Republic of the Philippines 4. RELEVANCE.
Its topic must be instrumental in improving
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 1, Day 1- 4
(1] THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY
LIFE; 2] THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND
ETHICS OR RESEARCH; 3] QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH; 4]
THE KINDS OF RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS)
LECTURE
What is it?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is a scholarly activity (that means, an activity related
to your education or academic journey) that consists of
addressing a specific problem through the collection, analysis,
and interpretation of data (or scientific information or facts).
First, we have to identify a problem. We then develop a plan on
how to gather information (data) about how to address that
problem. After the plan is well-designed, we implement it by
collecting data. Once we have our data recorded and well-
organized, we analyze it, and then provide the solution to the
problem we chose to solve. This last stage is usually called
drawing the conclusion.
What is it?
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE?
1. To solve a specific problem
2. To improve the way people do things
3. To test an existing theory (also known as an idea or a
set of principles that explains certain things/reality)
4. To discover something new that was not known
before
5. To learn more about a certain topic of interest
6. To complete our school/program requirement
What is it?
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH?
1. ACCURACY. It must give correct or accurate data which
the footnotes, notes and bibliographical entries should honestly
and appropriately document or acknowledged.
2. OBJECTIVENESS. It must deal with facts not with mere
opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions
or conclusions.
3. TIMELINESS. It must work on a topic that is fresh, new
and interesting to the present society.
1|Page
society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a
community.
5. CLARITY. It must succeed in expressing its central point or
discoveries by using simple, direct, concise and correct
language.
6. SYSTEMATIC - It must take place in an organized or
orderly manner.
What is it?
What is it?
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
1. To learn how to work independently.
2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically.
3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something.
4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think higher-
order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating,
synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.
5. To improve your reading and writing skills.
6. To be familiar with the basic tools research and the various
techniques of gathering data and of presenting research
findings.
7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or
strong influence of a single textbook of the professor’s lone
viewpoint or spoon feeding.
What is it?
What is it?
PROCESSES OF RESEARCH
Step 1: Identify a research topic – You must choose a topic
that you are interested in. It must be related to you, your school,
your family, your community, your organization, or your
country. For instance, right now it is important to think about
climate change. That could be the major topic you are interested
in. From the topic, you need to choose a specific focus of the
topic. Your specific topic could be garbage management in your
neighborhood or your school.
Step 2: Identify a specific problem – Find out what is the
specific problem related to your specific topic. For instance,
you have discovered that many people in your neighborhood or
in your school do not care to use the trash cans properly. There
is garbage all around, and that bothers you a lot. You may even
suspect that this practice might be getting some people sick.
Step 3: Write down specific research questions – These
questions are written in the third person to help you guide your
research. They should be usually about 3 to 5 questions.
Together, they should help you address the whole problem you
plan to explore. One of the questions in our topic on garbage
management could be, ‘Why do students throw trash anywhere
at school?” another could be something like “What can be done
to help students manage trash better?”
Step 4: Conduct the Literature review – This simply means
you take some time to read what other people have written
about your topic. You need to use books and scholarly articles
(which have been published in research and professional
journals).
Step 5: Plan your research study – Explain the different steps
that you will take and the resources that you will need to collect
and analyze data.
Step 6: Implement your research study – This means, you
now get to go through all the steps that you planned in step 5 to
collect the data.
Step 7: Analyze your data – You now need to present your
data that you found.
Step 8: Interpret your data – You look at the big picture to
try to address the research problem and the research questions.
Based on the data analysis, you now discuss what all the
evidence means for your topic.
Step 9: Draw the conclusion – At this point, you synthesize
the major lessons that you learned and the solutions to the
problem. You also make recommendations of what people
should start doing as a result of your research study. You can
also make some recommendations of what other research
should be done to continue the work on your topic in the future.
Step 10: Check the quality of your research – Make sure that your
research paper is: a) well organized, b) written in good English, c)
having the characteristics of research, d) able to address the research
problem and research questions that you started with, e) able to provide
clear answers to the problem you decided to study.
What is it?
RESEARCH ETHICS
ETHICS - Norms of conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Research Ethics: 1. A research project needs to be designed to
create valid outcomes if it is believed to be pursuing truth.
Research Ethics: 2. Researchers have a duty to ensure that they
do not deliberately mislead participants as to the nature of the
research.
Research Ethics: 3. Researchers have a duty to avoid causing
both physical and psychological difficulties to participants.
Research Ethics: 4. Researchers are ethically bound to
maintain the privacy of participants and confidentiality for any
information they give and anonymity for their identity.
Research Ethics: 5. Society trusts that the results of research
reflect an honest attempt to describe the world accurately and
without bias.
Synthesis: It is the researcher’s ethical responsibility not to
harm the human participants.
What is it?
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH is a research concept that
refers to the type of research that relies heavily on numbers
more than any other way. It is used to try to understand what a
large number of people think about a certain topic. For instance,
people’s opinion is aggregated through a survey.
To find out what hundreds of thousands of people think about
the best way to get rid of poverty, make a survey
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(questionnaire), print it, and distribute it to everyone who
participate in the research study. Then, collect all the completed
surveys; analyze all of them together and decide on what most
people believe are the best ways to deal with poverty.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH uses numbers (statistics) to
understand major trends, perceptions, or opinions of a large
number of people. The purpose of quantitative research is to try
to generalize findings (or results) over a large group of people.
What is it?
KINDS OF RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
1. Library research – is not even considered as a
research in some fields. It is, however, accepted as the
research conducted by going to the library (whether in
a physical or an electronic library), where one reads
materials on a certain topic, and systematically and
critically synthesize what is read about the topic. In the
library research, one does not collect data from human
participants, but simply write a synthesis of the subject
he/she needs to submit to the teacher.
2. Basic research – sometimes called pure research is a
research study conducted simply to create new
knowledge or testing previous theories. An example
would be to conduct a research study to develop a new
theory about how the human eye works because you
not being satisfied with the existing explanation.
3. Applied research – is the kind of research students
should focus on in this subject. It is a type of research
that focuses on solving a specific problem of human
beings. It helps improve life and the way people do
their work.
4. Field research – is conducted as part of a program or
project implementation. For instance, if one wishes to
create a school in a place where no one knows how to
read and write, he/she may want to document all the
steps for the purposes of research. At the end of the
project, he/she will have collected enough data to
show how he/she planned, implemented, and
evaluated the project, and what he/she learned from it.
5. Laboratory research – requires one to conduct an
experiment and report the outcome of that experiment.
Usually, this type of research starts by designing a
specific experiment to test something. Once one
designs the experiment well, he/she implements it
carefully, following the plan that he/she will have
developed. In the data interpretation, he/she shows the
effect of that experiment on the people who
participated in his/her study.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
ACTIVITIES IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 1, Day 1- 4
(THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE;
THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS
OR RESEARCH; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH; THE KINDS OF
RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS)
ACTIVITY 1:
Read the short text and write two (2) implications of the
story to YOU AS A STUDENT AND AS A
RESEARCHER? (Complete your answers in paragraph
form).
Thomas Edison was probably the greatest inventor in American
History, when he attended school, his teachers complained that
he was “too slow” and hard to handle. At the age of 10 he had
already set up first chemistry laboratory. Edison’s inexhaustible
energy and genius (1 percent inspiration and 99 percent
perspiration)
When Tomas Edison invented the light bulb, he tried 2,000
experiments before he got it to work. A young reporter asked
him how it felt to have invented the light bulb. It just happened
to be a 2,000-step process.
ANSWER:
(1)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
(2)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2:
Man’s Major Problems Demand Research: The following
are examples of man’s problems for which products of research
are born. Write on each blank the product of each research.
1. In Metro Manila, employees, teachers, students,
businessmen and many others find difficulty in commuting
everyday due to the heavy traffic, Hence, ______________
_______________ is constructed to ease the problem.
2. Three decades ago businessmen, engineers, and accountants
found difficulty in computing. So, ______________ were
invented to solve the problem.
3. In the early 20th century, rural folks found difficulty in seeing
events in far distance. Hence, ___________________ were
3|Page
invented to solve the problem thereby enabling man to see and
hear events that happen at great distance.
4-5. A century or two ago, our great grandparents found
difficulty in going to far places because they just used bamboo
rafts and it took them several months to reach their destination,
i.e. from Mindanao to Manila. Now, Manila can be reached in
just an hour or two due to the invention of the
_______________. Likewise, ___________, buses, jeepneys,
automobiles, are also products of research which have enabled
man to reach far places in short periods of time.
6-9. A century ago, Filipinos found difficulty in communicating
with their relatives and friends here and abroad. The problem
has been greatly reduced by new communication facilities such
as the ______________, ______________, ____________,
______________ and many others which make possible even
instant communication over long distance.
10. More than a century ago, rural folks merely used coconut
oil lamp to lighten their houses, until ________________ was
discovered and used to provide light and other conveniences.
ACTIVITY 3:
Write a one-paragraph composition to illustrate the
diagram below.
Research
New Knowledge
New Technology
New Tools/Devices
New Skills
Better condition/ Welfare practice
Improved Quality Life
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
 ACTIVITY 4:
Read the story of the Six Blind Men and the Elephant and
write a one (1) paragraph implication of it in research.
Six Blind Men and the Elephant
It was six men of Indostan, To learning much inclined, Who
went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind), That
each by observation Might satisfy his mind.
The First approach'd the Elephant, And happening to fall
Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to bawl: "God
bless me! but the Elephant Is very like a wall!"
The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, -"Ho! what have we here
So very round and smooth and sharp? To me 'tis mighty clear,
This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a spear!"
The Third approach'd the animal, And happening to take The
squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up and spake: "I
see," -quoth he- "the Elephant Is very like a snake!"
The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt about the knee:
"What most this wondrous beast is like Is mighty plain," -quoth
he,"'Tis clear enough the Elephant Is very like a tree!"
The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear, Said- "E'en the blindest
man Can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can,
This marvel of an Elephant Is very like a fan!"
The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Then,
seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his scope, "I see,"
-quoth he,- "the Elephant Is very like a rope!"
And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each in
his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was
partly in the right, And all were in the wrong!
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________
4|Page
ACTIVITY 5:
Answer the following questions: (Complete your answers in
paragraph form).
a. Define research in your own words.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
b. List down elements that describe the importance of
research.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
c. What are the characteristics of a good research study?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
d. What are the qualities of a good researcher? (Give your
own since the lecture does not provide it?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
e. List down the different types of research?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 2, Day 1- 4
(1] THE VALUE/IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH; ITS KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS, USES,
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES; 2] THE
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS)
LECTURE
What is it?
GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Note: (QLR means Qualitative Research)
1. QLR helps explore problems in depth. In QLR, we talk to
people and observe them to try to understand them well. When
they tell us something, we can quickly assess the truth about
what they say by observing their facial expression and body
language. We can ask them questions from different
perspectives to be able to understand more fully the problem
and recommend relevant solutions. Given that many problems
are too complex today, we need to analyze a problem very
carefully and in a very detailed way before we can propose good
solutions. Otherwise, solutions that we propose may not work.
2. QLR is useful when statistics are not able to solve the
problem. Before, whenever people talked about research,
people’s mind would go to statistics or numbers. With QLR
today, we can do research without using statistics. In fact, many
problems that we deal with today cannot be solved fully by
simply using statistics. For example, statistics cannot help us
understand fully the pain that people go through when a student
becomes a teen mother, or a student gets bullied, or goes to
school without eating, or live on the street. For such problems,
we need to talk to the people who have experienced such painful
life events to understand well the problem and come up with
adequate and more sustainable solutions.
3. QLR helps solve complex problems. The world we are
living now has become too complex. Every year that goes by,
the world becomes more complex. This is reinforced by
scientific and technological advance, globalization, climate
change, and worldwide population growth. Whatever you
decide to conduct research on is interconnected with something
else. So, to address many issues today, QLR offers an
opportunity to look at the complexity of the problem, without
being limited by statistical formulae.
4. QLR allows the researcher to ask follow-up questions.
When you conduct a survey research, you usually have a set of
multiple-choice questions. Everyone is required to select only
among the options that the researcher pre-planned. In QLR, you
can ask pre-planned questions and follow them up with other
questions based on the answers of the research participants.
This flexibility helps the researcher to learn many things that
5|Page
he/she may have not thought about during the research planning
phase. QLR allows you to instantly elaborate on the answers of
the research participants and understand deeper what you are
trying to learn from them. Asking follow-up questions is known
in QLR as probing.
6. QLR helps understand people’s emotions and experience
better. With QLR, we are able to talk to people, hear their joys
and pains, see how they behave in natural settings, and ask them
why they behave like that. We can see things as they happen so
that we can explore their emotions.
What is it?
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Case Study
This type of qualitative research usually takes place in
the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation
centers, education, etc. This involves a long-time study of a
person, group, organization, or situation. It seeks to find
answers to why such thing occurs to the subject. Finding the
reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to also delve into
relationships of people related to the case under study. Varieties
of data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires,
observations, and documentary analysis are used in a case
study.
2. Ethnography
Falling in the field of anthropology, ethnography is the
study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding
of its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle. A
particular group reveals the nature or characteristics of their
own culture through the world perception of the cultural
group’s members.
3. Phenomenology
Coming from the word “phenomenon,” which means
something known through sensory experience, phenomenology
refers to the study of how people find their experiences
meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people understand their
experiences about death of loved ones, care for the handicapped
persons, friendliness, of people, etc. In doing so, other people
will likewise understand the meanings attached to their
experiences. Those engaged in assisting people to manage their
own lives properly often do this qualitative kind of research.
4. Content and Discourse Analysis
Content analysis is a method of qualitative research
that requires an analysis or examination of the substance or
content of the mode of communication (letters, books, journals,
photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio-
visual materials, etc.) used by a person, group, organization, or
any institution in communicating. A study of language
structures used in the medium of communication to discover the
effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological
factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis. In studying
the content or structures of the material, you need a question or
set of questions to guide you in your analysis.
5. Historical Analysis
Central to this qualitative research method is the
examination of primary documents to make you understand the
connection of past events to the present time. The results of your
content analysis will help you specify phenomenological
changes in unchanged aspects of society through the years.
6. Grounded Theory
Grounded theory takes place when you discover a new
theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and
analysis. Through your observation on your subjects, you will
happen to find a theory that applies to your current study.
Interview, observation, and documentary analysis are the data
gathering techniques for this type of qualitative research.
What is it?
TYPES OF RESEARCH BASED ON PURPOSE
OF THE RESEARCH
Depending on your objective or goal in conducting
research, you do any of these types of research: descriptive,
correlational, explanatory, exploratory, or action.
Descriptive Research. This type of research aims at defining
or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event,
group, situation, etc. This is liable to repeated research because
its topic relates itself only to a certain period or a limited
number of years. Based on the results of your descriptive
studies about a subject, you develop the inclination of
conducting further studies on such topic.
Correlational Research. A correlational research shows
relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or
agents called variables that affect the research. It is only
concerned in indicating the existence of a relationship, not the
causes and ways of the development of such relationship.
Explanatory Research. This type of research elaborates or
explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two
factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists.
Exploratory Research. An exploratory research’s purpose is
to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research
study on a certain topic. Here, you will discover ideas on topics
that could trigger your interest in conducting research studies.
Action Research. This type of research studies an ongoing
practice of a school, organization, community, or institution for
the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in
the system.
What is it?
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Rich. It gives you the ability to explore a problem in-depth
using multiple sources of data and multiple perspectives on the
same problem.
2. Open. If something is not clear when you collect or analyze
data, you can check it with more data collection until you feel
satisfied with the results.
3. Subjective. It is not free from bias (or our own preconceived
ideas). When we observe people or interview them, we use our
own background experiences and preconceived ideas to lead
our understanding. Thus, we cannot present a qualitative
research study that does not have some level of bias. This fact
is recognized in the field of qualitative research.
4. A great approach to deal with complex issues. With
qualitative research, we are not limited by specific number of
6|Page
variables, as is the case of quantitative research. We can dig as
deep as we want in our research, without as much restriction as
what we usually have in quantitative research.
What is it?
STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter, which
means that those involve in the research understand things
based on what they find meaningful.
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or
personality traits in their natural setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality as it demands
the researcher’s careful and attentive stand toward people’s
world views.
5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social
interactions.
6. It increases the researcher’s interest in the study as it includes
the researcher’s experience or background knowledge in
interpreting verbal and visual data.
7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining
knowledge about something.
WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. It involves a lot researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data.
3. Its open-ended questions yielded “data overload” that
requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend
on the researcher’s views or interpretations.
What is it?
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IN DAILY LIFE
Note: (QLR means Qualitative Research)
1. Talking. Every day people talk and are expected to talk
clearly and stay relevant to the topic being discussed. In QLR,
students learn how to do this better.
2. Listening. Today, fewer and fewer people are seriously
listening to what other people say. QLR helps to improve
listening skills where students understand better what is
communicated and ask further questions to explore different
aspects of a given topic or issue
3. Showing courtesy. Courtesy is one of the expected moral
and professional values. This is something that is expected from
people every day. In QLR, students learn how to be courteous
in the way they approach their research participants, the way
they talk to them, treat them, observe them, and the way they
report their stories.
4. Reading and Writing. In daily life, students do read and
write; whether it is something on social media, the class
textbooks, novels, or religious materials. QLR helps develop
better their reading and writing skills. They get to learn the
underlying message in their reading. They also learn how to
present their ideas properly in their writing. Once developed,
these skills can be utilized in many various environments, not
just in QLR.
5. Taking pictures. Taking pictures is so much part of people’s
lives today. Students can use this skill in conducting QLR. QLR
can also help them in developing photo-taking skills. They learn
to take pictures for a much deeper purpose than just for fun.
6. Taking and watching videos. Videos today have become
too fast. A number of movies present a shallow message. Some
actually promote values that people wouldn’t want to see in
their respective communities such as violence, smoking,
immorality, lies, rudeness, and different criminal activities.
From QLR, students can learn to see behind the scenes of the
videos that they watch, they can also use a video-camera to
collect data.
What is it?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS THE
DIFFERENT FIELDS OF INQUIRY
QLR started in the fields of sociology and
anthropology, (Merriam, 2009). Today, QLR has expanded in
many different fields. Below are some fields where QLR can be
utilized. From each field, an example of research topic is given.
1. Anthropology – exploring how the heavy migrations of
people is affecting their own cultural practices, their identity,
and their beliefs.
2. Economics – understanding how people view the value of
free donations in addressing poverty.
3. Education – the opinions of parents, teachers, and students
about teaching in students’ mother tongue as opposed to
teaching in English.
4. Engineering – talking to poor people who are recipients of a
new invention such as renewable energy, and finding out how
that practically affects different aspects of their life.
5. Hotel and restaurant management – observing how the
hotel or restaurant staff treat different people from different
race, religion, social status, and age and how that affects the
customers and the reputation of the business.
6. Law – talking to victims of drug usage and observing how
that affects security in a certain city.
7. Medicine – talking to cancer survivors and then comparing
and contrasting their stories from those who followed
chemotherapy and those who used alternative medicine.
8. Political science – addressing human rights issues and
corruption as seen in a certain government.
9. Religion – exploring the role that religion plays in people’s
lives after they decide to move to another denomination, or
analyzing some strange religious practices of a specific
religious group.
7|Page
10. Sociology – observing how children from different social
status interact with their classmates, their teachers, their
parents, and how they eventually perform in their academic life,
their personal life, and their professional life.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
ACTIVITIES IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 2, Day 1- 4
(1] THE VALUE/IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH; ITS KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS, USES,
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES; 2] THE
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS)
ACTIVITY 1:
A. Name the type of qualitative research best suited for the
following topics. [Choices: Case Study, Ethnography,
Phenomenology, Content & Discourse Analysis, Historical
Analysis]
1. The Mangyans’ Burial Practices
____________________________________
2. Relatives of Typhoon Victims
____________________________________
3. The Effectiveness of the K-12 Curriculum
____________________________________
st
4. Spiderman: The Very First Film in the 21 Century
____________________________________
5. Philippine Political Party System: Then and Now
____________________________________
6. Filipino Caregivers in Japan
____________________________________
7. Travails of Senior Citizens at the LRT/MRT Stations
____________________________________
8. The Lone Grade VI Speed Reader of UST High School
____________________________________
9. Grade 11 Science Textbook
____________________________________
10. Student Activism Since the Marcos Era
____________________________________
B. Identify the specific type of research for each given topic.
[Choices: Action, Pure, Applied, Descriptive, Explanatory,
Correlation]
1. Theory of Relativity - _____________________________
2. University Belt Street Foods - _______________________
3. Landline vs. Cellphone - ___________________________
4. Reasons Behind Tuition Fee Increases - _______________
5. Manila Flash Flood Solutions - ______________________
6. College Assessment Practices - ______________________
7. Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking in Learning-
Teaching Situations - _____________________________
8. The Why and How of Internet Use - _________________
9. Effects of Korean Telenovelas on Filipino TV Viewers -
____________________________________
10. Digital Age - _____________________________
11. Teaching Through PowerPoint Presentations - __________
12. Archimede’s Principle of Buoyancy -
_____________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2:
Answer the following questions. (Complete your answers in
paragraph form).
a. What is the advantage of QLR over quantitative research?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
e. Explain the role of emotions in QLR.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

b. What type of problems are dealt with by QLR?

__________________________________________________ Prepared by:

__________________________________________________ Ms. Lilia S. Crisostomo
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ References:
__________________________________________________ Baraceros, Esther L. (2016). Practical research 1 for senior high
__________________________________________________ school. Manila: Rex Book Store.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ Wa-Mbaleka S., & Gladstone K. (2018). Qualitative research
__________________________________________________ for senior high school. Cavite: Oikos Biblios Publishing House.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

c. What type of data makes QLR significant?

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

d. What kind of qualitative research seem more relevant to your

research topic?

8|Page
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
What is it?
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

Involves measurement of data. Thus, it presents

NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________ research findings referring to the number or
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 frequency of something in numerical forms such as
Quarter 1 - Week 3, Day 1- 4 percentages, fractions and numbers.

(The Range of Research Topics in the Area of Inquiry and KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The Value of Research in the Area of Interest)
Descriptive Design- the study focuses at the present
condition. It is valuable in providing facts on which
LECTURE scientific judgments may be based.
Correlational Study. This is designed to determine
the relationship of two variables.
Experimental Design- a problem-solving approach
that the study is described in the future on what will
What is it?
be when certain variables are carefully controlled or
manipulated.
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
What is it?
Is interpretive, follows a non-linear research path and
speaks a language of “cases and contexts.” Cases that
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH TITLE?
arise from daily life are closely examined.
TITLE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
Original Concise
Participant Observation- Immersion in the natural
setting.
Observation- systematic noting or recording of
Clear Specific
events.
In-depth Interviewing- Large amount of data are
(Topic: relevant, clear, ethical and feasible.)
gathered quickly and immediate follow-up and
clarifications are possible.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS
Focus Group Interviewing- Asks focused questions,
in order to encourage discussion and the expression
Pressing issues on an individual, organizational or
of differing opinions and points of view.
societal level or success stories
Content Analysis- Systematic examination of forms
Wide reading/critical film viewing (books, journals,
of communication to document patterns objectively.
magazines, newspapers, monographs, films, videos
Narratology- Narrative inquiry (storytelling, retelling
and documentaries)
and reliving of personal experiences)
Social networking
Films, Videos and Photography- Provide visual
Replication (theses and dissertations)
records of events.
Lectures, Talks, Seminars
Gray Areas (these are points of interest but very little
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
is known about them)
Ex: Is female circumcision still practiced among
Case Study
specific groups of people?
-long time study of a person, group, organization or situation
-why such things occur in the subject
3 BASIC TIPS ON WRITING A GOOD RESEARCH
-reasons behind the occurrences
PAPER TITLE
Ethnographic Research
-is an inquiry process guided by experience in the research
1] Keep it simple, brief and attractive: The primary function of
setting. Ethnography is as a branch of anthropology that deals
a title is to provide a precise summary of the paper’s content.
with the scientific description of individual cultures.
So, keep the title brief and clear.
Phenomenological research.
2] Use appropriate descriptive words: A good research paper
-The goal of phenomenological research is to describe
title should contain key words used in the manuscript and
participants’ experiences in a specific context and understand
should define the nature of the study.
a phenomenon.
3] Avoid abbreviations and jargons. Lesser-known or specific
Content and Discourse Analysis
abbreviations and jargons that would not be immediately
-substance or content of the mode of communication
familiar to the readers should be left out. (maximum of 15
-language structure.
characters)
Historical Research
-is a systematic process of searching for the facts and then Example: Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40
using the information to describe, analyze and interpret the dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan reports improved cognitive function
past. Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients
Grounded Theory (Length of finalized title: 13 words)
-Discover new theory Subtitle title
-to underlie your study at the time of data collection and X therapy improves cognitive function in 40 dementia patients: A randomized trial
(Title length: 12 words)
analysis
9|Page
 ACTIVITY IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 2. Create an acronym for RESEARCHER that provide the
Quarter 1 - Week 3, Day 1- 4 justification/reason for conducting a certain Research Project.

(The Range of Research Topics in the Area of Inquiry and R-

The Value of Research in the Area of Interest)
E-

S-
ACTIVITY 1: E-

A-
1. Make an Illustration or Drawing of how a Researcher
design a research project that is related to an individual’s R-
daily life. C-

H-
Illustration:
E-

R-

Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.

3. Provide a list of 5 potential topics of your research

considering your respective field.

1)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.

2)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.

Explain the relevance of your illustration.

3)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________.

5)________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.

10 | P a g e
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
What is it?
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan Scope and Delimitation

This includes the coverage of the study area, the

NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________ subjects, the research instrument, the research issues
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 and concerns, the duration of the study, and the
Quarter 1 - Week 4, Day 1- 4 constrains that have direct bearing on the result of the
studies.
(The Specificity and Feasibility of the Problem Posed)
A scope addresses how a study will be narrowed, and
how it is bounded.
LECTURE
This is the place to explain the things that you are not
doing and why you have chosen not to do them.

The scope usually includes the general problem to be

What is it?
investigated including the time frame or work.

A limitation identifies potential weaknesses of the study.

States research questions.
Indicates scope and delimitation of research.
Cites benefits and beneficiaries of research.
Presents written statement of the problem.
Consider the nature of self-report, instruments used, and the
sample or the respondents involved in the study as well as some
threats to internal validity that maybe impossible to avoid or
minimize.

FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is it?

Statement of the Problem

It provides specific and accurate synopsis of the

overall purpose of the study.

It defines and delimits the specific area of the research.

Must be stated vividly and explicitly expressed in

-Since this type of research is Qualitative Research most of the
questions are asking for a narrative answers, explanations,
opinions and observations.
1. Start with “WH” and “HOW” questions.
-What-Where-When-Why and -How
2. Complete the sentences.
-E.g. Giving a scenario about your (research) topic and then
asking for the respondents’ view/thoughts.
3. Observation. (Open-ended-questions)
-E.g. How do you manage to raise those children alone?
-What do you plan to do immediately following graduation
from college?
question form which possess the characteristics of
SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic,
and Time-bound).
The number of the specific problems depends on the
researcher but make sure that these should jibe with
the research problem/ title.
What is it?
Significance of the Study
- Benefits and beneficiaries of research

*After formulating all your questions you need to ask an -The researcher must convince the reader that the study has
EXPERT (one) to check if your questions are aligned to the significant contributions in relation to:
content of your research. (ask for his/her name and signature
on your validation sheet.)
solving educational problem;
E.g. Effectiveness of Aloe vera Extract for Hair Growth business operation;
Expert:
-Botanist improving social, economic, and health conditions;
-Scientist
-Experienced farmer etc. enriching research instrument and methods; and
government thrusts.

11 | P a g e
 ACTIVITY IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 4, Day 1- 4
(The Specificity and Feasibility of the Problem Posed)
ACTIVITY 1:
Directions: Answer each item in a complete sentence.
1. If you were to do an Ethnographic Study
(*focus on large cultural groups of people who interact over
time. Ethnography is a set of qualitative methods that are used in
social sciences that focus on the observation of social practices and
interactions.) which groups of people in the Philippines or in any
particular country would you like to do a research on?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. State your reasons why you want to do an ethnographic study
of this particular group/s of people and write a possible title you
think is appropriate for this study.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
3. What kinds of data collection will you utilize as do your
investigation of this group of people? Explain your choices in
complete sentences.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. Explain in 3-5 sentences why a total immersion in the
research participants’ natural setting is an excellent way of data
gathering.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
12 | P a g e
5. Which field uses qualitative research to a great extent?
A. Arts and Humanities C. Natural Sciences
B. Social Sciences D.Language and Literature
E. Behavioral Sciences
A. Arts and Humanities- Humanities are academic disciplines
that study aspects of human society and culture. ...
The humanities include the study of ancient and modern
languages, literature, philosophy, history, archaeology,
anthropology, human geography, law, politics, religion,
and art.
B. Social Sciences- Social sciences are a group of academic
disciplines dedicated to examining society. This branch
of science studies how people interact with each other, behave,
develop as a culture, and influence the world.
C. Natural Sciences- Natural science is a branch
of science concerned with the description, prediction, and
understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical
evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms
such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try
to ensure the validity of scientific advances
D. Language and Literature- The difference
between Language and Literature is language includes both
spoken and written aspects of communication,
whereas literature is limited to the written aspect of
communication. Language is a method to express one's
opinions, feelings, etc. ... It is mostly written and refers to a
collection of written works.
E. Behavioral Sciences- Behavioral science, any of various
disciplines dealing with the subject of human actions, usually
including the fields of sociology, social and cultural
anthropology, psychology, and behavioral aspects of biology,
economics, geography, law, psychiatry, and political science.
Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
6. Make a statement of the problem based on your answer in
number two (2).
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Prepared by:
Mrs. Catherine O. Banaban
Reference:
Prieto, Nelia G. Ph.D., Naval, Victoria C., DEM, Carey,
Teresita G., D.A.L.L. (2017). Practical research for senior high
school 1 qulitative. Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 5-6,
(Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature)
Literature
An oral or written record of man’s significant
experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.
Embodied in any literary work like novel, journal, story,
biography are man’s best thoughts and feelings about the world
Related Literature
A review of articles books written by authorities giving
their opinions, experiences, theories or ideas of what is good or
bad, desirable or undesirable within the problem area.
Studies
An examination or analysis of a phenomenon;
development or question.
Related Studies
A review of published and unpublished on actual
researches done previously, to know what have been done in
the field in relation to your topic.
How to organize the Review of related literature
• Create categories for your literature review, grouping
together similar Studies or those that tackle similar aspects
of your research.
• Begin with the most recent studies and work backward.
• Whenever possible, include an extensive review of relevant
local research so that you will avoid unintentional
duplication of already conducted studies.
Purposes of Related Literature
• It briefly summarizes studies directly related to your
research.
• It helps the researcher several ideas on how to select and
formulate his own research problem
• It avoids possible duplication of similar studies
• It guides the researcher on the possible theoretical
framework he can use for his current research
Common Guidelines in Reviewing Literature
• Cite from reliable sources. Technical journals are more
authoritative than popular journals.
• Avoid old publications. Limit the review to the past 5 to 10
years as much as possible except where there is no enough
review articles and original discoveries.
• Review of literature should include only the most
important studies and theories written on the topic.
Standard Styles in Related Literature, Citations, or
References
Three terms used to express appreciation for ownership of
borrowed ideas:
1. Acknowledgment-beginning portion of the work that
identifies individuals who have contributed something for
the production of the research paper.
13 | P a g e
2. References or Bibliography-complete list of all reading
materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from
where the borrowed ideas came from.
3. Citation or In-text Citation-references within the main
body of the text, specifically in RRL
Purposes of Citation
• To give importance and respect to other people for what
they know about the field
• To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s
claims, conclusions, and arguments
• To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and
relevant materials about your topic
• To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
• To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
• To save yourself from plagiarism.
Patterns of Citation
1. Summary-shortened version of the original text expressed
in your own language
2. Paraphrase-antithesis of the first one because instead of
shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text
means to you using your own words.
3. Short direct quotation-only a part of the author’s
sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not
exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in
writing through this pattern.
4. Long direct quotation or block quotation, or extract-
named in many ways, makes you copy the author’s exact
words numbering from 40 up to 100 words.
• Under American Psychological Association (APA),
the limit is eight (8) lines.
• Placed at the center of the page with no indentation,
the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a
poem.
Example:
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social nature of
language, he says:
WAYS OF CITING
➢ APA, MLA, AND Chicago Manual of Style are the 3
most commonly used formats with sample citations
APA Format – American Psychological Association or APA
Style.
Aspect APA System
Writing the Full Surname first, then followed of
Author’s Name first and middle name
Writing the title of Italicized title with only the
the reading material beginning word capitalized
(exception: capital for every proper
noun)
Writing the Written after the author’s name
copyright date
 Example:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
APA System
McNeal Jr, Ralph B. “Parent Involvement, Academic
Parenting roles Mathematical Performance
Achievement and the Role of Student Attitudes and Behaviors • Motivator • Average grade obtained
as Mediators", Universal Journal of Educational Research • Resource at the end of the first
2(8): 564-576, 2014 DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2014.020805. motivator two grading
Retrieved form: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1053945.pdf • Monitor

MLA Style –Modern Language Association is most Different Variables

commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the
liberal arts and humanities.
In –Text Citations: Author -Page Style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citation. The authors last name and the page number(s) from
which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the
text and a complete reference should appear on the Works Cited
page. The author’s surname may appear either in the sentence
itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase.
Page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses and
not in text of the sentence.
Example:
Gale stated that the term “abnormal” is misused in a
judgmental manner when people are uncomfortable about
something (41).
Conceptual Framework
• The framework should directly point the proposed
relationship among the variables under study.
• Establishing the relationship of the variables under
study would need a more specific framework such
as a theory, model, or set of principles established
from references.
• State the theory, model, or principle and explain the
general premises of the theory.
• After the theory has been clarified, explain how the
theory will be tested using the specific connection
of the variable of the present study.
• Explain how the theory is used for the specific
relationship of variables in the study.
• If there are several variables in the study with
complex connections, a diagram would help to
illustrate the direction of the variables. Show only in
the figure the variables tested in the study.
• The explanation of the specific connections of the
variables in the study should directly lead to the
hypothesis.
A variable is a measurable characteristic that varies. It may
change from group to group, person to person, or even within
one person over time.
1. Independent Variables are those that the researcher has
control over.
• This "control" may involve manipulating existing
variables or introducing new variables (a new treatment)
in the research setting.
• The researcher expects that the independent variable(s)
will have some effects on the dependent variables.
2. Dependent Variables show the effect of manipulating or
introducing the independent variables.
• The variation in the dependent variable depends on
the variation in the independent variable.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
ACTIVITIES IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 5-6, Day 1- 4
(Selects relevant literature/ Cites related literature using
standard style)
ACTIVITY 1:

Example:
Direction: TRUE OF FALSE: Write the word True on the
space provided before each sentence if the statement is correct
and False if it is not.
Research Paradigm
________1. Related Literature gives an idea about the
important work or research of others that can contribute to the
present research work.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
________2. Plagiarism is defined as the authorized use of the
SOCIAL language and thoughts of an author and the representation of
DEMOGRAPIC them as one’s own.
PROFILE
SURVEY PROPOSE
INTERVEN ________3. A thorough search of related studies also avoids
AGE TION
QUESTIONAIRE unintentional replication of studies that have already been
SEX PROGRAM
MARITAL concluded in the past.
STATUS
________4. Review Related Literature is all about the
coverage of the study.

________5. The Review of Related Literature briefly

summarizes studies directly related to your research.

14 | P a g e
 3. The Effects of Classroom Temperature in the Academic
Performance of the Students
ACTIVITY 2: 4. The Effect of Types of Soil Fertilizer on the Growth of
Rice
5. Parenting Styles of Teenage Moms
Direction: Arrange the following information using APA
Format in-text citation.

1. Author: Armin Luistro/ Leonor Briones

Date: February 27, 2015 ACTIVITY: 2

Line: K12 Education is beneficial to Filipino youth.

Title: Philippines Education Journal page14
2. Author: Social Security System (SSS)
Date: June 18, 2010
1stLine: In exchange for monthly contribution, members
will enjoy insurance benefit.
2ndLine: Members can easily view their updated
contribution online.
Title: Social Security System List of Benefits page 10.
ACTIVITY: 3
Direction: Using the APA System. Surf the internet and look
for online published research study; have at least 2 related
studies and analyze the result. Apply the ethical standard in
writing your review of related literature.
Direction: Based from your proposed title or topic, make a
conceptual framework and research paradigm.
Conceptual Framework
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Paradigm.

Related Studies 1

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____

Related Studies 2

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ Prepared by:
__________________________________________________ Mrs. Jinky Z. Manuntag
_________________________________________________

(Synthesize information from relevant literature)

ACTIVITY: 1

Direction: Identify the independent variable and the

dependent variable for each given title. Copy the title then
underline the independent variable and encircle the
dependent variable.

1. Effectiveness of Teaching Science Using the Traditional

and Modern Approaches
2. A Phenomenological Study: Life of Students without
Access of Electricity

15 | P a g e
 Republic of the Philippines (Present Written Review of Literature)
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan The word “RELATED” means the legal bases,
literature and studies which have direct bearing or
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: __________ relation to the present study.
In a research paper, thesis, dissertation and research
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 paper, the review of related literature is broken down
Quarter 1 - Week 7 to 8, Day 1- 4 into three parts. These are: (1) related legal bases, (2)
related literature and (3) related studies.
(Follows Ethical Standard in Research) A researcher needs to review write-ups, readings and
studies related to his present study to determine the
LECTURE similarities and differences of the findings between the
past and present studies.
It aims to gain insight into the aspects of the problems
What is it? that are critical and controversial.
It provides a background regarding the aspects which
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH have been studied and not yet studied.
It is important to determine the relevance of the study
to the government thrusts.
RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The major sources of related legal bases are laws and
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
department directives such as circulars, orders,
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
memoranda, and others which are related to the
methods, or results without permission. Give proper
present study.
acknowledgment or credit for all contributions to
In presenting the related legal bases, the investigator
research. Never plagiarize.
has to arrange them chronologically from the recent
CONFIDENTIALITY to the past and the relevance of each legal basis
Protect confidential communications, such as papers explained.
or grants submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient’s records. Example of Related Legal Bases
COMPETENCE
Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong learning;
take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
LEGALITY
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
government policies.
HONESTY
This must be maintained in all communications. (e.g.
reporting data, results, and procedures)
OBJECTIVITY
Biases should be avoided in the experimental design,
data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and the
other aspects of research.
CARE
Careless errors and negligence should be avoided.
Your work and the works of your peers should
critically examined. Records of research activities The researcher must bear in mind that no explanation
should be kept in good order and condition. of the legal basis relevant to the present study is
OPENNESS unscientific.
The researcher should be open to criticisms and new Literature may be defined as “written works
ideas. Research data, results, and resources should also collectively, especially those enduring importance,
be shared with the public. exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION which are written in a particular period, language and
This study should be done with the purpose of subject” (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1976).
advancing research and scholarship. Wasteful and The related literature is a section in a research paper,
duplicate publication should be avoided. thesis, dissertation and research project in which the
RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES resources are taken from books, journals, magazines,
All peers should be treated fairly novels, poetry and many others.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The presentation of related literature is in
Social good should be promoted and social harm chronological order from recent to past. Some
should be avoided. universities allow an arrangement by topic order
NON-DISCRIMATION while others are in alphabetical order.
Professional competence and expertise should be
maintained and improved with the research.
HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION
Harms and risk for human lives should be minimized.
Human dignity, privacy and autonomy should be
among the primary considerations of research.

16 | P a g e
Example of Related Literature
RELATED STUDIES
Published and unpublished research studies are
sources of materials that are included in this section.
The research studies which have direct bearing to the
present study are segregated into foreign and local
studies.
It is arranged in chronological order from recent to
past and each related study has explanation on the
relevance of the present study.
It is unscientific if no explanation at all is given.
Examples of Related Studies
17 | P a g e
How to Write a Literature Review?
1. Narrow your topic and select papers accordingly.
2. Search for literature.
3. Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate
them.
4. Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns
and by developing subtopics.
5. Develop a thesis or purpose statement.
6. Write the paper.
7. Review your work.
Seven Strategies to Teach Students Text Comprehension
1. Monitoring comprehension
Students who are good at monitoring their
comprehension know when they understand
what they read and when they do not.
They have strategies to "fix" problems in
their understanding as the problems arise.
Research shows that instruction, even in the
early grades, can help students become better
at monitoring their comprehension.
2. Metacognition
It can be defined as "thinking about
thinking." Good readers use metacognitive
strategies to think about and have control
over their reading. Before reading, they
might clarify their purpose for reading and
preview the text. During reading, they might
monitor their understanding, adjusting their
reading speed to fit the difficulty of the text
and "fixing" any comprehension problems
they have. After reading, they check their
understanding of what they read.
Identify where the difficulty occurs
"I don't understand the second paragraph on page 76."
Identify what the difficulty is
"I don't get what the author means when she says, 'Arriving in
America was a milestone in my grandmother's life.'"
Restate the difficult sentence or passage
in their own words
"Oh, so the author means that coming to America was a very
important event in her grandmother's life."
Look back through the text
"The author talked about Mr. McBride in Chapter 2, but I
don't remember much about him. Maybe if I reread that
chapter, I can figure out why he's acting this way now."
Look forward in the text for information
that might help them to resolve the
difficulty
"The text says, 'The groundwater may form a stream or pond
or create a wetland. People can also bring groundwater to the
surface.' Hmm, I don't understand how people can do that…
Oh, the next section is called 'Wells.' I'll read this section to
see if it tells how they do it."
3. Graphic and semantic organizers
Here are some examples of graphic
organizers:
a. Venn-Diagrams (29K PDF)*
Used to compare or contrast information from two sources. For
example, comparing two Dr. Seuss books.
 b. Storyboard/Chain of Events (29K PDF)*
Used to order or sequence events within a text. For example,
listing the steps for brushing your teeth.
c. Story Map (19K PDF)*
Used to chart the story structure. These can be organized into
fiction and nonfiction text structures. For example, defining
characters, setting, events, problem, resolution in a fiction
story; however in a nonfiction story, main idea and details
would be identified.
d. Cause/Effect (13K PDF)*
Used to illustrate the cause and effects told within a text. For
example, staying in the sun too long may lead to a painful
sunburn.
4. Answering questions
Questions can be effective because they:
Give students a purpose for reading
Focus students' attention on what they are to
learn
Help students to think actively as they read
Encourage students to monitor their
comprehension
Help students to review content and relate
what they have learned to what they already
know
5. Generating questions
By generating questions, students become aware of
whether they can answer the questions and if they
understand what they are reading.
Students learn to ask themselves questions that
require them to combine information from different
segments of text. For example, students can be taught
to ask main idea questions that relate to important
information in a text.
6. Recognizing story structure
In story structure instruction, students learn to
identify the categories of content (characters, setting,
events, problem, resolution). Often, students learn to
recognize story structure through the use of story
maps. Instruction in story structure improves
students' comprehension.
7. Summarizing
Summarizing requires students to determine what is
important in what they are reading and to put it into
their own words. Instruction in summarizing helps
students:
Identify or generate main ideas
Connect the main or central ideas
Eliminate unnecessary information
Remember what they read
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
City of Balanga, Bataan
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
ACTIVITES IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Week 7 to 8, Day 1- 4
(Present Written Review of Literature)
ACTIVITY 1:
Answer the following. Refer to your proposed research
study for the other questions.
Proposed Research: ____________________________
1. What is the purpose of the review of related studies
in a research paper?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________
2. What is the difference between a review of related
literature and a review of related studies?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________
3. Do you think a research can withstand on its own
without having to compare with related literatures or
studies? Why or why not?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________
ACTIVITY 2:
1. Recall your favorite book. Write a simple review
about it in the space provided below. Try to
include all the elements and follow the proper
format of a literature review.
TITLE:_____________________________
____________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
 ACTIVITY 3:
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Gather 3 related studies to your proposed study
and complete the following items below.

PROPOSED STUDY:
__________________________________________________
________________________________________

1. Title of the thesis:_______________________

Author:_______________________________
School:__________________Yr._________
Relevant findings:_____________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________
Relationship to present
study:_____________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________

2. Title of the thesis:______________________

Author:_______________________________
School:__________________Yr._________
Relevant findings:_____________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________
Relationship to present
study:_____________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________

3. Title of the thesis:______________________

Author:_______________________________
School:__________________Yr._________
Relevant findings:_____________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________
Relationship to present
study:_____________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________

Prepared by:
MRS. JUDITH P. SANTIAGO

References:

Cristobal, Amadeo P. (2017). Practical Research 1

for Senior High School. Manila: C&E Publishing,
Inc.

Cristobal, Maura Consolacion DL. (2017). Practical

Research 1 for Senior High School. Manila: C&E
Publishing, Inc.

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