Microwave Engineering

Lab Report # 05

Student’s Name: Muhammad Abdullah Khan

FA18-EEE-081

Class: EEE-7B

Teacher’s Name: Sir Atiq ul Anam

Date: 2 nd November,2021

Affective Cognitive Psychomotor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
 Experiment No. 05

(Behavior of Characteristic Impedance)

Statement:
Identify that why impedance matching is necessary at microwave frequency by plotting the wave
in space domain at low and high frequencies.

Literature Background:
Impedance matching:
Impedance matching is designing source and load impedances to minimize signal reflection or
maximize power transfer.
 In DC circuits, the source and load should be equal.
 In AC circuits, the source should either equal the load or the complex conjugate of the
load, depending on the goal.
Why we do Impedance matching:
Impedance mismatch can lead to signal reflection and inefficient power transfer. These
reflections cause destructive interference, leading to peaks and valleys in the voltage.
Impedance matching is therefore important to obtain a desirable VSWR (voltage standing wave
ratio).

Procedure:
Frequencies are:
 5KHz
 10MHz
 5GHz
MATLAB Code:
clc

close all

clear all

c=3e8;

z=1:0.0001:10;

%1st frequency=5KHz

f1=5e3;

w1=2*pi*f1

l1=c/f1
%beta1

b1=2*pi/l1

Y1=81*cos( b1*z);

plot(z,Y1)

title ('5KHz')

figure

%2nd frequency=10MHz

f2=10e6;

w2=2*pi*f2

l2=c/f2

%beta2

b2=2*pi/l2

Y2=81*cos( b2*z);

plot(z,Y2)

title ('10KHz')

figure

%3rd frequency=5GHz

f3=5e9;

w3=2*pi*f3

l3=c/f3

%beta3

b3=2*pi/l3

Y3=81*cos( b3*z);

plot(z,Y3)

title ('5GHz')
Result:

Fig 5.1: Results for V1 at F1 = 5KHz

Fig 5.2: Results for V2 at F1 = 5KHz

Fig 5.3: Results for V1 at F2 = 10MHz

Fig 5.4: Results for V2 at F2 = 10MHz

Fig 5.5: Results for V1 at F3 = 5GHz

Fig 5.6: Results for V2 at F3 = 5GHz

Analysis:
S. No. Voltages
Frequency in Hz V1 V2 /V1-V2/
1 5KHz 81V 81V 0V

2 10MHz 79.23V 79.01V 0.22V

3 λ5 G 81V 3.392V 77.608V

5GHz
4
Table 5.1: Analysis

QUESTIONS/ANSWERS:
Questions
Q. 01. What is the approximate behavior (AC or DC etc.) of 5 and 10 kHz wave,
when compare with the wavelength of 5 GHz wave?
Answer:
The approximate behavior shown by 5KHz and 10KHz wave is DC, when compared
with the wavelength of 5GHz which shows AC behavior.
Q. 02. If the ratio of the length of circuit and wavelength of the wave is greater
than 0.01 then why impedance is necessary?
Answer:
When the ratio of length of circuit and wavelength of the wave is greater than 0.01 then
the circuit behave like AC because of that when we are performing impedance
matching, problem might occur with the reactance.

Q. 03. How the effect of reactance in the circuit can be removed?

Answer:
The reactance effect can be removed in a circuit by impedance matching technique,
because when we do impedance matching Zo=Z L and we ignore the reactance.
Conclusions:
At lower frequencies with larger wavelength the voltage signal shows DC behavior,
where as at higher frequencies with smaller wavelength the voltage signal shows AC
behavior.
Laboratory Assessment
Student Name: Muhammad Abdullah Khan Registration Number: FA18-EEE-081

Learning Level
Allocated Good Excellent
Criteria Poor Very Good Obtained Marks, A
Marks 50%- 90% -
40% 70% - 80%
60% 100%

Affective 10%

Learning Level
Allocated Good Excellent
Criteria Poor Very Good Obtained Marks, C
Marks 50%- 90% -
40% 70% - 80%
60% 100%

Cognitive 20%

Obtained Marks,
Learning Level
P
Allocated
Criteria Good Excellent
Marks Poor Very Good
50%- 90% -
40% 70% - 80%
60% 100%

Psychomotor 70%

Obtained Marks = (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) + (0.7 × P) = ___________, Total Marks: __10_____

Course Instructor = Atiq ul Anam