CVG4143 References Composite Design

• Chapter 6 in Text
• Clause 17 in Handbook

Handbook Text

1 CVG4143 Composite Design 2

Conceptual Introduction
Composite Sections
Concrete vs. Steel
• Plain Concrete • Main Idea:
– Strong in Compression
– Weak in Tension – Use Concrete to carry Compression
– Use Structural Steel to carry Tension
• Structural Steel
– Strong in Tension This is the philosophy
– Weakk iin Compression
i of a “composite
composite section”
section
• Local Buckling
• Overall Buckling
• Lateral Torsional Buckling

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 Composite Beam Composite Action
A
concrete
Introductory
y Examples:
p
Example 1:
structural Steel
Given:
A simply supported beam has a 10 m
A
Composite Beam
span is subject to a factored load P at
mid-span. Cross-section is 100 mm
wide x 300 mm deep. Material is
c onc rete
Fy=300 MPa
Required:
– Calculate maximum load P based on
structural Steel Elastic Flexural Resistance
– Sketch the deformed configuration of
the beam under load P
Section A-A

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Composite Action Composite Action

Example 1-Solution:
1 Based on Elastic Analysis (only
1. Deformed Configuration
g
outermost fibres are assumed to
P
yield) , Elastic Flexural Resistance
bh 2
M rx = φ S x Fy = φ Fy
6
100 × 3002
= 0.90 × 300 ×10−6 = 405kNm P/2 P/2
6
2. External Moment =
PL 10 × P
M fx = = = 2.5P ( kNm )
4 4
3. Equate external moment to
flexural resistance
M fx = M rx ⇒ 2.5P = 405kNm ⇒ P = 162kN
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 Composite Action Composite Action
Example 2:
A
Assume we hhorizontally
i t ll slice
li the
th beam
b cross
Example
p 2-Solution for Single g Beam
section into two pieces (along the NA) For a single piece:
b ( h 2)
2

M = φS F = φ
rx (1/2 ) x y F y
1. What would be the maximum factored load P 6
that can be carried by a single beam? 100 ×150 2
= 0.90 × 300 × 10−6 = 101.25kNm
6
2. What would be the maximum factored load P M fx = M rx (1/2) ⇒ 2.5 P(1/2) = 101.25kNm ⇒ P(1/2) = 40.5kN
that can be carried by the system?
Resistance dropped to 25% of that
Sketch the deformed shape in both cases determined in Example 1
P

P/2 P/2
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Composite Action Composite Action

Example 2-Solution for the System

We have jjust demonstrated,, that for
For both pieces (system), deformed configuration is
the given problem, as the system
P
deforms, the internal moment carried
by both beams is equal
P/2
P/2
M rt = M rb
Notes 4. Thus, when the top beam attains its
1. Slippage takes place between the underside of the
top beam and the top of the bottom beam elastic flexural resistance, the bottom
2 Since there are no gaps between both beams,
2. beams they beam will also attain the same
have the same deflection curve , i.e., vt = vb
flexural resistance.
Also, vt '' = vb ''
3. Since both beams have identical cross-sections, their (This would not be the case if we
moment of inertia is identical. Also they are made of
the same material, thus they have the same moment
had sliced the original beam into two
Young Modulus. We have unequal cross sections)
Et I t vt '' = Eb I b vb ''
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 Composite Action Composite Action

5. Thee resistance
es sta ce of
o the
t e system
syste iss Q How can we recover the full
Q:
the sum of the resistances of the resistance attained in Example
two beams 1?
M rs = M rt + M rb = 2 M rt
= 2 ×101.25 = 202.5kNm A: By reconnecting both pieces
at the interface, we are able to
M fx = M rs ⇒ 2.5 P2(1/2) = 202.5kNm ⇒ P2(1/2) = 81kN recover
a) the full original capacity (if
The capacity of the system of sliced connection is fully effective) or
beams is twice that of a single
beam, but half that of the unsliced b) part of it (when connection is
beam in Example 1 partially effective)
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Composite Action What is a full Connection?

If we fully reconnect the two pieces together, A full connection:

the deformed shape of the composite system is
P
– Prevents relative slip between the
two connected pieces
P/2
– Forces the plane section of the
P/2
Note whole system to remain plane
The deformed configuration of the system is after deformation (as for the case
identical to that in Example 1. Thus, capacity
of the composite system is no different from of a single beam-Example 1)
that
h off Example l 1

How much did we gain due to composite

action in this problem?
The capacity of the composite system doubled

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Composite Action
• To think about:
– How to modify the above
solutions to calculate the plastic
flexural resistance of the systems?
CVG4143 Composite Design
Effective Slab Width
• The portion of the slab width that
can be considered to act with the
structural steel section is called
the effective slab width b
Bb
Effective Slab Width
CVG4143 Composite Design
Types of Composite
Sections
1. Solid Slabs (our focus)
2. Ribbed Slabs with ribs parallel
to the beam
3. Ribbed Slabs with ribs
perpendicular to the beam
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Determine Effective
Slab Width “b”
Case 1: (central beam)
Slabs extending on both sides of steel
beam, b = lesser of (Span/4, centre to
centre distance between steel beams)
Case 2: (edge beam)
Slabs extending on one side of the steel
beam b =
flange width of steel section bfl +
the lesser of (Span/10, ½ clear distance
to adjacent steel beam)
(Clause S16-01 Cl. 17.4)
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Definitions for determining Methods of connecting
Effective Slab width “b” solid slabs and steel
For central beam,, • Text Fig. 6.1 – P 156 (9th ed.)
Slab extends
from both sides
Centre
to centre
Distance clear distance to 1. End Welded Studs
Span adjacent beam
(most common-our focus)
flange width of
steel section b

Support
2. Channel Connectors
Support For edge beams,
Slab extends
from one side

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Fundamental Concepts Fundamental Concepts

• At anyy section of a composite

p (or
( • Also,
plain) beam:

sum of the internal Sum of the moments of

axial forces Internal forces
(N internal) (M internal)
=
internal normal force
=
induced by loads Internal moments
(N external) Induced by loads
= (M external)
zero -for a beam
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 Components of
Preliminaries
Composite Sections
Cr ‘ • It is of interest to calculate the
conc rete slab capacity of each of the three
Vh
components
Shear studs
Vh
structura l steel Tr – Compressive capacity
of concrete slab

sec tion sec tion

– Shear capacity of studs
of of
zero m axim um
moments m oment – Tensile capacity of structural steel

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Preliminaries Important Note

• Maximum compressive • The capacity of the concrete

resistance of the effective width slab, studs, and structural steel
of the concrete slab is in general different from the
max C 'r = φcα1 f 'c bt actual internal forces induced in
• Maximum tensile resistance of each of them.
the structural steel section
max Tr = φ As Fy • This fundamental concept is
• Sum of the factored resistances best explained using the
of shear connectors at the following weakest link analogy
interface Qr (S16-09 Cl. 17.7)

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 The weakest link The ‘weakest link’
analogy analogy
• Each of the three rings has a
Cr ‘
conc rete
different capacity
conc rete sla b
Vh compressive
ca pac ity
Shear stud s
“Cr’ma x”
max C '
Vh
struc tura l steel Tr
r
• However, under any applied
Q
shear studs Qrr
load, all three rings are subject
section
sec tion
of of to the same load
zero m axim um
m omentt Struc tura l
m oments
Steel Se c tion
Tensile Capa c ity
“Tr m ax”
max T r
• Depending on the capacities of
the rings, there are three
conceivable failure scenarios
Loading

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The ‘weakest link’ Classification of

analogy Composite Sections
Possible failure Scenarios • Case 1: S16-09 Cl.17.9.3 (a)
( )
[max Tr is the weakest link]
Cr’
max Tr ≤ max C 'r
=max Tr

max Tr ≤ Qr
Cr ‘=Qr

Vh= max Tr Vh = Cr’max

– Full shear connection at the
Tr = max Cr’ concrete steel interface [Qr does
Tr = Qrr not govern the design]

max Tr weakest max Cr’ weakest Qr weakest

Full interaction Full interaction Partial interaction
– Plastic Neutral axis lies in the slab
NA lies in concrete NA lies in steel NA lies in steel &
NA lies in concrete

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 Classification of Classification of
Composite Sections Composite Sections
(cont’d) (cont’d)
• Case 2: S16
S16-09
09 Cl.17.9.3 (b) • Case 3: S16-09 Cl.17.9.3 (c)
( )
[ max C 'r is the weakest link] [Qr is the weakest link]
max C 'r ≤ Qr Qr ≤ max C 'r
max C 'r ≤ max Tr Qr ≤ max Tr

– Partial shear connection [shear

– Full shear connection [Qr does not capacity
i off studs
d governs design]
d i ]
govern design]
– Plastic Neutral axis in steel – Two Plastic Neutral Axes, one in
section steel and the other in Concrete

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Case 1-Compressive
Case 1- Internal Forces
Force
Internal Force Diagram Compressive force in concrete block

b t a = β1c α1φc f c' C 'r = φcα1 f 'c ba

c Cr'
NA
e' φc = 0.65
d Tr α1 = 0.85 − 0.0015 f 'c ≥ 0.67
f 'c = specified concrete strength
φFy b = the effective slab width
Com posite Section a = depth of concrete block
Neutral Axis in Slab

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 Case 1-Equilibrium of Case 1
Internal Forces Neutral Axis Depth
Note:
• Tensile Force (structural steel)
Concrete block depth a ≠ Neutral
Tr = φAs Fy Axis (NA) depth c
they are related through a = β1c
• External applied axial force = β1 = 0.97 − 0.0025 f c ' ≥ 0.67
net internal axial force=0
(Cl. 10.1.7 in A23.3-04)
0 = Tr − C 'r

Fix Figures 6.2 and 6.3 in “Limit

• Solve for a States Design in Structural Steel” to
φ As Fy reflect this observation
a=
φcα1 f 'c b
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Case 1 – Resisting Case 1 - Horizontal

Moment Shear Force
• Internal moment arm • A horizontal shear force needs
to be transferred at the concrete-
d a
e' = +t − steel interface
2 2

• Resisting moment • This force ensures proper

M rc = C 'r e ' = Tr e '
M rc = φ As Fy e '
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interaction between the two
components (concrete and steel)
• For case 1, the horizontal shear
force Vh = φAs Fy
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 Q: When to design When to design
according to the Case 1 according to the Case 1
Procedure? procedure?
• A: When steel section is the Given: f c' , Fy ,φc ,φ , As , d , b, t , Qr
weakest link, i.e. when
Required: Determine whether or not
max Tr ≤ max C 'r case 1 procedure should be used
max Tr ≤ Qr
Hint: put each of the two inequalities
above in a mathematical form,
suitable for design and/or computer
code (refer to your notes to do so)

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When to design
Case 1 Procedure -
according to case 1
Summary
procedure?
Determine resistances 1. Calculate depth
p of concrete
α1 = 0.85 − 0.0015 f 'c ≥ 0.67 block
max C 'r = φc α1 f 'c bt
max Tr = φ As Fy 2. Calculate internal moment
arm
If
both of the following two
conditions are met g moment
3. Calculate resisting
max Tr ≤ Qr
max Tr ≤ max C 'r 4. Calculate horizontal shear
then force
go to procedure for case 1
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