Horizontal Bearing Capacity - Elastic Subsoil (p-y

Method)
The program calculates internal forces on pile and verifies the bearing capacity of
cross-section (concrete, steel, wooden).
The internal forces can be carried out for:

 individual loads
 prescribed displacement
 the most critical load
Assuming the prescribed displacement type of load requires the introduction
of boundary conditions in pile head (translation and rotation).
The fixed end type of boundary condition prescribed in the pile heel can be
assumed for all types of load.
The combo list serves to specify the direction of pile verification (x, y,results in the
most stressed direction).

Frame "Horizontal bearing capacity" - Elastic subsoil (p-y method)

According to the selected cross-section and material the program verify a bearing
capacity of cross-section. (The cross-section and material are selected in the frame
"Geometry".). In some special cases (user-defined, concrete pipe) are displayed only
internal forces and deformations - the verification of cross-section can not be
performed.

Reinforced Concrete
Program verifies the reinforcement according to standard selected in the frame
"Materials and standards" tab. The pile is verified for shear, bending +
compression and reinforcement ratio. The reinforcement is entered using
checkbox "Pile reinfrocement". For a more detailed design of reinforcement, the
option of dimensioning in sections is available for circular and square piles. Each
section is assessed separately.
In case of circular pile profile of reinforcement, number of profiles and concrete
cover are input. Reinforcement of square pile is according to the picture.

Verification of RC pile - entering reinforcement parameters

Steel, Timber
The pile is verified for shear and bending + compression.

Shear and
bending + compression verification of pile

Verification of
pile is not performed
 The "In detail" button opens the dialog window that contains a detailed listing of the
verification results.The analysis results are displayed on the desktop. Visualization of
results can be adjusted in the frame "Drawing Settings".

Horizontal Bearing Capacity - Elastic Subsoil (p-y

Method)
Horizontal bearing capacity of a pile, dimensioning
The horizontally loaded pile is analyzed using the finite element method as a beam
on elastic Winkler foundation. The soil parameters along the pile are represented by
the modulus of subsoil reaction. By default, the pile is subdivided into 30 segments.
For each segment the program determines the values of the modulus of the subsoil
reaction, internal forces, and deformation (displacements). The program also allows
for dimensioning of the steel-reinforced concrete pile based on the method specified
in the frame "Settings" and on the parameters input in the "Piles" tab.
The program also enables to analyze a pile loaded by the prescribed
displacements (translation or rotation of the pile head). In such a case the analysis
is carried out only with the prescribed displacement. The input mechanical load is
excluded.
The following options for inputting the modulus of subsoil reaction are available in
the program:

 by distribution (distribution of the modulus of subsoil reaction along the pile is

specified)
 constant distribution
 linear distribution (Bowles)
 according to CSN 73 1004
 according to Matlock and Reese
 according to Vesic
In general, the modulus of the subsoil reaction corresponds to the spring stiffness in
the Winkler model. This model describes the settlement of a rigid slab as a function
of the applied load. The corresponding relationship is represented by the following
formula:

where: p - load acting along a slab-soil interface

k - stiffness of a Winkler spring

y - translation (displacement) of slab into subsoil

 Definition of the modulus of
subsoil reaction

Constant Distribution of Modulus of Subsoil

Reaction
The modulus of the subsoil reaction of the ith layer is provided by:

where: Edef - deformation modulus of soil [MPa]

r - reduced width of pile [m], which is given by equation:

where: d - pile diameter [m]

angle of dispersion - is input conserning the angle of internal friction in

β -
the range of φ/4 to φ

Literature:
Pochman, R., Simek, J.: Pilotove zaklady - Komentar k CSN 73 1002. 1st edition,
Prague, Vydavatelstvi norem, 1989, 80 p.

Linear Modulus of Subsoil Reaction

The modulus of subsoil reaction at a depth z is given by the equation:

where: d - pile diameter [m]

l - length of the pile [m]

k - soil parameter (modulus) according to Bowles [MN/m3]

r - reduced width of the pile [m], which is given by the equation:

where: d - pile diameter [m]

 angle of dispersion - is input with respect to the angle of internal friction
β -
in the range of φ/4 to φ

A representative range of values of lateral modulus k [MN/m3] according to

Bowles:
dense sandy gravel 220 - 400
medium dense gravel 155 - 300
medium-graded sand 110 - 280
fine sand 80 - 200
stiff clay 60 - 220
saturated stiff clay 30 - 110
plastic clay 40 - 140
saturated plastic clay 10 - 80
soft clay 2 - 40
Literature:
Bowles, J. E.: Foundations Analysis and Design. 5th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1997, ISBN 0-07-118844-4, chapter 16-15.2, s. 941 (table 16-4).
Pochman, R., Simek, J.: Pilotove zaklady - Komentar k CSN 73 1002. 1st edition,
Prague, Vydavatelstvi norem, 1989, 80 p.

Modulus of Subsoil Reaction According to CSN 73

1004
The modulus of subsoil reaction for cohesive soil assumes the form:

where: Edef - deformation modulus of soil [MPa]

d - pile diameter [m]

For cohesionless soil, it is given by:

where: nh - modulus of horizontal compressibility [MN/m3]

d - pile diameter [m]

z depth of a given section from original grade [m]

Approximate values of modulus of horizontal compressibility nh for

cohesionless soils:
Soil nh [MN/m3]
Relative density of soil ID [-] 0.3 0.5 0.9
Dry sand and gravel 2.5 7.0 18.0
Wet sand and gravel 1.5 4.5 11.0
Literature:
CSN 73 1004: Velkoprumerove piloty. Praha, UNM, 1981, 56 p.
Masopust, J.: Vrtane piloty. 1st edition, Prague, Cenek a Jezek, 1994, 263 p.

Modulus of Subsoil Reaction According to Matlock

and Reese
This method is applicable for cohesionless soils. The modulus of the subsoil
reaction is given by the equation:

where: nh - modulus of horizontal compressibility [MN/m3]

d - pile diameter [m]

z - depth of a given section from finished grade [m]

Approximate values of modulus of horizontal compressibility nh for

cohesionless soils:
Soil
nh [MN/m3]
- density
Dry sand and gravel
- loose 1.8 - 2.2
- medium dense 5.5 - 7.0
- dense 15.0 - 18.0
Wet sand and
gravel
- loose 1.0 - 1.4
- medium dense 3.5 - 4.5
- dense 9.0 - 12.0
Literature:
Reese, L. C. et. Matlock, H.: Non-Dimensional Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles
with Soil Modulus Assumed Proportional to Depth. University of Texas, Austin, 1956.
Reese, L. C. et. Matlock, H.: Generalized Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles.
Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 86, No. 5, 1960, pp.
63 - 91.
Reese, L. C. et. Matlock, H.: Foundation analysis of offshore pile-supported
structures. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, ISSMFE, Paris, Vol. 2,
1961, pp. 91-7
Modulus of Subsoil Reaction According to Vesic
The modulus of subsoil reaction is provided by:

where: Ep - modulus of elasticity of pile [MPa]

Ip - moment of inertia of pile [m4]

Es - modulus of elasticity of soil [MPa]

d - pile diameter [m]

ν - Poisson's ratio [-]

Literature:
Poulos, H. G. et. Davis, E. H.: Pile Foundations Analysis and Design. New York:
John Wiley and Sons, 1980, chapter 8.2.3, pp. 174 (equation 8.43).
Vesic, A. S.: Bending of Beams Resting on Isotropic Elastic Solid. JSMFD, ASCE,
vol. 87, 1961, EM 2: pp. 35 - 53.
Vesic, A.S.: Design of Pile Foundations. National Cooperative Highway Research
Program Synthesis 42, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 1977.