainage

Drainage structures include:

1. Open Drains & Channels

o Generally higher initial costs but

o Susceptibility to failure from

o Lower initial costs but higher

o Higher roughness and therefore

o Used in channels with

o Rigid lining is typically used in

2. Closed Conduit Network

o In all low points/depressions in order to prevent

o Upstream of bridges/crossings to prevent

o In locations were overland flow may present a

o Where they do not interfere with pedestrian or

• Pumping stations must be designed

Soils Subsurface and Surface Exploration

River or Channel Gauge Data

Design Flood / Return Period

River Type Design Flood

Principal and Major Rivers

• A minimum side slope of 1V:4H is typically adopted for embankments

FOR LOW EMBANKMENT FOR HIGH EMBANKMENT

FOR SAND EMBANKMENT

• A slope gentler than 1V:4H to 1V:5H should be adopted if maintenance

• A steeper slope may be adopted on the riverside where this is protected

• A steeper slope may be adopted on the riverside where this is protected

• A masonry dike may have a minimum berm width of 1 m when necessary

• The preferred vegetation for levees is grasses

2. Agricultural Levees - provide protection from flooding in lands used for

Classification of Levees According to Use

2. Ring Levees – completely encircle or “ring” an area subject to inundation

Types of Spur Dikes:

Overflow and Overflo

Lspur _< ( 0.1x W)

DFL : Design Flood Level

Lspur <_ ( 0.1x W)

Lspur _< ( 0.1x W)

Lspur _< ( 0.1x W)

C MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL COCONETw/

DRY BOULDER RIP-RAP

2 FOR BANK SLOPE 1·1

C) DRY BOULDER RIPRAP 3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY

I ORDINARY FLOOD LEVEL

LOOSE BOULDER APRON

GROUTED BOULDER RIP-RAP

E=) GROUTED RIPRAP

3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY = 5.0 mis

4. ASSUMED HEIGHT OF COCONET = 2.80m.

TOTAL= Php 20,286,383.35

MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL

SLIP PREVENTION PEG

4. ASSUMED HEIGHT OF COCONET = 2.80m.

511 (1) GABION REVETMENT m•

MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL

MATTRESS FACING GEOTEXTILE FABRIC

2. FOR BANK SLOPE 1·1

C MAX. EXP. FLOOD LEVEL

2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW VELOCITY = 5.D mis

3 ASSUMED HE:IGHT OF COCONET = 2 80m.