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ISA Transactions: Naki Güler, Erdal Irmak
ISA Transactions: Naki Güler, Erdal Irmak
ISA Transactions
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Practice article
article info a b s t r a c t
Article history: Since renewable energy sources such as PV and wind provide intermittent energy generation, this
Received 1 February 2020 paper presents an advanced DC/DC converter that is able to set its operational mode automatically
Received in revised form 7 November 2020 to either multi-input multi-output (MIMO) or single-input multi-output (SIMO) depending on the
Accepted 10 December 2020
input source conditions. Power flow is controlled through the auxiliary relays added to a double-layer
Available online 13 December 2020
boost converter. Considering the transient events require fast dynamic response, model predictive
Keywords: control (MPC) is used to achieve the current control processes for both layers. Furthermore, the MPC is
Hybrid renewable energy system modified to adapt itself to changes in the topology. The proposed system is verified by simulations and
Mode-changeable converter experimentally. Results show that the proposed mode-changeable converter successfully determines
Model predictive control the optimum power route after deciding the best operational mode in accordance with the input source
Multi-input multi-output system
conditions. Furthermore, the control method achieves a powerful and effective control process in both
MIMO and SIMO modes.
© 2020 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2020.12.023
0019-0578/© 2020 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed mode-changeable converter and MPC scheme.
dynamic response and easy implementation [19–22]. Therefore, In this paper, the average current control of the proposed mode-
MPC is widely used for controlling the input and the output changeable converter is implemented without neither calculation
power in multi-port converters. Usage of MPC method offers method nor observer. CCM operation is provided with the selec-
better solutions to provide the power sharing between the input tion of converter parameters in accordance with the methodology
sources in MIMO converters [9] and to achieve the control of reported in [30] and then model predictive current control struc-
output voltages both in MIMO and SIMO converters [12]. ture is applied. Both the simulation and the experimental results
Considering such issues summarized above, this paper show that the proposed converter and its control algorithm suc-
presents an advanced converter that can automatically switches cessfully provides fast and stable operation not only in the steady
its topology to either MIMO or SIMO depending on the voltage state conditions but also during the transitional states. Especially
level of the input sources. The idea behind this topology is to the results of SIMO mode show that the MPC method adapts itself
maintain the power flow by changing the operational mode to change in topology.
against the interruptions in the sources. Besides the fundamental The proposed mode-changeable topology can be used in sev-
difference between the existing topologies, the total cost is re- eral applications, some of which are as follows:
duced by using simple relays instead of power diodes to turn on
or off the sources. As mentioned earlier, the voltage gain is limited • Multiple PV strings can be connected to multi inputs of the
in SI-MIMO structures because of their non-symmetrical outputs. converter for hybrid operation.
In order to overcome this problem, the proposed converter uses • Different types of energy sources like renewables and the
a double layer boost converter structure with separate inductors. grid can be combined on the same bus [25].
During the SIMO operation, the positive layer operates in buck- • Multiple loads such as industrial loads and batteries can be
boost mode while the negative one operates in boost mode. Thus, fed by the system thanks to its multi output feature [11].
the voltage gain band is expanded to be use with different type
and size of loads. Since each layer of the proposed converter 2. Proposed mode-changeable DC/DC converter model
is structured with independent inductors, the cross-regulation
problem is eliminated and the control strategy is considerably In order to explain and analyze the proposed system, a sample
simplified. Moreover, comprising fewer components than some two-input two-output converter model is designed consisting
similar types in [9–11] is another simplification in terms of the of two boost converters as shown in Fig. 1 [31]. Unlike typical
model-based control strategy. On the other hand, a fast dynamic double-layer boost converters, the proposed system includes four
response requirement is essential due to the mode transition auxiliary relays to route the power from multiple sources to
feature of the proposed topology. Besides the fundamental re- multiple loads, in different configurations by altering the switch
quirement, the control method should have a good match with positions of the relays. Thus, the converter is able to set its mode
the changes from boost to buck-boost in SIMO modes. Therefore, to either SIMO or MIMO automatically. Switches of the newly
the control algorithm should be able to adapt itself to changes in added relays are numbered from S3 to S8 and their connection
the topology. MPC method is preferred to control the input cur- diagrams are illustrated with dashed lines in Fig. 1.
rents of the proposed mode-changeable converter, by considering Table 1 shows the relevant switch positions for each mode.
control requirements [9,23]. Thanks to model based structure of The mode SIMOV1 indicates that only the first input source (V1 )
the MPC method, the operational changes in the topology are is active and the system has two outputs. Similarly, the mode
defined into the control algorithm. SIMOV2 indicates the case where only the second source (V2 )
The current control operation of converters in discontinu- is active and the system has still two outputs. All inputs and
ous conduction mode (DCM) needs mean value calculation of all outputs are active in the last mode called MIMO. A mode
input currents [24] and this decreases the dynamic capability detection algorithm is used to select an appropriate operational
of the control process. Therefore, some control methods have mode automatically. Fig. 2 shows the flowchart of the mode
been proposed to perform the control process in DCM and CCM detection algorithm which determines the positions of auxiliary
separately [25,26]. Similarly, the current control operation devel- relays depending on the source voltages [31]. Clearly, the algo-
oped in this study is achieved in only CCM. MPC based average rithm compares the source voltages with a predefined threshold
current control of DC/DC converters was presented by using voltage and it determines the positions of the auxiliary relays
average calculation [24,27], Kalman filter [28], observer [29], and according to Table 1. Consequently, the mode detection algo-
RMS calculation [24]. However, the design process of these tech- rithm automatically integrates the active sources to the system
niques complicates the implementation of the control method. by changing the operational mode between MIMO and SIMOs.
486
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
being charged through the input sources. At the same time, the
capacitors C1 and C2 are discharged through the loads.
Switching State 2: In this case, S1 and S2 are OFF. Since the
inductance L1 is in discharging mode, the diode D1 is forward bi-
ased. Therefore, the energy is transferred from the L1 inductor and
the V1 input source to the C1 capacitor. The first layer operates as
a typical boost converter in this mode. Similarly, the energy flows
from the L2 inductance and the V2 input source to the C2 capacitor
on the second layer.
For MIMO operation, the relation between the output voltages
(VOUT 1 and VOUT 2 ) and the inputs is calculated by using the typical
boost converter equations as given in (1) and (2), where d1 and
d2 indicates the duty cycle ratios of the switches S1 and S2 ,
respectively.
1
VOUT 1 = V1 (1)
(1 − d1 )
1
VOUT 2 = V2 (2)
(1 − d2 )
According to Fig. 1 and Table 1, if the contacts of auxiliary 2.3. Mathematical analysis
relays s4 , s6 and s7 are ON while the others are OFF, the converter
starts to operate in MIMO mode. In this case, V1 and V2 sources Mathematical models are separately created for each oper-
are connected to separate boost converters as seen from Fig. 1. ating mode to better analyze the control process of the input
Duty cycles of the IGBTs (S1 and S2 ) are separately controlled so currents in CCM. During the MIMO operation, both layers are in
that the output voltages can be obtained independently. Thus, the boost mode as mentioned previously. Similar to the previous
it is possible to feed the loads requiring different voltage levels. notations, 1 and 2 indicate the first and second layers, respec-
To better analyze the dynamic response of the proposed model tively. Also, V1 and V2 indicate the voltages of first and second
in MIMO mode, ON and OFF states of the IGBTs are studied input sources, respectively. If both the S1 and the S2 are ON, the
separately as following. current of both inductors (iL1 , iL2 ) can be calculated using the
Switching State 1: In this state, S1 and S2 are ON. Once their same equation as given in Eq. (4). If they are OFF, the total output
modes are changed to ON, the inductances L1 and L2 start to power is supplied from input sources and also from the inductor
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N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Fig. 3. Magnitude and phase responses under a: steady-state, b: various input voltage, c: various duty ratio, d: various load conditions.
⎡ ( ) ( )
RL1 1
⎤
− − 0 0 load resistance, and the results are presented in Fig. 3(b), (c), and
(d), respectively [31]. Clearly, the converter is stable despite all
⎢ ( L1) L
( 1 )
⎢ ⎥
⎥
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ variations.
⎢
⎢ C − 0 0 ⎥
C1 R 1
⎥
1
A2 = ⎢
⎢
( )
⎥
( ) ⎥ (20) 3. Model predictive control of the proposed system
⎢ RL2 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 − − ⎥
L L The proposed mode-changeable converter is based on a two-
( 2) ( 2 )⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎣ 1 1 ⎦ layer DC/DC boost converter and each layer is a second-order
0 0 − system. Although the layers are derived using the conventional
C2 C2 R 2
topologies, the mode-changeable structure of the proposed model
B = [1/L1 0 1/L2 0] T
(21) requires some specifications in terms of designing the controller.
C = [0 1 0 1] (22) The requirements in the control strategy can be described as
the fast dynamic response and a good match with the changes
The averaged state–space model can be obtained by substituting in topology. In general, the fast dynamic response is needed to
Eqs. (18), and (21) into Eq. (15). Since the design of the converter achieve a good reference tracking under variations in system
plays a crucial role in the performance of closed-loop controller, inputs and outputs. In addition to this, the dynamic response is
the open-loop bode diagram is presented to show the stability important for mode transitions times in the proposed topology.
of the converter. Fig. 3 shows the bode plots which are obtained Furthermore, the type of the first layer is changing between
using the system parameters and state–space model for the first boost and buck-boost in the transition from MIMO to SIMO, vice-
layer. As mentioned before, the proposed model consists of a two versa. It is clear that the control method should exhibit a good
boost converter. Hence, the results of each layer are the same match with the changes in topology. A model-based reconfig-
and the dynamics are investigated for only the first layer. The urable controller type is essential and special for the proposed
bode result of the steady-state condition is shown in Fig. 3(a). mode-changeable converter. On the other hand, MPC exhibits an
The phase angle and magnitude are negative at the crossover excellent dynamic performance for power converters. Consider-
frequency. Clearly, the selected design parameters are suitable for ing the requirements, model predictive control is used to control
steady-state conditions. However, large variations in the system the proposed converter.
input and outputs may cause instabilities. Therefore, the bode The average input currents are controlled with the model
analysis is evaluated by variations in input voltage, duty ratio, and predictive control (MPC) technique, block diagram of which is
489
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Table 2
Model parameters.
Switching frequency 5–10 kHz
Inductors (L1 and L2 ) 1 mH
Output filters (C1 and C2 ) 1000 µF
IGBTs (S1 and S2 ) 2MBI100U4A – 120 – 50
TS 10 µs
The key point of the MPC algorithm is the cost function, which
is created by using the estimation results and the reference values
(i∗L and i∗L ). Eq. (25) presents the created cost function for each
1 2
layer of the converter.
[ ]2
gidc1,2 (k + 1) = i∗L1,2 − iL1,2 (k + 1) (25)
control algorithm immediately makes the related switch OFF for For both SIMO modes, reference value of the layers are changed
three periods to prevent the current increase when the voltage several times to analyze the system response against these tran-
increases. Furthermore, since the proposed system is able to sient situations. As obviously seen from results in Fig. 7, the
generate variable switching frequencies, the control algorithm proposed control algorithm successfully achieves to track the
reduces the switching frequency. reference in all cases in similar to MIMO mode operations. Al-
As the second case, the input voltage is decreased from 35 V though the input voltages are altered, the average value of the
to 25 V at 1.4 s. The second zoomed part indicated as Z2 on Fig. 5 current is not affected from this situation. As mentioned in the
presents the system response against this transitional situation. theoretical analysis, the first layer is in buck-boost mode while
Similar to the previous case, the system successfully tracks the the second one is in boost mode for SIMO modes. It is worth
reference by adjusting the duty ratio of the switching signal to noting that, the output voltage of the first layer is dependent on
an appropriate level for new conditions. the reference current, load resistance and input voltage. As clearly
The analysis given Fig. 5 is not only achieved for the first seen from Fig. 7, the operational mode of the first layer is changed
(positive) layer, but also for the second (negative) layer. For the depending on the reference current and it can be operated in
first case where the input voltage is suddenly increased from buck and boost modes. Furthermore, the results show that the
15 V to 35 V, the control algorithm makes the related switch second layer is operated in boost mode in both SIMO modes.
OFF until the input current decreases to the desired level. This Consequently, the theoretical considerations have been verified
situation can be seen obviously from the zoomed part indicated by simulation studies for all operational modes of the proposed
as Z3 on Fig. 5 After the instant increase on the voltage signal, converter.
the system automatically adjusts the PWM ratio to track the ref-
erence successfully. As seen from the last zoomed part indicated 5. Experimental study
as Z4, the system successfully continues to track the reference
by increasing the duty ratio of the switching signal even the A real prototype of the proposed system, shown in Fig. 8, is
voltage decreases instantly. In addition to the control results of designed and implemented to test the converter experimentally
input currents, output voltage of both layers are higher than input in real time conditions. As stated in Table 2, the proposed con-
voltages. Clearly, both layer operates in boost mode during the verter is built by using 2MBI100U4A-120-50 IGBTs. The relays
MIMO mode. are used to route the power depending on the operation mode
As the second test for the MIMO mode, the system perfor- of the converter. LV 25-P voltage sensors are used as transducers
mance under variable references is examined. Fig. 6 presents for measuring the input and output voltages. Input and output
the simulation results for this case, where the reference currents currents are sensed using HAS 50-s. The control software is de-
change instantly while both layers operate at a fixed input volt- signed using MATLAB/Simulink environments and it is embedded
age. According to the scenario, the reference value of the positive in dSPACE ds1104. Two separate DC voltage sources are used as
layer increases from 2 A to 4 A at 0.2 s. As shown from the the main energy sources. To better analyze the proposed mode-
zoomed part indicated as Z1 on Fig. 6, the control algorithm changeable converter and its control algorithm, experimental
keeps the switch ON for 2 periods in order to increase the input results are presented for MIMO and SIMO modes, separately.
current to the reference. As a further scenario, the reference is
decreased to 3 A at 0.25 s. The zoomed part indicated as Z2 shows 5.1. Experimental results for MIMO operation
that the input current is successfully adjusted to desired level
in this case too. Ability of the proposed converter for tracking To test the converter in MIMO mode, its response to instant
the variable current references is also examined for the second reference changes under fixed input voltages is examined. Fig. 9
(negative) layer. The zoomed parts indicated as Z3 and Z4 on shows the dynamic responses of input currents and switching
Fig. 6 present the results for these analyzes in detail and confirm signals for abrupt changes in the references of inductor currents.
that the proposed control algorithm successfully executes the As seen from Fig. 9(a), when the reference for the first layer
current control process. As a common result for this section, changes from 2 A to 4 A, the control algorithm increases the
all simulation results performed to analyze the current control current by keeping the related switch in ON position for two
operation in MIMO mode verify that the proposed algorithm periods (230 µs). After this transient situation, the converter
serves a fast and effective control for not only in the steady state continues to its operation with an average current of 4 A. If the
conditions but also in the transitional events. reference decreases from 4 A to 2 A, the MPC algorithm keeps
the switch in OFF position until (200 µs) the current decreases
4.2. Simulation results for SIMO operation to 2 A as seen from Fig. 9(b). The same procedure is also realized
for the second layer. Fig. 9(c) verifies that the proposed model
SIMO operation means that one of the input sources is de- successfully provides the average current tracking process when
activated due to operational conditions and thereby the system the reference current for the second layer increases from 1.5 A
works with only one input while there are multi outputs at to 3 A. Even though the reference decreases to 1.5 A again, the
the load side. Accordingly, while SIMOV1 expresses the situation system continues to track it successfully as seen from Fig. 9(d).
where the second input is turned off and only the first one feeds Considering the results in Fig. 9, if the reference increases, the
the system, SIMOV2 describes the opposite of this condition. A switch remains at ON position until the inductor current reaches
critical threshold voltage level as 10 V is determined in the study. to the peak value of the desired level. Similarly, if the reference
Thus, if the voltage level of one of the input sources decreases decreases, the switch passes to OFF position until the inductor
below this level, the system automatically disables the related current reaches to the new peak value. Clearly, the dynamic
input. Fig. 7 presents the simulation results under the variable responses in the switching signal shows that MPC selects an
reference values when the system operates in SIMO mode. As optimal control action independent from switching frequency. As
seen, the system starts to operation in SIMOV1 mode as soon as mentioned earlier, the switching signal is generating as the result
the first input voltage exceeds 10 V. According to the scenario, the of a logic comparison in digital control methods. This is the fact
first layer is suddenly disabled and the second one is activated that behind the superior dynamic behavior of MPC. Furthermore,
simultaneously at 0.5th second. Upon this new condition, the the MPC algorithm eliminates the oscillations occurred in the
system automatically switches its mode to SIMOV2 . transient state and shortens the response time as well. On the
491
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Fig. 5. Results of tracking a fixed reference under variable input voltages in MIMO mode.
other hand, the results show that the input current of each layer by increasing the switching frequency, this is not the case for
is independent of each other. This feature allows the independent high power applications where a low switching frequency is
power flow from the input sources. Also, it can be worth noting required. For this reason, controller design for high-power DC–DC
that the cross-regulation problem has not occurred. converters working at relatively low frequency (<20 kHz) has an
Depending on the input voltage and the reference signal, the increasing practical value.
switching frequency is changed between 5 kHz to 10 kHz during In addition to test the system response against the reference
the experimental tests. This is the reason why the oscillation level changes, the fixed current control analysis under variable input
on the inductor current changes as seen in the current graphs. voltages is also tested experimentally and the maximum error
As reported in [20], even though this issue can be alleviated for the average current is measured as 4%. For instance, Fig. 10(a)
492
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Fig. 7. Simulation results under the variable reference currents in SIMO mode.
presents a sample experimental result where the input voltage of the inductor current in the desired reference against the changes
the first layer decreases from 25 V to 15 V. As seen, the average in the input voltage.
input current is fixed to the reference value with an error of 2.5% Consequently, all the experimental results described above
while the input voltage is 25 V. After the voltage decreases to separately for each layer verify that the proposed control algo-
15 V, the control algorithm again sets the input current to the rithm successfully achieves the current control process in MIMO
reference with an error of 0.5%. mode even the input voltages are changed.
In similar to the first layer, the second one serves satisfactory
results for the average current control process. Fig. 10(b) presents 5.2. Experimental results for mode transitions and SIMO operation
an experimental result where the input voltage of the second
layer (VIN2 ) increases from 20 V to 30 V. Once the voltage increase As mentioned in the theoretical considerations, the mode tran-
is occurred, the control method fixes the average current value sition capability is the main advantage of the proposed con-
to the reference value with an error of 1%. Actually, these error verter. Experimental results of mode transitions and SIMO opera-
rates given for both layers mainly cause from the measurement tional modes are investigated in this section. As clearly seen from
accuracy of the sensors and ADC resolution of the controller. The Fig. 11, the second input source (V2 ) is suddenly disconnected
dynamic responses of input and output variables show that the while the system is being operated in MIMO mode. In this case,
proposed converter and its control method are able to maintain the control algorithm changes the positions of the auxiliary relays
493
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Fig. 9. Experimental results for tracking the variable references in MIMO mode (a, b) the first layer (c, d) the second layer.
Fig. 10. Current control analysis in MIMO mode (a) the first layer (b) the second layer.
according to Table 1 thereby the system passes to SIMOV 1 mode. increases. This is due to the positive layer operating in the buck-
During the transition, the first layer remains at disabled for 5 boost mode. On the other hand, even if the input source of the
ms while the relay switches are being repositioned. However, the second layer is disabled, its inductor current is maintained at 2
duration of this temporary time depends on the processing speed A. The result verifies that the proposed converter and its control
of the controller and the specifications of hardware devices used algorithm successfully route the power flow.
in the system such as relays. As a different experimental scenario, the second input source
As seen from the detailed current graphs shown in Fig. 11, is again enabled while the system operates in SIMOV1 mode. In
while the average current is not changed after the mode tran- this case, the system returns back to MIMO mode as seen from
sition from MIMO to SIMO, the oscillation on the current signal Fig. 11. It is experimentally observed that the average current
494
N. Güler and E. Irmak ISA Transactions 114 (2021) 485–498
Fig. 12. System responses in SIMO mode a: Reference change in SIMOV 1 mode (IL1 ), b: Voltage change in SIMOV 2 mode (VIN2 ).
Table 3
Comparison of four existing multi-port DC/DC topologies with proposed mode-changeable topology.
Description [1] [6] [10] [12] Proposed
Topology SIMO-buck MIMO-buck-boost MIMO SIMO-buck Multi-mode (SIMO and MIMO)
mode-changeability Does not exist Does not exist Does not exist Does not exist Exists
Control approach Robust decentralized PI MPPT based PWM controller MPC MPC
Number of switching device 2 4 5 3 2
Number of auxiliary relay Does not exist Does not exist Does not exist Does not exist 4
Number of driver circuit 2 4 5 3 2
Switching signal generation PWM PWM Requires a special PWM Digital Digital
method generation strategy
Switching frequency 1 kHz 20 kHz Not reported Not reported 5 kHz–10 kHz
Maximum power Not reported 240W 2.5 mW 100 W 195 W
Maximum efficiency Not reported Not reported 87.6% 83.1% 97% (MIMO)
87% (SIMO)
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