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1.2 CARBOHYDRATES Do not copy

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CHAPTER 1 Prepared by: splock@17

MOLECULES OF LIFE
1
 Terminology
Introduction

• Carbohydrate • Monomer Do not copy

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• Polysaccharide • Polymer Do not copy
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• Disaccharide • Glycosidic bond
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• Monosaccharide • Starch Do not copy
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• Condensation • Amylose Do not copy
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• Hydrolysis • Amylopectine Do not copy
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• Cell wall • Glycogen

• Hydrogen bond • Cellulose

2
Learning Outcome:
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such
as monosaccharaides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
2. Describe the formation and breakdown of maltose.
3. Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen
and cellulose.
4. Draw the structure of monosaccharaides, disaccharide &
polysaccharide.
5. Label the different types of glycosidic bond in polysaccharide.
6. Compare the structural different between the types of
polysaccharide.

1.2 CARBOHYDRATE
3
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Organic Compound
Worksheet
Function

Formation & Structure &

Breakdown Example

definition
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Classification Do not copy
& Do not copy
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Online Characteristic
Glossary Do not copy
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Learning Do not copy
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1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Do not 4copy
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates
definition

WHAT Do not copy

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 an organic compound with the empirical
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formula C (H O) ; m 2 Donnot copy
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 all are carbon(C), hydrogen(H)
composedDoofnot copy
& oxygen(O)atoms; Do not copy
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 usually proportion 1:2:1 respectively
in the Do not copy
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1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 5

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATE
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WHAT Is the general function of carbohydrate?
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1. Energy source Do not copy
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• substrate of cellular respiration (Glucose) Do not copy
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2. Energy storage (many C-H bonds) Do not copy
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• in animal: glycogen Do not copy
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• in plants: starch Do not copy
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3. Structural component of cell membranes & cell
walls
• cell walls: cellulose
• cell membrane: glycoprotein & glycolipid
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 6
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates
How
Classification
&
Characteristic
Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide'
Disaccharides Polysaccharides
s
Double sugars;
consist of
Single / Complex sugars;
Simple sugar 2 polymer of
monosaccharide' saccharides
s

Saccharide = water soluble carbohydrate

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 7
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide
definition

WHAT The simplest form of sugar consist of

ONE sugar unit that cannot further broken down into simpler
sugar.
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1. General Formula: ( CH2O )n Do not copy
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n = number of C atoms in the molecule, Do not copy
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2. Most names for sugar end with –ose Do not copy
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1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Classification
CHARACTERISTIC &
Characteristic

1. simple sugars: cannot be broken down into

smaller molecules
2. sweet-tasting
3. soluble in water
4. can be crystallized
5. All are reducing sugar: has open chain with
aldehyde or ketone group/has free
carbonyl group.
6. Can be monomers for disaccharides &
polysaccharides
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 9
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide'
Structure
Structure &
Example

Exist in 2 form

Glucose

Linear Form Ring Form

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 10

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide
Example
Structure &
Example

Fructose

Linear Form Ring Form

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 11

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide
Example
Structure &
Example

Galactose

Linear Form Ring Form

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 12

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide
Structure &
How to draw a Glucose Example
in ring form
α-glucose & β-glucose
CH2OH
α
β H
O OH H
H

OH H
OH OH
H
H OH
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 13
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide
Structure &
How to draw a Galactose Example
in ring form
-galactose
CH2OH
1. Draw a -
glucose first H
O H
2. Change C4 H
arrangement

OH H
OH OH

H OH
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 14
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

α-glucose β-glucose
(OH group at C1 located (OH group at C1 located
below the plane of the ring) above the plane of the ring)

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 15

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

α-fructose

Fructose
C6H12O6

β-fructose
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 16
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

• do not form
ring structures

Linear Form

Ring Form
α β
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 17
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
Classification
Can be classified based on:

1.Location of 2. No. of Carbon atoms

carbonyl group in their molecule

Aldose Triose Pentose

3C 5C
Ketose
Hexose
6C

By TWO method
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 18
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
1) Based on the location of carbonyl group :

• Common organic functional groups:

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 19

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Structure &

Example
1. Location of carbonyl group

1. Aldose 2. Ketose

-carbonyl group located at C1 or - carbonyl group located at C2

at the end C skeleton or within C skeleton
-Functional Group: Aldehyde - Functional Group: Ketone
-E.g.: Glucose - E.g.: Fructose

20
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
Location of carbonyl Group Classification

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 21

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
Classification
2. No. of C atoms

1. Triose sugar 2. Pentose sugar

- contains 3 carbon atoms
- contains 5 carbon atoms
- Eg: glyceraldehydes &
- Eg: ribose & deoxyribose
dihydroxyacetone

3. Hexose sugar

- contains 6 carbon atoms

- Eg: glucose & fructose
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 22
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide's
No. of Carbon in molecule Classification

Triose
Hexose

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 23

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 Do not copy
CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates Do not copy

Monosaccharide's
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No. of Carbon in molecule Do not copy
Classification
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1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 24

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
Review:
1. Name 3 main classes of monosaccharide.【3m】
2. Give one example of hexose and describe it
characteristic. 【5m】
3. What is the structural different between ribose &
deoxyribose. 【1m】

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 25

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides
Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a
glycosidic linkage

CARBOHYDRATE

MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES

-Maltose
-Sucrose
-Lactose

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 26

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides
Classification
&
Characteristic
Characteristics:
1. Sweet, small & soluble in water
2. A double sugar molecule (consists of 2
monosaccharides)
3. Can be crystallized
4. Can be reducing sugar or non-reducing sugar.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 27

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides definition

WHAT is Reducing Sugar? Give Example.

sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent because
it has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group.

Example: Maltose, Lactose, Fructose, Glucose, &

Galactose Do not cop
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Reducing sugars can be detected by Benedict's test. Do not cop
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1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as Do not
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides definition

WHAT is NON-Reducing Sugar? Give Example.

A sugar that cannot donate electrons to other molecules
and therefore cannot act as a reducing agent.

Example: Sucrose

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 29

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides definition

WHAT is disaccharide?
Glycosidic Bond
Covalent • A types of
bond carbohydrate
• Which consists
of TWO
monomer monomer monosaccharide
• That join
Monosaccharide Monosaccharide together by a
Dimer glycosidic bond.
Disaccharide
FOCUS: HOW the covalent bond can formed? And HOW the covalent bond can breakdown.
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 30
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Structure &
Disaccharides Example

Example:
- maltose, sucrose & lactose

Maltose (malt sugar) α- 1,4 glycosidic bond

α-glucose + glucose

Sucrose (cane sugar) α- 1,2 glycosidic bond

α-glucose + fructose

Lactose (milk sugar) β - 1,4 glycosidic bond

β-glucose + Galactose

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 31

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Structure &
Disaccharides Example

Maltose (malt sugar) α- 1,4 glycosidic bond

α-glucose + glucose

MALTOSE

α- 1,4 glycosidic bond

α-Glucose + α-Glucose  Maltose
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 32
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Structure &
Disaccharides Example

Sucrose (cane sugar) α- 1,2 glycosidic bond

α-glucose + fructose
SUCROSE

α- 1,2 glycosidic bond

α-Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 33

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Structure &
Disaccharides Example

Lactose (milk sugar) β - 1,4 glycosidic bond

β-glucose + Galactose

LACTOSE

β - 1,4 glycosidic bond

β-Glucose + Galactose  Lactose
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 34
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FOCUS: HOW the covalent bond can formed? And HOW the covalent bond can breakdown.

Covalent bond between 2 monomer

FORMATION condensation reaction

(removal of water molecule)

BREAKAGE hydrolysis reaction

(addition of water molecule)

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 35

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FOCUS: HOW the covalent bond can formed? And HOW the covalent bond can breakdown.

Question:
What is a glycosidic linkage and what the
numbers 1-4 and 1-2 relate to?

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 36

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FOCUS: HOW the covalent bond can formed? And HOW the covalent bond can breakdown.

Formation of covalent bond involve CONDENSATION PROCESS.

During the reaction, the
hydroxyl group of one
OH H monomer react with a
The hydrogen
process toatom in
formed
another
covalent monomer.
bond through
CONDENSATION
REACTION one covalent
removal bond is
of a small
formedlikes
molecule between
watertwo
monomer
H2O
A dimer is form.

One molecule of water is

removed as by-products
COVALENT BOND of condensation
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 37
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FOCUS: HOW the covalent bond can formed? And HOW the covalent bond can breakdown.

General condensation Formation of DISACCHARIDE.

OH H
OH H-O
CONDENSATION
REACTION

H2O H2 O

COVALENT BOND
O
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 38
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FORMATION OF MALTOSE
Formation of covalent bond involve CONDENSATION PROCESS.
Condensation process is the process to formed covalent bond
through removal of a small molecule likes water

During the reaction, the hydroxyl group of one monomer react

with a hydrogen atom in another monomer.

one covalent bond is formed between two monomer

A dimer is form.

One molecule of water is removed as by-products of

condensation
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 39
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FORMATION OF MALTOSE
α-1, 4 glycosidic bond

Condensation
+ + H2O

α-Glucose + α-Glucose Maltose + H2O

The formation of maltose involve the

Formation of covalent bond involve CONDENSATION PROCESS.
process condensation
Condensation is the process to formed covalent bond through removal
of a small molecule likes water

Maltose is formed by joining two α-Glucose together.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 40
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FORMATION OF MALTOSE
α-1, 4 glycosidic bond

Condensation
+ + H2O

α-Glucose + α-Glucose Maltose + H2O

During the
During the reaction, the hydroxyl
condensation, thegroup of onegroup
hydroxyl monomer react
of C1 onea α-
onwith
hydrogen atom in another monomer.
Glucose is react with a hydrogen atom on hydroxyl group of
C4 in another α-Glucose.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 41

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

FORMATION OF MALTOSE
α-1, 4 glycosidic bond

Condensation
+ + H2O

α-Glucose + α-Glucose Maltose + H2O

This will resulted

one covalent bond to a formation
is formed of glycosidic
between bond between
two monomer
two α-Glucose
The covalent bond formed, is called as α-1,4 glycosidic bond.
AA maltose is form.
dimer is form.

One molecule of water is removed as by-products of condensation

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 42
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

Breakage of covalent bond

H 2O

OH + H
COVALENT HYDROLYSIS
BOND REACTION

1. Breakage of covalent bond in dimer involved hydrolysis process.

2. Hydrolysis reaction: The process to break the covalent bond by
adding a water molecule.
3. During the reaction, one water molecule react on the covalent bond in
dimer.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 43

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

Breakage of covalent bond

H 2O

OH + H
COVALENT HYDROLYSIS
BOND REACTION

4. The water molecule break to from a hydrogen atom and hydroxyl

group.
5. A hydrogen atom from water attach to one monomer, and the
hydroxyl group attaching to other.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 44

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

Breakage of Maltose
α-1, 4 glycosidic bond
Hydrolysis

+ H2O

Maltose + H2O

H2 O
Hydrolysis

Maltose + H2O
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 45
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

Hydrolysis of Maltose
Step Description
A As a result, the α-1,4 glycosidic bond in maltose is break
B Breakdown of maltose involve hydrolysis process
C During the reaction, the water molecule attack the α-1,4 glycosidic
bond
D The hydrogen atom from water attach to one α-glucose
E Hydrolysis reaction is the process to breakdown the covalent bond
with the additional of one water molecule.
F The hydroxyl group of water attach to another α glucose.
H The water molecule break into hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group
I 2 α-glucose is formed.
1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 46
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Formation &
Disaccharides Breakdown

HYDROLYSIS of Maltose

HOW to write the chemical equation in word.

Maltose react with ONE water molecule during
hydrolysis to formed TWO α-glucose.

hydrolysis
Maltose + water α-glucose + α-glucose

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 47

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides
REVIEW
TRUE & FALSE
1. Formation od disaccharide involve condensation
reaction.
2. Hydrolysis is the reverse reaction of condensation.
3. Hydrolysis of maltose is the process catalyze by
maltase
4. Maltose is made by a condensation reaction
between 2 glucose.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 48

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Disaccharides
REVIEW
TRUE & FALSE
5. A water molecule is lost in the condensation
reaction during formation of maltose.
6. The C-O-C linkage is called glycosidic bond
7. Oxygen is the by product of condensation.
8. An α-glucose and -glucose can react to form a
maltose.

1.2a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrate such as 49

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Formation Of Maltose – Condensation reaction

hg
jjjj
jj

Breakdown Of Maltose – hydrolysis reaction

50
LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.2b) Describe the formation and breakdown of maltose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATE

MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES

-Starch
-Glycogen
-Cellulose

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 51

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides definition

WHAT is polysaccharide ?
 A complex macromolecule @ polymer
 Formed by many monosaccharide that joined
with glycosidic bond
 Through process of condensation.

WHAT is the characteristic of polysaccharide?

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 52

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Classification
Polysaccharides &
Characteristic

WHAT is the characteristic of polysaccharide?

 Large & complex molecule
 not sweet
 insoluble in water
 Cannot be crystallized
 Polymer that formed a long chain, which can be
branched or unbranched.

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 53

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Structure &
POLYSACCHARIDE Example

 A long chain of monosaccharide.

 Monosaccharide is linked together through
glycosidic bond
 The chain can be branched or unbranched.
 The chain can be vary in length.
 The arrangement of molecules can be linear,
coil or folded

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 54

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Structure &
POLYSACCHARIDE Example

1.Amylose
2.Amylopectin
3.Glycogen
4.Cellulose

Others polysaccharide not in syllabus:

1. Chitin
2. Dextrin
3. Pectin
4. Hemicellulose
5. Alginate
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 55
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates
Function
POLYSACCHARIDE
Polysaccharide Monomer Types of bonding Location Function
Energy
-1,4 glycosidic
Amylose -glucose Chloroplast storage in
bond
plant cell
-1,4 glycosidic
Plant cell Energy
bond
Amylopectin -glucose (storage Dostorage in
not copy
-1,6 glycosidic
cell) Doplant cell
not copy
bond
Do not copy
-1,4 glycosidic Do not copy
Energy
bond Liver, Do not copy
Glycogen -glucose storage in
-1,6 glycosidic muscle cell Do not copy
animal
Do cell
not copy
bond
Do not copy
-1,4 glycosidic DoStructural
not copy
Cellulose -glucose bond Cell wall Domaterial
not copyof
Hydrogen bond Do cell
not copy
wall
FOCUS: labeling of bond, Do not copy
Do not copy
how the structure relate to function Do not copy
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 56
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: STARCH
• What is starch?
– Storage polysaccharide in plant, stored as granules
within plastid or in storage organ like root.

• Starch can be classified into two types:

– Amylose
– Amylopectin

Classification
&
Characteristic

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 57

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Amylose
Linear, long chain, unbranched Energy
Coiled in helical chains Function storage in
plant cell
Subunit： -glucose
Bond: -1,4 glycosidic bond
Structure
• Compact molecule
• With large numbers of
glucose
• Glucose  Energy
substrate in plant

-1,4 glycosidic bond

FOCUS: labeling of bond,
how the structure relate to function
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 58
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Amylopectin
long chain, branched Energy
Subunit： -glucose Function storage in
plant cell
Bond: -1,4 glycosidic bond +
-1,6 glycosidic bond
Structure
• Compact molecule
• With large numbers
of glucose
• Higher molecular
mass compare to
amylose
• Glucose  Energy
substrate in plant

FOCUS: labeling of bond,

how the structure relate to function
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 59
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Amylopectin
Structure

FOCUS: labeling of bond,

how the structure relate to function
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 60
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Glycogen
long chain, extensively Energy
branched Function storage in
animal cell
Subunit： -glucose
Bond: -1,4 glycosidic bond +
Structure
-1,6 glycosidic bond • Shorter chain,
• Highly branched
structure allows faster
breakdown of
molecule during
respiration
• More end for enzyme
to start the hydrolysis
process.

FOCUS: labeling of bond,

how the structure relate to function
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 61
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Glycogen
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Question:
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Why glycogen is more readily to be
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use by animal cells, compare to starch?
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FOCUS: labeling of bond,

how the structure relate to function
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 62
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: GLYCOGEN

Structure

α-1,6 glycosidic bond

α-1,4 glycosidic bond

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 63
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Cellulose
Linear, long chain, No Branched Structural
Subunit： -glucose Function material of
plant cell
Bond:  -1,4 glycosidic bond +
wall
hydrogen bond
Structure
• Forming microfibril
• Linear chain held by
 -1,4 glycosidic bond hydrogen bond
Detail Observe next slide

FOCUS: labeling of bond,

how the structure relate to function
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 64
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: Cellulose
• Forming microfibril
• Linear chain held by
hydrogen bond

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FOCUS: labeling of bond, Do not copy
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how the structure relate to function Do not copy
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogenDo
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65
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 66

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides
Differences in Polysaccharides

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Amylose Amylopectin
Monomer/ α-glucose α-glucose α-glucose β-glucose
monosaccharid
es
Bond α -1,4 glycosidic α -1,4 α -1,4 glycosidic β-1,4 glycosidic
involved bond glycosidic bond bond
bond α -1,6 glycosidic
α -1,6 bond
glycosidic
bond
Structure Helical & Branched chain Highly Straight chain
Unbranched chain branched chain
[drawing]
Function As energy storage As energy As energy Support plant cell
in plant cell storage in plant storage in (Main component
cell animal cell for plant cell wall )
1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 67
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.
 CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.2: Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides
Quick Check

1. State the similarity and difference between cellulose

and amylose.
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1.2c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and 68
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
cellulose.