RMM Calculus Marathon 1601 1700 Compressed

RMM - Calculus Marathon 1601 - 1700
R M M
ROM A N IA N MAT HEMAT IC AL MAG AZINE
Founding Editor
DANIEL SITARU
Available online ISSN-L 2501-0099
www.ssmrmh.ro
www.ssmrmh.ro
Proposed by
Daniel Sitaru – Romania,Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India, Florică Anastase-
Romania,Costel Florea-Romania,Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka,Abdul
Mukhtar-Nigeria,Ngulmun George Baite-India,Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-
Nigeria,Angad Singh-India,Vasile Mircea Popa-Romania,Ajenikoko Gbolahan-
Nigeria,Mohammad Hamed Nasery-Afghanistan,Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-
Romania,Carlos Paiva-Fortaleza-Brazil,Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan,Naren
Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal,Neculai Stanciu-Romania,Marin Chirciu-Romania
Asliddin Egamberdiyev-Uzbekistan,Durmuş Ogmen-Turkiye,Minh Vu-Vietnam
Serlea Kabay-Liberia,George Moses-Nigeria,Surjeet Singhania-India,Dang Le
Gia Khanh-Vietnam,Ovidiu Gabriel Dinu-Romania,Amrit Awasthi-India
Hussain Reza Zadah-Afghanistan,Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaijan
D.M. Bătinețu-Giurgiu – Romania,Shivam Sharma – India,Anisha Garg-India
Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan,Syed Shahabudeen-India, Farid Khelili-Algerie
Pavlos Trifon-Greece
1 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solutions by
Daniel Sitaru – Romania,Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie,Adrian Popa-Romania
Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan,Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania,Felix Marin-
Venezuela,Ose Favour-Nigeria,Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria,Ajetunmobi
Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria,Kartick Chandra Betal-India,Jack Desire-Nigeria
Togrul Ehmedov-Azerbaijan,Ajenikoko Gbolahan-Nigeria,Angad Singh-India
Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India,Almas Babirov-Azerbaijan,Gilmer Lopez-
Cajamarca-Peru,Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan,Kamel Gandoulli Rezgui-
Tunisia,Syed Sahahabudeen-India,Surjeet Singhania-India,Florică Anastase-
Romania,Daniela Ruxandra Tonilă-Romania,Dawid Bialek-Poland,Mohamed
Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco,Carlos Paiva-Fortaleza-Brazil,Samir
Cabiyev-Azerbaijan,Amrit Awasthi-India,Muhammad Afzal-Pakistan,Florentin
Vișescu-Romania,Ty Halpen-USA,Serlea Kabay-Liberia,Hasan Bostanlik-
Turkiye,George Moses-Benin-Nigeria,Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan
Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-Taiwan,Ankush Kumar Parcha-India,George Florin
Șerban-Romania,Supriyo Halder-India,Lucas Paes Barreto-Pernambuco-Brazil
Myagmasuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia,Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-
Taiwan,Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India,Ahmed Yacoube Chach-
Mauritania,Amrit Awasthi-India,Nelson Javier Villaherrera Lopez-El Salvador
Chris Kyriazis-Greece,Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaijan,Farid Khelili-
Algerie,Marian Ursărescu-Romania,Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal,Sergio
Esteban-Buenos Aires-Argentina, Farid Khelili-Algerie,Pavlos Trifon-Greece

www.ssmrmh.ro
1601. For any complex number 𝒒 with 𝑹𝒆(𝒒) ≤ 𝟏, let
𝒒 𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 𝒒
𝑹(𝒒) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 𝒙
Then prove the following identity:
∞ 𝟏
∫ 𝒆−𝒒 (𝟏 + ) 𝑹(𝒒) 𝒅𝒒 = 𝟐(𝜻(𝟑) + 𝜻(𝟒))
𝟎 𝒒
Proposed by Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India
Solution 1 by Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie
𝒒 𝟏 𝒒𝒕
𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐
𝒒 𝒙=𝒒𝒕 𝒆 −𝟏 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝑹(𝒒) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝒙 𝟎 𝒕
𝟏
𝟏 𝒒𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒒𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒒𝒕
= [ (𝒆 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕] − ∫ 𝒒𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = − ∫ 𝒒𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
∞
−𝒒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 ∞
𝛀=∫ 𝒆 (𝟏 + ) 𝑹(𝒒) 𝒅𝒒 = − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ∫ (𝟏 + 𝒒)𝒆−𝒒(𝟏−𝒕) 𝒅𝒒𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒒 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
=− ∫ ( + ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = − ∑ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐 ) ∫ 𝒕𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟑 𝟎 ( 𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝟑 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 ∞
𝒕=𝒆−𝒚 𝚪 (𝟒) 𝟔
∫ 𝒕𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = − ∫ 𝒚𝟑 𝒆−(𝒏+𝟏)𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = − 𝟒
=−
𝟎 𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝟏 + 𝒏)𝟒
Hence,
∞ ∞
𝒏+𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝟐∑ 𝟒
= 𝟐∑( 𝟑
+ ) = 𝟐(𝜻(𝟑) + 𝜻(𝟒))
(𝒏 + 𝟏) ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

𝒒 𝟏 𝒒𝒕
𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒒 𝒙=𝒒𝒕 𝒆 −𝟏
𝑹(𝒒) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝒙 𝟎 𝒕
∞ ∞
𝒒𝒌 𝟏 𝒒𝒌
= ∑ ∫ 𝒕𝒌−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∑ 𝟑
𝒌! 𝟎 𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒒
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝒆 (𝟏 + ) 𝑹 𝒒 𝒅𝒒 = 𝟐 ∑ 𝟑 ∫ (𝒒𝒌 + 𝒒𝒌−𝟏 )𝒆−𝒒 𝒅𝒒 =
( )
𝟎 𝒒 𝒌 𝒌! 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝟏
= 𝟐 ∑ 𝟑 (𝒌! + (𝒌 − 𝟏)!)
𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒆 (𝟏 + ) 𝑹(𝒒) 𝒅𝒒 = 𝟐 ∑ 𝟑 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝟒 = 𝟐(𝜻(𝟑) + 𝜻(𝟒))
𝟎 𝒒 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
1602. For 𝒙 > 𝟎 let 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝟒𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌

𝒖𝟐 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒌𝒙𝟑 + (𝟔𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌(𝟐𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝒌𝟒 + 𝒌𝟐
𝒖𝟑 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙𝟑 + (𝟔𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒌 + 𝟕)𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟐𝒌𝟑 + 𝟔𝒌𝟐 + 𝟕𝒌 + 𝟑)𝒙 + 𝒌𝟒 + 𝟒𝒌𝟑
+ 𝟕𝒌𝟐 + 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐
𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + ⋯ ; 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + ⋯ ;
𝒏 𝟑
𝒂𝒌 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟑 + √𝒖𝟑 + √𝒖𝟑 + ⋯ ; 𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ∫ )
𝒏→∞ 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) ⋅ 𝒄𝒌 (𝒙)
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
Prove that the roots of the equation 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛀 = (𝟖𝒖𝟑 − 𝟔𝟎𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒖 − 𝟏𝟎𝟒) are in
√𝟏𝟕𝟎
arithmetic progression.
Proposed by Costel Florea-Romania
Solution by Adrian Popa-Romania
𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + ⋯ ⇒ 𝒂𝟐𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝟒𝒖𝟏 𝟐
𝒂𝒌 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒖𝟏 = (𝟒𝒙 + (𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏)) ⇒
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) = = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
𝟐
𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + ⋯ ; 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟐 + 𝒃𝒌 (𝟏) ⇒
𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝟒𝒖𝟐
⇒ 𝒃𝟐𝒌 − 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = ⇒ 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟑 + √𝒖𝟑 + √𝒖𝟑 + ⋯ = √𝒖𝟑 + 𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) ⇒ 𝒄𝟐𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐

𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
= 𝟐 =
𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) ⋅ 𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ ∑ ( − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝒌 + 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 ⏟𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒙 + ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝟏
→𝟎
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = [𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)]𝟑𝟐 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 ( 𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
Now, we have: 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
√𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) = ⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛀 =
√𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) √𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝟏
But: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛀 = (𝟖𝒖𝟑 − 𝟔𝟎𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒖 − 𝟏𝟎𝟒), then
√𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝟓
𝟖𝒖𝟑 − 𝟔𝟎𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒖 − 𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎 ⇔ (𝒖 − ) (𝟖𝒖𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝒖 + 𝟒𝟐) = 𝟎
𝟐
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝒖𝟏+𝒖𝟑
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐 , 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐 , 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟐. Then 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐
1603. For 𝒌 ≥ 𝟐, prove the following identity:

𝝅
𝝏 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒌
𝝏𝒌 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌 − √𝒌 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan
𝟏
∵∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝑪
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
We have:
𝝅
𝝏 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝏𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 − √𝒌𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟐𝒌
𝟏−
𝟐√𝒌𝟐
− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅
𝟐 (𝒌 − √𝒌 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙) 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐
𝟎 √𝒌 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟐
𝒌 − √𝒌𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝝅
𝟏
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙=𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒖 + √𝒖𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏| =
𝟎 √𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 √𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝟎
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒌) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏) =
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌+𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒌 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒌 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒌 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒌
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
1604. Find:
𝝅
𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒙𝟒 (√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
Proposed by Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka

Solution by Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania
Using well-known result:
∞ 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝅
∑ (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒏𝒙) = ; | 𝒙| <
𝟒 𝒏 √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
which by simple rearrangements may be brought to the following useful form:

∞
𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐√𝟐 ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒏𝒙) = √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
𝟒𝒏 𝒏
𝒏=𝟎
and this is exactly what we need in our proof.

www.ssmrmh.ro
So, we write and obtain that:
𝝅 𝝅 ∞
𝟐
𝟒(
𝟐
𝟒 (𝟐√𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒙 √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 + 𝟐√𝟐 ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒏𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒𝒏 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝝅𝟓 𝝅𝟑 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝟑𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
= + 𝟕 ∑ ( ) − 𝟗 ∑ ( )=
𝟒𝟎√𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝒏𝟒 𝟒𝒏 𝒏
𝟐𝟐 𝒏=𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝒏=𝟏
𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐 𝟕𝟗 𝟓
𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝅𝜻(𝟐) + 𝝅+ 𝝅 − 𝝅𝟑 ,
𝟒√𝟐 𝟖√𝟐 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎√𝟐 𝟏𝟔√𝟐
where the binoharmonic series are both well-known in the mathematical literature, and
straightforward (one reduces to trivial primitives, and the other one reduces to Beta
function limits). So, we have that:
∞
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝝅𝟐
∑ ( ) = − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟐)
𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝟔
𝒏=𝟏
and for the other one we get

∞
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝝅𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
∑ ( ) = − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) 𝜻 ( 𝟑 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐)𝝅 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝟐)
𝒏𝟒 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝟒𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
1605. Prove that:

𝟏 𝟏
∞𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝝅𝒙) 𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙) 𝚪(𝒙) 𝝅(𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝝅 )𝚪 (𝟐 − 𝒊)
∫ ( + ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆 ( )
(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝚪(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟏 𝟐𝚪(𝟏 − 𝒊)
𝟎 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝒙)
Proposed by Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka

Solution by Felix Marin-Venezuela
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝝅𝒙) 𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝒙)
∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙) 𝚪(𝒙)
𝑱=∫ ( + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝚪(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟐 𝟏
𝟎 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙 )𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝒙)
∞ 𝟏
𝒊𝝅𝒙
−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= √𝝅𝑹𝒆 (∫ 𝒆 ( ) )=
−∞ 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
∞ 𝝅
(𝟏 + 𝒆 𝒊𝝓 )−𝟐
𝒅𝝓 𝒅𝒙
= √𝝅𝑹𝒆 (∫ 𝒆𝒊𝝅𝒙 (∫ )) =
−∞ −𝝅 𝒆𝒊𝒙𝝓 𝟐𝝅 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝝐→𝟎+
= 𝒆−𝝅 𝑰𝒎 (∮ 𝒛−𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 + 𝒛)−𝟐 𝒅𝒛) ~
𝟐√ 𝝅 |𝒛|=𝟏
−𝝐 ( −𝝅
−𝒙)−𝟏−𝒊 𝒆𝒊𝝅(−𝟏−𝒊)
~𝑰𝒎 [− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝝐−𝟏−𝒊 𝒆𝒊(−𝟏−𝒊) 𝝐𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝒊 𝒅𝜽]
−𝟏 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝝅
−𝟏 (
−𝒙)−𝟏−𝒊 𝒆−𝒊𝝅(−𝟏−𝒊)
−𝑰𝒎 (∫ 𝒅𝒙) =
−𝝐 √𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
√𝝅 −𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒆 ⋅ 𝑰𝒎 (𝒆𝝅 ∫ 𝒙−𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅) 𝝐−𝒊 − 𝒆−𝝅 ∫ 𝒙−𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙)
𝟐 𝝐 𝝐
=
𝟏
√𝝅 −𝝅 𝟏
= 𝒆 ⋅ 𝑰𝒎 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅) ∫ 𝒙−𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅) 𝝐−𝒊 ) =
𝟐 𝝐
𝝅(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝝅 ) 𝚪(−𝒊)

= 𝑰𝒎 ( ) ≅ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝚪 (𝟐 − 𝒊)
1606. Find:
∞
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
Proposed by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria

Solution 1 by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan
𝟐
∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) and 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙, we get:
∞ 𝟐 ∞
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒙 √
+ 𝟏+( 𝒙 ) ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝟎 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝒙
∞ 𝟏
𝟐𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 =𝒖 𝟏 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖 + 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟎 𝒖 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏+𝒖 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝒖 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝒖 𝟎 𝒖

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒖𝒌 𝟏 −𝒖𝒌
= −∫ ∑ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ ∑ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝒖 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒖 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
= −∑ ∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝒌−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = − ∑ + ∑ = +
𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 𝟎 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
∞
𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟒
Solution 2 by Ose Favour-Nigeria

𝟐 𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙
∵ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙−𝒆−𝒙
∞ ∞ ∞
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝒄𝒔𝒉 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
= 𝚽−𝚿
𝟏 𝟏 ( 𝒖 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝟏
𝒖=𝒆−𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝚽 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( + 𝒖 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝒖 𝒖 𝟎 𝒖 𝒖
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒖) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝝅𝟐
= 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒍𝒊(𝟏)
𝟎 𝒖 𝟎 𝒖 𝟔
∞ 𝟏
𝒙 −𝟐𝒙 𝒖=𝒆−𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝚿 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒆 (𝟏 − 𝒆 ))𝒅𝒙 = = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒖 𝒖
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 − 𝒍𝒊(𝟏) =
𝟎 𝒖 𝟎 𝒖 𝒏 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= − ∑ 𝟐 − 𝒍𝒊(𝟏) = − 𝜻(𝟐) − 𝒍𝒊(𝟏) = − − 𝒍𝒊(𝟏)
𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
Therefore,
∞
𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟒
Solution 3 by proposer
∞ ∞
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙)∞
𝟎 +∫ 𝟐
⋅ =
𝟎 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙
=∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 −𝒙
= ∫ 𝒙 −𝟐𝒙 )
=
𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝟎 𝒆 −𝒆 𝟎 𝒆 (𝟏 − 𝒆
𝟐
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 −𝒙 −𝟐𝒙 )𝒏
𝒕=(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙
=∫ −𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝒆 ⋅ ∑ ( 𝒆 = ∑ ∫ 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝒆−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒆 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 −𝒕
𝟏
= 𝟐∑ ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∑ 𝚪 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟐 ∑ =
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟎 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= 𝟐 {∑ 𝟐 − ∑ } =
𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)𝟐 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
1607. Prove that:

∞
𝒙𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 = (𝟐𝑮 − 𝟏)
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 ) (𝒆 𝟏𝟔
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏
Where 𝑮 = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝟐 −Catalan’s constant.
Proposed by Ngulmun George Baite-India

Solution 1 by Felix Marin-Venezuela
∞ ∞
𝒙𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝒙
∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 ) (𝒆 − 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 )(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅𝒙))
∞[
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟐(𝒊𝒙)]−𝟐 − [𝟏 + 𝟐(−𝒊𝒙)]𝟐
= {𝒊 ∫ }
𝟖 𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅𝒙)
Where {∗}′s enclosed expression can be evaluated with the Abel-Plana Formula.
Namely,
∞ ∞
𝒙𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝒏( −𝟐
𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = {∑ ( −𝟏 ) 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏) − [ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙)−𝟐 ] } =
𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 ) ( 𝒆 −𝟏 ) 𝟖 𝟐 𝒙=𝟎
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝟏
= {∑ 𝟐
− }= (𝟐𝑮 − 𝟏) ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟎
𝟖 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟏𝟔
𝒏=𝟎
Solution 2 by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria

𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒆𝒙
∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒙) = ⇒ = 𝒙 ⇒ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡( 𝒙 ) =
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒙) 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡(𝝅𝒙) = 𝟐𝝅𝒙 ⇒ 𝟐𝝅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡(𝝅𝒙)
𝒆 −𝟏 𝒆 −𝟏 𝟐
Thus,
∞
𝒙𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡(𝝅𝒙) (∗)
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 ) (𝒆 𝟐 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏
(∵ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡(𝒙) = + 𝟐𝒙 ∑ 𝟐 𝟐 ⇒ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 ( 𝝅𝒙 ) = + ∑ )
𝒙 𝒏 𝝅 + 𝒙𝟐 𝝅𝒙 𝝅 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏
∞ (−𝟏)𝒏
(∗) 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= (∫ ( + ∑ )) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝝅𝒙 𝝅 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒏
∞
𝒙𝟐
= ( ∫ + ∑(−𝟏) ∫ 𝒅𝒙)
𝟐 𝝅 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 )
𝒏≥𝟏
∞
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
𝑨=∫ 𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
= ⋅ =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 ) 𝟐 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
∞
𝒙𝟐
𝑩=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
∞
𝟒𝒏𝟐 𝟏 𝒏𝟐
=∫ ( − − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏) (𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟒𝒏𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐
∫ 𝟐
− 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
− ∫ 𝟐 =
𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟎 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 ) (𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝒏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝒏𝝅
= − −
(𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟖(𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝟐(𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏

𝛀 = ( + 𝟐 (∑ − ∑ 𝟐 − ∑ ))
𝟐 𝟖 (𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟖 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟐 (𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏
𝒏𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏

𝑪=∑ = (∑ + ∑ )=
(𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏
= ( ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 ( − )+∑ )=
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( (− − ( − 𝟏)) + ∑ ( − + + )
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏
𝝅
=−
𝟑𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝝅
𝑫=∑ 𝟐
= ∑ = −
𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟒
𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏
(−𝟏 𝒏 )𝒏 𝒏
𝒏
𝑬=∑ = ∑( −𝟏 ) ( )=
(𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏 𝒏≥𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑮
= ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 ( 𝟐
− 𝟐
)= −
𝟖 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟖 𝟒
𝒏≥𝟏
Hence,
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝑮 𝟏
𝛀= ( + 𝟐 (− − ( − )− + )) = (𝟐𝑮 − 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟖 𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟔
Therefore,
∞
𝒙𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝟐𝑮 − 𝟏)
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒆𝟐𝝅𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟏𝟔
1608. Prove that:
𝝅
𝟐 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟔 + 𝟒√𝟐) 𝝅
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −
𝟎 𝟒 𝟐
Proposed by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria
Solution 1 by Kartick Chandra Betal-India
𝝅
∞
𝟐
𝟒 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 )
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐
∞ 𝟐{ 𝟒)
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙}
=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐
∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 ) 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟐𝛀 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝝅
∞
𝟏 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
∞
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
( ) ( )
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ( 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝝅
∞ 𝟏−
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝒙)
∞
𝟏 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ∞
𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − | −∫ =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙+𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝒙)
𝟎
𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∞
𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 {( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙} 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ∫ 𝟐
=
𝟐 𝟎 √𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏
+𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (√𝟐 ) + 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ⋅ 𝟏𝟔) − = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟔 + 𝟒√𝟐) −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
Solution 2 by Jack Desire-Nigeria

𝝅
𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠((𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅 ∞
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒌 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒌 𝒙
𝛀𝟏 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ∑ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
∞𝝅 ∞ 𝟏 𝟑
𝒌 𝚪 (𝒌 + ) 𝚪 (𝒌 + )
𝟐𝒌 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 )=
= − ∑ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒌 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ (
𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 𝟐𝚪(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐𝒌−𝟏 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟐𝒌−𝟐 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
= −∑ ( ) = −∑ ( )
𝒌 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝚪(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒌 𝚪(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝚪(𝒌)𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) √𝝅 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) √𝝅 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
∵ = 𝟐𝒌−𝟏 ⇒ = 𝟐𝒌 ; = √𝝅/𝟐𝟐𝒌 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝚪(𝟐𝒌) 𝟐 𝚪(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝚪(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟐𝒌−𝟐 √𝝅𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟐−𝒌−𝟐 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝛀𝟏 = − ∑ ( 𝟐𝒌 ) = −√𝝅 ∑ ( )=
𝒌 𝟐 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒌 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
−𝒌 − 𝟏
𝟐−𝒌−𝟐 − 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
= −𝝅 ∑ ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌 = − ∑ ( 𝟐) (−𝟏)𝒌 =
𝒌 𝒌 𝟒 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝝅 𝟐
−𝟏 𝒌 𝒌
−𝟐 𝟏 𝝅 𝟐𝟏
√𝟏−𝒙=𝒖
= − ∫ 𝒙 ∑ 𝒙 (−𝟏) ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ ( − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟎 𝒌 𝟒 𝟎 𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝒌=𝟏
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏−𝒖 𝝅 𝟏
=− ∫ ( − 𝟏) 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟏 + 𝒖)| =
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝝅 𝟐√𝟐 𝝅
=− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 − 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟐 𝟏 + √𝟐 𝟐
Now,
𝝅 𝝅 𝒂 𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝝏 𝟐
𝒂
𝝏 𝚪 ( 𝟐 + 𝟐)
𝛀𝟐 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 | ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒√𝝅 ( )=
𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟐 𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝟐𝚪 (𝒂 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 𝒂
𝝍 (𝟐 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟐) 𝝍 (𝟐 + 𝟏)
= 𝟐√𝝅 (𝟐 𝒂 − 𝒂 )=
𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝝍 ( ) 𝚪 ( ) 𝚪 ( ) 𝝍(𝟐) 𝝅 𝟑 𝝅
= √𝝅 ( 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐 ) = (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍(𝟐)) = (𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
𝚪(𝟐) 𝚪(𝟐) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Hence,
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝛀 = 𝛀𝟏 − 𝛀𝟐 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 − 𝟐√𝟐) − (𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) = − + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + √𝟐) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
= − + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟔 + 𝟒√𝟐)
𝟐 𝟒
𝒙 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 𝒙
1609. If 𝒙 ∈ ℝ+ and 𝑭(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 then prove:
𝒕 𝒕
∞
∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎
Proposed by Angad Singh-India

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 1 by Togrul Ehmedov-Azerbaijan
𝒙 𝒙
∞ 𝒙 ∞ ∞ 𝒛
𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙 𝒕
=𝒛 𝒆 −𝟏 𝒙𝒅𝒛
∫ 𝒆−𝒙 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 =𝒙 ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 ∫ ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 ⋅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕= 𝟎 𝟏 𝒙 𝒛
𝒛
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛
=∫ 𝒆 −𝒙 ∫ (𝒆𝒛 − 𝟏) ⋅ 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ (𝒆−𝒙(𝟏− 𝒛 ) − 𝒆−𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝟎 𝒛
∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 ∞ −𝒙(𝒛−𝟏)
=∫ ∫ ∫ (𝒆 𝒛 − 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟎 𝒛 𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝒛 −
𝒙(𝒛−𝟏)
−𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝒛
=∫ [ 𝒆 𝒛 + 𝒆 ] 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ ( − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝒛 𝟏−𝒛 𝟎 𝟏 𝒛 𝒛−𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒛 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = − ∑ 𝒛𝒌−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 = ∑ 𝟐 = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟏 𝒛 ( 𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝟏−𝒛 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Solution 2 by Ajenikoko Gbolahan-Nigeria

𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒙 ∞ 𝒖 ∞ 𝒖
𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙 𝒖=
𝒕 𝒆 −𝟏 𝒙𝒅𝒖 𝒆 −𝟏
𝑭( 𝒙 ) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒕 𝒕 𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒖
𝒖
Then,
𝒙 𝒙
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ −𝒙+𝒖
∞
−𝒙 −𝒙
𝒆𝒖 − 𝟏 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝒙
𝚿 = ∫ 𝒆 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒆 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝒖 𝟎 𝟏 𝒖
Using Fubini’s theorem to switch order of integration.
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 ∞ −𝒙+ 𝒙 −𝒙
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒖
𝚿=∫ ∫ (𝒆 𝒖 − 𝒆 ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ ( − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟏 𝒖 𝟎 𝟏 𝒖 𝒖−𝟏
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
=∫ ( − − ) 𝒅𝒖
𝟏 𝒖−𝟏 𝒖 𝒖
∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
∵ ∫𝟏 𝒅𝒖 does not converges
𝒖
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝝏 𝟏 𝟏
𝚿=∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − ∑ | ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝒔 𝒅𝒔 = − ∑ 𝟐
=∑ = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟏 𝒖−𝟏 𝝏𝒔 𝒔=𝟎 𝟏 − ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

𝒙 𝟏
𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙 𝒕=𝒙𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒚
𝑭( 𝒙 ) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕 𝒕 𝟎 𝒚

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ 𝟏
−𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒚
𝛀 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒙)𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒚
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 ∞ 𝒙𝒚 −𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
=∫ ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒆 )𝒆 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒚 𝟎 𝟎 𝒚 𝟏−𝒚 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒚)
= −∫ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏) = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 𝒚
𝒙 𝟏 𝒕𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙 𝒆 −𝟏
𝑭( 𝒙 ) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ∫ 𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒚) 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎
∞ ∞ 𝟏 𝒙
−𝒙 −𝒙
∫ 𝒆 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒆 (∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ∫ 𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒚) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 ∞ ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝒕𝒚 −𝒙
= − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ∫ 𝒆 ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 = − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ∫ 𝒆𝒕𝒚 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒚 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒕)
= − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 = −∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟎 𝒕
𝒙 𝒙 ∞
𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙 𝒕𝒌−𝟏 𝒙
𝑭( 𝒙 ) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒕 𝒕 𝟎 𝒌! 𝒕
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒙 𝒌−𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝒌
= ∑ ∫ 𝒕 {𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕} 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ { −( − 𝟐 )} =
𝒌! 𝟎 𝒌! 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝒙𝒌
=∑ ( )
𝒌! 𝒌𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒆 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝟐
∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝒌! = ∑ 𝟐 = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 𝒌! 𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 𝒌! 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒕 𝒙 𝒚 𝒕
𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙 𝒆 −𝟏 𝒆 −𝟏
𝑭( 𝒙 ) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒕 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝒕𝒚 𝟎 𝟎 𝒕𝒚
𝒙 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒚 𝒕𝒌−𝟏 𝒙
𝟏 𝒚𝒌 𝒙𝒌
= ∫ ∫ ∑ 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∑ 𝒅𝒚 = ∑ 𝟐
𝟎 𝒚 𝟎 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒚 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌! 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
Hence,
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒆 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝟐 = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌! 𝟎 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏
((−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) +𝟏)𝒙𝒏
1610. For |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏, let 𝑻(𝒙) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 then prove that:
𝒏𝟐 +𝒏
𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝟐
∫ (𝒙 + ) (𝑻(−𝒙) + 𝑻(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟒
Solution by Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie
𝟏 𝟏
∞ ((−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) + 𝟏) 𝒙𝒏 ∞ ((−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) + (−𝟏)𝒏 ) 𝒙𝒏
𝑻(𝒙) = ∑ ; 𝑻(−𝒙) = ∑
𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑻(𝒙) + 𝑻(−𝒙) = ∑ ( − ) ((−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) + (−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) + (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒙𝒏
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒, 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌
(−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) + (−𝟏)𝟐𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) + (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝟏 = {
𝟎, 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻(𝒙) + 𝑻(−𝒙) = 𝟒 ∑ ( − ) 𝒙𝟒𝒌
𝟒𝒌 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ (𝒙 + ) (𝑻(−𝒙) + 𝑻(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∑ ( − ) ∫ (𝒙𝟒𝒌+𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒𝒌−𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟒𝒌 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒∑( − )( + ) = ∑( 𝟐− + )=
𝟒𝒌 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒌 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝜻(𝟐) − 𝟏 + (𝟏 − + − + ⋯ )
𝟒 ⏟ 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
Therefore,
𝟏
𝟏 𝝅𝟐
∫ (𝒙 + ) (𝑻(−𝒙) + 𝑻(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
1611. Find:
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒆𝒏𝒙
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru-Romania
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒕=𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒕𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝒕𝒏 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏 𝒏 −𝒏𝒕 𝟏
∫ 𝒕𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕 𝒆 + ∫ 𝒕𝒏 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
𝟏 𝒏 −𝒏𝒕 𝒙𝟐𝒏
𝛀(𝒏) = 𝒕 𝒆 +𝑪= 𝟐 +𝑪
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒙
Solution 2 by Adrian Popa-Romania
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟐
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐
𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝟐
𝟐 𝒖=𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟐 𝒆−𝒏𝒙
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
= − (𝒏 − 𝟏) ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
𝟐
𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙
= − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑰𝟏 + 𝒏𝑰𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙
( )
𝒏 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = ( )
⇒ 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = 𝛀 𝒏 = +𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐 =𝒕
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 =
𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝟏
= ∫ 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐
𝟏 −𝒏𝒕 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒆 𝒕 − ∫ 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝒏𝒕 𝒏 𝟏 −𝒏𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒏
= 𝒆 𝒕 +𝑪 = 𝒆 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 4 by Almas Babirov-Azerbaijan
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟐
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒏𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒆
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅(𝒙𝟐 ) + ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒅(𝒆−𝒏𝒙 ) =
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 −𝒏𝒙𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅(𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒙 𝒆 − ∫ 𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒅(𝒙𝟐 ) =
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 −𝒏𝒙𝟐
= 𝒙 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟐𝒏
Solution 5 by Gilmer Lopez-Cajamarca-Peru
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝒏 ⋅ 𝒙 𝒖=𝒙𝟐𝒏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏
=∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − (− 𝟐 +∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙) =
𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝟐𝒏
=∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 −∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 +𝑪
𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒙
1612. Find:
𝟏 𝒙√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝜺→𝟎 𝜺 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa-Romania
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙√𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝜺→𝟎 𝜺 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟑 𝟕 𝟓 𝟑
−𝟏
𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙𝟏𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏− 𝒙𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
= {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )} = {𝝅𝟐 − 𝟖𝑮 − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )}
𝟑𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏
𝒙√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟓
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = {𝝅𝟐 − 𝟖𝑮 − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )}
𝜺→𝟎 𝜺 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 2 by Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙√𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝜺→𝟎 𝜺 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙√𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙√𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒 ) 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒙√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 √𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝒙√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝏
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙√𝒙 ∑ 𝒙𝟔𝒌 | 𝒙𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎
𝒌=𝟎
′
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝝏 𝟑 𝟏
=∑ | ∫ 𝒙𝟔𝒌+𝒂+𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ [ ] =
𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎 𝟓
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝟔𝒌 + 𝒂 + 𝟐 𝒂=𝟎
∞ ∞
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟓
=∑ 𝟐 =− ∑ 𝟐 =− 𝝍 ( )
𝟓 𝟑𝟔 𝟓 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 (𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + 𝟏𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝒙𝟑 √𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟑 𝟔𝒏
𝝏
𝑰𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 ∑ 𝒙 | 𝒙𝒃 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔 𝟎 𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎
𝒏=𝟎
′
∞ 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝝏 𝟕 𝟏 −𝟏
=∑ | ∫ 𝒙𝟔𝒏+𝒃+𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ [ ] =∑ 𝟐 =
𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎 𝟎 𝟗 𝟗
𝒏=𝟎 𝟔𝒏 + 𝒃 +
𝒏=𝟎
𝟐 𝒃=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 (𝟔𝒏 + 𝟐)
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟗
=− ∑ 𝟐 =− 𝝍 ( )
𝟑𝟔 𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝟏𝟐)
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
𝛀 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟑𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
Solution 3 by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
∵ 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 =
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑 𝟕 ∞
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟑 𝟕
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) ∑ 𝒙𝟔𝒌 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟕
𝟔𝒌+
= ∑ (∫ 𝒙 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝟔𝒌+𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙)
𝒌=𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝟑 𝟕
𝟔𝒌+
𝑯𝟏 = ∫ 𝒙 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝑯𝟐 = ∫ 𝒙𝟔𝒌+𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝛀 = ∑(𝑯𝟏 − 𝑯𝟐 )
𝟎 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏
𝒂
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝒂+𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒂+𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝒂 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (
𝒅 𝒙 ) = 𝒙 | − ∫ 𝒙𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏 𝟎 𝒂+𝟏 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
=− ∫ 𝒙𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = − ; 𝒂 > −𝟏
𝒂+𝟏 𝟎 ( 𝒂 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑯𝟏 = − 𝟐 =− ⋅
𝟓 𝟑𝟔 𝟓 𝟐
(𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐) (𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑯𝟐 = − ⋅ 𝟐 =− ⋅
𝟑𝟔 𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟑 𝟐
(𝒌 + ) (𝒌 + )
𝟐 𝟒
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
𝛀 = ∑(𝑯𝟏 − 𝑯𝟐 ) = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟑𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
1613. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 then:

𝒃
𝟑 ∫ √𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 ≥ (𝒃 − 𝒂)√(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟑(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) + 𝟗
𝒂

Solution by Kamel Gandoulli Rezgui-Tunisia
√𝒂𝟐+𝒂𝒃+𝒃𝟐 √𝟑
Let 𝒇(𝒕) = √𝒕𝟒 + 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 > 𝟎; 𝒂, 𝒃 > 𝟎 and let 𝒄 = ≤ 𝒃. From M.V.T., we get:
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝒃
𝟏
∃𝜶 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃]: 𝒇(𝜶) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
𝒃−𝒂 𝒂

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒂+𝒃 𝜶
𝒇 ↗⇒ 𝜶 ≥ ; ≠𝟎
𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
𝟐
𝒃 𝒂+𝒃 𝒃 𝜶 𝟐
If 𝒂 → 𝟎, 𝒄 → and → 𝟐 then, 𝒂+𝒃 = = 𝒄 impossible!
√𝟑 𝟐 √𝟑
𝟐
𝒄 < 𝜶 ⇒ 𝒇(𝜶) ≥ 𝒇(𝒄) ⇒

𝒃
𝟏 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 √(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟑(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) + 𝟗
( )
∫ 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ≥ 𝒇 ( )=
𝒃−𝒂 𝒂 √𝟑 𝟑
Therefore,
𝒃
𝟑 ∫ √𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 ≥ (𝒃 − 𝒂)√(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟑(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) + 𝟗
𝒂
1614. If 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then:

𝒃 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟕
𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟏𝟕
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 (𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 + 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ ( √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟏𝟖 𝒃 − √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟏𝟖 𝒂)
𝒂 𝟏𝟎𝟓
Solution by Kamel Gandouli Rezgui-Tunisia
𝟏
Let 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒚 , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒚
√𝒚𝟐 −𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒚) = √𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒃
𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 (𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 + 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
=∫ √𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 ) =∫ (𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒚
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂 √𝒚𝟐 −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂
𝟏 𝟑𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
Let 𝒇(𝒚) = (𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 )− 𝒚𝟏𝟕 ⇒ 𝒇′ (𝒚) = 𝟐𝒚(𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 )− 𝒚−𝟏𝟕 =
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓
𝟐 𝟑 −𝟑𝟑
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟑𝟑 −𝒚𝟐
= 𝒚 (𝟐(𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 )−
𝒚 𝟏𝟕 ) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟐 (𝟏 + ) = 𝒚 𝟏𝟕 𝒆
𝟑𝟓 𝒆 𝟑𝟓
𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒆) − 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 : 𝑬
𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟕
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓𝟏
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝜶𝟎 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓. Let 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝒇(𝜶) ≅ 𝟎. 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 − 𝟑𝟓 𝒚𝟏𝟕 ≥ 𝟎; ∀𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒃
𝟐 𝒚𝟐 −𝟏 )
𝟓𝟏 𝟏
∫ (𝒆𝒚 +𝒆 𝒅𝒚 ≥ ∫ 𝒚𝟏𝟕 𝒅𝒚
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂 𝟑𝟓

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒃
𝒃
𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝒚𝟏𝟕
⇒ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 (𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 + 𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ | =
𝒂 𝟑𝟓 𝟏 + 𝟏
𝟏𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂
𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
= ⋅ ( √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟏𝟖 𝒃 − √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟏𝟖 𝒂) = ( √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟏𝟖 𝒃 − √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟏𝟖 𝒂)
𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟓
Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃.
1615.
𝒏−𝟏 𝝅
𝟐𝒌+𝟏
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒌 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒌+𝟏 𝒙
𝛀(𝒏) = ∑ ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝒌+𝟑 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝒌+𝟑 𝒙
𝒌=𝟐 𝟎
Find:
𝛀 (𝒏 )
𝝎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝒏

𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒌+𝟏𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒌+𝟏 𝒙
𝑰=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝒌+𝟑 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒌+𝟑 𝒙
𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌 𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌+𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌+𝟏 𝒙)
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌+𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌+𝟏 𝒙)(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌+𝟏 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌+𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝒙)
𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒌 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌 𝒙
=∫ 𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝒙 (𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒌+𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝝅
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒌 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒌+𝟏 𝒙=𝒕
=∫ 𝟐 𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒌+𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒕𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒕−𝟐
= ∫ = ∫ = ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )| =
𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒌 + 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑
(𝒕 − 𝟐) + 𝟒
𝟐 𝟎
𝟐𝝅
=
𝟑√𝟑(𝒌 + 𝟏)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏
𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∑ = ( + + ⋯+ )
𝟑√𝟑(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟑√𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏−𝟏
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝟑 + 𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝛀(𝒏) 𝟑√𝟑 𝑪−𝑺 𝟐𝝅 𝒏
𝝎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟑√𝟑 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒏
1616. Find a closed form:
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏
𝛀=∑
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
Proposed by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria

∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝛀=∑ = ∑ − ∑ =
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟒 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏−𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟑
= ∫ ∑(−𝒙𝟒 )𝒏 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ ∑ (−𝒙𝟒 )𝒏 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 𝝏 𝒔+𝟏 𝒔
= ∫ − ⋅ [ {𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )}] =
𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟐 𝝏𝒔 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔=𝟑
𝟒
𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − [𝝍′ ( ) − 𝝍′ ( )] =
𝟑𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 𝟖
𝝅√𝟐 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
= − {𝝍′ ( ) − 𝝍′ ( )}
𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 𝟖
Solution 2 by Syed Sahahabudeen-India
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝛀=∑ = ∑ − ∑ =
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟒 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏−𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
= ∑( − − 𝟐
+ )
𝟒 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕 (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
We have:
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟑
∑( − ) = (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ))
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏)
𝟕 (𝟏)
𝟑
∑( − ) = (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ))
(𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕)𝟐 (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
𝛀= (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )) + (𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( ))
𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 𝟖

∞ ∞ 𝟏 ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−
𝟏
𝛀=∑ = ∑ 𝟐 = ∑ ( −𝟏 ) 𝒏 ∫ 𝒙 𝟒 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + ) 𝒏=𝟎
𝟒
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙
=− ∫ 𝒙 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∑ (−𝒙)𝒏 𝒏 ; (∑(−𝒙)𝒏 = − )
𝟏𝟔 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=− ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−
𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟔 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐
Applying IBP, we have:
𝟏
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏𝟒
𝟏 −𝒙𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝒙−𝟒 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀= ⋅ | +∫ ( +𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟔 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙
𝟎
We know that:
𝟏
𝒙𝜶 𝟏 𝜶 𝜶 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝝍 ( + 𝟏) − 𝝍 ( + ))
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒙𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂 𝒂 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = [𝝍′ ( + 𝟏) − 𝝍′ ( + )]
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝒙−𝟒 𝟏 𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝒙−𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = [𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )] ; ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = [𝝍′ ( ) − 𝝍′ ( )]
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
𝛀= { [𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )] + [𝝍′ ( ) − 𝝍′ ( )]}
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟖

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟓 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟖
𝟕 𝟑 − 𝒙−𝟖
𝒙 𝒙=𝒖𝟖
𝟏 −𝟓
𝒖 − 𝒖−𝟏 𝟕
𝝍( )− 𝝍( ) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟖𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟖
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒖 − 𝒖𝟔 𝒖𝟐 𝟏
=𝟖 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟖 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟖 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒖
𝟖
𝟎 𝟏+𝒖
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 + 𝒖
𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏− 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏+ 𝟐
= 𝟒 (∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + ∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖) =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒖 + 𝒖) − 𝟐 (𝒖 − 𝒖) + 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒖 + 𝒖 − √𝟐 𝟏 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
−𝟏
= 𝟒( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )| + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )| ) =
𝟐√𝟐 𝟏 √𝟐 𝒖√𝟐 𝟎
𝒖 + + √𝟐
𝒖 𝟎
𝟐 − √𝟐
= √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝝅√𝟐 = 𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 − 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟐 + √𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
𝛀= (𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 − 𝟐√𝟐)) + [𝝍′ ( ) − 𝝍′ ( )]
𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 𝟖
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟑(−𝟏)𝒏
𝛀=∑ = ∑ [ − ]
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
Using that:
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ =∑ −
𝒏+𝒌 𝟐𝒏 + 𝒌 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟑 + 𝒌
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑[ − ]− ∑[ 𝟐
− ]=
𝟒 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕 𝟒 (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕
= [𝚽 (𝟏, 𝟏, ) − 𝚽 (𝟏, 𝟏, )] − [𝚽 (𝟏, 𝟐, ) − 𝚽 (𝟏, 𝟐, )]
𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝟖
where 𝚽(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) −Lerch transcendent function.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 − 𝟑) 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝛀=∑ = ∑ = ∑ − ∑
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟒 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟒 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 ⏟𝒏=𝟎 ⏟𝒏=𝟎
𝑨 𝑩

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ 𝟏
𝟏
𝒙𝟐
𝑨 = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝒏=𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙
= ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟒√𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙√𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙√𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − √𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + √𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ +
𝟒√𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙√𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙√𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
(𝒙 + ) + 𝟐
√𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
+ ∫ =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
(𝒙 − ) +
√𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 − √𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐 − 𝟏) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐 + 𝟏) =
𝟒√𝟐 𝟐 + √𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝟏 𝝅
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 − 𝟏) +
𝟐√𝟐 𝟒√𝟐
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟕
𝑩= ∑ 𝟐 − 𝟐 = {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )}
𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝟕 𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝟖) (𝒏 + 𝟖)
Therefore,
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑
𝛀=∑ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 − 𝟏) + + {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )}
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑) 𝟖√𝟐 𝟏𝟔√𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎
1617. Let be the function 𝒇: [𝟎, ∞) → [𝟎, ∞) continuous such that:

(𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙), ∀𝒙 ≥ 𝟎. Prove that: 𝒇 invertible and find
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Proposed by Florică Anastase-Romania
Solution 1 by Kamel Gandouli Rezgui-Tunisia
If 𝒙, 𝒙′ ≥ 𝟎 such that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙) ⇒ 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙′ ))
𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙)

{ ′
𝒇(𝒇(𝒙′ )) = (𝟐𝒙 +𝟏 + 𝒙′ − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙′ )

www.ssmrmh.ro
( ) 𝒙+𝟏 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒉 𝒙 =𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏 =𝒆 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 injective because 𝒉 ↗ and continuous, then
𝒙 = 𝒙′ ⇒ 𝒇 −injective.
If 𝒚 ∈ ℝ+ ⇒ ∃𝒕 ∈ ℝ+ such that (𝟐𝒕+𝟏 + 𝒕 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒚
Because 𝜶(𝟐𝒕+𝟏 + 𝒕 − 𝟏) − bijective ∀𝜶 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒇 −surjective. So, 𝒇 −invertible.
𝒇 (𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙))) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒙 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒇−𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒕)) 𝒕

𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒕→𝟎 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒕) 𝒕→𝟎 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒕)
Therefore,
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution 2 by Surjeet Singhania-India
First of all we will show 𝒇 is bijective function. Here we go.
Put 𝒙 = 𝟎 in functional equation we will get (𝒇 ∘ 𝒇)(𝟎) = 𝒇(𝟎)
Claim 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, if not then 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒎 ∈ ℝ+ implies 𝒇(𝒎) = 𝒎.
Put 𝒙 = 𝒎 in equation 𝒇(𝒎) = (𝟐𝒎+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒎) ⇒
𝟐𝒎+𝟏 + 𝒎 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 only 𝒎 = 𝟎 satisfy equation. Hence, 𝒇(𝒎) is only solution for 𝒎 = 𝟎.
(𝒇∘𝒇)(𝒙)
Now, ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ+ , = 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝒈(𝒙), where 𝒈 is continuous and increasing
𝒇(𝒙)
function, so 𝒈 −bijective.
Suppose 𝒇 is not injective then for some 𝒙𝟏 ≠ 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) ⇒
(𝒇∘𝒇)(𝒙 ) (𝒇∘𝒇)(𝒙 )
𝟏
= 𝟐
⇒ 𝒈(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 ). Contradiction, then 𝒈 −injective, hence 𝒇 −injective
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 )
function.
If 𝒇 −is not surjective, then ∃𝒚 ∈ ℝ+ such that no ∃𝒙 ∈ ℝ+ , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 since we prove 𝒇 − is
𝒇(𝒚)
injective function (𝒇 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝒚) ⇒ 𝒈(𝒚) ≠ 𝒇(𝒙). Contradiction, then 𝒈 −is surjective,
hence 𝒇 −is surjective, then 𝒇 −bijective. So, 𝒇 −invertible.

www.ssmrmh.ro
Since 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒇 ( 𝒙) 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟏 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 (𝒇 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏
a) Let 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒂, 𝒂 ∈ [𝟎, ∞)
For 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒇(𝒇(𝟎)) = 𝒇(𝟎) ⇒ 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒂 fix point of 𝒇.
For 𝒙 = 𝒂 ⇒ (𝒇(𝒇(𝒂)) = (𝟐𝒂+𝟏 + 𝒂 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒂) ⇒ 𝒂 = (𝟐𝒂+𝟏 + 𝒂 − 𝟏)𝒂 ⇒
𝒂 = 𝟎 unique fix point of 𝒇.
Let 𝒈: (𝟎, ∞) → 𝑹, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒙 which isn’t zero and have same sign on (𝟎, ∞).
Let 𝒃 ∈ (𝟎, ∞) with 𝒇(𝒃) ≠ 𝟎 ⇒
𝒈(𝒇(𝒃)) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒃)) − 𝒇(𝒃) = (𝟐𝒃+𝟏 + 𝒃 − 𝟐)𝒇(𝒃) > 𝟎 ⇒
𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎, ∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, ∞) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = ∞ ⇒ 𝒇([𝟎, ∞)) = [𝟎, ∞) ⇒ 𝒇 surjective.
𝒙→∞
Let 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ∈ [𝟎, ∞) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐)
Then 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐) ⇔ 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) ⇔

(𝟐𝟏+𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = (𝟐𝟏+𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) ⇔ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 ⇔ 𝒇 injective.
So, f bijective and exist 𝒇−𝟏 : [𝟎, ∞) → [𝟎, ∞) inverse.
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒚
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒚→𝟎 𝒇(𝒚)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟏 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) 𝒙→𝟎 (𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏
1618. Find:
𝒏 𝑯𝒑
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∏ (𝟏 + ))] ,
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
where 𝑯𝒑 −harmonic number.

Proposed by Florică Anastase-Romania

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 1 by Daniela Ruxandra Tonilă-Romania
𝒏 𝑯𝒑
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∏ (𝟏 + ))]
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑯𝒑 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ (𝟏 + ) ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑯𝒑 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )) =
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 )𝒑
(𝒌 + 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑
𝒏𝒑+𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑯𝒑 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ⋅ )=
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑 𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝒑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑯𝒑 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑯𝒑 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ( ) )=
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏
𝑯𝒑 𝑪−𝑺 𝑯𝒑+𝟏 − 𝑯𝒑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑯𝒑 ∫ 𝒙𝒑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒑→∞ 𝟎 𝒑→∞ 𝒑 + 𝟏 𝒑→∞ 𝒑 + 𝟏 − 𝒑
Therefore,
𝒏 𝑯𝒑
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∏ (𝟏 + ))] =𝟏
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒙
From well-known inequality: 𝒙+𝟏 ≤ 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝒙) ≤ 𝒙, ∀𝒙 ∈ (−𝟏, ∞) we get:
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑

≤ 𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 + ) ≤
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 + 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
Thus,
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑
∑ ≤ ∑ ≤ 𝐥𝐧 [∏ (𝟏 + ) ] ≤ ∑
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒑 + 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 + 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
We have:
𝒏
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑 𝑪−𝑺 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝒑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒑 + 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟐)𝒑 − (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒑 + (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒑+𝟏 − 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
( 𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝒑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒑+𝟏 =
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟐)𝒑 − (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒑 + 𝑪𝟎𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 + 𝑪𝟏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑 + 𝑪𝟐𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝒑+𝟏 − 𝒏𝒑+𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
=
𝒑+𝟏
and
𝒏
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝒑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒑+𝟏 − 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
(𝒏 + 𝟐)𝒑 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒑+𝟏 =
𝒏→∞ 𝑪𝟎 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒑+𝟏 + 𝑪𝟏𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑 + 𝑪𝟐𝒑+𝟏 𝒏𝒑−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝒑+𝟏 − 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
So, we get:
𝒏 𝒏
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 𝟏 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒑 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐧 [∏ (𝟏 + ) ] = ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∏ (𝟏 + ) ) = 𝒆𝒑+𝟏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒑 + 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
𝒏 𝑯𝒑 𝑯𝒑
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒑 𝟏 𝑯𝒑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑳𝑪−𝑺
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∏ (𝟏 + ))] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒑+𝟏
(𝒆 ) =𝒆 𝒏→∞𝒑+𝟏 = =𝟏
𝒑→∞ 𝒏→→∞ 𝒏𝒑+𝟏 𝒑→∞
𝒌=𝟏
1619. Prove that:

∞ 𝟑
(𝟐𝒏) √𝝅𝚪 ( )
𝟒
∑ 𝒏 𝒏 =
𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝟒𝒏) 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝚪( )
𝟒
Proposed by Ajenikoko Gbolahan-Nigeria
Solution 1 by Dawid Bialek-Poland
Recall:
∞
−𝟏
−(𝟐𝒏
𝒏
)
− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙=∑ 𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 ; |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏
𝟒 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟎
and derivative both sides w.r.t. 𝒙

∞ ∞
𝟏 (𝟐𝒏
𝒏
) 𝟐𝒏 𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 )
− 𝟐 𝟒
= − ∑ 𝒏 𝒙 ; (𝒙 → 𝒙 ) ⇒ − = − ∑ 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝟒𝒏 ; (𝟏)
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟒 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
Multiply both sides (1) by 𝒙−𝟐 , we get:

∞
−𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 )
= − ∑ 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝟒𝒏−𝟐
𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
and integrate them:
∞
𝟏
𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 ) 𝟏
−∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∑ 𝒏𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝟒𝒏−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟒 𝟒 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎
∞
(𝟐𝒏
𝒏
) 𝟏
𝟏
−∑ 𝒏 =− ∫ 𝒅𝒙; (𝒙𝟒 → 𝒕) ⇒
𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝟒𝒏) 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟒
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟓 −
𝟏 (𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒂 𝒇−𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝚪 (− 𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟐) √𝝅𝚪 (𝟒)
− ∫ 𝒕 𝟒 ⋅ (𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 = − ⋅ 𝑩 (− , ) = − ⋅ =−
𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 ( 𝟒)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∵ 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏𝚪(𝒏) ⇒ 𝚪 (− + 𝟏) = − 𝚪 (− )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
Therefore,
∞ 𝟑
(𝟐𝒏
𝒏
) √𝝅𝚪 (𝟒)
∑ 𝒏 =
𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝟒𝒏) 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝚪 ( 𝟒)
Solution 2 by Syed Shahabudeen-Kerala-India

∞ ∞ ( 𝟏)
(𝟐𝒏 ) 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟒𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)! 𝟏
𝛀=∑ 𝒏 𝒏 = −∫ 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =; (∵ 𝒏 = ( ) )
𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝟒𝒏) 𝟎 𝒙 𝒏! 𝟒 𝒏! 𝟐 𝒏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
= −∫ 𝟐
𝑭
𝟏 𝟎 ( ; ; 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =; (∵ 𝟏𝑭(𝒂; ; 𝒛) = )
𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟒 ( 𝟏 − 𝒛) 𝒂
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝝅𝚪 (𝟒)
− ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟓 𝟏
𝒕 √𝟏 − 𝒕
𝟒 𝚪 ( 𝟒)
1620. Prove that:

∞
𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟏 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟑 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟒 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟔 𝝅𝟐
∑( − − + )=−
𝟔𝒏 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟑 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟓 𝟏𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
Proposed by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan

Solution by Kartick Chandra Betal-India
∞ ∞
𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟏 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟑 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟒 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟔 𝑯𝟔𝒏 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟐 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟑 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟓
∑( − − + ) = ∑( − − + )−
𝟔𝒏 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟑 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟓 𝟔𝒏 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟑 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟓
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
−∑( − − + )=
(𝟔𝒏)𝟐 (𝟔𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟔𝒏 − 𝟑)𝟐 (𝟔𝒏 − 𝟓)𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 ∞
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓)
= − ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) ∑ (𝒙𝟔 )𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 +
𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 ∞
+ ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟓 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) ∑ (𝒙𝟔 )𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 =

𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏(
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 )
=∫ {𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙)} 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 [
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 ][𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙]
=∫ { 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟏 − 𝒙 )} = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 𝟎 [𝟏 + (𝟏 − 𝒙)][𝟏 − (𝟏 − 𝒙) + (𝟏 − 𝒙) ]
𝟐
𝟏( 𝟏
𝟐 − 𝒙)𝒙[𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙] 𝒙
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
[𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙] 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟐 − 𝒙)(𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙+𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (
𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫
∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙+𝒙 𝟏 𝒙( 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 )
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
=∫ ( − ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙)
= 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )|𝟎 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙)
= −𝟐 ⋅ 𝜼(𝟐) + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟑 𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙
𝟐 𝜻 ( 𝟐) 𝝅𝟐
( )
= −𝜻 𝟐 + 𝜻 𝟐 = −( ) =−
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟖
Therefore,
∞
𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟏 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟑 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟒 𝑯𝟔𝒏−𝟔 𝝅𝟐
∑( − − + )=−
𝟔𝒏 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟑 𝟔𝒏 − 𝟓 𝟏𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
1621. Find:
𝝅
(𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + 𝟑) (𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒆)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟒
𝒙→𝟎 𝑻𝟓 (𝒙) − 𝟓𝒙
𝑻𝟓 −Cebyshev’s polynome first kind.
Proposed by Mohammad Hamed Nasery-Afghanistan

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
(𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒) + 𝟑) (𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒆)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝑻𝟓 (𝒙) − 𝟓𝒙
𝝅
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒) − (−𝟑) 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒆
⋅
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝑻𝟓 (𝒙) − 𝟓
𝒙𝟑
𝝅 ′ 𝝅 𝝅
(𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) (𝟎) = 𝟏 − 𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 ( )) (− ) ( 𝟎) =
𝒙+𝟒 𝒙+𝟒 ( 𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝟐
𝟑𝝅
=𝟏+
𝟖
𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆
𝟐
≅ − + 𝒐( 𝒙𝟑 ) → −
𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝑻𝟓 (𝒙)
→ −𝟐𝟎
𝒙𝟑
Hence,
𝝅
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒) − (−𝟑) 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒆
⋅ (𝟖 + 𝟑𝝅)𝒆
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝑻𝟓 (𝒙) − 𝟓 𝟑𝟐𝟎
𝒙𝟑
1622.
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐, (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒙𝒏 + 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ),
𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟐
𝒏 ≥ 𝟑. Find:
𝒙𝒏 ( 𝒏√𝜸 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
Proposed by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒙𝒏 + 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ),𝒏 ≥ 𝟑
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟐 + (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟐
𝒙𝒏
𝒘𝒏 = , 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒘𝟏 = 𝒘𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒏 𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
(𝒏 − 𝟏 )𝟐 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟏
⇒ 𝒘𝒏 + 𝒘𝒏−𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ⋅ ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟐 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒏−𝟐 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )
𝒏−𝟐 𝒘𝒏−𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟏 𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) → 𝟎; 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) ≤ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) ≤ 𝟐𝒘𝒏−𝟏 → ∞
𝒏−𝟐 𝒘𝒏−𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝒘𝟐𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒘𝒏 ≤ 𝒘𝒏−𝟏 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) ≤ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒘𝒏 ≤ 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) → 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒘𝒏 → 𝟎
𝒘𝒏−𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒏−𝟐
𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏 ( 𝒏√𝜸 − 𝟏)𝟐
→ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
1623. For 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏, 𝝋 −Golden ration and let
∞ 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (
𝝅𝒙 ∞ 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (
𝝅𝒙
− 𝒏𝝅𝒙) + 𝒏𝝅𝒙)
∫ 𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒏) ∫ 𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 √𝒙 𝟎 √ 𝒙
then prove the following identity:
(√√𝟓 + 𝟏 + 𝟐) (√𝟓 + 𝟐√𝟑(√𝟓 + 𝟑) + 𝟏)

√
𝒇(√𝝋) 𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟓 + 𝟏
=
𝒇(𝝋) 𝟒
√𝟑 ⋅ √√𝟓 + 𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒂𝝅𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆 (∫ 𝒙𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝝅𝒙(𝟏−𝒊𝒂) 𝒅𝒙) = 𝑹𝒆 ( )=
𝟎 √𝒙 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒊𝒂
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂)
= 𝟒
√𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂) 𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂) = √ =√ ⇒ 𝑰(𝒂) = √
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝑰 (𝝋 − 𝝋) 𝑰 ( 𝟏) 𝟑 𝟑(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝒇(𝝋) = = = √𝟏 + √𝟐 ⋅ √ =√
𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟔 𝟏 + √𝟔
𝑰 (𝝋 + 𝝋) 𝑰(√𝟓)
𝟏
𝑰 (√𝝋 − )
√𝝋 𝑰 (√√𝟓 − 𝟐) (𝟏 + √√𝟓 − 𝟏) (√𝟓 + 𝟑)
𝒇(√𝝋) = = =√
𝟏 𝑰 (√√𝟓 + 𝟐) (√𝟓 − 𝟏) (𝟏 + √√𝟓 + 𝟑)
𝑰 (√𝝋 + )
√𝝋
𝒇(√𝝋) (𝟏 + √√𝟓 − 𝟏) (√𝟓 + 𝟑)(𝟏 + √𝟔)

⇒ =√ =
𝒇 (𝝋) 𝟑(√𝟓 − 𝟏) (𝟏 + √√𝟓 + 𝟑) (𝟏 + √𝟐)
(𝟏 + √√𝟓 − 𝟏) (√𝟓 + 𝟑)(𝟏 + √𝟔)(√𝟐 − 𝟏)(√𝟓 + 𝟏) (√√𝟓 + 𝟑 − 𝟏) (√𝟓 − 𝟐)

= √ =
𝟏𝟐
(𝟐 + √√𝟓 + 𝟏) (𝟏 + √𝟔)(√𝟐 − 𝟏) (√√𝟓 + 𝟑 − 𝟏)

=√ =
𝟑√√𝟓 + 𝟏
√(𝟐 + √√𝟓 + 𝟏) (𝟏 + √𝟔)(√𝟐 − 𝟏) (√√𝟓 + 𝟑 − 𝟏)

= 𝟒
=
√𝟑 ⋅ √√𝟓 + 𝟏
√(𝟐 + √√𝟓 + 𝟏) (𝟏 + √𝟔)(√𝟐 − 𝟏) (√√𝟓 + 𝟑 − 𝟏) (𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟓)

= 𝟒
=
√𝟑 ⋅ √√𝟓 + 𝟏 ⋅ (√𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟓)
𝟐
(𝟐 + √√𝟓 + 𝟏) (𝟏 + √𝟓 + √(√𝟔 + √𝟑𝟎) )
(𝟐 + √√𝟓 + 𝟏) (𝟏 + √𝟔)(𝟏 + √𝟓) √
√
𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟓 𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟓
= 𝟒
= 𝟒
√𝟑 ⋅ √ √𝟓 + 𝟏 √𝟑 ⋅ √√𝟓 + 𝟏
(√√𝟓 + 𝟏 + 𝟐) (√𝟓 + 𝟐√𝟑(√𝟓 + 𝟑) + 𝟏)

√
𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟓 + 𝟏
= 𝟒
√𝟑 ⋅ √ √𝟓 + 𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
1624. Prove that:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐𝟏 𝟒𝝅
{𝟕 − 𝟖√𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) + 𝟒𝝅)]} + 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟕
Proposed by Carlos Paiva-Fortaleza-Brazil
Solution by Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco
𝟒𝝅 𝟏𝟔𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟏𝟐𝝅
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟒. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) → 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟒. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟔𝝅 𝟔𝝅
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟒. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟒. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
→ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) = 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙) = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
→ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) , 𝒙𝟒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) , 𝒙𝟔
𝟕 𝟕
𝟔𝝅
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶ 𝟖𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟕
= 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙
↔ (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 ↔ 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 (∴ 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟒 , 𝒙𝟔 ≠ 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒚 − → 𝟖 (𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚− ) + 𝟒 (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 + ) − 𝟒𝒚 + − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟑 𝟑𝟔 𝟑
𝟏𝟒 𝟕
↔ 𝟖𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚=
𝟑 𝟐𝟕
√𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒛 → 𝟒𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒛 = = ,
𝟑 𝟐√𝟕 𝟏𝟒
√𝟕
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 → 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜽 =
𝟏𝟒
𝟏 √𝟕
→ 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟐𝒌𝝅)] , 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐.
𝟑 𝟏𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
√𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕
→𝒚= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟐𝒌𝝅)] → 𝒙
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟒
√𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕 𝟏
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟐𝒌𝝅)] − , 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟔
√𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕 𝝅 𝝅
𝑰𝒕′ 𝒔 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∶ 𝒙𝟐 > 0 > 𝒙𝟒 > 𝒙𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎 < < → 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) ∈ ( , )
𝟏𝟒 𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 √𝟕 𝝅 𝝅
→ 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) ∈ ( , )
𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟗 𝟔
𝟏 √𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕
→ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟐𝝅)
𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟒
𝟕𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟏 √𝟕 𝟏𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
∈ ( , ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟒𝝅) ∈ ( , )
𝟗 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟗 𝟐
𝟏 √𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕
→ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟒𝝅)] > 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟐𝝅)] → 𝒙𝟒
𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟒
√𝟕 𝟏 √𝟕 𝟏
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟒𝝅)] −
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟔
√𝟕 𝟕 𝟏𝟖𝟗 √𝟕 𝟑√𝟐𝟏
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = → 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) =
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
√𝟕 𝟑√𝟐𝟏
→ 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ).
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
𝟒𝝅 √𝟕 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐𝟏 𝟏
→ 𝒙𝟒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) + 𝟒𝝅)] −
𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟔
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐𝟏 𝟒𝝅
{𝟕 − 𝟖√𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) + 𝟒𝝅)]} + 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟕
𝟕 𝟒𝝅 𝟏 𝟒𝝅
= − 𝟖 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + ) + 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝟏.
𝟑 𝟕 𝟔 𝟕
1625. Prove that:
𝟑
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟑 𝟖𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑
𝟑( √𝟗 − 𝟏)
√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √
+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √
+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = −√
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟒
Proposed by Carlos Paiva-Brazil

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 1 by Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟏
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∶ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑. ) = − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟐
= 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟏
→ 𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒃 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒄 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 −
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟐
= 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
−𝟔 𝟑
→ 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑽𝒊𝒆𝒕𝒂′ 𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ ∑ 𝒂 = 𝟎, ∑ 𝒂𝒃 = = − 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟖 𝟒
𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄
𝟏
𝒂𝒃𝒄 = − .
𝟖
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙 = √𝒂𝒃 + √𝒃𝒄 + 𝟑√𝒄𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟑√𝒂 + √𝒃 + 𝟑√𝒄
𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
→ 𝒙 = (∑ √𝒂𝒃) = ∑ 𝒂𝒃 + 𝟑√𝒂𝒃𝒄 (∑ √𝒂𝒃) (∑ 𝟑√𝒂) − 𝟑√(𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝟐
𝟑
𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
= − − 𝒙𝒚 − = − − 𝒙𝒚 (𝟏)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 = ( ∑ √𝒂) = ∑ 𝒂 + 𝟑 (∑ √𝒂𝒃) (∑ 𝟑√𝒂) − 𝟑√𝒂𝒃𝒄 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚 +
𝟑 𝟑
( 𝟐)
𝟐
𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄 𝒂,𝒃,𝒄
𝒛=𝒙𝒚
𝟑 𝟑
→ (𝟏) × (𝟐) → (𝒙𝒚)𝟑 = − (𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏). (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏) ↔
⏞ 𝟒𝒛𝟑 + 𝟗(𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏)(𝒛 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
↔ 𝟒𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏𝟖𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝟕𝒛 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝟑
𝒛=𝒕−
𝟐 𝟗𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝟕𝒕 𝟐𝟕 𝟗 𝟖𝟏 𝟗
⏞
↔ 𝟒 (𝒕𝟑 − + − ) + 𝟏𝟖 (𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + ) + 𝟐𝟕𝒕 − + 𝟗 = 𝟎 ↔ 𝟒𝒕𝟑 = ↔ 𝒕
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
√𝟗 √𝟗 − 𝟑
= →𝒛=
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏) 𝟑
𝟑
𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏)
( 𝟏) → 𝒙 𝟑 = − − 𝒛 = − → ∑ √𝒂𝒃 = − √ .
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝒂,𝒃,𝒄
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆,

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟑 𝟖𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑
𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏)
√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = −√ .
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟒
𝟏
We know that 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟒𝟎∘ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟐𝟎∘ = − 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟖𝟎∘ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟒𝟎∘ = − , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟏𝟔𝟎∘ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟖𝟎∘ = −
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
Then, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 = − 𝟐 , 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Let 𝒂𝟑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟎∘ , 𝒃𝟑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟖𝟎∘ , 𝒄𝟑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟔𝟎∘ and 𝒂𝟑 , 𝒃𝟑 , 𝒄𝟑 −the roots at the cubic
𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎. By Vieta’s formulae
𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟑
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒂𝟑 = −
𝟒
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
{𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 = − 𝟖 ; (∵ 𝒂𝒃𝒄 = − 𝟐)
We also know that:
𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄 = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒃𝒄 − 𝒄𝒂)
𝟑
Let 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝜽𝟏 , 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂 = 𝜽𝟐 ⇒ 𝜽𝟏 (𝜽𝟐𝟏 − 𝟑𝜽𝟐 ) = 𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒂𝟑 = [(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)](𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)

𝟑 𝟏 𝟑𝜽𝟏
− − 𝟑 ⋅ = 𝜽𝟐 (𝜽𝟐𝟐 + )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐𝜽𝟏 (𝜽𝟐𝟏 − 𝟑𝜽𝟐 ) = 𝟑 −𝟐𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝟑
⇒{ ⇒ 𝜽𝟏 =
𝜽𝟐 (𝟐𝜽𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝜽𝟏 ) = −𝟑 𝟑𝜽𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏𝟔𝜽𝟗𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝜽𝟔𝟐 + 𝟐𝟕𝜽𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇔ (𝟒𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝟑) = −𝟑𝟒𝟑 = −𝟑𝟓 ⇔ 𝟒𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝟑 − 𝟑√𝟗
𝟑
𝟑
𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏)
𝜽𝟐 = − √
𝟒
Therefore,
𝟑
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟑 𝟖𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑
𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏)
√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = −√
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 3 by Samir Cabiyev-Azerbaijan
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟑 𝟖𝝅
√ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =𝑨
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟑 𝟖𝝅 𝟐𝝅
√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =𝑩
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
∵ (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙) − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅
⇒ 𝑨𝟑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝟑𝑨𝑩 − 𝟑 √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟐
− 𝟑 √(𝐜𝐨𝐬 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 )
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅
𝒙𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒙𝟑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
𝟏
𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝝋 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 + = 𝟎
𝟐
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟑
𝟑 𝑨𝟑 − 𝟑𝑨𝑩 =
𝒙𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏 = − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝑨𝟑 + 𝟐𝑩𝟑 = − 𝟑
𝟒⇒{ 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐
𝑩𝟑 + 𝑨𝑩 = −
{ 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 = − 𝟐 𝟐
𝟖
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑨𝟑 = −𝟐𝑩𝟑 − ⇒ 𝑨 = − √𝟐𝑩𝟑 + ⇒ −𝟐𝑩𝟑 − + 𝟑𝑩 √𝟐𝑩𝟑 + =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
−(𝟐𝑩𝟑 + 𝟑)𝟑 = −𝟐𝟕 ⋅ 𝑩𝟑 (𝟐𝑩𝟑 + ).
𝟐
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔𝟑 ⋅𝟗
Let 𝑩𝟑 = 𝒕 ⇒ (𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑)𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 (𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒕) ⇒ (𝟐𝒕 − 𝟒) = − ⇒
𝟒𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 − 𝟑√𝟗 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏)
𝒕= , 𝑩 = 𝒕 ⇒ 𝑩 = −√
𝟒 𝟒
Therefore,

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑
𝟑 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟑 𝟖𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑
𝟑(√𝟗 − 𝟏)
√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = −√
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟒
1626. Prove that:

∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏 𝟏
∑ = (𝝅 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝟒)
𝒏+𝟏 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
Proposed by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan

Solution 1 by Amrit Awasthi-India
The sum can be written as,
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
(−𝟏) 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝑺=∑ +∑ = 𝚿 + 𝛀, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝑯𝒏
𝛀=∑ =∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)) , 𝐚𝐭 𝒙 = 𝝅
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒚𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒚)
∑ 𝑯𝒏 𝒚𝒏−𝟏 = (∑ ) (∑ 𝒚𝒏 ) = − ; | 𝒚| < 1
𝒚 𝒏 𝒚( 𝟏 − 𝒚)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟎
Multiply with 𝒛 and integrate between 𝟎 to 𝒛, it follows that

∞
𝑯𝒏 𝒛𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
∑ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒛)
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝑯𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)) 𝑯𝒏 𝒆𝒊(𝒏+𝟏)𝒏 𝟏
⇒∑ = 𝑹𝒆 (∑ ) = 𝑹𝒆 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒛)) =
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝑹𝒆 [ (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝒙 ))𝟐 ] = 𝑹𝒆 [ (𝐥𝐨𝐠((𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) − 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) ] =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
= 𝑹𝒆 ( (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙))𝟐 ) = 𝑹𝒆 ( (𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝒊 𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝒙 )) )) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (− )) ) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝒙 𝝅 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝝅−𝒙 𝟐
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − ( − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) )) ⇒ 𝛀 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − ( ) )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒙 = 𝝅 ⇒ 𝛀 ∑ 𝑯𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 = (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐); (𝑰)
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝚿=∑ =− − + + − − + + +⋯=
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (− + − + ⋯ ) − (𝟏 − + − + ⋯ ) =
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
= ( − 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 = (𝝅 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝟒); (𝑰𝑰)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
From(𝑰), (𝑰𝑰) we get,
𝟏
𝑺= (𝝅 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝟒)
𝟒
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝛀 = ∑
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, … , (𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟐, … , (𝟒𝒏)
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟓, 𝟗, … , (𝟒𝒏 − 𝟑)
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟎, … , (𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐)
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 (−𝟏) 𝟐 𝑯𝒏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝛀𝟏 = ∑ , 𝛀𝟐 = ∑
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
We have:
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = ∑ = ∑( + − − )=
𝒏+𝟏 𝟒𝒏 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ∞
= [𝝍(𝒏) + 𝝍 (𝒏 + ) − 𝝍 (𝒏 − ) − 𝝍 (𝒏 − )] =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
= (−𝝍(𝟏) − 𝝍 ( ) + 𝝍 ( ) + 𝝍 ( )) = (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) + 𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ))
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 = (𝝍(𝟏) − 𝝍 ( ))
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∵ (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏)) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
√𝒙 𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝝅
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 ∫ (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 (𝟏 − )
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒖 𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 𝟓 𝟑
= (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ))
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
(𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )) = − (𝟐 − ) = − 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝝅
𝛀𝟏 = (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) + 𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + − 𝟏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝛀𝟐 = ∑
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰: ∑(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏 𝑯𝒏 =
𝟏+𝒙
𝒏=𝟏
Integrating both sides w.r.t. 𝒙 from 𝟎 to 𝟏, we get

∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟏
𝛀𝟐 = ∑ =∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏
𝛀 = 𝛀𝟏 + 𝛀𝟐 = (𝝅 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝟒)
𝟒
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
(−𝟏) 𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏 (−𝟏) 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝛀=∑ =∑ +∑
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝚽=∑ =− − + + − − + +⋯ =
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖
𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑[ + − − ] = ∑ ∫ (𝒙𝟒𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒𝒏 − 𝒙𝟒𝒏−𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒𝒏−𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒𝒏 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 ∞
𝒙𝟒𝒏 𝒙𝟒𝒏 𝒙𝟒𝒏
= ∫ ∑( + 𝒙𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐 − 𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒏=𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟒 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝟏 𝒙𝟒
=∫ ( ⋅ + − ⋅ − ⋅ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
=∫ ( 𝟒
+ 𝟒
− 𝟒
− 𝟒
) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ( 𝟐 − 𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙 +𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
= − −𝟏
𝟒 𝟐
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝚿=∑
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: ∑ 𝑯𝒏 𝒙𝒏 =
𝒙−𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
Subtitute 𝒙 → −𝒙 and integrate from 𝟎 to 𝟏 w.r.t. 𝒙 then,

∞ 𝟏 𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝚿=∑ =∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 𝒖 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Thus, 𝛀 = 𝚽 + 𝚿 = 𝟒 − −𝟏+ = 𝟒 (𝝅 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟐
Solution 4 by Syed Shahabudeen-India

∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
(−𝟏) 𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏 (−𝟏) 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝛀 = ∑ =∑ +∑ =𝑨+𝑩
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
(−𝟏) 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
𝑨=∑ ;𝑩 = ∑
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝝅
∞ ∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝅)
(−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒆𝒊 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨=∑ = 𝑹𝒆 (∑ )=∑ =
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐 𝟐
∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅𝒏 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅𝒏) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝅𝒏 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒏𝝅) ∞ ∞
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏
=∑ =∑ +∑
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
= −𝟏−
𝟒 𝟐
∞ ∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 (𝑯𝒏+𝟏 −
𝑩=∑
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏
= −∑ 𝒏 + 𝟏) =
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒎 𝑯𝒎 (−𝟏)𝒎 𝑯𝒎 𝛑𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
=∑ +∑ ; (𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞: ∑ = 𝟏− + )
( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒎 𝒎 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒎=𝟐 𝒎=𝟐
𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
=( − 𝟏) + 𝟏 − + =
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝛀= −𝟏− + = (𝝅 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
1627. Prove that:
𝝅
𝟒 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒂 𝒅𝒃 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) −𝟏
𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 √𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (√𝟐)
= − + +
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟔√𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝟐
Solution 1 by Almas Babirov-Azerbaijan
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟒
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒂 𝒅𝒃 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝛀𝟏 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 + (𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
=∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒂 =
𝟎 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒃𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏)
=∫ (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒂 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝒃 (𝟏 + )
𝒃𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒂 + ∫ 𝒅𝒂 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏+
𝒃𝟐
𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒃 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= ⋅ 𝒂| + ∫ 𝒅 ( )=
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 ⏟ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝟎 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒃
𝟏+
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒃𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 −𝟏
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= + 𝒇( 𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝒃 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )| = 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) ⋅ 𝒃 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
⏟ 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒃 𝟎 𝒃
𝒈(𝒙)
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝛀𝟐 = ∫ (𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙)𝒃 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) 𝒅𝒃 =
𝟎 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒃 + 𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒃 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒃 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒃
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= 𝒈(𝒙)𝒃|𝟏𝟎 + ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒃𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝒃
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= 𝒈( 𝒙 ) + (𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ))| − ∫ 𝒃 𝒅 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) =
𝟐 𝒃 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝒃
𝟏 𝒃𝟏 ⋅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒃𝟐 𝒅𝒃 =
= 𝒈( 𝒙) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒃𝟐
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒈( 𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ∫ 𝒅𝒃 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏+
𝒃𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ (𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
=∫ 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟒𝒙
(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 +
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏
+ ∫ ( 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
= 𝑨𝟏 + (𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 − 𝑨𝟒 )
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝑨𝟏 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙| =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝑨𝟐 = ∫ (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 −𝟏 (
𝟐
−𝟏 (
=∫ 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟒
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟒
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝒅( ) + ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅 ( )=
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙
𝝅
−𝟏 (
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) −𝟏 (
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝟒
=( + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) − ⋅ )| +
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
+∫ 𝟐
+∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟑 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙)
𝟑
𝟏 √𝟐 𝟏 𝟐√𝟐 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
= √𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − − + +
√𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟑 √𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝟒 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
+∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 −
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟑 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟓𝝅 𝟓√𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − | +
𝟑 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 √𝟐 𝟑 √𝟐 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎
𝝅
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝟓√𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙)| = − − + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟔 𝟎 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 √𝟐 𝟔 𝟑
𝝅
𝑨𝟑 = ∫ (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
= (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
)| = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −
𝟒 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝑨𝟒 = ∫ 𝟐
(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 −
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
−∫ 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
= − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙) −
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟑 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
− ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )𝒅( )=
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
= (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )− 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ))| +
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎
𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏
𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
+∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏+ 𝟏 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟎 𝟏+
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟕√𝟐 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙) 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐) + ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐
+∫ 𝒅𝒙 −
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟔 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
−∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟕√𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
= − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙| − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙)| − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) =
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟎 𝟔 𝟎 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟕√𝟐 𝟏 𝟓
=− + − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
Hence,
𝟏
𝛀= (𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 + 𝑨𝟒 ) =
𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 √𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐)
= − + + +
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟔√𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝟐
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒂 𝒅𝒃 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒕=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒂𝟐 + (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝒕𝟐 𝒕
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝛀𝟏 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
( ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎 𝒃 +𝒂 +𝒃 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎 (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒕)(𝟏 + 𝒕)
𝒂𝟒 + 𝒃𝟒 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝒂 +𝒃 +𝒃 𝒕 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕
𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
𝟏 𝒃 𝒂 𝟐 (𝒂) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
= (( ) + ( ) + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )− ( )
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝟏 + (𝒂)
𝒃 𝟏
𝒕=
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒂 (∫ ( 𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐
) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒂 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝟐
𝒕𝟐 𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏 𝒕𝟑 𝒕𝟐 𝒂
= ∫ ( 𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒕 = (𝒕 − + ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )| −
𝟎 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝒕 𝟑 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝟎
𝟏
𝒂 𝟏 𝒕𝟑 𝟒𝒕 𝟐𝒕
− ∫ (𝒕 − + )( 𝟐
− ) 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕 𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟕
𝚿 = ( − 𝒂 + 𝟑 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) − ∫ ( + − ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒂 𝟑𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝟑(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐 )
𝟏
−𝟏 −𝟏 (
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟐𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕 − 𝟏𝟕√𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 √𝟐𝒕) 𝒂
= ( − 𝒂 + 𝟑 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐
)− | =
𝒂 𝟑𝒂 𝟏+𝒂 𝟔 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟕√𝟐 −𝟏
√𝟐
= ( − 𝒂 + 𝟑 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) − − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝒂 𝟑𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟑𝒂 𝟑 𝒂 𝟔 𝒂

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ ((𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐
) − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒂 −
𝟔 𝟎 𝒂 𝟏+𝒂 𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟕 √𝟐 𝟏
− ∫ (𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒂) = (𝑨 − 𝑩)
𝟔 𝟎 𝒂 √𝟐 𝒂 𝟔
𝟏
𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝑨 = ((𝟑𝒂 − 𝒂 − ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) + )| −
𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
− ∫ (𝟑𝒂 − 𝒂𝟑 − ) ( − ) 𝒅𝒂 =
𝟎 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝝅 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + ∫ ( − − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒂 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟐 − + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟎 𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
∫ 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒂 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )| + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
= ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂)| =
𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
√𝟐 𝒂𝟐 √𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
∫ 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒂 = ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) +
−𝟏
− 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ))| =
𝟎 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐) + − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏
𝑩=− − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝛀= (𝑨 − 𝑩) = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + − + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟐)) =
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝟏
𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) −𝟏
𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 √𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (√𝟐)
= − + +
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟔√𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝟐
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒂 𝒅𝒃 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) −𝟏
𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 √𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (√𝟐)
= − + +
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟔√𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝟐
www.ssmrmh.ro
1628. Prove that:
𝝅 𝟐
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 √𝟑𝚪 ( )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝝅𝟐
𝟑
∫ ( √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝟑 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝟑 −
𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝟑 𝝅 𝟐 𝟑
𝚪 (− )
𝟑
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ ( √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝟑 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
𝝅
𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐
= ∫ (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)−𝟑 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓 𝚪(𝟐)𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪(𝟔) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔)
= 𝑩 (𝟐, ) + 𝑩 ( , ) + 𝑩 ( , ) = + +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝚪 ( 𝟐) 𝟐𝚪 (𝟐) 𝟐𝚪 (𝟐)
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑√ 𝝅
∵ 𝚪(𝒛 + 𝟏) = 𝒛𝚪(𝒛) ⇒ 𝚪 ( ) = 𝚪 ( ) = 𝚪 ( ) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝟕 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓
𝟒 𝟐𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝟐𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔)
𝛀= + + =
𝟑 𝟑√𝝅 𝟑√ 𝝅
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
𝟒 𝟖𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝟒𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝟒
= + + = + 𝑨 + 𝑩, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝟑 𝟗√ 𝝅 𝟗 √𝝅 𝟑
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐𝟑 √𝝅𝚪 (𝟑) 𝟐𝟑 √𝝅𝚪 𝟐 (𝟑) 𝟐−𝟑 √𝟑𝚪 𝟐 (𝟑) 𝟐−𝟑 𝟗√𝝅𝚪 𝟐 (𝟑)
∵ 𝚪( ) = = = =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 √𝝅 √𝝅
𝚪 ( 𝟑) 𝚪 ( 𝟑 ) 𝚪 ( 𝟑)
∵ 𝚪(𝒛)𝚪(𝟏 − 𝒛) = 𝝅 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝝅𝒛)
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒
𝟖𝚪 (𝟑) 𝟐−𝟑 𝟗√𝟑𝚪 𝟐 (𝟑) 𝟐𝟑 √𝟑𝚪 𝟑 (𝟑)
𝑨= =
𝟗√ 𝝅 ⋅ √ 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝟑 √𝝅𝚪 (𝟑)
𝚪( ) =
𝟑 𝟓
𝚪 ( 𝟔)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟕 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟒
𝟐𝟑 𝚪 𝟐 ( ) 𝟐𝟑 𝚪 𝟐
( ) 𝚪 ( ) 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝝅𝟐
𝑩= 𝟑 = 𝟑 𝟑 = =−
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟗𝚪 (𝟑) 𝟗𝚪 𝟑 (𝟑) 𝟐𝟕𝚪 𝟑 (𝟑) 𝚪 𝟑 (− 𝟑)
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟐
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝟑 √𝟑𝚪 (𝟑) 𝟐 𝟑 𝝅𝟐
∫ ( √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟑
) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + −
𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝟑 𝝅 𝟐 𝟑
𝚪 (− 𝟑)
1629. Let 𝒇 ∶ 𝑹+ → 𝑹 satisfies the functional equation
(∗) ∶ 𝒇(𝒂𝒃) = 𝒆𝒂𝒃−𝒂−𝒃[𝒆𝒃. 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒆𝒂 . 𝒇(𝒃)], ∀𝒂, 𝒃 > 0
𝑰𝒇 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎 and 𝒇′ (𝟏) = 𝒆.Prove that∶ 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒆𝒂 . 𝒍𝒏(𝒂), ∀𝒂 > 0.
Proposed by Hikmat Hammadov-Azerbaijan
(∗) ∶ 𝒇(𝒂𝒃) = 𝒆𝒂𝒃−𝒂−𝒃 [𝒆𝒃 . 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒆𝒂 . 𝒇(𝒃)], ∀𝒂, 𝒃 > 0
𝒇(𝒂𝒃) 𝒇(𝒂) 𝒇(𝒃)
(∗) ↔ = 𝒂 + 𝒃 ↔ 𝒈(𝒂𝒃) = 𝒈(𝒂) + 𝒈(𝒃), (∀𝒂, 𝒃 > 0),
𝒆𝒂𝒃 𝒆 𝒆
𝒇(𝒂)
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒈(𝒂) = 𝒂 , ∀𝒂 > 0.
𝒆
𝒈(𝒂) − 𝒈(𝟏) 𝒇(𝒂)
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇′ (𝟏) = 𝒆 → 𝒈(𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒂→𝟏 𝒂−𝟏 𝒂→𝟏 (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝒆𝒂
′( )
𝒇 𝟏
= = 𝟏 → 𝒈′ (𝟏) = 𝟏.
𝒆
𝒂
𝒃→
𝒂𝟎
𝒈(𝒂) − 𝒈(𝒂𝟎 ) 𝒈(𝒃. 𝒂𝟎 ) − 𝒈(𝒂𝟎 ) 𝒈(𝒃)
𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
⏞ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒂→𝒂𝟎 𝒂 − 𝒂𝟎 𝒃→𝟏 𝒃. 𝒂𝟎 − 𝒂𝟎 𝒃→𝟏 𝒂𝟎 (𝒃 − 𝟏)
𝒈 ′ ( 𝟏) 𝟏
= = , ∀𝒂𝟎 > 0
𝒂𝟎 𝒂𝟎
𝟏
→ 𝒈 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝑹+ 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒈′ (𝒂) = , ∀𝒂 ∈ 𝑹+ → 𝒈(𝒂) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒂), ∀𝒂 ∈ 𝑹+
𝒂
→ 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒆𝒂 . 𝒍𝒏(𝒂), ∀𝒂 ∈ 𝑹+ .
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒆𝒂 . 𝒍𝒏(𝒂), ∀𝒂 ∈ 𝑹+ .
𝝅
1630. If 𝟎 ≤ 𝒂 ≤ then:
𝟏𝟐
𝒂
𝟏
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙) . 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 (𝟒𝒙) . 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟓 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≤ (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝒂)
𝟏𝟗𝟑
𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝒂], 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂 ≤ → 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙) , 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) , 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙) , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝟏𝟐
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 ⏞
≤ (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙 → 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙)
≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙 (𝟏)
(𝟏) (𝟏)
⏞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) ≤
→ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) ≤ ⏞ (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙)𝟒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 → 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) ≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 (𝟐)
𝟒(
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 . (𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑) ⏞
≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 . [(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟖 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏) − 𝟑] = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗 𝒙
→ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙) ≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗 𝒙 (𝒊)
(𝟏) (𝒊)
⏞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙) ≤
→ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙) ≤ ⏞ (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗 𝒙)𝟒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟔 𝒙 → 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙) ≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟔 𝒙 (𝟑)
𝟒(
(𝟏), (𝟐), (𝟑) → 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙) . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔 (𝟒𝒙) . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓 (𝟐𝒙) ≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟔 𝒙 . (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟔 𝒙)𝟔 . (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒙)𝟏𝟓
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂
𝟔( 𝟏𝟓 ( 𝟏𝟗𝟐
−𝟏 𝟏𝟗𝟑
→ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙) . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙) . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙]
𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
= (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝒂).
𝟏𝟗𝟑
1631. Find:
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒙| − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − √𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙),

𝒙→𝟏
where| ⋅ | − denotes absolute sign.

Proposed by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
Solution 1 by Surjeet Singhania-India
𝟏
Choose 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 > 𝛿 > 0 such that 𝟎 < |𝒛 − 𝟏| < 𝛿, we know that
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
√𝟏 + 𝒙 = 𝟏 + − + + 𝑶(𝒙𝟓 ), ∀{𝒙 ∈ ℂ||𝒙| < 1}
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝟑
Hence, √𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝟐−𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒛 − 𝟖−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒛) + 𝟏𝟔−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒛) +
𝟓
𝑶 ((√𝟏 − 𝒛) )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐
𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − √𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒛| = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟐−𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒛 − 𝟖−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒛) + ⋯ |
𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒛
𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − √𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒛| = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒛| + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | + + ⋯|
𝟐 𝟖
Hence,
𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒙| − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − √𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙) = −𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏 𝟐
Solution 2 by Muhammad Afzal-Pakistan

𝒙→𝟏−𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒙| − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − √𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙) =
𝒙→𝟏
√𝟏+√𝒙~𝟏+𝟏 √𝒙
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − √𝟏 + √𝒙|) =
𝒙→𝟎
√𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 𝒙→𝟎
1632.
𝒏 𝒌
(−𝟏)𝒎+𝒌
𝐈𝐟 𝑺𝒏 = ∑ ∑ 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞:
𝒎!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑺𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑺𝒏 ) = 𝒆
𝒏→∞

Solution by Amrit Awasthi-India
𝒏 𝒌 𝒏 𝒌
(−𝟏)𝒎+𝒌 (−𝟏)𝒎
𝑺𝒏 = ∑ ∑ =∑∑ ⋅ (−𝟏)𝒌
𝒎! 𝒎!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
Changing the order of summation we get as 𝟎 ≤ 𝒎 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝒏,
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒎 (−𝟏)𝒎
𝑺𝒏 = ∑ ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 = ∑ ⋅ 𝛀𝒏 ;
𝒎! 𝒎!
𝒎=𝟎 𝒌=𝒎 𝒎=𝟎
Now, if 𝒏 is odd then 𝛀𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒎 and in that case 𝛀𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟎. Hence,
𝒏 𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒎 𝒎
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑺𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑺𝒏 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ⋅ (−𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ =𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒎! 𝒏→∞ 𝒎!
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
Similarly, if we assume that 𝒏 is even, then 𝑺𝒏 = 𝟎 and 𝑺𝒏+𝟏 contributes to the given
limits.
𝒏−𝟏
1633. 𝛀(𝒏) = (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟖 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 ), 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
Find:
𝟐 𝟐𝒏
𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + )
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝛀(𝒏)
Solution 1 by Florentin Vișescu-Romania
𝒏−𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) ⋅ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 ) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟖 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟑 𝒏
−𝟑 ⋅ 𝛀(𝒏) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )
𝒏
−𝟑 ⋅ 𝛀(𝒏) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 (𝟐𝟐 −𝟏)⋅ 𝟐𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏 ) = 𝐞𝐱𝐩 {𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒏 }=𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝛀(𝒏) 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 −𝟏
Solution 2 by Ty Halpen-USA
𝒏−𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) = (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟖 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )=
𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
= 𝟐
⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟖 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 ) =
𝟏−𝟐
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
= − (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟖 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 ) = − (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟑
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 (𝟐𝟐 −𝟏)⋅ 𝟐𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏 ) = 𝐞𝐱𝐩 {𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒏 }=𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝛀(𝒏) 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 −𝟏

𝒏−𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) ⋅ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 ) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟖 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟑 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
= (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 ) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 ) ⇒ 𝟑𝛀(𝒏) = 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐𝒏 (𝟐 𝟐𝒏 −𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏 ) (𝟏 + 𝒏 )=
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝛀(𝒏) 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏
𝟐𝟐
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 {𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒏 }=𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 −𝟏
1634. Find: 𝛀 =
𝝓𝒚
𝟐 +𝒛+𝟏 𝟐 +𝒚+𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 [(𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏]𝒛 − [(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏]𝒚
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( (𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ))) ,
𝒚→∞ 𝒚𝟐 𝒛→∞ 𝒛𝟒 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑
where 𝒚, 𝒛 ∈ ℕ, 𝒑 ∈ ℕ∗ and 𝝓 −Golden Ratio.

Let 𝒂 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒃 = 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏 ∈ ℕ
𝛟𝒚
𝟐 𝟏 (𝒂𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒃 − (𝒃𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒂
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟐 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟒 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 )))
𝒚→∞ 𝒚 𝒛→∞ 𝒛 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑
𝒃 𝒂
(𝒂𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒃 − (𝒃𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒂 𝟏 𝒃 𝒑 )𝒌
𝒂
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ( ) ( 𝒂𝒙 − ∑ ( ) (𝒂𝒙𝒑 )𝒌 ) =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
𝟏 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒑 (( ) 𝒂𝒙𝒑 − ( ) 𝒃𝒙𝒑 + ( ) 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝒑 − ( ) 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝒑 + ∑ ( ) (𝒂𝒙𝒑 )𝒌 − ∑ ( ) (𝒂𝒙𝒑 )𝒌 )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟑 𝒌=𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
= ( ) 𝒂 𝟐 − ( ) 𝒃𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒃 𝒃(𝒃 − 𝟏) (𝒛 + 𝒛 + 𝟏)(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛)
𝟐
( )= =
𝟐 𝟐! 𝟐
(𝒃𝟐) 𝟏 𝒃𝟐
𝒛→∞⇒ → 𝐚𝐧𝐝 →𝟏
𝒛𝟒 𝟐 𝒛𝟒
Hence,
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 [(𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝟏] +𝒛+𝟏 − [(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏]𝒚 +𝒚+𝟏
𝟐 𝒑 𝒛
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 )=
𝒛→∞ 𝒛𝟒 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑
𝟏 (𝒂𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒃 − (𝒃𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟒 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 )= −( )= =
𝒛→∞ 𝒛 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Thus,
𝛟𝒚
𝟐 𝟏 (𝒂𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒃 − (𝒃𝒙𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒂
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟐 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟒 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ))) =
𝒚→∞ 𝒚 𝒛→∞ 𝒛 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝒑

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏
𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏
𝝓𝒚 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒚+𝟏
𝒚𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝝓𝒚 ⋅ ⋅ 𝟐 = 𝒆𝝓
𝒚→∞ 𝒚𝟐 𝒚→∞ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒚
( 𝒚𝟐 )
1635. Prove that:
∞
(−𝟏)𝟎+𝟏+𝟐+⋯+𝒏 √𝟐𝝅𝟐
∑ =
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟏𝟔
𝒏=𝟎
Proposed by Amrit Awasthi-India

∞ ∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(−𝟏)𝟎+𝟏+𝟐+⋯+𝒏 (−𝟏) 𝟐
𝛀=∑ = ∑ ;
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝟏 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌, 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟑
(−𝟏) 𝟐 ={
−𝟏 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏, 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟐
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑( 𝟐
+ 𝟐
)− ∑( 𝟐
+ )=
(𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟓)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
= {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) + 𝝍(𝟏) ( )} − {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) + 𝝍(𝟏) ( )}
𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖 𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
(𝟏) (
𝝅𝟐
∵𝝍 𝒛) + 𝝍(𝟏) (𝟏 − 𝒛) =
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝝅𝒛)
𝝅
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟒 )
𝛀= ( − )= ( − )= ⋅
𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝝅) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟑𝝅) 𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝝅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝝅) 𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝝅)
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟒
𝝅𝟐 √𝟐
=
𝟏𝟔
∞ ∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) ∞ 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝝅
(−𝟏)𝟎+𝟏+𝟐+⋯+𝒏 (−𝟏) 𝟐 𝒆𝒊⋅ 𝟐
𝛀=∑ = ∑ = 𝑹𝒆 ∑ =
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝝅𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝝅𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝒏 ∞ ∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏
=∑ = ∑ − ∑
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏 )𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏)
𝟏 (𝟏)
𝟓
∑ = ∑ − ∑ = (𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ))
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟓)𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟕
∑ 𝟐
=∑ 𝟐
−∑ 𝟐
= (𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( ))
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝟖𝒏 + 𝟕) 𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟓 𝟓
⇒𝛀= (𝝍(𝟏) ( ) + 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )) =
𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 √𝟐
= ( − ) = ⋅ 𝟒√𝟐 =
𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝝅) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟑𝝅) 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟖 𝟖
𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
∵ 𝝅 = 𝟒 + 𝟐√𝟐; = 𝟒 − 𝟐√𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 (𝟑𝝅)
𝟖 𝟖
1636. Find:
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑ 𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟐)(𝒊 + 𝟒)]

𝒏→∞
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
𝒌 𝒌+𝟐 𝒌+𝟐 𝒌+𝟐
∑ 𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟐)(𝒊 + 𝟒) = ∑ (𝒊 − 𝟐)𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟐) = ∑(𝒊 − 𝟒𝒊) = ∑ (𝒊𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊) + 𝟑 =

𝟑
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟑 𝒊=𝟑 𝒊=𝟏

𝟐
(𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟑) 𝟒
=( ) − (𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟑) + 𝟑 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
=[(𝒌𝟐 + 𝟓𝒌 + 𝟔)𝟐 − 𝟖(𝒌𝟐 + 𝟓𝒌 + 𝟔) + 𝟏𝟐] =
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
= (𝒌𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝟑 + 𝟐𝟗𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒌) = 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝒌 + 𝟒)(𝒌 + 𝟓)
𝟒 𝟒
−𝟏
𝒌
𝟒
⇒ [∑ 𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟐)(𝒊 + 𝟒)] = =
𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝒌 + 𝟒)(𝒌 + 𝟓)
𝒊=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ ⇒ ∑ [∑ 𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟐)(𝒊 + 𝟒)] =
𝟓 𝒌 𝟑 𝒌+𝟏 𝟑 𝒌+𝟒 𝟓 𝒌+𝟒
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝟏 + + + + − − − − − )=
𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟑 𝒏+𝟒 𝒏+𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− ( + + − − − )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟑 𝒏+𝟒
Therefore,
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑ 𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟐)(𝒊 + 𝟒)] =

𝒏→∞
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝟑
= (𝟏 + + + + ) − ( + + ) =
𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒𝟓𝟎
∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝛀=∑
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏

𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏: =
𝒏! ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞: (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
= 𝑨(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟑) + 𝑩(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) + 𝑪(𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝑫
Equaling coefficient of 𝒏𝟑 , we get: 𝑨 = 𝟐. Put 𝒏 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐; 𝒏 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝑪 = 𝟑𝟑,
𝒏 = 𝟑 ⇒ 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟕. Thus, for 𝒏 ≥ 𝟒 we have:
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟐
= + + +
𝒏! ( 𝒏 − 𝟒) ! ( 𝒏 − 𝟑) ! ( 𝒏 − 𝟐) ! ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
∞ ∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝛀 = ∑ = ∑ =
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 𝟒𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝟏)!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟕
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝟒 𝟎! 𝟒𝟐 𝟏! 𝟒𝟐 𝟎! 𝟒𝟑 𝟐! 𝟒𝟑 𝟏! 𝟒𝟑 𝟎! 𝟒𝟒 𝟑! 𝟒𝟒 𝟐! 𝟒𝟒 𝟏!
𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟒⋅ +⋯
𝟒 𝟎!
Adding, we get:
∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟒√𝒆
𝛀=∑ = 𝒆𝟒 + 𝒆𝟒 + 𝒆𝟒 + 𝒆𝟒 =
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
Solution 2 by Serlea Kabay-Liberia

∞ ∞
𝒙
𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝒆 = ∑ ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 = ∑ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠,
𝒏! ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒙( 𝟐
( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒏
𝒆 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙) = ∑ ⇒ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟏
∞
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒏+𝟏
=∑ , 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧,
( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒙( 𝟐
( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒙 𝒏
𝒙𝒆 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒) = ∑ ,
( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟑 𝒙𝟐 ( 𝟒 𝟐
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
⇒𝒙 𝒆 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒) = ∑ , 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝒙 = , 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭:
( 𝒏 − 𝟏) ! 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟒√𝒆 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
=∑
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟒𝒏 ⋅ ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟏
Therefore,
∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟒√𝒆
𝛀=∑ =
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
Solution 3 by Hasan Bostanlik-Turkiye

∞ ∞
𝒙
𝒙𝒏 ′ 𝒙
𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒇 ( 𝒙) = 𝒆 = ∑ ⇒ 𝒇 ( 𝒙) = 𝒆 = ∑ ,
𝒏! 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
′′ (
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒙𝒏−𝟐 ′′′
𝒙
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝒙𝒏−𝟑
𝒇 𝒙) = 𝒆 = ∑ , 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 = ∑
𝒏! 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
(𝒊𝒗) ( ) 𝒙
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟑)𝒙𝒏−𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒆 =∑
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ 𝟒
𝒏 𝒏 √𝒆
𝒙=𝟏⇒𝒆=∑ ⇒∑ 𝒏 =
𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
𝒆=∑ =∑ − 𝒆 ⇒ 𝟐𝒆 = ∑ ⇒∑ 𝒏 = ⋅ √𝒆
𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟏𝟔
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏𝟑 𝟑𝒏 𝟐 𝒏𝟑 𝒏𝟑
𝒆 = ∑( − + )=∑ − 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟐𝒆 + 𝟐𝒆 ⇒ 𝟓𝒆 = ∑
𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝟗 ⋅ 𝟒√𝒆
∑ 𝒏 =
𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟔𝟒
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝟒
𝒆=∑ − 𝟔 ⋅ 𝟓𝒆 + 𝟏𝟔 ⋅ 𝟐𝒆 − 𝟔𝒆 ⇒ 𝟏𝟓𝒆 = ∑ ⇒∑ 𝒏 = ⋅ √𝒆
𝒏! 𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
Therefore,
∞ 𝟒
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟔𝟖𝟑 √𝒆
𝛀=∑ =
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
Solution 4 by George Moses-Benin-Nigeria

∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟑) 𝟏 (𝒏 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟑)
𝛀=∑ = ∑ = ∑
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟐𝒏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒏 + 𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝒏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
= ∑ = ∑ + ∑
𝟒 𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎(𝒏 + 𝟏)
= ∑ + 𝟑 𝟒√𝒆 =
𝟒 𝟒𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)!
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝟐𝟎
= ∑ 𝒏
+ 𝟑 𝟒√𝒆
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝒙𝒌+𝟏
𝒙
( 𝒌 + 𝟏 ) 𝒙𝒌
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒆 ∑ ⇒ 𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒆𝒙 = ∑ = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒆𝒙 =
𝒌! 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒌+𝟏
=∑
𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
∞
′′ ( 𝟐 𝒙
( 𝒌 + 𝟏 ) 𝟐 𝒙𝒌
𝒇 𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒆 = ∑
𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
𝛀= ∑ 𝒏 + ∑ 𝒏 + ∑ 𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟒√𝒆 =
𝟖 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟏
= ((( ) + 𝟑 ( ) + 𝟏)) 𝒆𝟒 + (( + 𝟏) 𝒆𝟒 ) + 𝒆𝟒 + 𝟑𝒆𝟒 = 𝒆𝟒
𝟖 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟖

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝒏
𝛀=∑ 𝒏
= 𝟐 ∑ 𝒏
+ 𝟓 ∑ 𝒏
+ 𝟒 ∑ 𝒏
+∑ 𝒏
𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒏𝒌 𝒙𝒏
∵ 𝒆𝒙 𝑩𝒌 (𝒙) = ∑ , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝑩𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬.
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝑩𝟒 ( ) + 𝟓𝒆𝒙 𝑩𝟑 ( ) + 𝟒𝒆𝒙 𝑩𝟐 ( ) + 𝒆𝒙 𝑩𝟏 ( )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟏
𝑩𝟒 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙, 𝑩𝟒 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝟏 𝟐𝟗
𝑩𝟑 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙, 𝑩𝟑 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟔𝟒
𝟏 𝟓
𝑩𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙, 𝑩𝟐 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
𝑩𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒙, 𝑩𝟏 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟒
Therefore,
∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟒
𝛀=∑ = 𝒆𝟒 + 𝒆𝟒 + 𝒆𝟒 + 𝒆𝟒 = √𝒆
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
Solution 6 by Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan

∞
𝒙𝒏
∑ = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏𝒙 𝒏𝒙 𝒅 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
∑ = 𝒆𝒙 , ∑ 𝟐 𝒙
=𝒙 𝒆 ⇒ ∑ = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒆𝒙 ⇒
𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒅𝒙 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒏
∑ = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒆𝒙
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑) 𝒙
𝒅 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∑ (
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒆 ⇒ ∑ = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 )𝒆𝒙
𝒏! 𝒅𝒙 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏 ) 𝟐 𝒙𝒏
∑ = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 )𝒆𝒙 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 ⇒
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝒙𝟐 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝟐
∑ = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒙 )𝒆 ⇒ ∑ = (𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟕 )𝒆𝒙
𝒏! 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝟏
∑ = (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟔 + 𝟐𝒙𝟖 )𝒆𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝒙 =
𝒏! 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟒
𝛀=∑ = √𝒆
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
Solution 7 by Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-Taiwan

∞ ∞
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒎=𝒏−𝟏
𝛀=∑ =∑ =
𝟒𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! 𝟒𝒏 ⋅ ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
(𝒎 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟐𝒎 + 𝟑) 𝟐𝒎(𝒎 − 𝟏)(𝒎 − 𝟐) + 𝟏𝟕𝒎(𝒎 − 𝟏) + 𝟑𝟑𝒎 + 𝟏𝟐
= ∑ 𝒎+𝟏
= ∑ =
𝟒 ⋅ 𝒎! 𝟒𝒎+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒎!
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟐
= ∑ 𝒎+𝟏 + ∑ 𝒎+𝟏 + ∑ 𝒎+𝟏 + ∑ 𝒎+𝟏 =
𝟒 ( 𝒎 − 𝟑) ! 𝟒 ( 𝒎 − 𝟐) ! 𝟒 ( 𝒎 − 𝟏) ! 𝟒 𝒎!
⏟
𝒎=𝟑 ⏟
𝒎=𝟐 ⏟
𝒎=𝟏 ⏟
𝒎=𝟎
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒌=𝒎−𝟑 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒌=𝒎−𝟐 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒌=𝒎−𝟏 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒌=𝒎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟐
=∑ +∑ + ∑ 𝒌+𝟐 + ∑ 𝒌+𝟏 =
𝟒𝒌+𝟒 ⋅ 𝒌! 𝟒𝒌+𝟑 ⋅ 𝒌! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒌! 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝒌 ∞ 𝟏 𝒌 ∞ 𝟏 𝒌 ∞ 𝟏 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏𝟕 ( 𝟒) 𝟑𝟑 ( 𝟒) ( 𝟒) ( 𝟒)
= ∑ + ∑ + ∑ +𝟑∑ =
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒌! 𝟔𝟒 𝒌! 𝟏𝟔 𝒌! 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟑 𝟏 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟏
=( + + + 𝟑) 𝒆𝟒 = 𝒆𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟖
1638. Find:
𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊)𝝅 (𝒋 − 𝒊)𝝅
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ⋅ ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟒 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
Proposed by Neculai Stanciu-Romania

𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ⋅ ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟒 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅 𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅
= 𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ⋅ ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )⋅( 𝟐⋅ ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ) = 𝛀𝟏 ⋅ 𝛀𝟏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅
𝛀𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟐 ⋅ ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒋𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟐 ∑ − 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( − )) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒋𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒋𝝅

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟐
− 𝟐 ∑ (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ))
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 ⋅ 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒋𝝅
(∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) = ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ⇒
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒋𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅
∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = (∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) − ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ; (∗)
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒋𝝅
(∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) = ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ⇒
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒋𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅
∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = ((∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
Hence,
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅
𝛀𝟏 = − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ((∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) + (∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − ∑ (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )) =
𝟒 𝒏→∞ 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒊𝝅 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝟏 =
𝟒 𝟒 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟒𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − (∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙) − (∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝒏→∞ 𝟒𝒏
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − ( 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒙| ) − (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒙| ) =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝟒 𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝟐𝝅𝒋 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝟐𝝅𝒋
𝛀𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 )=
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝒏 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
Therefore,
𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ⋅ ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟒 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏𝟔

𝒋−𝒊
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝑺𝟏 = ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 [( ) 𝝅] =
𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊,𝒋≤𝒏
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ) + (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )+⋯+
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝝅 𝒌𝝅
+ (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( )) + ⋯ + (𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( ) + ⋯
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏
( 𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝝅
𝟐
𝒌𝝅
… + 𝟏 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) = ∑ (𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( ) ⇒
𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝒋−𝒊 𝟏 𝒌 𝒌𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 [( ) 𝝅] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ (𝟏 − ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊,𝒋≤𝒏 𝒌=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒌 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ (𝟏 − ) (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) = ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒌𝝅)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( )
= 𝟏 − 𝒙 (𝒙 − ( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒙 )| + ∫ (𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐𝝅
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
( )
= [ 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒙 ]| =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒𝝅 𝟎 𝟒
𝒏
(𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅
𝟐
𝒌𝝅 𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝑺𝟐 = ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = ∑ (𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( ) ⇒
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝟏
𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅
𝟐
𝟏 𝒌 𝒌𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ (𝟏 − ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( ) = ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟎
𝟏≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ (𝟏 − 𝒙)[𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝟏 − 𝒙) [𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙)]| + ∫ (𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐𝝅 𝟒
Therefore,
𝟏 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅 (𝒋 − 𝒊 )𝝅 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ⋅ ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟒 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏𝟔
1639. Prove that:

∞ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟑 𝝅
𝟎 𝝅 √𝒙
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙

∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙→𝒙𝟐
∞
𝟐
𝝅
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 →𝒙 𝟐 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 (∗) 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒖𝟐
∫ = ∫ 𝟐
= ∫ = ; (∗) { 𝟐𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝟑 𝝅 𝒙 𝝅 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙 𝟎
√𝟏 + 𝒆 𝒙 𝒖 −𝟏
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
𝟐 ∞ 𝟐𝒅𝒖 𝟐 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 ∞
= ∫ 𝟐 = ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )| =
𝝅 √𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏 𝝅 √𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝝅 𝒖 + 𝟏 √𝟐
www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐 √𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝝅 √𝟐 − 𝟏 𝝅
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟑 𝝅
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
𝝅 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
= 𝒕 ⇒ 𝝅𝒙−𝟐 = 𝒕 ⇒ =− 𝒅𝒕 ⇒
√𝒙 √𝒙𝟑 𝝅
∞
𝟏 𝟐 ∞ 𝒅𝒕 (∗)
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒆𝒕 = 𝒖
∫ = ∫ =; (∗) { 𝟐𝒖
𝟎 √𝒙 𝟑 𝝅 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝒆𝒕 𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏) , 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅𝒖
𝝅 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
𝟐 ∞ 𝟐𝒅𝒖 𝟐 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 ∞
= ∫ 𝟐 = ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )| =
𝝅 √𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏 𝝅 √𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝝅 𝒖 + 𝟏 √𝟐
𝟐 √𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝝅 √𝟐 − 𝟏 𝝅
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟑 𝝅
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙

𝝅
∞
= 𝟐𝒕
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (∗) √𝒙
∫ =; (∗) 𝟏 𝝅
𝟑
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙 − ⋅ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( ) { 𝒙
√𝒙
∞
𝟏 𝟎 𝟒𝒅𝒕 𝟒 ∞ 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟒
= ∫ − = ∫ = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒆−𝒕 + √𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 )| =
𝝅 ∞ √𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝝅 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝝅 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝝅 𝝅
Therefore,

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟑 𝝅
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙
√𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
1640. Let 𝒂 > 0. Find:

𝒅𝒙
𝛀=∫ ; 𝒙 ∈ (𝒂, ∞)
𝒙𝟒 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
Proposed by Marin Chirciu-Romania
𝒅𝒙 (∗) 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒚
𝛀=∫ = ; (∗) : {𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒙𝟒 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝟒 𝟒
𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = ∫(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒂 𝟒𝒂𝟒
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒚 𝟏 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒚 𝟏 𝟒
= ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚) = ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚) = (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒚)
𝟒𝒂𝟒 𝟑 𝟒𝒂𝟒 𝟑 𝟒𝒂𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝒂 𝟐 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐
= √ √
(𝟐 𝟏 − ( ) − (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) 𝟏 − 𝟐 =
𝟒𝒂𝟒 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐

= √𝟏 − (𝟐 − ) = ⋅ =
𝟒𝒂𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝟒 𝒙 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐
= √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟔𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝒙 (∗) 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
𝛀=∫ = ; (∗) : {
𝒙𝟒 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝒖=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
= 𝟒
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟒
∫(𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 =
𝒂 𝒂
𝟏 𝟐)
𝒖 𝒖𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝜽
= ∫(𝟏 − 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − + 𝑪 = − +𝑪
𝒂𝟒 𝒂𝟒 𝟑𝒂𝟒 𝒂𝟒 𝟑𝒂𝟒
𝒙 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = √𝟏 − 𝟐 = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒂 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝟑
𝛀= − +𝑪
𝒙𝒂𝟒 𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝒂𝟒
𝒂𝟐
𝒅𝒙 (∗) 𝒚 = √𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐
𝛀=∫ = ; (∗) : 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ = 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝟒 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒂𝟐
{ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚
−
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(∗) 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒚 ) 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ ⋅ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒 ∫(𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 𝒂 𝒂
√𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒙
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝒂𝟐
= 𝟒 (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 ) + 𝑪 = 𝟒 (√𝟏 − 𝟐 − (√𝟏 − 𝟐 ) ) + 𝑪 =
𝒂 𝟑 𝒂 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
= +𝑪
𝟑𝒂𝟒 𝒙𝟑
𝒂
𝒅𝒙 (∗) =𝒕
𝛀=∫ = ; (∗): { 𝒂𝒙
𝒙𝟒 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕
𝒙
(∗) 𝒅𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 𝒅𝒕
=− ∫ (− ) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ =
𝒂 𝟐 𝒙 𝒂 𝒂 𝟑 𝟐
𝒂𝒙 √𝟏 − ( )
𝟑 ( ) √𝟏 − 𝒕
𝒙 𝒕
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕) + 𝒕 𝟏 𝒕
= − 𝟒∫ 𝒅𝒕 = − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒 [∫ 𝒕√𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝒅𝒕] =
𝒂 √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝒂 √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝒂 √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟒 [− (𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 )𝟐 + √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 ] + 𝑪 =
𝒂 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝒂 𝟐 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
= 𝟒 [√𝟏 − ( ) − (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) ] = 𝟒 [ − ⋅ ]+𝑪
𝒂 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙𝟑

𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (∗) 𝟐𝒂𝒙−𝟑 = 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒙−𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕
𝒂
𝛀=∫ =∫ = ; (∗): { 𝟏 𝟐 ⇒{𝟏
𝒙𝟒 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟓 √𝟏 − 𝒂𝒙−𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝒕
𝒙𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 )
𝒙𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒕
(∗) 𝒙−𝟑 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 ) ⋅ (𝒂) 𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝟑
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ = ∫(𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕 − + 𝑪 =
𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒂𝒙−𝟐 𝒕 𝟑
𝟑
𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐
= 𝟒
(√𝟏 − 𝟐 − (√𝟏 − 𝟐 ) ) + 𝑪 =
𝒂 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
= +𝑪
𝟑𝒂𝟒 𝒙𝟑
1641. Prove that for 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝒏)
𝒅𝒙
∫ =
𝟎 √𝒙𝟑 𝝅 √𝒏
𝝅
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙

∞ ∞ 𝝅
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙→𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 →𝒙 𝟐 ∞ 𝒅𝒙
𝛀=∫ = ∫ 𝟐
= ∫ =
𝟑 𝝅 𝒙 𝝅 𝟎 √𝒏 + 𝒆𝒙
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙 𝟎
√𝒏 + 𝒆 𝒙
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
𝒏 + 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒖𝟐
(∗) { 𝟐𝒖
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
𝒖∞ − 𝒏
∞
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝝅 √𝒏+𝟏 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒏 𝝅√𝒏 √𝒏+𝟏 𝒖 − √𝒏 𝒏 + √𝒏
∞
𝟐 𝒖 − √𝒏 𝟐 √𝒏 + 𝟏 + √𝒏 𝟒
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )| = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝒏 + 𝟏 + √𝒏) =
𝝅√𝒖 𝒖 + √𝒏 √𝒏+𝟏 𝝅√𝒏 √𝒏 + 𝟏 − √𝒏 𝝅√𝒏
𝟒
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝒏)
𝝅√𝒏
∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝒏)
∫ =
𝟑 𝝅 √𝒏
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 2 by Ankush Kumar Parcha-India
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒌𝟐 𝛀 𝒅𝒌
𝛀=∫ ⇒ =∫
𝟑 𝟐
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙 𝟎
𝒌𝟐 √𝒏 + 𝒆 𝒌
𝝅
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
𝝅
𝒏 + 𝒆𝒌 = 𝒉 ∞, 𝒊𝒇 𝒌 = 𝟎
Let {𝒅𝒌 𝒅𝒉 , 𝒉 = { then
= − 𝝅(𝒉−𝒏) 𝒏 + 𝟏, 𝒊𝒇 𝒌 = ∞
𝒌𝟐
∞
𝝅 𝒅𝒉
𝛀=∫
𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 (𝒉 − 𝒏)√𝒉
𝟐 𝒏 + 𝟏, 𝒊𝒇 𝒉 = 𝒏 + 𝟏
Let { 𝒉 = 𝒘 , 𝒘 = {√ .
𝒅𝒉 = 𝟐𝒘𝒅𝒘 ∞, 𝒊𝒇 𝒉 = ∞
∞
𝝅√𝒏 𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒘 𝒘 − √𝒏 √𝒏 + 𝟏 + √𝒏
𝛀= ∫ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )| = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
𝟒 𝟐 √𝒏+𝟏 𝒘 − 𝒏 𝒘 + √𝒏 √𝒏 + 𝟏 − √𝒏
√𝒏+𝟏
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [(√𝒏 + 𝟏 + √𝒏) ]
∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝒏)
∫ =
𝟑 𝝅 √𝒏
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙

𝝅
∞
= 𝟐𝒕
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (∗) √𝒙
∫ =; (∗) : 𝝅
𝟑
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒𝒅𝒕
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( ) { 𝒙𝟐
√𝒙
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟒𝒅𝒕 𝟒 ∞ 𝒆−𝒕
𝛀= ∫ = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝝅 ∞ √𝒏 + 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝝅 𝟎 √𝒏𝒆−𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏
∞
𝟒 −𝒕
𝟒
=− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (√𝒏𝒆 + √𝟏 + 𝒏𝒆−𝟐𝒕 )| = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝒏 + √𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝝅 √𝒏 𝟎 𝝅√𝒏
∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

www.ssmrmh.ro
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝒏)
∫ =
𝟑 𝝅 √𝒏
𝟎
𝝅 √𝒙
√𝒏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )
√𝒙
1642. Prove that:

∞ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝝅√𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = −
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 ) 𝟐𝟒 𝟖
∞
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐 =𝒕
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 )
𝟏 ∞ 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎 (𝒕 − 𝟕𝒕 + 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕(𝟑 − 𝟐𝒕)𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 ∞ 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒕 𝟏 ∞ 𝒕+𝟑 𝒕−𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎 (𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕 + 𝟏)(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟗) 𝟖 𝟎 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟗 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 𝟑 ∞ 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒕
= ∫ ( 𝟐 − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝟐 + ∫ 𝟐 =
𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟗 𝒕 − 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟗 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝒕 − 𝒕 + 𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟗 𝟑 ∞ 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒕
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )| + ∫ 𝟐 + ∫ =
𝟏𝟔 𝒕 − 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(𝒕 + 𝟐) + 𝟒 (𝒕 − 𝟐) + 𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 −𝟏
𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 ∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅
=− + [𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )]| = − +
𝟖 𝟖√𝟑 𝟑√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟎
𝟖 𝟖√𝟑
Therefore,
∞
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝝅√𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = −
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 ) 𝟐𝟒 𝟖
Consider the closed line integral:
𝟏
𝑰=∮ 𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒛
𝑪𝟏 + 𝒛 + 𝒛

www.ssmrmh.ro
Where 𝑪 is a rectangle having vertices 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟏 + 𝒊𝑹, 𝟎 + 𝒊𝑹 traversed counter clockwise and
𝑹 approaches infinity. Hence,
𝟏
𝑰=∮ 𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒛 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟒 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝑪𝟏 + 𝒛 + 𝒛
𝟏 𝑹
𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒅𝒚
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
; 𝑰 𝟐 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 + (𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚) + (𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚)
𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒅𝒚
𝑰𝟑 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
; 𝑰 𝟒 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 + (𝒙 + 𝒊𝑹) + (𝒙 + 𝒊𝑹) 𝑹 𝟏 + (𝒊𝒚) + (𝒊𝒚)
Clearly the conditions for applying residuum is satisfied hence using the residue theorem
we get:
𝟏
𝑰 = 𝟐𝒊𝝅 ⋅ 𝒊𝝅
𝟐 (𝒆− 𝟑 − 𝟐)
Consider only the real part of 𝑰, we get:

𝝅
𝑹𝒆(𝑰) = ; (∗)
𝟐√𝟑
Now, we’ll evaluate the real parts of our 𝑰𝟏 , 𝑰𝟐 , 𝑰𝟑 , 𝑰𝟒 and then Equate with the real part of
𝑰. First note that
𝟎 𝑹
𝒊𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝑰𝟒 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
= −𝒊 ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
⇒ 𝑹𝒆(𝑰𝟒 ) = 𝟎; (𝒊)
𝑹 𝟏 + (𝒊𝒚) + (𝒊𝒚) 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚 +𝒚
Now, note that

𝟎 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
|𝑰𝟑 | = |∫ 𝟐 𝟒
| ≤ ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 + (𝒙 + 𝒊𝑹) + (𝒙 + 𝒊𝑹) 𝟎 |𝟏 + (𝒙 + 𝒊𝑹) + (𝒙 + 𝒊𝑹) |
Therefore, using properties of modulus and some manipulations it can be shown that 𝑰𝟑
vanishes as 𝑹 approaches infinity. Hence,
𝑹𝒆(𝑰𝟑 ) = 𝟎; (𝒊𝒊)
Now, using real methods we can easily evaluate 𝑰𝟏 ,
𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
√𝟑𝒙
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
= [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )]
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐√𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅
𝑹𝒆(𝑰𝟏 ) = 𝑰𝟏 = + ; (𝒊𝒊𝒊)
𝟒 𝟒√𝟑
www.ssmrmh.ro
Now, observe that
𝑹
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝑹𝒆(𝑰𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝑹→∞ 𝟎 (𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 )𝟐
∞
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑
=∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ; (𝒊𝒗)
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 )
By adding (𝒊), (𝒊𝒊), (𝒊𝒊𝒊), (𝒊𝒗) we get:
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝝅
+ =∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟖 𝟒√𝟑 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 ) 𝟐√𝟑
Therefore,
∞
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝝅√𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = −
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑) + (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 ) 𝟐𝟒 𝟖
1643. Prove that for 𝒏 ∈ ℕ
∞ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝟐−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
∞( ∞ (𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒙 − )
𝝅 𝟐𝒏
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒙=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 ( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟎 ( 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 ) 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝒚=𝟐𝒕− 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝒚 𝝅
= ∫ (𝟐𝒕 − ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒚𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( + ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 −𝝅 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒚𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒚 + )) 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒚𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟒 −𝝅 𝟐 𝟒 −𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
= ∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒏+𝟐
𝟒 −𝝅 𝟒 −𝝅 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟐 ⏟𝟐
=𝟎−𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Therefore,
∞(
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏
−𝟏
𝟐−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) 𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 ( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
∞ (𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝝅
∞(
𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏
𝒙)𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐) 𝒕=𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙−
𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 ( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟎 ( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
𝝅 𝒕 𝟐
𝝅 𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( − )) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 −𝝅 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 (𝝅 + 𝒕 ) + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝝅 𝒕 𝝅 𝒕
= ∫ 𝒕𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( + ) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( − )) 𝒅𝒕
𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒃
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) 𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝛀= ∫ 𝒕 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
Therefore,
∞(
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝟐−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) 𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 ( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
∞( ∞ 𝟐(
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 ( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐
𝝅
∞(
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝛀 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ( − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝝅
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ ( − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏 (−𝒅𝒙) = ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 −𝝅 𝟎
𝟐
𝝅 𝟐𝒏+𝟏
(𝟐) 𝟐−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) 𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
= =
𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
Therefore,
∞(
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝟐−(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) 𝝅𝟐𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 ( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
1644. Find:
∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙= 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
= (∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙) = (𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝑪),
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝝅𝟐
𝑨=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ = −
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒏−𝟏 ∫ 𝟐𝒏−𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒏
𝑩=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∑ ( −𝟏 ) 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ = −𝑮
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝝅𝟐
𝑪=∫ 𝟐
(
𝒅𝒙 = ∑ −𝟏 ) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ =−
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 (𝟐𝒏)𝟐 𝟒𝟖
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
Therefore,
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑮 𝝅𝟐
𝛀= (− +𝑮+ )= −
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Solution 2 Serlea Kabay-Liberia

∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟐 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
−
𝟏( 𝟐)
𝒙 − 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝒖=𝒙𝟒
𝟏 (𝒖 𝟐 − 𝒖−𝟒 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
=∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝟏−𝒖
∞
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝒏−𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝒏−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟏𝟔 𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏
𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏
∵ ∫ 𝒙𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −
𝟎 ( 𝒂 + 𝟏) 𝟐
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒𝛀=− (∑ 𝟐−∑ )=
𝟏𝟔 𝟑
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + )
𝟏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + )
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
=− (𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )) ; (∵ 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) = 𝝅𝟐 − 𝟖𝑮, 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) = )
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝑮 𝝅𝟐
𝛀= ( − 𝟖𝑮) = −
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Therefore,

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑮 𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = (− +𝑮+ )= −
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟐

∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟒
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟎
𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝑮
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)]𝟏𝟎 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐
𝟐
𝟑 𝑮 𝑮 𝝅
= − 𝜼(𝟐) + = −
𝟖 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑𝟐
∞ 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 −𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 =
𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒖)(𝟏 + 𝒖 )
𝟏
𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖−𝟏
= −∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = − ∫ ( − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒖)(𝟏 + 𝒖 ) 𝟐 𝟎 𝒖+𝟏 𝒖 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
= ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒖 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒖) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
= ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 ) 𝒅𝜶 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 (𝒗𝟏−𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒗 𝑮 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒛𝟏−𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛
= ∫ 𝒅𝒗 + − ∫ 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒗 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒛
𝟏 𝑮 𝟏
= [𝜻(𝟐) − 𝟑𝜻(𝟐)] + − [𝜻(𝟐) − 𝟑𝜻(𝟐)] =
𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝑮 𝟑 𝝅𝟐 𝑮 𝝅𝟐
= + (− ) = −
𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑𝟐
1645. Let 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ and 𝝀 ≥ 𝟎. Find:

𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧
Proposed by Marin Chirciu – Romania

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 1 by George Florin Serban-Romania
𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝑰=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙
𝝅
− 𝒙 = 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒚
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = ,𝒙 = ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 ( − 𝒚) + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( − 𝒚)
⇒ 𝑰 = −∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝝅 𝒏 𝝅 𝒏 𝝅
𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( − 𝒚) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( − 𝒚)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒚 + 𝝀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒚
𝟐
𝑰=∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
⇒ 𝟐𝑰 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙)
𝟐𝑰 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏
𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝟐
𝟐𝑰 = ∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝟎
𝝅
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐𝑰 = 𝒙|𝟎𝟐 = −𝟎 = ⇒𝑰 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
⇒∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟒
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 (𝒙)+𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐(𝒙)
𝑰 = ∫𝟎𝟐 𝒅𝒙 (1)
𝝀+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 (𝒙)+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 (𝒙)
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏(𝒙) + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝒙) 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝝀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝒙)
𝑰=∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙) 𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙)
𝒃 𝒃
(∵ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒃 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙)
𝒂 𝒂
Adding above equation with equation (1)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏(𝒙) + 𝝀(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝒙))
𝟐𝑰 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 (𝒙)
𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏(𝒙) + 𝝀 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝒙) 𝝅
𝑰=∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝝀 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙) 𝟒
1646. Find:
𝟏 √𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟑
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + √𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝟏
Proposed by Asliddin Egamberdiyev-Uzbekistan
𝟐
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 =𝒕⇒𝒙=( )
(∗) 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = ; (∗) : √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟏 + √𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟔𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕
{ ( 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 ) 𝟐
(∗) 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 𝟔𝒕𝟐 𝟑𝒕𝟐 𝟑𝒕𝟑 − 𝟑 + 𝟑
=∫ ⋅𝒕⋅ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 ( 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 ) 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝑨 𝑩𝒕 + 𝑪
= −𝒕 + 𝟑 ∫ 𝟐
= −𝒕 + 𝟑 ∫ ( + ) 𝒅𝒕
(𝟏 − 𝒕)(𝟏 + 𝒕 + 𝒕 ) 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐
𝑨 + 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑨𝒕𝟐 + 𝑩𝒕 + 𝑪 − 𝑩𝒕𝟐 − 𝑪𝒕 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑨 = 𝑩
𝑨 + 𝑩 − 𝑪 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟐𝑨 = 𝑪
𝟏 𝟐
𝑨 + 𝑪 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟑𝑨 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑨 = 𝑩 = ,𝑪 =
𝟑 𝟑
Hence, we have:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕+𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒕+𝟐
𝛀 = −𝒕 + 𝟑 ∫ ( ⋅ + ⋅ 𝟐
) 𝒅𝒕 = −𝒕 + ∫ +∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟑 𝟏−𝒕 𝟑 𝟏+𝒕+𝒕 𝟏−𝒕 𝒕 +𝒕+𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
= −𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒕| + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝟐 =
𝟐 𝒕 +𝒕+𝟏 𝟐 𝒕 +𝒕+𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
= −𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒕| + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏) + ∫ =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(𝒕 + 𝟐) + 𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑 𝟐√𝟑 𝟐√𝟑 𝟏
= −𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟏 − 𝒕| + ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( (𝒕 + )) + 𝑪 =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐
(∗) 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏
= √ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [(𝟏 − √ ) (( √ ) +√ + 𝟏)]
√𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐√𝟑 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ (√ + )] + 𝑪
𝟑 √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 =𝒙 𝒚+𝟏+𝒚−𝟏𝟑 𝒚−𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟏 + √𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏+𝒚 𝒚+𝟏
𝒚−𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝒚−𝟏 𝟒
=∫√ √
𝒅𝒚 + ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝛀𝟏 + 𝛀𝟒 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝒚+𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝒚−𝟏 𝟑
=𝒕
𝒚−𝟏
𝟑 𝒚+𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝛀𝟏 = ∫ √ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟔𝒕 ⋅ 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 = 𝟑
−𝟐∫
𝟑 𝒚+𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒕 ) 𝟏−𝒕 ⏟ 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑
=𝝎
Hence, we get:
𝟏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝛀𝟏 = − 𝝎, 𝝎 = ∫ = ∫
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝒕)(𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏)
Using partial decomposition, we have:
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
= + 𝟐
(𝟏 − 𝒕)(𝒕 + 𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒕 + 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
By solving system of equation, we get: 𝑨 = 𝑩 = 𝟑 , 𝑪 = 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟑
𝟑𝝎 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏−𝒕 𝒕 +𝒕+𝟏 𝒕 +𝒕+𝟏
𝒅𝒕
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝟏 − 𝒙| + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏| + 𝟑 ∫ 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 √𝟑
(𝒕 + 𝟐) + ( 𝟐 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐
𝟑
𝒙−𝟏 𝟑
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 (√√ ) + √√
𝟑
𝟐 √√ 𝟑
+𝟏
√𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟑
𝒙−𝟏
𝟑
𝟏 − √√ 𝒙−𝟏
𝟑
(𝟏 − √√ )
√𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏
(√ )
𝟐√𝟑 𝟐√𝟑 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏
− ( ⋅ (√ + √𝟑))
𝟑 𝟑 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 𝒂
Consider the integral 𝛀𝒂 = ∫ (𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙; ∀𝒂 ∈ ℝ − {−𝟏}. The recurrence relation of the
above integral is:

𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒂 𝒂
𝛀𝒂 = ⋅( ) + 𝛀
𝒂+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
𝟏
Put 𝒂 = 𝟑 in the above recurrence relation, we get
𝟒
𝟑( 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝟑
𝛀𝟏 = √ + 𝛀𝟒 ⇒ 𝛀𝟒 = 𝟒𝛀𝟏 − 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) ( )
𝟑 𝟒 𝒙+𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏
Therefore,
𝟐
𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏
𝛀=√ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [(𝟏 − √ ) (( √ ) +√ + 𝟏)]
√𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐√𝟑 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ (√ + )] + 𝑪
𝟑 √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐

√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏
= 𝒛𝟑 ⇒ √𝒙 = 𝟑
√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒛 −𝟏
𝟑 𝟐
( 𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝒙 = 𝟑 ⇒ =
( 𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟏 + √ 𝒙 𝟐𝒛𝟑
𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = [−𝟏𝟐𝒛𝟐 ⋅ 𝟑 ] 𝒅𝒛
{ ( 𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟐
𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝒛 ⋅ (−𝟏𝟐𝒛 ⋅ 𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 + √𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒛𝟑 ( 𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟑
𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏 ( 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟏) + 𝟐
= −𝟔 ∫(𝒛𝟑 − 𝟏) ⋅ ( ) 𝒅𝒛 = −𝟔 ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = −𝟔 ∫ 𝒅𝒛 =
( 𝒛 𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝟑 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏) − (𝒛 − 𝟏)(𝒛 + 𝟐)
= −𝟔𝒛 − 𝟔 ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = −𝟔𝒛 − 𝟔 [ ∫ 𝒅𝒛]
(𝒛 − 𝟏)(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟑 (𝒛 − 𝟏)(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏)
=
𝟐 𝟏 𝒛+𝟐
= −𝟔𝒛 − 𝟔 [ ∫ ( − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒛]
𝟑 𝒛−𝟏 𝒛 +𝒛+𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 ((𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏) + 𝟑)𝒅𝒛
= −𝟔𝒛 − 𝟔[ 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒛 − 𝟏| − ∫
𝟑 𝟑 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐√𝟑 √𝟑(𝒛 + 𝟏)
= −𝟔𝒛 − 𝟔 [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒛 − 𝟏| − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( + 𝑪)] =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
√𝟑(𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏)
= −𝟔𝒛 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒛 − 𝟏| + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 + 𝟏) − 𝟒√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+𝑪
𝟑
Therefore,
𝟐
𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 √𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏
𝛀=√ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [(𝟏 − √ ) (( √ ) +√ + 𝟏)]
√𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐√𝟑 𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ (√ + )] + 𝑪
𝟑 √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐
1647. Find:
𝟒
√𝒙 − 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 √𝒙
Proposed by Durmuş Ogmen-Turkiye
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝒚 = √𝟏 − ⇒ = 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙 =
√𝒙 √𝒙 ( 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝟐
Hence, we have:

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟒 𝟒
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝟏 − 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 √𝒙 𝟏 √𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
√𝟐 𝟏 𝒚 √𝟐 𝟏
=∫ 𝒚 𝒅( 𝟐 𝟐
)= 𝟐 𝟐
|√𝟐 − ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒚 ) (𝟏 − 𝒚 ) 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒚 )
𝟏 𝝅
√𝟐 𝟏 𝒚=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟒 𝟏
= 𝟐√𝟐 − ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐√𝟐 − ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒚 ) 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)
𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
= 𝟐√𝟐 − ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟐√𝟐 − ( 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽|)| =
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
√𝟐 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟐√𝟐 − ( + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Let: 𝟒√𝒙 = 𝒕 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟒 , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕
𝟒 √𝟐 √𝟐
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒕𝟐 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 √𝒙 𝟏 𝒕 𝟏
√𝟐
𝒕𝟒 𝒅𝒕 √𝟐
𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
= 𝟒∫ − 𝟒∫ = 𝛀𝟐 − 𝛀𝟏 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏
√𝟐
𝒕𝟒 𝒅𝒕 √𝟐 ′ √𝟐 √𝟐
𝛀𝟏 = 𝟒 ∫ = 𝟒∫ 𝒕 (√𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒𝒕√𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏| − 𝟒∫ √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
√𝟐
= 𝟒√𝟐 − 𝟒 ∫ √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒√𝟐 − 𝛀𝟏𝟏 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝟏
√𝟐 √𝟐
𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 √𝟐
𝒕𝟐 √𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝛀𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒 ∫ √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 − 𝟒 ∫ =
𝟏 𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
√𝟐
= 𝛀𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒕 + √𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)| = 𝛀𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟏
Hence, we have:
𝛀𝟏 = 𝟒√𝟐 − 𝛀𝟏 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + 𝟏) ⇒ 𝛀𝟏 = 𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + 𝟏)

www.ssmrmh.ro
√𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ′ √𝟐
𝛀𝟐 = 𝟒 ∫ = 𝟒∫ 𝒕𝟑 (√𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏| − 𝟒∫ 𝟑𝒕𝟐 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒕
𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=
√𝟐
𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕𝟐
= 𝟖√𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟖√𝟑 − 𝟑𝛀
𝟏 √𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏
Therefore,
𝟒
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟏 √𝒙 𝟐 𝟐

𝟒
√𝒙 − 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 √𝒙
√𝒙 − 𝟏 √𝒙=𝒚
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝑰 = ∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐√𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
√𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑰 = ∫ √𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ √(𝒚 − ) − ( ) 𝒅𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐
∵ ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
(𝟐√𝒙 − 𝟏)√√𝒙(√𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |√𝒙 − √√𝒙(√𝒙 − 𝟏)| + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
Therefore,
𝟒
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐 𝟏
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟏 √𝒙 𝟐 𝟐

Let √𝒙 = 𝒕 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 = (𝒕 + 𝟏)𝟐 , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐(𝒕 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒕; (∗)
𝟒 𝟏( 𝟏
√𝒙 − 𝟏 (∗) 𝒕 + 𝟏) √ 𝒕
𝛀=∫ √ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∫ √𝒕(𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 √𝒙 𝟎 √𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟑
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒕+ =𝒖
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
√
= 𝟐 ∫ (𝒕 + ) − 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∫ √𝒖𝟐 − 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝟐
𝟑
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑√𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= [𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒖 + √𝒖𝟐 − )| = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( + √𝟐) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟑√𝟐 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐)
𝟐 𝟒
1648. Solve the integral for 𝒄, if 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄
∞ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟒 𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 =𝝅
𝟎 𝒙 + 𝒙 √𝒙
Solution by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan
Let’s start with this integral
∞ ∞ 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ =
𝟎 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟓
𝟏 ∞ 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
⏟𝟏 − 𝒙𝟓 𝟏
⏟𝟏 − 𝒙𝟓
𝒙𝟓 →𝒙 𝟏
𝒙→
𝒙
𝒏−𝟒 𝒏−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 𝟓 −𝒙 𝟓 𝒙−𝒏 − 𝒙−(𝒏+𝟏) 𝟏
= (∫ 𝒅𝒙) + ∫ ⋅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙
−𝒏−𝟐 −𝒏−𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝒙 𝟓 −𝒙 𝟓
= (𝝍 ( ) −𝝍( )+∫ 𝒅𝒙)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 −𝒏 + 𝟒 −𝒏 + 𝟑
= (𝝍 ( )− 𝝍( )+ 𝝍( )− 𝝍( ))
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐
= (𝝍 ( )−𝝍( ) + 𝝍 (𝟏 − ) − 𝝍 (𝟏 − ))
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚
𝝍(𝟏 − 𝒙) − 𝝍(𝒙) = 𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝝅𝒙 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒚−𝒙)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐
𝝅 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝟓 𝝅) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝟓 𝝅)
= (𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅)) = ⋅ 𝝅
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝟓 )
∞
𝒙𝒏 𝝅 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐
∫ 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅))
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝟓 ) 𝟓 𝟓
∞ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝛀 = ∫𝟎 = 𝝅 and 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄
𝒙𝟒 +𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏 √𝒙
𝟑 𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒂∫ 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + 𝒃 ∫ 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 +
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝟏
𝒙− 𝟐
∞
+𝒄 ∫ 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝝅 𝟕 𝟑 𝝅
𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅)) + 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( )) +
⏟ 𝟐 𝟓 ⏟ 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝟑 𝝅
+𝒄 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 (
) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝝅)) = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( )
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝟓
𝝅
𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝟓 ) √𝟓 − 𝟐√𝟓 𝟓
𝒄= = ⇒𝒄=
𝝅 𝟑 𝟐 + √𝟓
𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 (𝟐 + √𝟓) (√𝟓 − 𝟐√𝟓)
⏟ (𝟏𝟎) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 (𝟏𝟎 𝝅)
√𝟓
1649. If 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then:

𝒃𝟏 𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
−𝟏
∫ ( ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) =
𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
𝒃
𝒃 𝒅𝒙
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )| = ∫
𝒂 𝒂 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
We must to prove:

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
≥ , ∀𝒙 > 0
𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − , 𝒙 > 0 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒇′ (𝒙) = > 0, ∀𝑥 > 0
√𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙
⇒ 𝒇 ↗ and 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) > 0, ∀𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ≥ , ∀𝒙 > 0.
√𝟏+𝒙𝟐
Therefore,
𝒃
𝟏 𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
∫ ( ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 < 𝑥, ∀𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) < 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒙 < 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ⇒
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )> , 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
√𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐
−𝟏
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙> ⇒ ≥ , ∀𝒙 > 0; (𝟏)
√𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
Integrating both sides w.r.t. 𝒙 from 𝒂 to 𝒃, it follows
𝒃 𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒃
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≥ ∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )| =
𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 √𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟐 𝒂
𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
Therefore,
𝒃
𝟏 𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
∫ ( ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
′ 𝒙
𝟏+
(𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
= = = (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙)′
𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − ′(
, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒇 𝒙) = ≥ 𝟎, ∀𝒙 > 0
√𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒇 ↗ (𝟎, ∞) ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, ∀𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
≥ , ∀𝒙 > 0
𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒃
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≥ ∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )| =
𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 √𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟐 𝒂
𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
Therefore,
𝒃
𝟏 𝒃 + √𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
∫ ( ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + √𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
1650. Prove that:
∞ 𝒏 𝟑
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝚪( ) 𝝅 𝟐
∑ ⋅ 𝟐 =
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝚪( )
𝟐
where 𝚪(𝒙) −is Gamma function.
∞ 𝒏 ∞ 𝒏 𝟏 ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝚪( ) 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
𝛀=∑ ⋅ 𝟐 = ∑ ⋅ = ∑ 𝑩( , )
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟐 ) √𝝅 𝒏=𝟏 𝚪( 𝟐 ) √𝝅 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝝅 𝝅 ∞
𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒙
𝛀= ∑ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (∑ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
√𝝅 𝒏 𝟎 √𝝅 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝑰
⏞𝝅 𝒙 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 +
𝟐𝒕
𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒕=𝐭𝐚𝐧( )
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒕 𝟐 ) 𝟐𝒅𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ =
√𝝅 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟎
𝟐𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∑ − ∑
𝟎 𝒕 𝒏𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ 𝟑
𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝑰= ∑ = ⇒ 𝛀 = ⋅ =
𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟖 √𝝅 𝟖 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
Therefore,
∞ 𝒏 𝟑
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝝅𝟐
∑ ⋅ =
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝚪( 𝟐 )
𝒏𝟐 −𝒏+𝟏
1651. Given 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒖𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒖𝒏 ; ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗. Find:
𝒏𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 .
𝒏→∞
Proposed by Minh Vu-Vietnam

Solution by Amrit Awasthi-India
𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒖𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒖𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒖𝒏 ⇒ = ; 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒏𝟐 𝒖𝒏 𝒏𝟐
𝒖𝒏 𝒖𝒏 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝒏 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒖𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟏
𝒏
𝒖𝒏 𝒖𝒏−𝟏 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌 + 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ⋅…⋅ ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒖𝒏−𝟏 𝒖𝒏−𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒌𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 √𝟑𝒊 𝟏 √𝟑𝒊
𝒏 (𝒌 − 𝟐 − 𝟐 ) (𝒌 − 𝟐 + 𝟐 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒌⋅𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 √𝟑𝒊 𝟏 √𝟑𝒊
𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 ) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 )
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏 √𝟑𝒊 𝟏 √𝟑𝒊
𝚪( − )𝚪( + )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√𝟑𝝅 √𝟑𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟐 )
𝟏 √𝟑𝒊 𝟏 √𝟑𝒊 𝟏
= ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝟐− 𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏−𝟏 ⋅ 𝒏𝟐+ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏−𝟏 ) = ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝝅 𝒏→∞ 𝝅 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
Therefore,
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 = 𝟎.
𝒏→∞

www.ssmrmh.ro
1652. Given (𝒙𝒏 ) such that:
𝒏𝟑 − 𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 , ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗
𝒏𝟑
Find:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏
𝒏→∞
Proposed by Minh Vu-Vietnam

Note that
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅ ⋅
𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
This implies
𝒏
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒌𝟑
𝒌=𝟏
Now follow that for large “n” (𝒏 ≥ 𝟐)

𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏 ≤ 𝟑𝒏𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒏𝟑 − 𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏𝟑
−𝟑𝒏 + 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏 ≤ 𝟎 → 𝒏 − 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏 ≤ 𝒏 → ≤𝟏
𝒏𝟑
This implies that
𝒏
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒌𝟑
𝒌=𝟏
Hence we have
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏→∞
Solution 2 by Supriyo Halder-India

We have 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏 and,
𝒏
𝒏𝟑 − 𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 = ∏ 𝒇(𝒊)
𝒏𝟑
𝒊=𝟏
𝒊𝟑 −𝟑𝒊𝟐 +𝟒𝒊+𝟏
where 𝒇(𝒊) = 𝒊𝟑

www.ssmrmh.ro
Now for sufficiently large 𝒊, 𝟎 < 𝑓(𝒊) < 1. So, (𝒙𝒏 ) is ultimately decreasing sequence of
positive numbers. So, it must converges. Note that,
(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏𝟑 − 𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏𝟒 − 𝟐𝒏𝟑 + 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟓𝒏 + 𝟏 ≤ 𝒏𝟒
for sufficiently large 𝒏
𝒏𝟑 −𝟑𝒏𝟐 +𝟒𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
⇒ ≤ 𝒏+𝟏, for 𝒏 ≥ 𝒌, 𝒌 ∈ ℕ
𝒏𝟑
𝒏 ∞
𝒌
⇒ ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝒌, ∏ 𝒇(𝒊) ≤ ⇒ ∏ 𝒇 (𝒊 ) = 𝟎
𝒏+𝟏
𝒊=𝒌 𝒊=𝟏
Hence,
𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ 𝒇(𝒊) = 𝟎

𝒊=𝟏
1653. Prove that the following relationship holds:

∞
𝑭𝟐𝒏 𝑯𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
∑ = (𝑳𝒊 𝟐 ( − 𝟏) − 𝑳𝒊 𝟐 (−𝟏 − ))
𝟒𝒏 𝒏 √𝟓 √𝟓 √𝟓
𝒏=𝟏
where 𝑭𝒏 , 𝑯𝒏 and 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒙) are 𝒏𝒕𝒉 Fibonacci, Harmonic number and
dilogarithm function respectively.
Solution by Lucas Paes Barreto-Pernambuco-Brazil
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑭𝟐𝒏 𝑯𝒏 𝟏 𝝋𝒏 − (−𝝋)𝒏 𝟏 𝝋𝟐𝒏 (−𝝋)−𝟐𝒏
∑ 𝒏 = ∑ 𝑯𝒏 = {∑ 𝑯 − ∑ 𝑯𝒏 } =
𝟒 𝒏 √𝟓 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 √𝟓 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟒𝒏 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝝋𝟐 𝟏 𝝋𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= {𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − ) − 𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( 𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − )} ; (𝟏)
√𝟓 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝝋 𝟐 𝟒𝝋𝟐
𝟏 𝝋𝟐 𝝋𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= {𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) + [−𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) − 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − )] − 𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( )
√𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝝋𝟐 𝟒𝝋𝟐
𝟏− 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
+ [𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) + 𝑳𝒊 𝟐 (𝟏 − )]} =
𝟒𝝋𝟐 𝟏
𝟏−
𝟒𝝋𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= {−𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − ) + 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − )} ; (𝟐)
√𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏− 𝟏−
𝟒𝝋𝟐 𝟒𝝋𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= {−𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝟐 − ) + 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝟐 +
)} =
√𝟓 √𝟓 √𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= {−𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝟏 − ) + 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝟏 + )}
√𝟓 √𝟓 √𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏) : − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏 − )
𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 + √𝟓
( 𝟐) : 𝝋 =
𝟐
1654. Let 𝒇 be a class 𝑪𝟑 function defined on [𝟎, 𝟏] such that:
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 𝟏 𝒌 𝒌
𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝒙𝒇′(𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒 ∑ (𝒇′ ( ) + 𝟐𝒏𝒇 ( ))
𝟎 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏=𝟎
𝑨 𝑩 𝟏
𝑰𝒏 = + + 𝑶 ( )
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟒
Find 𝑨 and 𝑩.
Proposed by Serlea Kabay-Liberia
Solution by proposer
We have:
𝟏
𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 ′ 𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇( 𝒙 )| 𝟎 − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟎
𝟏
𝒏 𝒇(𝟎) 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝒏 𝟎
𝒏−𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌 𝒌
𝑰𝒏 = 𝟐 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒 ∑ (𝒇′ ( ) + 𝟐𝒏𝒇 ( )) =
𝒏 𝒏 𝟎 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏−𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒌 𝒌
= 𝟐 − 𝟐 [∑ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∑ (𝒇′ ( ) + 𝟐𝒏𝒇 ( ))]
𝒏 𝒏 𝒌 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏 𝒌=𝟎
Let 𝒇 = 𝒈′ ⇒ 𝒈 = ∫ 𝒇, then

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏−𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) 𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌
𝑰𝒏 = 𝟐
− 𝟐 [∑ (𝒈 ( ) − 𝒈 ( ) − 𝒈′ ( ) − 𝟐 𝒈′′ ( ))]
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
Using the Taylor Lagrange Inequality,

𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌
|𝒈 ( ) − 𝒈 ( ) − 𝒈′ ( ) − 𝟐 𝒈′′ ( ) − 𝟑 𝒈(𝟑) ( )| =
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏
𝟑 𝒌
𝒌+𝟏 𝒈(𝒊) (𝒏) 𝟏 𝒊 𝑴 𝒌+𝟏 𝒌
= |𝒈 ( )−∑ ( )|≤ 𝟒
, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝑴 = 𝐬𝐮𝐩 |𝒈(𝟒) (𝒙) |, ∀𝒙 ∈ [ , ]
𝒏 𝒊! 𝒏 𝟐𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏
Therefore,
𝟑 𝒌
𝒌+𝟏 𝒈(𝒊) (𝒏) 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏
|𝒈 ( )−∑ ( ) | = 𝑶 ( 𝟒)
𝒏 𝒊! 𝒏 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏
𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏
𝒈( ) − 𝒈 ( ) − 𝒈′ ( ) − 𝟐 𝒈′′ ( ) − 𝟑 𝒈(𝟑) ( ) = 𝑶 ( 𝟒 )
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 ′ 𝒌 𝟏 ′′ 𝒌 𝟏 (𝟑) 𝒌 𝟏
𝒈( )− 𝒈( ) − 𝒈 ( ) − 𝟐 𝒈 ( ) = 𝟑
𝒈 ( ) + 𝑶 ( 𝟒)
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
Now,
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒇 ( 𝟎) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌
𝑰𝒏 = 𝟐 − 𝟐 ∑ ( 𝟑 𝒈(𝟑) ( ) + 𝑶 ( 𝟒 )) = 𝟐 − 𝟒 ⋅ ∑ 𝒈(𝟑) ( )
𝒏 𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝒇 ( 𝟎) 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒈′′ (𝒙)|𝟏𝟎 + 𝑶 ( 𝟒 )
𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏
𝒇(𝟏) 𝒇′ (𝟏) − 𝒇′ (𝟎) 𝟏
𝑰𝒏 = 𝟐 − 𝟒
+ 𝑶 ( 𝟒)
𝒏 𝟔𝒏 𝒏
𝟏
Therefore, 𝑨 = 𝒇(𝟏), 𝑩 = 𝟔 [𝒇 (𝟏) − 𝒇′ (𝟎)]
′
1655. Prove that:

∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙) 𝟏 𝝅(𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝟏 𝝅(𝒂 − 𝒃)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( ))
𝟎 𝒙(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝒑𝒙)) 𝟐 𝟐𝒑 𝟐 𝟐𝒑
Proposed by George Moses-Nigeria

𝒂𝒙 𝒃𝒙
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒑)
∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙) 𝒙=𝒑𝒙 𝒑
𝛀= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝒑𝒙)) 𝟎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂−𝒃
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (
𝒑 )𝒙 ∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (
𝟏 𝒑 )𝒙 𝟏
= (∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙) = (𝑨 + 𝑩)
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝟐
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (
𝒑 )𝒙 𝒌= ∞
𝒑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙)
𝑨=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
∞ ∞ 𝒊𝒌𝒙 ∞ −𝒙(𝟏−𝒊𝒌)
𝒅𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒌𝒙) 𝒆 + 𝒆−𝒊𝒌𝒙 𝒆 + 𝒆−𝒙(𝟏+𝒊𝒌)
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒅𝒌 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝟎 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝟏−𝒊𝒌 𝟏+𝒊𝒌
∞
𝒆−𝒙(𝟏−𝒊𝒌) + 𝒆−𝒙(𝟏+𝒊𝒌) 𝒕=𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟏
∞
𝒕 𝟐 −𝟏 + 𝒕 𝟐 −𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒕
∞ 𝒏−𝟏
𝒕 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
∵∫ 𝒅𝒕 = {𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )}
𝟎 𝟏+𝒕 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝑨 𝟏 𝟑 − 𝒊𝒌 𝟏 + 𝒊𝒌 𝟑 + 𝒊𝒌 𝟏 − 𝒊𝒌
= [𝝍 ( )− 𝝍( )+ 𝝍( )− 𝝍( )] =
𝒅𝒌 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝒊𝒌𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝒊𝒌𝝅 𝝅 𝒊𝒌𝝅 𝝅 𝒌𝝅
= 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( + ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( − ) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 ( ) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 ( )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌𝝅 𝒌𝝅
𝝅 𝒌 𝝅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒕 𝒖=𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒕
𝑨 = ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒕
𝒌𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡( )
𝒅𝒖𝟐
−𝟏
𝒌𝝅 −𝟏
𝝅(𝒂 + 𝒃)
=∫ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( ))
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒑
Hence,
𝝅(𝒂 + 𝒃)
𝑩 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( ))
𝟐𝒑
Therefore,
∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙) 𝟏 𝝅(𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝟏 𝝅(𝒂 − 𝒃)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( ))
𝟎 𝒙(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝒑𝒙)) 𝟐 𝟐𝒑 𝟐 𝟐𝒑
1656. Prove that for 𝒂 > 𝟏, the following relationship holds

∞ 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) 𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≅ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − + ( − )−
𝟏 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟖√𝟑 𝟖 𝟔𝒂√𝟑 𝟑𝒂𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐√𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
− ( − − ) + ( − ) − +
𝟓𝒂𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝟐 𝟒 𝟕𝒂𝟕 𝟔√𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒂𝟗

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
+ 𝟗( − )− ( − − )+⋯
𝟗𝒂 𝟗 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 𝟒
Solution by Surjeet Singhania-India
𝝅 𝟏
For every 𝒂 > 𝟏 and 𝒙 ∈ (𝟏, ∞) it is known that 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙)
∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒛𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝟎< < 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒛) = ∑ , 𝐟𝐨𝐫 |𝒛| < 𝟏
𝒂𝒙 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) 𝝅 ∞ 𝒙𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 ∞
𝒙𝟑−𝟐𝒏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∑ ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) ⏟𝟎 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
𝑰𝒏
∞
𝒙𝟑−𝟐𝒏 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙−𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑
𝟏 (𝟎) 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
𝑰𝒏 = 𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍(𝟎) ( )
𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
Also,
∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅
∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = +
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟒 𝟒√𝟑
∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒙 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
∞
𝝅 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + − ∑ 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝝍(𝟎) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟎) ( ))
𝟖 𝟖√𝟑 𝟔 𝒂 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
Therefore,
∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) 𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅
∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ≅ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − + 𝟑( − )−
𝟏 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟖√𝟑 𝟖 𝟔𝒂√𝟑 𝟑𝒂 𝟒 𝟏𝟐√𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
− 𝟓
( − − )+ 𝟕( − )− +
𝟓𝒂 𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝟐 𝟒 𝟕𝒂 𝟔√𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒂𝟗
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
+ ( − ) − ( − − )+⋯
𝟗𝒂𝟗 𝟗 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ 𝒙√𝒙
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙, 𝒂 > 𝟎
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙)
∞ ∞
𝒙√𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ =
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙)
𝟐
𝟎 √𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝒙 + 𝒂)
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂−𝒙 𝟏
= ∫ ( + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟎 √𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒙
∞
𝟏 𝒂 √𝒙 𝟏
= ∫ ( − + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟎 √𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙(𝒂 + 𝒙)
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟐𝒂 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐
∫ 𝟒
− 𝟐
∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ =
𝟏+𝒂 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒂 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒂 𝟎 𝒂 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
𝟐𝒂 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 𝟐 ∞
𝒅𝒙
= ⋅ ∫ − ⋅ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ =
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )√𝒂 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟑 𝟏
𝒂 𝝅 𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝝅
= 𝟐
⋅ 𝝅 − 𝟐
⋅ + =
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒂 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐( 𝟏 + 𝒂 ) 𝟏 √𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )
𝟒
𝝅𝒂 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅(𝒂 − 𝟏) 𝝅
= − + = + =
√𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) √𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) √𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) √𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) √𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )
𝝅√𝒂(𝒂 − 𝟏) + √𝟐𝝅 𝝅
= = (𝒂(𝒂 − 𝟏) + √𝟐𝒂)
𝟐
√𝟐𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒂 ) 𝒂√𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝒙 √𝒙 𝒙= 𝟏
𝒖
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙) 𝟑 𝟏 𝒂
𝟎 𝒙 √𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒙
∞
𝒅𝒙
=∫
𝟎 √𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒂 + 𝒙)
𝟏 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏
= − +
(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙) (𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝒂)

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝛀= 𝟐 (𝒂 ∫ − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ )=
𝒂 +𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 √𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟐
𝟎 √𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 √𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒂)
𝟏
= (𝒂𝛀𝟏 − 𝛀𝟐 + 𝛀𝟑 ), 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝒂𝟐 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
∞
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒖=𝒚𝟒 𝟏 ∞ 𝒚𝟒−𝟏
𝒙=𝒖𝟐
∞
𝝅√𝟐
𝛀𝟏 = ∫ = 𝟐 ∫ 𝟒
= ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒖 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟐
𝟐
𝟎 √𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏
∞
𝟏 ∞ 𝒚𝟐+𝟒−𝟏
𝒙 𝝅√𝟐
𝒙=𝒖𝟐
𝛀𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐
𝟎 √𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟐
𝝅
∞ ∞
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝒖=√𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝜽 𝟐√ 𝒂 𝟐 𝝅√𝒂
𝛀𝟑 = ∫ = 𝟐∫ 𝟐
= ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 √𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒂) 𝟎 𝒂+𝒖 𝒂 𝟎 𝒂
Therefore,
𝝅 √𝒂
𝛀= (√𝟐 ( 𝒂 − 𝟏 ) + )
𝟐(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒂

∞ ∞
𝒙√𝒙 𝒙=𝒖𝟐 𝟐𝒖𝟒
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙) 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 (𝒖 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒖 )
𝒖𝟒 𝑨𝒖𝟐 + 𝑩 𝑪
𝟒 𝟐
= 𝟒
+ ⇒ 𝒖𝟒 = 𝒖𝟒 (𝒂𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝒖𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝒂𝑩) + 𝑩 + 𝑪
(𝒖 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒖 ) 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒂𝒖𝟐
𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
⇒𝑨= 𝟐
;𝑩 = − 𝟐
;𝑪 =
𝟏+𝒂 𝟏+𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
∞
𝑨𝒖𝟐 + 𝑩 𝑪
⇒ 𝛀 = 𝟐∫ ( 𝟒
+ ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒂𝒖𝟐
∞ ∞
𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝟐𝑪 ∞ 𝒅(√𝒂𝒖)
= 𝟐𝑨 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 + 𝟐𝑩 ∫ + ∫ 𝟐 =
𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟒
𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏 √𝒂 𝟎 𝟏 + (√𝒂𝒖)
∞
= 𝑨𝛀𝟏 + 𝑩𝛀𝟐 + 𝟐𝑪 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒂𝒖)|𝟎 =
= 𝑨𝛀𝟏 + 𝑩𝛀𝟐 + 𝟐𝑪 [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒂𝒖) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟎] = 𝑨𝛀𝟏 + 𝑩𝛀𝟐 + 𝝅𝑪

𝒖→∞
∞ ∞( 𝟐 ∞
𝟐𝒅𝒖 𝒖 + 𝟏) − (𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
𝛀𝟐 = ∫ = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ ( 𝟒 − ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝟏 + 𝒖−𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒖−𝟐
=∫ ( 𝟐 − ) 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖−𝟐
∞ ∞
𝟏 + 𝒖−𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒖−𝟐
=∫ 𝟐 −𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝟐 −𝟐 − 𝟐
𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖 −𝟐+𝒖 𝟎 𝒖 +𝟐+𝒖
∞ ∞
𝒅(𝒖 − 𝒖−𝟏 ) 𝒅(𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 )
=∫ 𝟐 −∫ 𝟐 =
𝟎 (𝒖 − 𝒖−𝟏 )𝟐 + (√𝟐) 𝟎 (𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 )𝟐 − (√𝟐)
∞ ∞
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒖 − 𝒖−𝟏 𝟏 𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 − √𝟐
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )| − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | || =
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒖 −𝟏 + √𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝒖 − 𝒖−𝟏 𝒖 − 𝒖−𝟏
= [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )] −
√𝟐 𝒏→∞ √𝟐 𝒏→𝟎 + √𝟐
𝟏 𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 − √𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 − √𝟐 𝝅
− [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |] ⇒ 𝛀𝟐 =
𝟐√𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 + √𝟐 𝒏→𝟎+ 𝒖 + 𝒖−𝟏 + √𝟐 √𝟐
∞ ∞( 𝟐 ∞ 𝟐 ∞ 𝟐
𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒖 + 𝟏) + (𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒖 +𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒖 + ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒖 +𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 𝒂 − 𝟏 + √𝟐
⇒ 𝛀𝟏 = ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝑨𝛀𝟏 + 𝑩𝛀𝟐 + 𝝅𝑪 = ⋅
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐
Therefore,
𝝅 √𝒂
𝛀= (√𝟐 ( 𝒂 − 𝟏 ) + )
𝟐(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒂
1658. Prove that:

𝟐𝝅
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟒𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟎
Proposed by Surjeet Singhania-India

𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅
= 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 − 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽
𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
⇒ 𝟐𝛀 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎𝟐 − 𝟔𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟖𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏𝟎 + 𝟖
= 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 = 𝟒𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝜽=𝟐𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟒 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅
𝟐
= 𝟒 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
𝝅
𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
∵ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟎 𝟐
𝟐+𝟒
𝛀 = 𝟒𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝟒𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟐
Therefore,
𝟐𝝅
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟒𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟎
1659. 𝒇(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 , 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. Find:

𝝅
𝟑
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟔
Proposed by Neculai Stanciu-Romania

𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) = + = + =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
= ⇒ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) = +𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝟑 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟔 𝟔

www.ssmrmh.ro
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝟐 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒕 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ (𝟏 + − ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟑
= (𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒕))|𝟏𝟐 =
𝟐
√𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟕 √𝟑 𝟏
= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝒇(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = +
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒇( ) = + ⇒ 𝒇( 𝒙 ) = + =
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝝅 √𝟑
𝟑 𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝟏
𝟔 𝟐
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝟏 + 𝟐
− ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟕 𝟐√𝟑 − 𝟐
= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 + √𝟑
Solution 3 by Myagmasuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) = ( )
⇒𝒇 𝒕 = ; (∗)
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝟑 𝟑
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) =
𝝅 𝝅
𝟔 𝟔
√𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟐
=∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√𝟑
√𝟑
𝟐 𝟐𝒕 𝟐 𝟐) −𝟏 )| 𝟐
=∫ (𝟏 + − ) 𝒅𝒕 = ( 𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕 − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕 𝟏 =
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒕 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝟐
𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
√𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟕 𝟐
= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟓√𝟑 − 𝟕)
𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟑
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝒇(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = + =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
= ⇒ 𝒇( 𝒙 ) = = 𝟏 +
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒇(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟔 𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
𝟑 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟔 𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
𝝅
𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙|𝝅𝟑 +∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝝅 𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟔 𝟐−
𝟔
𝟐 𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
√𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟑 𝒅(𝟑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) 𝟑 𝒅(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
= +∫ − 𝟐∫ =
𝟐 𝝅 𝟑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟔 𝟔
𝝅
√𝟑 − 𝟏
= + (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙))|𝝅𝟑 =
𝟐 𝟔
√𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟕 √𝟑 𝟏
= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
1660. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 ≤ 𝟏 then:

𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒙
𝒃
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ≤ ∫ 𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 +𝟑 𝟑 𝒂 𝒙+𝒙

𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃]𝟑 , 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 ≤ 𝟏 and 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒕 =
= 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕 + 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒕 ≥ 𝟎 in [𝟎, 𝟏] and 𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝟏
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝒛 𝟐 + 𝟏 ≥ 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒛 + 𝒛 ⇒

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏
≤ 𝒙
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 + 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝒛𝒛 + 𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∵ (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) ( + + ) ≥ 𝟗 ⇒ ≤ + + , ∀𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 𝟎
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝟗𝒂 𝟗𝒃 𝟗𝒄
Hence, we have:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≤ + +
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟗 ( 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒙 ) 𝟗( 𝒚𝒚 + 𝒚) 𝟗( 𝒛 𝒛 + 𝒛 )
and then
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
≤ ∫ ∫ ∫ + ∫ ∫ ∫ +
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 +𝟑 𝟗 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟗 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒚𝒚 + 𝒚
𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒚 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒛
+ ∫ ∫ ∫ = ∫ 𝒙 + ∫ 𝒚 + ∫ 𝒛
𝟗 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒛𝒛 + 𝒛 𝟗 𝒂 𝒙 +𝒙 𝟗 𝒂 𝒚 +𝒚 𝟗 𝒂 𝒛 +𝒛
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒙
=𝟑⋅ ∫ 𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙
𝟗 𝒂 𝒙 +𝒙 𝟑 𝒂 𝒙 +𝒙
Therefore,
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
∫ ∫ ∫ ≤ ∫
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟑 𝒂 𝒙+𝒙
𝒙
1661. Find:
(𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
Proposed by Dang Le Gia Khanh-Vietnam
(𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 (𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟑𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ≅ 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝟓𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
𝒆 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙
≅ 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒙
𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ =𝟑 ⋅ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 → 𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Therefore,
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙
Hence,
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒆𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙) − 𝟏 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒆𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ⋅ − ⋅ 𝟓) =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒙 𝟓𝒙
= 𝟏 ⋅ 𝟑 − 𝟓 = −𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟑𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒙 + ⋯ ) (𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 + ⋯ )
𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) = = =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙𝟐
𝟑
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯ 𝟑
= = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟒 )
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯
Thus,
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒
(𝒆𝟑𝒙−𝟐𝒙 +𝒐(𝒙 ) − 𝒆𝟓𝒙 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟑 ))
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
(𝟏 + (𝟑𝒙 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟐 )) − (𝟏 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟐 ))) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟑 ))

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
(−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟐 )) (𝒙 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟑 )) −𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒐(𝒙𝟑 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
Solution 4 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝒙
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟑𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒆𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ⋅ (𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 )=
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)⋅𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙−𝟏 𝒆𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏 ⋅ (𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝟓 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 )=
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟓𝒙
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
= 𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝟓 = 𝟑 − 𝟓 = −𝟐.
𝒙→𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
1662. Find:
𝒏
𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏

(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌 𝒏−𝒌+𝟏 𝟏
= ≤ , ∀𝒌 ≤ 𝒏
𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌 𝒌[(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏] 𝒌
Hence,
(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌 𝑯𝒌
𝟎≤ 𝟐
≤
𝒌 ( 𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝒌 𝒌
and then
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌 𝟏 𝑯𝒌
𝟎≤ ∑ 𝟐
≤ ∑
𝒏 𝒌 ( 𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝒌 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝑯𝒌 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ≅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ = 𝟎; (∵ 𝑯𝒏 ≅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
𝒏
𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌 ( 𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏

(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝟏 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝒏, 𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝒂𝒌 = = =
𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌 ((𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒌
𝒏−𝒌+𝟏 𝑯𝒌 𝟏 𝟏
= ⋅ < ⋅ 𝟏 =
( 𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒌 𝒏−𝒌+𝟏 𝒏−𝒌+𝟏
Hence,
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 < ∑ 𝒂𝒌 < ∑ = ∑
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏−𝒌+𝟏 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝑳.𝑪−𝑺
𝐀𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
By the sandwich theorem, we get

𝒏
𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝑯𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌 ( 𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
1663. Find:
𝟐𝒌
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏𝒌 ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝟏 + 𝒏𝒌 )
𝛀(𝒌) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ( 𝒌 − 𝒌 ) , 𝒌 ∈ ℕ∗
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟏+𝒏
Proposed by Ovidiu Gabriel Dinu-Romania
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒂 = 𝒏𝒌 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝟏], 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒇′ (𝒙) = −
𝒙 𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐
By the Lagrange’s mean value theorem, we have:
𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇′ (𝒂 + 𝜽) for some 𝜽 ∈ (𝟎, 𝟏).
Hence,
www.ssmrmh.ro
−𝟏 (𝒏𝒌 ) −𝟏 (𝟏 𝒌)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝒏 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)
𝒏𝟐𝒌 ( − ) = 𝒏𝟐𝒌
( − )
𝒏𝒌 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒌 (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)[𝟏 + (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)𝟐 ] (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)𝟐
Taking limit as 𝒏 → ∞, we get:
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏𝒌 ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒏𝒌 )
𝛀(𝒌) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝟐𝒌 ( − )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝒌 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒌
𝟐𝒌
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ( 𝒌 − )=
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝜽)[𝟏 + (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)𝟐 ] (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽)𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏𝒌 + 𝜽) 𝝅
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (− 𝒌
⋅ 𝟐 + 𝟐 )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 +𝜽 𝟏 𝜽 𝜽 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 + (𝟏 + 𝒌 ) (𝟏 + 𝒌 )
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
1664. For all 𝒌 ∈ ℕ∗ let 𝑺(𝒌) be the 𝒌𝒕𝒉 term in the sequence
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟗, 𝟕𝟎, 𝟏𝟔𝟗, 𝟒𝟎𝟖, 𝟗𝟖𝟓, 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟖, …
Then prove the following summations
∞
𝑺(𝒏) 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐)
∑ =
𝒏! √𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝑺(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟔 + √𝟑 √𝟔 − √𝟑
∑ = ( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − √𝒆√𝟐−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐))
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆√𝟐+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏

Solution 1 by Ahmed Yacoube Chach-Mauritania
𝑺(𝟏) = 𝟏; 𝑺(𝟐) = 𝟐
{
𝑺(𝒏 + 𝟐) = 𝟐𝑺(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝑺(𝒏)
𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 equation associate of 𝑺(𝒏) = 𝜶(𝟏 + √𝟐) + 𝜷(𝟏 − √𝟐) and from
𝒏 𝒏
(𝟏+√𝟐) −(𝟏−√𝟐)
initial conditions, we get: 𝑺(𝒏) = 𝟐√𝟐
∞ ∞ 𝒏 ∞ 𝒏
𝑺(𝒏) 𝟏 (𝟏 + √𝟐) (𝟏 − √𝟐)
∑ = (∑ −∑ )=
𝒏! 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏+√𝟐 𝟏−√𝟐
𝒆 𝒆√𝟐 − 𝒆−√𝟐 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐)
= (𝒆 − 𝟏 − (𝒆 − 𝟏)) = ⋅ =
𝟐√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝟑𝒏
𝒙
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ ⇒ 𝒇(𝟑) (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒇′ (𝟎) = 𝒇′′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
(𝟑𝒏)!
𝒏=𝟎
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 √𝟑 𝒙 √𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑨𝒆𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆−𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙) + 𝑪𝒆−𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒙) ⇒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 −𝒙 √𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆 + 𝒆 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∞ ∞ 𝟑𝒏 ∞ 𝟑𝒏
𝑺(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 (𝟏 + √𝟑) (𝟏 − √𝟐)
∑ = (∑ −∑ )=
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟐√𝟐 (𝟑𝒏)! (𝟑𝒏)!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏+√𝟐 √𝟑
= ( 𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 + √𝟐)) − 𝟏) −
𝟐√𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏−√𝟐 √𝟑
− ( 𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 − √𝟐)) − 𝟏) =
𝟐√𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+√𝟐 √𝟔 + √𝟑
= ( 𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) −
𝟑√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−√𝟐 𝟏−√𝟐 √𝟔 − √𝟑
− ( 𝒆 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) =
𝟑√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟔 + √𝟑 √𝟔 − √𝟑
( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − √𝒆√𝟐−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐))
𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆√𝟐+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
Solution 2 by Kamel Rezgui Gandouli-Tunisia
𝒔𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒔𝒌 ∈ {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟗, … } ⇒ {
𝒔𝒏+𝟐 = 𝟐𝒔𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒔𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒔𝒏 = 𝜶(𝟏 + √𝟐) + 𝜷(𝟏 − √𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒔𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝜶 = −𝜷 ⇒ 𝜶 = ⇒ 𝒔𝒏 = {(𝟏 + √𝟐) − (𝟏 − √𝟐) } ⇒
𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
∞ ∞
𝑺(𝒏) 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏+√𝟐 𝟏 𝟏−√𝟐
∑ = ∑ {(𝟏 + √𝟐) − (𝟏 − √𝟐) } = 𝒆 − 𝒆 =
𝒏! 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝒆√𝟐 − 𝒆−√𝟐 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐)

= ⋅ =
√𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞
𝟑𝒏
𝒙 (𝟑)
𝒙𝟑𝒏−𝟑 𝟐
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒔(𝒙) = ∑ ⇒ 𝒔 ( 𝒙) = ∑ = 𝒔(𝒙) ⇒ 𝒔(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒆𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒙 + 𝒄𝒆𝒋 𝒙
(𝟑𝒏)! (𝟑𝒏 − 𝟑)!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
𝒔(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒔′ (𝟎) = 𝒔′′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄=𝟏
𝟏
{ + 𝒃𝒋 + 𝒄𝒋𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = ⇒
𝒂
𝟑
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋𝟐 + 𝒄𝒋 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝒙 𝒋𝒙 𝒋 𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 −𝒙 √𝟑
𝒔(𝒙) = (𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝒆 ) = + 𝒆 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∞
𝒔(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏
∑ = 𝒔(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝒔(𝟏 − √𝟐) =
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
= 𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 + √𝟐)) −
𝟔√𝟐 𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
− 𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 − √𝟐)) =
𝟔√𝟐 𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟔 + √𝟑 √𝟔 − √𝟑
= ( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − √𝒆√𝟐−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐))
𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆√𝟐+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
1665. For all 𝒌 ∈ ℕ∗ let 𝑺(𝒌) be the 𝒌𝒕𝒉 term in the sequence
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟗, 𝟕𝟎, 𝟏𝟔𝟗, 𝟒𝟎𝟖, 𝟗𝟖𝟓, 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟖, …Then prove the following summations
∞
𝑺(𝒏) 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐)
∑ =
𝒏! √𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝑺(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟔 + √𝟑 √𝟔 − √𝟑
∑ = ( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − √𝒆√𝟐−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐))
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆√𝟐+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏

Solution 1 by Ahmed Yacoube Chach-Mauritania
𝑺(𝟏) = 𝟏; 𝑺(𝟐) = 𝟐
{
𝑺(𝒏 + 𝟐) = 𝟐𝑺(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝑺(𝒏)
𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 equation associate of 𝑺(𝒏) = 𝜶(𝟏 + √𝟐) + 𝜷(𝟏 − √𝟐) and from
𝒏 𝒏
(𝟏+√𝟐) −(𝟏−√𝟐)
initial conditions, we get: 𝑺(𝒏) = 𝟐√𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ 𝒏∞ ∞ 𝒏
𝑺(𝒏) 𝟏 (𝟏 + √𝟐) (𝟏 − √𝟐)
∑ = (∑ −∑ )=
𝒏! 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝒆 𝒆√𝟐 − 𝒆−√𝟐 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐)

= (𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 − 𝟏 − (𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 − 𝟏)) = ⋅ =
𝟐√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐
∞
𝒙𝟑𝒏
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ ⇒ 𝒇(𝟑) (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒇′ (𝟎) = 𝒇′′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
(𝟑𝒏)!
𝒏=𝟎
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 √𝟑 𝒙 √𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑨𝒆𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆−𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙) + 𝑪𝒆−𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒙) ⇒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 −𝒙 √𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆 + 𝒆 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∞ ∞ 𝟑𝒏 ∞ 𝟑𝒏
𝑺(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 (𝟏 + √𝟑) (𝟏 − √𝟐)
∑ = (∑ −∑ )=
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟐√𝟐 (𝟑𝒏)! (𝟑𝒏)!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏+√𝟐 √𝟑
= ( 𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 + √𝟐)) − 𝟏) −
𝟐√𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏−√𝟐 √𝟑
− ( 𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 − √𝟐)) − 𝟏) =
𝟐√𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+√𝟐 √𝟔 + √𝟑
= ( 𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) −
𝟑√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−√𝟐 √𝟔 − √𝟑
− ( 𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) =
𝟑√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟔 + √𝟑 √𝟔 − √𝟑
( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − √𝒆√𝟐−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐))
𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆√𝟐+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
Solution 2 by Kamel Rezgui Gandouli-Tunisia

𝒔𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒔𝒌 ∈ {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟗, … } ⇒ {
𝒔𝒏+𝟐 = 𝟐𝒔𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒔𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒔𝒏 = 𝜶(𝟏 + √𝟐) + 𝜷(𝟏 − √𝟐)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒔𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝜶 = −𝜷 ⇒ 𝜶 = ⇒ 𝒔𝒏 = {(𝟏 + √𝟐) − (𝟏 − √𝟐) } ⇒
𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
∞ ∞
𝑺(𝒏) 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏+√𝟐 𝟏 𝟏−√𝟐
∑ = ∑ {(𝟏 + √𝟐) − (𝟏 − √𝟐) } = 𝒆 − 𝒆 =
𝒏! 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝒆√𝟐 − 𝒆−√𝟐 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐)

= ⋅ =
√𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐
∞ ∞
𝒙𝟑𝒏 (𝟑) ( )
𝒙𝟑𝒏−𝟑 𝟐
( )
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒔 𝒙 = ∑ ⇒𝒔 𝒙 =∑ = 𝒔(𝒙) ⇒ 𝒔(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒆𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒙 + 𝒄𝒆𝒋 𝒙
(𝟑𝒏)! (𝟑𝒏 − 𝟑)!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
𝒔(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒔′ (𝟎) = 𝒔′′ (𝟎) = 𝟎

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄=𝟏
𝟏
{𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋 + 𝒄𝒋𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = ⇒
𝟑
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋𝟐 + 𝒄𝒋 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 √𝟑
𝒔(𝒙) = (𝒆 + 𝒆𝒋𝒙 + 𝒆𝒋 𝒙 ) = + 𝒆−𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∞
𝒔(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏
∑ = 𝒔(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝒔(𝟏 − √𝟐) =
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
= 𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 + √𝟐)) −
𝟔√𝟐 𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆𝟏+√𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
− 𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( (𝟏 − √𝟐)) =
𝟔√𝟐 𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆𝟏−√𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟔 + √𝟑 √𝟔 − √𝟑
= ( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − √𝒆√𝟐−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(√𝟐))
𝟑√𝟐 √𝒆√𝟐+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
1666. If we defined the sequence ∀𝒌, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ with recursive relation 𝑴𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒌 ⋅

𝑴𝒌 (𝒏) + 𝑴𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝟏) and 𝑴𝒌 (𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝑴𝒌 (𝟏) = 𝟏. Prove the following summations:
∞
𝑴𝒌 (𝒏) 𝟐√𝒆𝒌 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
∑ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )
𝒏! √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝑴𝒌 (𝟑𝒏) 𝟐 𝟏 √𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + √𝟑𝒌
∑ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
(𝟑𝒏)! 𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 √ √𝒌𝟐 +𝟒+𝒌
( 𝒆
𝟒 √𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 − √𝟑𝒌 𝟐√𝒆𝒌 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒

− √𝒆√𝒌
𝟐 +𝟒−𝒌
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )
𝟒 𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐
)
𝑴𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒌 ⋅ 𝑴𝒌 (𝒏) + 𝑴𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝟏) and
𝑴𝒌 (𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝑴𝒌 (𝟏) = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑴𝒌 (𝒏) = 𝜶𝒙𝒏𝟏 + 𝜷𝒙𝒏𝟐 ,
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 are solutions of the equation 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒌 ± √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒙= , 𝑴𝒌 (𝟎) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝜶 = −𝜷
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑴𝒌 (𝟏) = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝜶 = −𝜷 = − ⇒ 𝑴 𝒏 (𝒌 ) = 𝒙𝒏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏𝟐
√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
∞
𝑴𝒌 (𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌+√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 𝒌−√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒
∑ = 𝒆𝒙𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝟐 = (𝒆 𝟐 −𝒆 𝟐 )=
𝒏! √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎
𝒌
𝟐𝒆𝟐𝟏 √𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 −
√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 𝟐√𝒆𝒌 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
= (𝒆 𝟐 −𝒆 𝟐 )= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )
√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐
∞ (𝟑) ∞
𝒙𝟑𝒏 𝒙𝟑𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) = (∑ ) =∑
(𝟑𝒏)! (𝟑𝒏)!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝒕𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒕 ∈ {𝟏, 𝒋, 𝒋𝟐 }, 𝒇′ (𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒇′′ (𝟎) = 𝒇(𝟑) (𝟎) = 𝟎

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 =𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
⇒ {𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋 + 𝒄𝒋𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂 = 𝒃 = ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒊𝒙 + 𝒆𝒋 𝒙 ) =
𝟑 𝟑
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋𝟐 + 𝒄𝒋 = 𝟎
𝒆𝒙 𝟐 −𝒙 √𝟑 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 −𝒙 √𝟑
= + 𝒆 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙) = + √𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∞
𝑴𝒌 (𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 𝒌 + √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒌 − √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
∑ = (𝒇 ( )−𝒇( )) =
(𝟑𝒏)! √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝒌+√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 √ 𝒌+√𝒌
𝟐 +𝟒
√𝟑(𝒌 + √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒)
= (𝒆 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 )−
𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝒌−√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 √ ∓√𝒌 +𝟒 √𝟑(𝒌 − √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒)

𝟐
− (𝒆 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒆− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 )=
𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝒌+√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 𝟐 √𝟑𝒌 + √𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐

= 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −
𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
√ 𝒆√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒+𝒌
( )
𝟏 𝒌−√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒 𝟐 √𝟑𝒌 − √𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐

− 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
√ 𝒆√𝒌𝟐 +𝟒−𝒌
( )
𝟐 𝟏 √𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + √𝟑𝒌
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
√ √𝒌𝟐 +𝟒+𝒌
( 𝒆
𝟒 √𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 − √𝟑𝒌 𝟐√𝒆𝒌 √𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒
− √ 𝒆√𝒌
𝟐 +𝟒−𝒌
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( )
𝟒 𝟑√𝒌𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐
)
1667. Prove that:
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝜸 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )|
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏
where 𝜸 is Euler-Mascheroni constant.

Solution 1 by Serlea Kabay-Liberia
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚=𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 , 𝒖(𝒙) = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
𝒏
(−𝟏) 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
(𝒏) ( ) (𝒏) ( )
𝒖 𝒙 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒗 𝒙 =
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒙𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
𝒚(𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − − − + ⋯ + =
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒙𝒏+𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝟏 − − − ⋯ − ] = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝑯𝒏 )
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
Therefore,
𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
( )| = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝑯𝒏 )
𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )| = − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝑯𝒏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏𝒏+𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝑯𝒏 ) = 𝜸
𝒏→∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 , 𝒖(𝒙) = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
𝒏
(−𝟏) 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
𝒖(𝒏) (𝒙) = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒗 (𝒏) ( )
𝒙 =
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒙𝒏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒖(𝒙) ⋅ 𝒗(𝒙) =
𝒙
𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒏
(−𝟏) 𝒏! (−𝟏) 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
( )| = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − − − + ⋯+
𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
( )| = [𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝟏 − − − ⋯ − ] = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝑯𝒏 )
𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
Therefore,
𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
( )| = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝑯𝒏 )
𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒏+𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )| = − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝑯𝒏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙 𝒙=𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏𝒏+𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝑯𝒏 ) = 𝜸
𝒏→∞
1668. Let the sequence 𝒂(𝒏 − 𝟐) + 𝒂(𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝒂(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝒂(𝒏) = 𝝋−𝒏

𝒂(𝟎) = 𝝋−𝟏 , 𝒂(𝟏) = 𝝋, 𝒂(𝟐) = 𝝋𝟐
Evaluate the sum:
∞
𝒂(𝒎)
𝛀= ∑
𝝋𝒎
𝒎=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒂(𝒏 − 𝟐) + 𝒂(𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝒂(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝒂(𝒏) = 𝝋−𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂(𝟎) = , 𝒂(𝟏) = 𝝋, 𝒂(𝟐) = 𝝋𝟐 ⇒ 𝒂(𝒎) + 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟏) + 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟐) + 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟑) = 𝒎+𝟐
𝝋 𝝋
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒂(𝒎) 𝒂( 𝒎 + 𝟏 ) 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟐) 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟑) 𝟏
𝛀= ∑ 𝒎
+∑ 𝒎
+∑ 𝒎
+∑ 𝒎
= ∑ 𝟐 𝒎+𝟏
𝝋 𝝋 𝝋 𝝋 (𝝋 )
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟏) 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟏) 𝒂(𝒎) 𝒂(𝒎)
∑ = 𝝋 ∑ = 𝝋 ∑ = 𝝋 ∑ −𝟏
𝝋𝒎 𝝋𝒎+𝟏 𝝋𝒎 𝝋𝒎
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟐) 𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟐) 𝒂(𝒎) 𝒂(𝒎)
∑ 𝒎
= 𝝋𝟐 ∑ 𝒎+𝟐
= 𝝋𝟐 ∑ 𝒎
= 𝝋𝟐 ∑ − 𝝋 − 𝝋𝟐
𝝋 𝝋 𝝋 𝝋𝒎
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟐 𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒂(𝒎 + 𝟑) 𝟑
𝒂(𝒎) 𝟑
𝒂(𝒎)
∑ = 𝝋 ∑ = 𝝋 ∑ − 𝝋𝟐 − 𝝋𝟑 − 𝝋𝟑
𝝋𝒎 𝝋𝒎 𝝋𝒎
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟑 𝒎=𝟎
∞
𝒂(𝒎) 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒙 = ∑ , 𝝋 = 𝟏 + 𝝋, 𝝋 = 𝟐𝝋 + 𝟏, =𝝋−𝟏
𝝋𝒎 𝝋
𝒎=𝟎
∞
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏
𝒙 + 𝝋𝒙 + 𝝋 𝒙 + 𝝋 𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝝋 − 𝟐𝝋 − 𝟐𝝋 = ∑
(𝝋𝟐 )𝒎+𝟏
𝒎=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝋𝟐 𝟏
(𝟑 + 𝟒𝝋)𝒙 − 𝟓 − 𝟕𝝋 = ∑ = = =𝝋−𝟏
𝝋𝟐 𝝋𝟐𝒎 𝝋𝟐 𝝋𝟐 − 𝟏 𝝋
𝒎=𝟎
𝟖 + 𝟒√𝟓 𝟒√𝟓
⇒ (𝟑 + 𝟒𝝋)𝒙 = 𝟖𝝋 + 𝟒 ⇒ 𝒙 = =
𝟓 + 𝟐√𝟓 𝟓
Therefore,
∞
𝒂(𝒎) 𝟒√𝟓
𝛀= ∑ =
𝝋𝒎 𝟓
𝒎=𝟎
1669. If we define
𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌𝝅
( )
𝑺 𝒙, 𝒏 = ⋅ ∑ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝒙𝒌
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒌! 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
Then prove:

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐𝒎
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑺(𝒙, 𝒏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒙→𝟎 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎

𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌𝝅
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, 𝑺(𝒙, 𝒏) = 𝒏+𝟏
⋅ ∑ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝒙𝒌 =
𝒙 𝒌! 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
𝒏 𝒅𝒌 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒏−𝒌 𝟏 𝒅𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= ∑( ) ( )= ( ) ; (𝐛𝐲 𝐋𝐞𝐢𝐛𝐧𝐢𝐳 ′ 𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦)
𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒏−𝒌 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒙
𝒌=𝟎
𝒅𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟕 𝒅𝒏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟔
= 𝒏 [ (𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙 … … )] = (𝟏 − + − + ⋯ )
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟑! 𝟓! 𝟕! 𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝟑! 𝟓! 𝟕!
𝟏, 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟎, 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟏
𝟏
− , 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟐
𝟑
𝟎, 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑺(𝒙, 𝒏) = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
, 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟒
𝟓
𝟎, 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟓
𝟏
{ 𝟕 , 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 = 𝟔
−
Thus,
𝟐𝒎 𝒎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎
∑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑺(𝒙, 𝒏) = ∑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑺(𝒙, 𝟐𝒏) = 𝟏 − + − + ⋯ +
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟐𝒎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎 𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑺(𝒙, 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − + − +⋯+ )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒙→𝟎 𝒏→∞ 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎
1670. Find:
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
Solution 1 by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐
=∫ ⋅ ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
= ∫(𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 ) (𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 ) (𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟖
𝟏 𝟗𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟗𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
= ∫ (𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 ) (𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟖
𝟏
= ∫(𝒆𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝟖𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟓𝒙 + 𝒆𝟓𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟖𝒙 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟏𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟖
𝟏 𝒆𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝒆−𝟏𝟏𝒙 𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝟓𝒙 − 𝒆−𝟓𝒙 𝒆𝟖𝒙 − 𝒆−𝟖𝒙
= ( + + + )+𝑪=
𝟖 𝟐 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟐𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟓𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟖𝒙)
= + + + +𝑪
𝟒𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟐
𝒂−𝒃 𝒂+𝒃
(∵) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝒂) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝒃) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟖𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙))
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟖𝒙) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙))
𝟐
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟖𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟐𝒙))
𝟐
Hence,
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟐𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟖𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙))
𝟒
Therefore,
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒙) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐
= + + + +𝑪
𝟒𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐
=∫ ⋅ ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟖
𝟏
= ∫(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟐𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙))𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒
= + + + +𝑪
𝟒𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝒙=𝟐𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟔𝒕) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟑𝒕) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟑𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒆𝟔𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟔𝒕 𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒆𝟏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟑𝒕

=∫ ⋅ ⋅ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆𝟏𝟔𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟔𝒕 + 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝒆𝟒𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟒𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟐𝟐𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟔𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟎𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟒𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) 𝒅(𝟏𝟏𝒙) + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟖𝒙) 𝒅(𝟖𝒙) + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙) 𝒅(𝟓𝒙)
𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟎
𝟏
+ ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟒𝒕) 𝒅(𝟒𝒕) =
𝟖
= + + + +𝑪
𝟒𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟐
Solution 5 by Nelson Javier Villaherrera Lopez-El Salvador
𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟑𝒙
𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆− 𝟐
=∫ ⋅ ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟖

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
= ∫(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟐𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟏𝟏𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟓𝒙))𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒
= + + + +𝑪
𝟒𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟐
𝝅
𝟒
𝛀 = ∫ √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
Proposed by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria

𝝅
𝟏
𝟒 𝒖𝟐 =𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒖𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒖=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
𝛀 = ∫ √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏+𝒖
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒚 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒚
𝟐
= 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒚 𝟔
𝟎 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒚
𝟐
𝝅
∞
𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒚 𝒖=𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖
= 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐 ∫ =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒚)((𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 ((𝟏 + 𝒖 ) + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒖 )
∞ ∞
𝑷.𝑭. 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝝅
= 𝟐 (∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝟐
) = 𝟐 (𝚽 − )
𝟎 𝒖 + 𝟐𝒖 + 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒖 𝟐
∞
𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟏 ∞ 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐
𝚽=∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟐𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟐 −∞ 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟐𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐
𝝋 ( 𝒛) = 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝝋
𝒛𝟒 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒛𝟒 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟐 = 𝟎; (𝒕 = 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟑𝒊𝝅
𝟏 𝒊
𝒕𝟏 = −𝟏 + 𝒊 = √𝟐 (− + ) and 𝒕𝟐 = −𝟏 − 𝒊 = √𝟐𝒆− 𝟒
√𝟐 √𝟐
𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟒
𝜶= √𝟐
𝝋(𝒛 ) = 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 =
(𝒛𝟐 − √𝟐𝒆 𝟒 ) (𝒛𝟐 − √𝟐𝒆− 𝟒 )
𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐
= 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅
(𝒛 − 𝜶𝒆 𝟖 ) (𝒛 + 𝜶𝒆 𝟖 ) (𝒛 − 𝜶𝒆− 𝟖 ) (𝒛 − 𝜶𝒆− 𝟖 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅
⇒ ∫ 𝝋(𝒛) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊𝝅 {𝑹𝒆𝒔 (𝝋, 𝜶𝒆 𝟖 ) + 𝑹𝒆𝒔 (𝝋, −𝜶𝒆− 𝟖 )}
𝑹
𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝜶𝟐 𝒆 𝟒 𝜶𝟐 𝒆 𝟒 + 𝟐 −𝟑𝒊𝝅
𝑹𝒆𝒔 (𝝋, 𝜶𝒆 𝟖 ) = 𝟑𝒊𝝅 = 𝒆 𝟖
𝟑𝝅 𝟒𝒊𝜶
𝟐𝜶𝒆 𝟖 √𝟐 (𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒 )
𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝜶𝟐 𝒆− 𝟒 𝜶𝟐 𝒆− 𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒊𝝅
𝑹𝒆𝒔 (𝝋, −𝜶𝒆− 𝟖 ) = 𝟑𝒊𝝅 = 𝒆𝟖
𝟑𝝅 𝟒𝒊𝜶
−𝟐𝜶𝒆 𝟖 (−√𝟐) (𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒 )
𝜶𝟐 𝒆 𝟒 + 𝟐 −𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝜶𝟐 𝒆− 𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒊𝝅
⇒ ∫ 𝝋(𝒛) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊𝝅 { 𝒆 𝟖 + 𝒆𝟖 }=
𝑹 𝟒𝒊𝜶 𝟒𝒊𝜶
𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝟑𝒊𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅

= {𝜶𝟐 𝒆 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒆− 𝟖 + 𝜶𝟐 𝒆− 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒆 𝟖 } = 𝟒 (𝟐 + √𝟐) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐𝜶 √𝟐 𝟖
𝟏 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝚽 = ∫ 𝝋(𝒛) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟒 (𝟐 + √𝟐) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝑹 𝟐√𝟐 𝟖
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟐 + √𝟐 𝟑𝝅
𝛀 = 𝟐( 𝟒 (𝟐 + √𝟐) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − ) = 𝝅( 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝟏)
𝟐√𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟖

𝝅
𝟏 ∞
𝟒 √𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙) √𝒙 − 𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 )
∞ ∞
√𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
=∫ = 𝟐 ∫ =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐)
√𝟐 √𝟐
∞ 𝟐 ∞ 𝑨 (𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 ) + 𝑩 (𝟏 − 𝟐 )
𝒙
𝟏 𝟏+𝒙 𝝅
= 𝟐∫ { − 𝟒 } 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ⋅ − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝒙 + 𝟐+𝟐
𝒙
√𝟐 √𝟐
∞ 𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝒙 ) ∞ 𝒅 (𝒙 + 𝒙 )
= 𝝅 −𝑨∫ 𝟐 − 𝑩∫ 𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 √𝟐 𝟎 √𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ) + (√𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟐) (𝒙 + 𝒙 ) − (√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐)
∞
𝑨 𝑩 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙√𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟐 + √𝟐
=𝝅− ⋅𝝅− [𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] =
√𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙√𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟐 + √𝟐 𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝑨 𝟐 + √𝟐 √𝟏 + √𝟐
= 𝝅 (𝟏 − ) = 𝝅 (𝟏 − ) = 𝝅 (𝟏 − )
√𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 + √𝟐
𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟐, 𝑨 − 𝑩 = √𝟐; 𝑨 =
𝟐
1672. Find:
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝟖 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
Proposed by Hussain Reza Zadah-Afghanistan

𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒕=𝒙𝟔
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟖 𝟎 𝒙 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐−𝟏 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ {𝝍(𝟐) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟐) ( )} =
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟐 𝟔
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏
= {𝟏𝟔𝟖𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒√𝟑𝝅𝟑 }
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
Therefore,
𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟕𝜻(𝟑) 𝝅𝟑
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = +
𝟎 𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙 𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒√𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟓 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝛀𝟏 − 𝛀𝟐
𝟎 𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝒙= 𝟏𝟐√𝒚 𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 √𝒚 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = ∫ 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚
𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐 √𝒚𝟏𝟏
𝟓 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚−𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = ∑ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒚 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
∵ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
(𝒌 + 𝟔)

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = ∑ 𝟑 ; (∵ 𝝍𝒏 (𝒛) = (−𝟏 )𝒏+𝟏 𝒏! ∑
𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝟏 (𝒛 + 𝒌)𝒏+𝟏
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝟔)
𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟔)
𝝍𝟐 ( ) = (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟏 𝟐! ∑ ⇒∑ =−
𝟔 𝟏 𝟑
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + )
𝟏 𝟑
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + )
𝟐
𝟔 𝟔
𝟏
𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟔)
𝛀𝟏 = −
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝒙𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 √𝒚𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟐√𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚
𝛀𝟐 = ∫ 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚 𝟏𝟐 √𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒚)√𝒚
𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∵ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
(𝒌 + 𝟐)
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐) 𝟏 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐)
𝛀𝟐 = ∑ =− ; (∵ ∑ =−
𝟖𝟔𝟒
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐)
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝟐)
𝟏
𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐)
𝛀𝟐 = −
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐) − 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟔) 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒√𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀= =
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒖=𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒖
𝛀=∫ 𝟖 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟖 𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂(
𝒖𝒂 𝒖 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟔
𝛀(𝒂) = 𝚽(𝒂) − 𝚿(𝒂)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒖𝒂 𝒖𝒂 𝒂+𝟔𝒏
𝟏
𝚽(𝒂) = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒖 = ∑ ∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = ∑
𝟎 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒂+𝟐
𝒖 𝒂+𝟐+𝟔𝒏
𝟏
𝚿(𝒂) = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒖 = ∑ ∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = ∑
𝟎 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 ( 𝒂) = − ∑ +∑
𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑 𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏
∵∑ = −𝝍(𝟎) (𝒂)
𝒏+𝒂
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝟑 𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) = − ∑ + ∑ = 𝝍(𝟎) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟎) ( )
𝟔 𝒂+𝟑 𝟔 𝒂+𝟏 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 + 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 +
𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟑 𝒂+𝟏
𝛀′ (𝒂) = (𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( ))
𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝒂+𝟑 𝒂+𝟏
𝛀′′ (𝒂) = (𝝍(𝟐) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟐) ( ))
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 ′′ 𝝍𝟐 (𝟐) − 𝝍𝟐 (𝟔) 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒√𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = 𝛀 ( 𝟎) = =
𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚=𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (√𝒚) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒚=𝒆−𝒛
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏 𝟐 𝟖 𝟎 𝒚𝟒 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝒛𝟐 𝒆−𝒛 𝟏 ∞ 𝒛𝟐 (𝒆−𝒛 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒛 )
= ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒛 + 𝒆−𝟒𝒛 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟔𝒛
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐 −𝒛 −𝟕𝒛 −𝟏𝟑𝒛
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐 −𝟑𝒛
(
= ∫ 𝒛 𝒆 +𝒆 +𝒆 )
+ ⋯ 𝒅𝒛 − ∫ 𝒛 (𝒆 + 𝒆−𝟗𝒛 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟓𝒛 + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟖 𝟎 𝟖 𝟎
𝟏 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑) 𝟏 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑)
= ( 𝟑 + 𝟑 + 𝟑
+ ⋯) − ( 𝟑 + 𝟑 + + ⋯) =
𝟖 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟑 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( 𝟑 − 𝟑 + 𝟑 − 𝟑 + 𝟑 − 𝟑 + ⋯ ) ≅ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 = ⇒ 𝛀 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝟖
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟒
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏𝟐
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏𝟐
=𝑯−𝑱
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒙𝒑−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙=𝒆−𝒕 𝒆−𝒕𝒑 𝒕𝟐
∫ 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟏𝟐𝒕
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝒕𝒑 ∑ 𝒆−𝟏𝟐𝒌𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒆 𝟎 𝒌≥𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞
𝟐 −𝒕(𝒑+𝟏𝟐𝒌)
𝟏
= ∑ [∫ 𝒕 𝒆 𝒅𝒕] = ∑ [ ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕] = 𝚪(𝟑) = 𝟐
𝟎 (𝒑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒌)𝟑 𝟎
𝒌≥𝟎 𝒌≥𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝟐∑ = ∑
(𝒑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒌) 𝟑 𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝒑 𝟑
𝒌≥𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝒌≥𝟎
𝟏𝟐)
𝟏
𝜻(𝒔, 𝒑) = ∑
(𝒏 + 𝒑)𝒔
𝒏>0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀= [𝜻 (𝟑, ) − 𝜻 (𝟑, )] = (𝟒𝟐𝜻(𝟑) − 𝟓𝟑𝝅𝟑 )
𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒𝟑𝟐
𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟏
1673. 𝐈𝐟 𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 ∫−𝝅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅𝒂, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝚽 = 𝒂𝟓 + 𝒂𝟒 + 𝟖𝒂𝟑 + 𝟖𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒂.

𝝅
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒕=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙;𝒂+𝟏=𝒃𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
−𝝅 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
∞
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒
= 𝟖∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 (𝒃 + 𝒕 )(𝟏 + 𝒕 )
𝟖(𝒃𝟒 + 𝟏) ∞ 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟔 ∞
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟐 ∞
𝒅𝒕
= 𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
− ∫ =
( 𝒃 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒕 𝒃 − 𝟏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) ( 𝒃 − 𝟏 ) 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝝅(𝒃𝟒 + 𝟏) 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝝅(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃 + 𝟏)

= + − =
𝒃(𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒃(𝒃 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟒𝝅(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃 + 𝟏)
= 𝝅(𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏) ⇒ 𝟒𝒃𝟐 + 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟒 = 𝒃𝟓 + 𝟐𝒃𝟒 − 𝟔𝒃𝟐 − 𝟓𝒃 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒃 ( 𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝟐𝒃𝟒 − 𝟔𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟖
𝒃= ; √𝒂 + 𝟏 =
𝟓 − 𝒃𝟒 𝟒 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟒𝒂 − 𝟖𝒂 − 𝟐𝟖𝒂 + 𝟑𝟐𝒂 + 𝟔𝟒
𝒂+𝟏 = 𝟒
𝒂 + 𝟒𝒂𝟑 − 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒂 + 𝟏𝟔
𝚽 = 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟒 + 𝟖𝒂𝟑 + 𝟖𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒂 = 𝟒𝟖
𝟓
𝝅
1674. If 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 < then:
𝟐
𝒃
𝟑 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝒃𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑
𝒂

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒃
𝒃
𝒃𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 |𝒂 = ∫ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
We must to prove:
𝒃 𝒃
𝟑 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙 , 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃]
Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, then
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙; 𝒇′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 − 𝟐; 𝒇′′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒇′′′ (𝒙) = 𝟐(− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙); 𝒇′′′ (𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒇(𝒊𝒗) (𝒙) = −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎; 𝒇(𝒊𝒗) (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝝅
Thus, 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟎, ∀𝒙 ∈ (𝟎, 𝟐 ) ⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃]
𝒃 𝒃
𝟑 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
𝒃
1675.𝒇 ∈ 𝑪𝟐 ([𝒂, 𝒃]), 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏, ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
Prove that:

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒃−𝒂 𝒃 ′ 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒇(𝒃) + 𝒇(𝒂)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaijan

Solution by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
𝒃
𝒃
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐 𝟏 𝒂+𝒃 𝟑 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟑 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑
∫ (𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙 = [ (𝒙 − ) ] = − = ; ( 𝟏)
𝒂 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝒂
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐
𝟐
𝒃
′ 𝟐
𝒃
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐 𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝒃
𝒂+𝒃 (𝟏)
∫ (𝒇 𝒙( )) 𝒅𝒙 ⋅ ∫ (𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ [∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) (𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙] ⇒
𝒂 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 𝟐
𝟐
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
∫ (𝒇′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ [(𝒙 − ) 𝒇(𝒙)| − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙]
𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 ⏟𝒂
𝟎
𝒃 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 ′ 𝟐 𝒃−𝒂 𝒃−𝒂
∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ [ 𝒇(𝒃) + 𝒇(𝒂)]
𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝒃 ′ 𝟐 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝟐
∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ (𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇(𝒃))
𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝟒
𝒃−𝒂 𝒃 ′ 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒇(𝒃) + 𝒇(𝒂)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂
1676. If 𝒇 ∈ 𝑪𝟐 ([𝒂, 𝒃]), 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝒃, 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒃) then:
′(
𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃 ′′
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒇 𝒃)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂

𝒃 𝒃
∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒅(𝒇′ (𝒙)) =
′′ (
𝒂 𝒂
𝒃
′(
= (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇 𝒙)|𝒃𝒂 − ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅(𝒙 − 𝒂) =
𝒂
𝒃
= (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒃) − ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒙)|𝒃𝒂 =
𝒂

www.ssmrmh.ro
= (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒃) + 𝒇(𝒂) = (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒃); (𝟏)
𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝒃
𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝟐
′′ ( )𝟐
(∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙) ≤ ∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 ⋅ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟑 ′′ 𝟐 (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝟐
= | ⋅ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = ⋅ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙; (𝟐)
𝟑 𝒂 𝒂 𝟑 𝒂
From (1) and (2), we get:

(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂 )𝟐 (𝒇′ ( 𝒃)) ≤ ⋅ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂
Therefore,
𝟐 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃 ′′ 𝟐
(𝒇′ (𝒃)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂
1677. 𝒇 ∈ 𝑪𝟐 ([𝒂, 𝒃]), 𝒂 < 𝑏, 𝑓 (𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒃). Prove that:

𝒃
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 ⋅ 𝐦𝐚𝐱 ((𝒇 𝒂)) , (𝒇′ (𝒃)) ) ≤ (𝒃 − 𝒂) ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
′(
𝒂

𝒃 𝒃
∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇′′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = [(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 − ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒂
= (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒃) + 𝒇(𝒂) = (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒃)

𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝒃
𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝟐
′′ (
(∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇 𝒙)𝒅𝒙) ≤ ∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⋅ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒃 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝒃 ′′
′′ ( 𝟐
(∫ (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒇 𝒙)𝒅𝒙) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝟑 𝒂
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝒃 ′′
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂 )𝟐 (𝒇′ ( 𝒃)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂
𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃 ′′
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒇′ ( 𝒃)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙; (𝟏)
𝟑 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃
′′ ( ′(
∫ (𝒃 − 𝒙)𝒇 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = [(𝒃 − 𝒙)𝒇 𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 + ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒂

www.ssmrmh.ro
= −(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒂) = −(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝒇′ (𝒂)
𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝒃
𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝟐
′′ ( )𝟐
(∫ (𝒃 − 𝒙)𝒇 𝒙)𝒅𝒙) ≤ ∫ (𝒃 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⋅ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 (𝒇′ (𝒂)) ≤ ∫ (𝒃 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⋅ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒃 − 𝒂)(𝒇′ (𝒂)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝒂
𝟐 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃 ′′ 𝟐
(𝒇′ ( 𝒂)) ≤ ∫ (𝒇 (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙; (𝟐)
𝟑 𝒂

𝒃
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 ⋅ 𝐦𝐚𝐱 ((𝒇′ (𝒂)) , (𝒇′ (𝒃)) ) ≤ (𝒃 − 𝒂) ∫ (𝒇′′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
1678. Prove that the following equality holds:

∞
𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝟒𝒏 𝟓𝝅𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝟒𝒏
( ) = − − 𝟒𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝜹𝑺 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟕 + 𝟏𝟐√𝟐)
𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
where 𝑯𝒏 is Skew Harmonic sum, 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒙) is dilogarithm function and 𝜹𝑺 is Silver ratio.
∞
𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝟒𝒏
𝛀=∑ ( )
𝒏𝟐𝟒𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
𝟏
𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 𝑩 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐 , 𝟐) 𝟐 𝟐
(∵) 𝑯𝟐𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝟒𝒏 ( ) = = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝝅 𝝅 𝟎
𝑨 𝑩
⏞ ∞ ⏞∞
(𝟒𝒏
𝟐𝒏
) (𝟒𝒏
𝟐𝒏
) 𝟏 𝒙𝟐𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∑ 𝟒𝒏 − ∑ 𝟒𝒏 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨= ∑ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝒏 𝟎 𝝅 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
=− ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝟎 𝝅 𝟎
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 + √𝟐
= 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
𝝅 𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠[(𝟏 + √𝟐)] = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟕 + 𝟏𝟐√𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∞
𝟒𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑( )𝒙 = ( + ) − 𝟏; (|𝒙| < ) . 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝟒𝒙 = 𝒕,
𝟐𝒏 𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝟒𝒙 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟒𝒏 𝒕𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑( ) 𝟒𝒏 = ( + )−
𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒕 √𝟏 + 𝒕 √𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒕
𝒏=𝟏
Integrating both sides, we have:

∞ 𝒙
𝟒𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑( ) 𝟒𝒏 = ∫ ( + − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝟎 𝒕 √𝟏 + 𝒕 √𝟏 − 𝒕
𝒏=𝟏
𝒙
√𝒕 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒕 − 𝟏
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕]
√𝒕 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟎
∞
𝟒𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏
∑( ) 𝟒𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟐𝒏 𝒏𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝑩=∫ ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 −
𝟎 𝒙+𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒙+𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
−𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑩𝟏 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝑩𝟑
𝟎 𝒙+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟏 𝟏−𝒚
𝒙+𝟏
𝑩𝟏 = ∫ ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒙+𝟏 𝒚 𝟏+𝒚
√𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟏
√𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 [−𝟐𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒚) + 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒚 )] 𝟏 = −𝟑𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝟏) + 𝟒𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) − 𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( )
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
√𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝑩𝟐 = ∫ ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙+𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒙=𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)] − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙
∞ 𝝅
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝟐
= −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒌−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒌 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝚪(𝒌) (−𝟒)𝒌 𝚪 𝟐 (𝒌) (−𝟒)𝒌 (𝒌!)𝟐
= √𝝅 ∑ =∑ = −𝟐 ∑ = −𝟐(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝟏))𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝒌𝚪 (𝟐𝒌) (𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌𝚪 (𝒌 + ) 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
𝟐
𝑩𝟐 = −𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝜹𝑺 )
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝑩𝟑 = −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙+𝟏 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟕𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝑩 = 𝟒𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝜹𝑺 ) + + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
√𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
Therefore,
∞
𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝟒𝒏 𝟓𝝅𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝟒𝒏
( ) = − − 𝟒𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝜹𝑺 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟕 + 𝟏𝟐√𝟐)
𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏
1679. If 𝒇: ℝ∗+ → ℝ∗+ is continuous function, (𝒙𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 , 𝒙𝒏 = ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟏 , then prove:
𝒌
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒆𝜸 )
𝒏→∞ 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇( 𝒆 𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆 )
𝒏 𝒏→∞
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu-Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu-Romania

𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒙=𝒆𝒙𝒏 +𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 −𝒚
𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒆 𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇((𝒆𝒙𝒏 + 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )
=∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − (𝒆𝒙𝒏 + 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒚)) + 𝒇((𝒆𝒙𝒏 + 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒚) − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇(𝒚 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )
=∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒚) + 𝒇(𝒚 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇(𝒚 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) + 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒚)
𝟐𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒚) + 𝒇(𝒚 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒆𝒙𝒏
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝟑𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
⇒ 𝑰𝒏 = =𝒆 −
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒏 ≅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝜸
𝟑𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝟑𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑰𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙𝒏 − ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝒆𝜸 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒆𝜸 )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
Solution 2 by Marian Ursărescu-Romania

𝒃 𝒃
𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒂) 𝒙=𝒂+𝒃−𝒕 𝒇(𝒃 − 𝒕)
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑰 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 ; (𝟏)
𝒂 𝒇 ( 𝒃 − 𝒙 ) + 𝒇 ( 𝒙 − 𝒂) 𝒂 𝒇(𝒃 − 𝒕) + 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂)
𝒃
𝒇 (𝒃 − 𝒙) (𝟏)
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑱 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰
𝒂 𝒇(𝒃 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒂)
𝒃
𝒃−𝒂
𝑰 + 𝑱 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒃 − 𝒂 ⇒ 𝑰 = 𝑱 =
𝒂 𝟐
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝟐
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒏→∞ 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒙𝒏 (𝒆𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒆𝒙𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙𝒏 (𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏−𝒙𝒏 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏
( )
𝒏+𝟏⋅ 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙𝒏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 = 𝒆𝜸 ; (𝟑)
𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒆 𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝟐
Now, we have:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒆𝜸 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒆𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒆𝜸 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 (𝒆𝒙𝒏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝒆𝜸 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝒆𝒙𝒏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝒆𝜸 𝑪−𝑺

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏(𝒆𝒙𝒏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝒆𝜸 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝒏
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏+𝟏) − 𝒆𝒙𝒏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 (𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏+𝟏)−𝒙𝒏 +𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝒏+𝟏−𝒏 − (
𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏)
www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏+𝟏)+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟏
− (
𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏
𝒙𝒏
𝒆𝒏+𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏+𝟏)+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 ⋅ ⋅( − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 + 𝟏
( )
𝒏 + 𝟏 ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏)
𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 − (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒏 ) 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝟏 − (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒏)
𝒙
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒆 𝒏 ⋅ = − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 ⋅
𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒆 𝟏
𝒏
𝟏
𝟏 − (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒏) 𝒙 + (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝑳′𝑯
𝒙𝒏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 ⋅ = −𝒆𝜸 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝒏
𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) − 𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒆𝜸
= −𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = ; ( 𝟒)
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒆𝜸 )
𝒏→∞ 𝒆𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒆𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒏→∞
1680. Find:
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏 𝝅 √(𝒏 + 𝟏)!
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)‼ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒏 ) − 𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 √𝒏!
Proposed by Shivam Sharma, Anisha Garg-India
𝒏
(𝟐𝒏)! √𝒏! 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)‼ = 𝒏 , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏! = √𝟐𝝅𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝒏! 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒆 𝒏→∞ 𝒆
𝒏+𝟏
𝝅 √𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟏 √(𝟐𝒏)!
𝒏
⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏 ) − 𝟏) =
𝟐 𝒏→∞ √𝒏! √ 𝒏
𝟐⋅ 𝒏 ⋅𝒏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝟐𝒏 𝒏
𝟐𝒏
(√𝟒𝝅𝒏 ( 𝒆 ) )
𝟏 𝝅(𝒏 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) =
𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝒏
(√𝟐𝒏𝝅 ( 𝒆 ) )
𝟒𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝝅(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝝅 𝝅
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( + ) − 𝟏) =
𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 𝒆 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝟐𝒏
𝒆
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟒
𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏) (𝟐𝒏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 (𝟏 − + − ⋯ − 𝟏) =
𝒆 𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 𝒆 𝒏→∞ 𝟐! 𝟒!
𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (− + −⋯) = 𝟎
𝒆 𝒏→∞ 𝟐! ⋅ 𝟒𝒏 𝟒! ⋅ 𝟐𝟒 𝒏𝟑
Therefore,
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏 𝝅 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)‼ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒏
) − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 √𝒏!

𝒏+𝟏
𝒏 𝝅 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)‼ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒏
) − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 √𝒏!
𝒏+𝟏
(𝟐𝒏)! 𝒏 𝝅 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 𝒏! 𝟐 𝒏
√𝒏!
𝒏+𝟏
𝝅 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)!
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐 𝒏 ) − 𝟏) 𝒏+𝟏
√ 𝒏! √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝒏 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝒏! 𝒏+𝟏
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ! √𝒏!
𝒏 −𝟏
√𝒏!
𝒏+𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐 𝒏 )−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 √𝒏!
𝒏! ≅ √𝟐𝒏𝝅 ( ) ; 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟏
𝒆 𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝒏 −𝟏
√𝒏!
𝒏+𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝒏(𝟐𝒏)! √𝟐𝝅(𝒏 + 𝟏) ( 𝒆 ) 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
√ 𝒏 ≅ =( ) = (𝟏 + )
𝟐 𝒏! 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
√𝟐𝒏𝝅 ( 𝒆 )

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 ((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏) ((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏)
𝒏+𝟏
√(𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏
( − 𝟏) ≅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝟐
𝒏
√𝒏! 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏) ((𝟏 +
𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒏+𝟏
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝟐
𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏) − 𝟏) 𝟏
√ 𝒏 ( − 𝟏) ≅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝟐=
𝟐 𝒏! 𝒏
√𝒏! 𝒆 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏) ((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏)
𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐
= ⋅ ⋅ →𝟎
𝒆 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝒆
𝒏 𝒏
Because:
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐
((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏) 𝟑
𝒏 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝑳′ 𝑯
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒏
Therefore,
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏 𝝅 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)‼ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒏
) − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 √𝒏!
1681. Find:
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙)
Proposed by Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan

𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)
𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙)
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 =
𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝟒𝒙
www.ssmrmh.ro
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙)
+𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙) 𝒙→𝟎+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙
+ 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟓𝒙 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 +𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝒙 𝒙→𝟎+ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
− +𝟐 +𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
1682. If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 ∈ ℝ; 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ ∪ {𝟎} and 𝝓(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛; 𝒎, 𝒏) =
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝝏𝒎 𝝏𝒏 𝚪(𝒚)𝚪(𝒛−𝒚)
( ) then find the conditions imposed on 𝒙, 𝒚 and 𝒛 such that
𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝒎 𝝏𝒙𝒏 𝚪(𝒛)
the following relationship holds:

𝒏
𝒏
∑ ( ) (−𝒚)𝒌 𝝓(𝒚𝒛 − 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛; 𝒎 + 𝒌, 𝒏 − 𝒌) = (−𝟏)𝒎 𝝓(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛; 𝒎, 𝒏)
𝒌
𝒌=𝟎

It is known from the properties of Beta and Gamma function that,
𝒙 𝒙
∞
𝒕𝒙−𝟏 𝚪 (𝒚) 𝚪 (𝒛 − 𝒚)
𝑰=∫ 𝒚 𝒛
𝒅𝒕 = 𝐭𝐡𝐮𝐬,
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) 𝐲𝚪(𝒛)
∞ 𝒙−𝟏
𝒏
𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 (𝒕) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒚 )
𝝓(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛; 𝒎, 𝒏) = (−𝟏) ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒚 ) 𝒛
𝟏
Substituting 𝒕 = 𝒙 in the above integral and then expanding (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕𝒚 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕𝒚 ))𝒏 ,
using binomial theorem and simplifying in further, we obtain the desired series in L.H.S..
Notice that 𝝓 will exists iff the above integral converges. Observe that, converges of
∞ ∞
𝒕𝒙−𝟏 𝒏
𝒕𝒙−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 (𝒕) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒚 )
∫ 𝒚 𝒛
𝒅𝒕 ⇒ ∫ −𝟏( ) 𝒅𝒕 , 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬. 𝐍𝐨𝐰,
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒚 ) 𝒛
∞ ∞
𝒕𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑶 ( ) ⇒ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑶 (∫ 𝒅𝒕)
( 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒚 ) 𝒛 𝒕𝒚𝒛−𝒙+𝟏 𝒚 𝒛
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) 𝟎 𝒕
𝒚𝒛−𝒙+𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
Thus, integral 𝑰 will converge if 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 > 1 ⇒ 𝑥 < 𝑦𝑧.
Observe again that,
∞ 𝒙−𝟏 ∞ 𝒚𝒛−𝒙−𝟏 ∞
𝒕 𝒕 𝟏
𝑰=∫ 𝒚 𝒛
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒚 𝒛
𝒅𝒕 = 𝑶 (∫ 𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒕)
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) 𝟎 𝒕
Thus, integral 𝑰 will converge if 𝒙 + 𝟏 > 1 ⇒ 𝑥 > 0.
Now, 𝒚 and 𝒛 cannot be less than zero since that will lead to a contradiction.
Let 𝒚 = −𝒖 and 𝒛 = −𝒗, where 𝒖 and 𝒗 are positive real numbers, following the same line
of proof we obtain, 𝒙 < 0 and 𝒙 > 𝑢𝑣, which is not possible. Therefore, the integral 𝑰
converges and the series exists if 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝑦𝑧; 𝑦 > 0, 𝑧 > 0.
1683. Prove that :
𝝅
𝟑
𝟓
∫(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 > 𝟐𝟒𝟑√𝟐
𝝅
𝟒
Proposed by Pavlos Trifon-Greece

Solution 1 by Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒂 ∶ ∀𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 𝟎, (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 ≥ 𝟖𝟏𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ).
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟔
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 ∶ (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 =
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
[(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) + (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂) + (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)]𝟑
= ≥
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝟑𝟑 . (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ). (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂). (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)
⏞
≥
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝟑𝟑 . (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ). (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)𝟐
= ≥
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝟑𝟑 . (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ). 𝟑(𝒂𝒃. 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒃𝒄. 𝒄𝒂 + 𝒄𝒂. 𝒂𝒃)
≥ = 𝟖𝟏𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
→ (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 ≥ 𝟖𝟏𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ), ∀𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 𝟎 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.
𝝅 𝝅
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝒃 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝒄 = √𝟐, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒙 ∈ [ , ] , 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝟒 𝟑
𝟓
(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) ≥ 𝟖𝟏. 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 . 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 . √𝟐. (𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐)
= 𝟗𝟕𝟐√𝟐. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝝅
𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = √𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = .
𝟒
www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
𝟑 𝟑
𝟓
𝑵𝒐𝒘, ∫(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 > 𝟗𝟕𝟐√𝟐 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐. 𝟑 ) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐. 𝟒 ) 𝟏
= 𝟗𝟕𝟐√𝟐 ( − ) = 𝟗𝟕𝟐√𝟐. = 𝟐𝟒𝟑√𝟐.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅
𝟑
𝟓
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, ∫(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 > 𝟐𝟒𝟑√𝟐.
𝝅
𝟒
𝟓
Lemma. If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 𝟎, then √𝟖𝟏𝒙𝒚𝒛(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) ≤ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛
(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟔 ((𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐 )𝟑
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟. (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟓 = = =
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)) 𝑨𝑮𝑴 (𝟑 ⋅ √ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)𝟐 )
= ≥ =
𝟐𝟕(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)𝟐 𝟐𝟕(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) ⋅ 𝟑(𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛)
= = =
𝟖𝟏𝒙𝒚𝒛(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)
= = 𝟖𝟏𝒙𝒚𝒛(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
𝟓
√𝟖𝟏𝒙𝒚𝒛(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) ≤ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛
Equality holds for 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛.
√𝟐 𝝅
𝒙 → 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ; 𝒚 → 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ; 𝒛 → ; 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, ] ⇒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟓
√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟖𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + ( ) ) ≤ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟓
√𝟐
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + ) ≥ 𝟔𝟎, 𝟕𝟓 ⋅ √𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⇒
𝟐
𝟓
(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) ≥ 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 ⋅ √𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝅
Equality holds for 𝒙 = 𝟒 . Now,

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
𝟑 𝝅
𝟓 𝟑
∫(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 > 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒√𝟐 ⋅ ∫ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝝅 𝟒
𝟒
𝝅
𝝅
𝟑
𝟗𝟕𝟐 ⋅ √𝟐 ⋅ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟒𝟖𝟔 ⋅ √𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙|𝝅𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑√𝟐
𝝅
𝟒
𝟒
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟑
𝟓
∫(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + √𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 > 𝟐𝟒𝟑√𝟐
𝝅
𝟒
𝟐 𝟏
1684. Let (𝒚𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 be the sequence such that 𝒚𝒏 = ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟏
+𝒏
[√𝒌 + ], then
𝟐
prove the following holds
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝟐
∑ 𝟐∑ = 𝟒𝜻(𝟑) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒎 𝟑𝒚𝒏 𝟑
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎
∞ 𝒎+𝟏 ∞
(−𝟏
) 𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝝅𝟐
∑ ∑ = 𝟒𝑮𝝅 − 𝜻(𝟑) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒎𝟐 𝟑𝒚𝒏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎
where 𝜻(𝒛) is Riemann zeta function, 𝑮 is Catalan’s Constant and [⋅] is
greatest integer function.
Inspired by Florică Anastase’s limit
𝒏𝟐+𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒏 = ∑ [√𝒌 + ] =
𝟐 𝟑𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀= ∑ 𝟐 ∑ = ∑ 𝟐∑ =
𝒎 𝟑𝒚𝒏 𝒎 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎 𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎
∞∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝝍 (𝒎 + 𝟐) − 𝝍(𝒎) − 𝝍(𝒎 + 𝟏)
= ∑ 𝟐 ∑( + − )= ∑ =
𝒎 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎 𝒎=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟐𝝍 (𝒎 + 𝟐) − 𝟐𝝍(𝒎) − 𝒎 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒎−𝟏 − 𝒕𝒎−𝟐
= ∑ = −𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟐 ∑ 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒎𝟐 𝒎 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟑
𝟏 (𝒕−𝟏 − 𝒕−𝟐 ) 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒕) 𝒕=𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏
𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 )
= −𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = − 𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟎 𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
= −𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝟏) − 𝟒[𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝑳𝒊(𝒙𝟐 )]𝟏𝟎 − 𝟖 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
= 𝜻 ( 𝟑) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 ⏟𝟎 𝒙
𝑰
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝑰=∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝑯𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑯𝒏−𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ =
𝟎 𝒙 𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 𝒏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝑯𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝜻(𝟑)
= 𝟐∑ − =
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟑 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ ∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ 𝟑 = 𝟐𝜻(𝟑)
𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝜻( 𝟑) 𝟑𝜻(𝟑)
𝑰= − 𝜻 ( 𝟑) = −
𝟒 𝟒
Hence,
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝟐
𝛀= ∑ 𝟐 ∑ = 𝟒𝜻(𝟑) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒎 𝟑𝒚𝒏 𝟑
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎
Now,
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎 𝟏
𝚲= ∑ ∑ = − ∑ ∑ =
𝒎𝟐 𝟑𝒚𝒏 𝒎𝟐 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎 𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
=−∑ 𝟐
∑( + − )=
𝒎 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒎 [𝟐𝝍 (𝒎 + ) − 𝝍(𝒎) − 𝝍(𝒎 + 𝟏)]
=−∑ 𝟐 =
𝒎𝟐
𝒎=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒎 [𝟐𝝍 (𝒎 + ) − 𝟐𝝍(𝒎) − ]
=−∑ 𝟐 𝒎 =
𝒎𝟐
𝒎=𝟏
∞ 𝟏
𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒎 𝟏 𝒕𝒎−𝟏 − 𝒕𝒎−𝟐
= − 𝜻 ( 𝟑) − 𝟐 ∑ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟒 𝒎𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝒎=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏( − ( )
𝟑 𝒕 √𝒕) 𝑳𝒊𝟐 −𝒕 𝒕=𝒙𝟐 𝟑
𝟏
𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝒙𝟐 )
( )
= − 𝜻 𝟑 − 𝟐∫ ( )
𝒅𝒕 = − 𝜻 𝟑 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟒 𝟎 𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝒙𝟐 ) 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝒙𝟐 )
( )
=− 𝜻 𝟑 −𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝑨
𝟑 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝒙 𝟏 𝟐)
𝟑 ⏞𝟏 𝑳𝒊 (−𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐
𝚲 = − 𝜻(𝟑) − 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝟑 (−𝟏) + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
𝑨=∫ ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝟏
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙√𝒚)
=∫ )
[𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 + ( )
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚 − ] 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟐𝒚 √𝒚 𝟎
𝑩
𝟏 ⏞𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒚)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) √
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ 𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝒚+𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝒚 ( 𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝒚 + 𝟏)√𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝝅𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = − ∑ (−𝟏) ∫ 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = ∑ =−
𝟎 𝒚+𝟏 𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚)
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝒚 ( 𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝟎 𝒚 𝟎 𝒚+𝟏
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟑𝜻(𝟑)
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = − ∑ ∫ 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = ∑ 𝟑
=−
𝟎 𝒚 𝒏 𝟎 𝒏 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝜻( 𝟑 )
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)] − ∫ 𝒅𝒚 = −
𝟎 𝒚+𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝒚 𝟖

www.ssmrmh.ro
Hence, we get:
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝟑𝜻(𝟑) 𝜻(𝟑) 𝟓𝜻(𝟑)
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = − + =−
𝟎 𝒚 ( 𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝝅
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒚) 𝒚=𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝟒
𝑩=∫ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝜽 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽
𝟎 (𝒚 + 𝟏)√𝒚 𝟎
∞ 𝝅
𝟏 𝟒
𝑩 = −𝟖 ∑ ∫ 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬((𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐)𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅
∞
𝟏 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧((𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐)𝜽) 𝐜𝐨𝐬((𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐)𝜽) 𝟒
= −𝟖 ∑ [ + ]
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟐(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟒(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝟕𝜻(𝟑)
𝑩 = −𝝅 ∑ + 𝟐 ∑ = −𝝅𝑮 +
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝝅𝟐 𝟓𝜻(𝟑) 𝟕𝜻(𝟑) 𝝅𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝜻(𝟑)

𝑨=− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + 𝝅𝑮 − = 𝝅𝑮 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔
𝟑 𝝅𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝜻(𝟑) 𝝅𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝜻(𝟑)
( )
𝚲 = 𝜻 𝟑 + 𝟒𝝅𝑮 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − = 𝟒𝝅𝑮 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟑 𝟐
Therefore,
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝝅𝟐
∑ ∑ = 𝟒𝑮𝝅 − 𝜻 ( 𝟑) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒎𝟐 𝟑𝒚𝒏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒎=𝟏 𝒏=𝒎
𝒏𝟐 +𝒏 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒏 = ∑ [√𝒌 + ] = ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ⋯ =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟑 𝒌=𝟕
𝒏 𝒊𝟐 +𝒊 𝒏 𝒊𝟐 +𝒊 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
=∑ ∑ [√𝒌 + ] = ∑ ∑ 𝒊 = ∑ 𝟐𝒊𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟑𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝒊𝟐 −𝒊+𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝒊𝟐 −𝒊+𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
1685. Find:
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝟖 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
Proposed by Hussain Reza Zadah-Afghanistan

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒕=𝒙𝟔
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟖 𝟎 𝒙 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐−𝟏 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ {𝝍(𝟐) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟐) ( )} =
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟐 𝟔
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏
= {𝟏𝟔𝟖𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒√𝟑𝝅𝟑 }
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
Therefore,
𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝟕𝜻(𝟑) 𝝅𝟑
𝛀=∫ 𝟖 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = +
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒√𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟓 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝛀𝟏 − 𝛀𝟐
𝟎 𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝒙= 𝟏𝟐√𝒚 𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 √𝒚 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚
𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐 √𝒚𝟏𝟏
𝟓 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚−𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
= ∫ 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = ∑ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒚 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
∵ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
(𝒌 + 𝟔)
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 = ∑ 𝟑 ; (∵ 𝝍𝒏 (𝒛) = (−𝟏 )𝒏+𝟏 𝒏! ∑
𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝟏 (𝒛 + 𝒌)𝒏+𝟏
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝟔)
𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟔)
𝝍𝟐 ( ) = (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟏 𝟐! ∑ ⇒∑ =−
𝟔
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝟔)
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝟔)
𝟏
𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟔)
𝛀𝟏 = −
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝟓
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝟐 √𝒚𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
√𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚
𝛀𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚 𝟏𝟐 √𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒚)√𝒚
𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∵ ∫ 𝒚𝒌−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
(𝒌 + 𝟐)
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐) 𝟏 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐)
𝛀𝟐 = ∑ =− ; (∵ ∑ =−
𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + )
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟏 𝟑
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + )
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐)
𝛀𝟐 = −
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟐) − 𝝍 𝟐 ( 𝟔) 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒√𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀= =
𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒖=𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒖
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟖 𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂(
𝒖𝒂 𝒖 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟔
𝛀(𝒂) = 𝚽(𝒂) − 𝚿(𝒂)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒖𝒂 𝒖𝒂 𝟏
𝚽(𝒂) = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒖 = ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝒂+𝟔𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = ∑
𝟎 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒖𝒂+𝟐 𝟏
𝚿(𝒂) = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒖 = ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝒂+𝟐+𝟔𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = ∑
𝟎 𝟏−𝒖 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 ( 𝒂) = − ∑ +∑
𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑 𝒂 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏
∵∑ = −𝝍(𝟎) (𝒂)
𝒏+𝒂
𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝟑 𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) = − ∑ + ∑ = 𝝍(𝟎) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟎) ( )
𝟔 𝒂+𝟑 𝟔 𝒂+𝟏 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 + 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 +
𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝒂+𝟑 𝒂+𝟏
𝛀′ (𝒂) = (𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( ))
𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝒂+𝟑 𝒂+𝟏
𝛀′′ (𝒂) = (𝝍(𝟐) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟐) ( ))
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 ′′ 𝝍𝟐 (𝟐) − 𝝍𝟐 (𝟔) 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝜻(𝟑) + 𝟒√𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = 𝛀 ( 𝟎) = =
𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚=𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (√𝒚) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 𝒚=𝒆−𝒛
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏 𝟐 𝟖 𝟎 𝒚𝟒 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝒛𝟐 𝒆−𝒛 𝟏 ∞ 𝒛𝟐 (𝒆−𝒛 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒛 )
= ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒛 + 𝒆−𝟒𝒛 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟔𝒛
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐 −𝒛 𝟏 ∞
= ∫ 𝒛 (𝒆 + 𝒆−𝟕𝒛 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟑𝒛 + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒛 − ∫ 𝒛𝟐 (𝒆−𝟑𝒛 + 𝒆−𝟗𝒛 + 𝒆−𝟏𝟓𝒛 + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟖 𝟎 𝟖 𝟎
𝟏 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑) 𝟏 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑) 𝚪(𝟑)
= ( 𝟑 + 𝟑 + 𝟑
+ ⋯) − ( 𝟑 + 𝟑 + + ⋯) =
𝟖 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟑 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( 𝟑 − 𝟑 + 𝟑 − 𝟑 + 𝟑 − 𝟑 + ⋯ ) ≅ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙𝟖 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 = ⇒ 𝛀 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒 𝟖
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟒
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏𝟐
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏𝟐
=𝑯−𝑱
𝟏 𝒑−𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙=𝒆 −𝒕 𝒆 −𝒕𝒑 𝟐
𝒕
∫ 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟏𝟐𝒕
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝒕𝒑 ∑ 𝒆−𝟏𝟐𝒌𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆 𝟎 𝒌≥𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟐 −𝒕(𝒑+𝟏𝟐𝒌)
𝟏
= ∑ [∫ 𝒕 𝒆 𝒅𝒕] = ∑ [ 𝟑
∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕] = 𝚪(𝟑) = 𝟐
( 𝒑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒌 )
𝒌≥𝟎 𝟎 𝒌≥𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝟐∑ = ∑
(𝒑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒌) 𝟑 𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝒑 𝟑
𝒌≥𝟎 (𝒌 +
𝒌≥𝟎
𝟏𝟐)
𝟏
𝜻(𝒔, 𝒑) = ∑
(𝒏 + 𝒑)𝒔
𝒏>0

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀= [𝜻 (𝟑, ) − 𝜻 (𝟑, )] = (𝟒𝟐𝜻(𝟑) − 𝟓𝟑𝝅𝟑 )
𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒𝟑𝟐
1686.
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝝅
𝐈𝐟 𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅𝒂, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟
−𝝅 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝚽 = 𝒂𝟓 + 𝒂𝟒 + 𝟖𝒂𝟑 + 𝟖𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒂.

𝝅
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒕=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙;𝒂+𝟏=𝒃𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
−𝝅 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
∞
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒
= 𝟖∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 (𝒃𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 )𝟐
𝟖(𝒃𝟒 + 𝟏) ∞ 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟔 ∞
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟐 ∞
𝒅𝒕
= 𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
− ∫ =
( 𝒃 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝒃 + 𝒕 𝒃 − 𝟏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕 ) ( 𝒃 − 𝟏 ) 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝝅(𝒃𝟒 + 𝟏) 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝝅(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃 + 𝟏)

= + − =
𝒃(𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒃(𝒃 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟒𝝅(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃 + 𝟏)
= 𝝅(𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏) ⇒ 𝟒𝒃𝟐 + 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟒 = 𝒃𝟓 + 𝟐𝒃𝟒 − 𝟔𝒃𝟐 − 𝟓𝒃 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒃 ( 𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝟐𝒃𝟒 − 𝟔𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟖
𝒃= ; √𝒂 + 𝟏 =
𝟓 − 𝒃𝟒 𝟒 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂
𝟒𝒂𝟒 − 𝟖𝒂𝟑 − 𝟐𝟖𝒂𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒂 + 𝟔𝟒
𝒂+𝟏 =
𝒂𝟒 + 𝟒𝒂𝟑 − 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒂 + 𝟏𝟔
𝚽 = 𝒂𝟓 + 𝒂𝟒 + 𝟖𝒂𝟑 + 𝟖𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒂 = 𝟒𝟖
1687.
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑹(𝒕) =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝟎
(𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 )
www.ssmrmh.ro
Prove the relation for 𝒏 > 1
∞
𝑹(𝒕) −𝒏𝒕
𝟖𝒏𝟕 − 𝟒𝟐𝒏𝟓 + 𝟓𝟔𝒏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒏
∫ 𝑻𝒓[𝒆 ]𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟖
𝟎 𝒏 − 𝟕𝒏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒏𝟒 − 𝟖𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏
𝑻𝒓(∗) − is the Trace of matrix and 𝒆𝑹(𝒕) −is matrix exponential.
Solution by Farid Khelili-Algerie
Let 𝑷(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟒 − 𝟕𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒛𝟐 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝟏 and {𝝀±
𝒌 (𝒕), 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒} be the eigenvalues of
the matrix 𝑹(𝒕), we claim that

𝑨. 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹(𝒕) − 𝝀𝑰𝟖 ) = [(𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟏)𝒚 + 𝟏]𝒕𝟖 ; 𝝀𝟐 = (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒕𝟐
𝑩. 𝝀± 𝟐
𝒌 (𝒕) = ±𝜶𝒌 𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝜶𝒌 < 2; 𝑃(𝜶𝒌 ) = 𝟎; 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, . . , 𝟒
∞ 𝟒
𝑹(𝒕) )𝒆−𝒏𝒕
𝟐𝒏 𝟖𝒏𝟕 − 𝟒𝟐𝒏𝟓 + 𝟓𝟔𝒏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒏
𝑪. ∫ 𝑻𝒓(𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ =
𝟎 𝒏𝟐 − 𝜶𝟐𝒌 𝒏𝟖 − 𝟕𝒏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒏𝟒 − 𝟖𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
We first prove claim 𝑪 then we prove claim 𝑩 and at the end we prove claim 𝑨.
Proof of claim 𝑪: It follows from claim (𝑩) thet
∞ 𝟒 ∞ 𝟒 ∞
𝑹(𝒕) )𝒆−𝒏𝒕 −𝝀+
𝒌 (𝒕) −𝒏𝒕
−
𝑱𝒏 = ∫ 𝑻𝒓(𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ ∫ 𝒆 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 + ∑ ∫ 𝒆−𝝀𝒌 (𝒕) 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝟎
𝟒 ∞ 𝟒 ∞
−𝜶𝒌 𝒕 −𝒏𝒕
𝑱𝒏 = ∑ ∫ 𝒆 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 + ∑ ∫ 𝒆𝜶𝒌 𝒕 𝒆−𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝟎
𝟒 ∞ 𝟒 ∞
= ∑∫ 𝒆 −(𝜶𝒌 +𝒏)𝒕
𝒅𝒕 + ∑ ∫ 𝒆(𝜶𝒌+𝒏)𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝑱𝒏 = ∑ ( + )=∑ 𝟐
𝒏 + 𝜶𝒌 𝒏 − 𝜶𝒌 𝒏 − 𝜶𝟐𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Since, by claim 𝑩, 𝑷(𝜶𝟐𝒌 ) = 𝟎, 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒, then

𝑷(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟒 − 𝟕𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒛𝟐 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝟏 = (𝒛 − 𝜶𝟐𝟏 )(𝒛 − 𝜶𝟐𝟐 )(𝒛 − 𝜶𝟐𝟑 )(𝒛 − 𝜶𝟐𝟒 )
and

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟒
𝟏 𝑷′ (𝒛) 𝟒𝒛𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒛 − 𝟖
∑ = =
𝒛 − 𝜶𝟐𝒌 𝑷(𝒛) 𝒛𝟒 − 𝟕𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒛𝟐 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
It follows that
𝟒
𝟐𝒏 𝑷′ (𝒏𝟐 ) 𝟖𝒏𝟕 − 𝟒𝟐𝒏𝟓 + 𝟓𝟔𝒏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒏
𝑱𝒏 = ∑ = 𝟐𝒏 =
𝒏𝟐 − 𝜶𝟐𝒌 𝑷(𝒏𝟐 ) 𝒏𝟖 − 𝟕𝒏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒏𝟒 − 𝟖𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
The claim 𝑪 is then demonstrated.

∞
𝑹(𝒕) ]𝒆−𝒏𝒕
𝟖𝒏𝟕 − 𝟒𝟐𝒏𝟓 + 𝟓𝟔𝒏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒏
∫ 𝑻𝒓[𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟖
𝟎 𝒏 − 𝟕𝒏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒏𝟒 − 𝟖𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏
Proof of claim 𝑩: If follows from claim (𝑨) that the eigenvalues {𝝀±
𝒌 (𝒕), 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒} of
the matrix 𝑹(𝒕) are given by 𝝀±

𝒌 (𝒕) = ±√𝒚𝒌 + 𝟏𝒕, where the real numbers
{𝒚𝒌 , 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒} are the roots of the equation

(𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒚 + 𝟏) + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
Let 𝜶𝒌 = √𝒚𝒌 + 𝟏, then the real numbers {𝜶𝟐𝒌 , 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒} are the roots of the
equation
(𝒛 − 𝟒)(𝒛 − 𝟐)(𝒛 − 𝟏)𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
Let 𝑷(𝒛) = (𝒛 − 𝟒)(𝒛 − 𝟐)(𝒛 − 𝟏)𝒛 + 𝟏, then
𝑷(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟒 − 𝟕𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒛𝟐 − 𝟖𝒛 + 𝟏; 𝑷(𝜶𝟐𝒌 ) = 𝟎, 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒
Let 𝜸 be a root of 𝑷(𝒛), it is easy to see that 𝑷(𝜸) ≥ 𝟏 if 𝜸 ≥ 𝟒, then 𝟎 < 𝛾 < 4,
and 𝟎 < 𝜶𝒌 < 2. The claim of 𝑩 is then demonstrated.
𝑩. 𝜶± 𝟐
𝒌 (𝒕) = ±𝜶𝒌 𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝜶𝒌 < 2; 𝑃(𝜶𝒌 ) = 𝟎; 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝟒
Proof of claim 𝑨: Let 𝑨(𝝁) and 𝑩𝒏 (𝝁) the 𝟖 × 𝟖 real matrix and 𝒏 × 𝒏 real matrix,
respectively.
𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 … 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ 𝟎
𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋮
𝑨(𝝁) = 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 ( )
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 ; 𝑩𝒏 𝝁 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝝁 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝝁 𝟎 ( 𝟎 𝟎 … 𝟎 𝟏 𝝁)
(𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝝁)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝀
Let 𝝁 = − 𝒕 , then 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹(𝒕) − 𝝀𝑰𝟖 ) = 𝒕𝟖 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨(𝝁) and
𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨(𝝁) = 𝝁𝑫𝟕 − (𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏)𝑫𝟒 , where 𝑫𝒏 −is the determinant of the 𝒏 × 𝒏 matrix 𝑩𝒏 (𝝁).
It is easy to show that 𝑫𝒏 satisfies the recurrence relations.
𝑫𝒏 = 𝝁𝑫𝒏−𝟏 − 𝑫𝒏−𝟐 = (𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏)𝑫𝒏−𝟐 − 𝝁𝑫𝒏−𝟑
𝑫𝒏 = [(𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝝁𝟐 )𝑫𝒏−𝟒 − 𝝁(𝝁𝟐 − 𝟐)𝑫𝒏−𝟓
Since, 𝑫𝟏 = 𝝁; 𝑫𝟐 = 𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏; 𝑫𝟑 = 𝝁(𝝁𝟐 − 𝟐), then 𝑫𝟒 = (𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝝁𝟐 ;
𝑫𝟕 = 𝝁(𝝁𝟐 − 𝟐)((𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐𝝁𝟐 + 𝟏) and
𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨(𝝁) = 𝝁𝑫𝟕 − (𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏)𝑫𝟒 = (𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒚 + 𝟏, where 𝒚 = 𝝁𝟐 − 𝟏.
It follows that:
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹(𝒕) − 𝝀𝑰𝟖 ) = 𝒕𝟖 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨(𝝁) = [(𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒚 + 𝟏]𝒕𝟖 , where
𝝀𝟐 = 𝝁𝟐 𝒕𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒕𝟐 . The claim 𝑨 is then demonstrated.
𝑨. 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹(𝒕) − 𝝀𝑰𝟖 ) = [(𝒚 − 𝟑)(𝒚 − 𝟏)𝒚 + 𝟏]𝒕𝟖 ; 𝝀𝟐 = (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒕𝟐
∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+ 𝒙)
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙+𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)(𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 )
𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝒙+𝒚 𝒚
∫ 𝟐
∫ ( 𝟐
− ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒚+𝒚 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
=∫ 𝟐
[ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )] 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒚+𝒚 𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝝅
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
= ∫ 𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟑√𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚+𝒚
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
−𝟏
𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏(
𝟏 − 𝒚) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕𝟑−𝟏 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
= −∫ 𝟑
𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟑√𝟑 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚 𝟑√𝟑 𝟗 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= − {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )} =
𝟑√𝟑 𝟗 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= − {𝝍(𝟏) ( ) + 𝝍(𝟏) ( )} + 𝝍(𝟏) ( )
𝟑√𝟑 𝟗 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑
Therefore,
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟐 (𝟏) 𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝝍 ( )
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙+𝟏 𝟑√𝟑 𝟐𝟕 𝟗 𝟑
1689. Show that:
𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)(√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
(√𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)(√𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟎
𝝅𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
= − 𝝅 (𝟔√𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( − )) − 𝟒(𝟐𝑪 − 𝟕)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 √𝟐
𝑪 −Catalan’s constant.
𝟏
(√𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)(√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
(√𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)(√𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟎
𝟏
(𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝑨 𝑩
⏞𝟏 𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙 ⏞𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙^𝟐
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝒙=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝟐 𝒕 𝟒
𝑩 = − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = −𝟏𝟔 ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
= −𝟏𝟔 [( 𝒕𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 + 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕)] + 𝟖 ∫ (𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒕
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎
𝝅𝟑
= + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐𝝅
𝟏𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝑨 = [(𝟐√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] −
𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎
𝟏
𝟐√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐
−∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐
= 𝟐∫ −∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= [𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒙 )𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒙]𝟎 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟖[√𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −𝟏
𝒙]𝟎 + 𝟖 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟏
√𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
= 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟒𝝅√𝟐 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
= −𝟐[√𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙]𝟎 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝒙
Now, we have:
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙𝟐−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟒𝑯𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟖
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝟐
𝝅
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝟐 𝝅 𝒕
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = √𝟐 ∫ ( − 𝒕) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝑰 𝑱
⏞ 𝝅 ⏞ 𝝅
𝝅 𝟐 𝒕 𝟐 𝒕
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 − √𝟐 ∫ 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒕
√𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
Where,
𝝅 𝒕
𝒚=√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬( ) √𝟐
𝝅 𝟐
𝒕
𝟐 𝒕 𝟐
𝑰= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝅 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒚 =
√𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝝅[(𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒚 + 𝟏) + (𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒚 − 𝟏) − 𝟐𝒚]√𝟐
𝟏 = 𝟐𝝅 − 𝟐𝝅√𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( + )
𝟐 √𝟐
and
𝝅 ∞
𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝑱 = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝒕 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒏𝒕)) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 ∞ 𝝅
𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟒
= 𝟒√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟒√𝟐 ∑ ∫ 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒏𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒏 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏
= 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 +
∞ 𝝅
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝒏𝒕 + 𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝒏𝒕 − 𝒕) 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒏𝒕 − 𝒕) 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒏𝒕 + 𝒕) 𝟒
+𝟐√𝟐 ∑ [ − + − ] =
𝒏 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝟎
= 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 +
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝝅 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝝅
+𝟐√𝟐 ∑ ( + + − )=
𝒏 √𝟐(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 √𝟐(𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒√𝟐(𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟒√𝟐(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟏
𝑺𝟏
⏞∞
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ ( 𝟐
+ )
𝒏(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝑺𝟐
⏞∞
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
+ ∑( − )
𝟐 𝒏(𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒏(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟏
Where,
∞
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝟏 = ∑ ( + − − − )=
𝒏 (𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑( + − −
)= −
𝒏+𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝟓 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
𝒏 +
𝒏=𝟏 𝟒 (𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟒 (𝒏 + 𝟒) 𝟒 𝒏+𝟒
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
= −𝟐𝝍(𝟏) + 𝝍 ( ) + 𝝍 ( ) + 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
= 𝟐𝜸 − 𝜸 + − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟒 − 𝜸 − − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + − 𝟐𝑪 − 𝟐𝑪 + 𝟒 − =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
= 𝟖 − 𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟒𝑪
and
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
𝑺𝟐 = ∑ ( + − ) = 𝟐𝝍(𝟏) − 𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ) =
𝟑 𝟓 𝒏 𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 +
𝟒 𝒏+𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅 𝝅
= −𝟐𝜸 − 𝟒 + 𝜸 + + 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝜸 − + 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 = 𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝑱 = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟖𝑪 + 𝟑𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐𝝅 =
= 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐𝝅 − 𝟖𝑪
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝝅√𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟖𝑪
𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝒙
𝑨 = 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟒𝝅√𝟐 + 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝝅√𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟖𝑪
= 𝟐𝟖 − 𝟔𝝅√𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝟖𝑪

𝝅𝟑
𝛀 = 𝟐𝟖 − 𝟔𝝅√𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝟖𝑪 + + 𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐𝝅
𝟏𝟐
𝝅𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
= − 𝝅 (𝟔√𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( − )) − 𝟒(𝟐𝑪 − 𝟕)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 √𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏
(√𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)(√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (√𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)(√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝝅𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
= − 𝝅 (𝟔√𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( − )) − 𝟒(𝟐𝑪 − 𝟕)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 √𝟐
1690. Prove that:
𝟐𝝅 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)𝟐𝒍 ⋅ (𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)
𝛀=∫ 𝟐𝒍 𝟐𝒍
𝒅𝒛 = 𝝅𝟐
𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛))
Proposed by Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan
Solution 1 by Togrul Ehmedov-Azerbaijan
𝟐𝝅 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)𝟐𝒍 ⋅ (𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛))𝟐𝒍 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛))𝟐𝒍
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛 (𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛) 𝒛 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛
=∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒛 𝟐𝒍
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒛
𝟐𝒍
𝟐𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛
𝟐𝛀 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒅𝒛
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒛

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝒍
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛
𝛀 = 𝝅∫ 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟒𝝅 ∫ 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒛 𝟐𝒍
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒛
𝟐𝒍
𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒛
= 𝟒𝝅 ∫ 𝒅𝒛
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒛 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒛
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐𝛀 = 𝟒𝝅 ∫ 𝒅𝒛 ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝝅𝟐
𝟎

𝟐𝝅 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)𝟐𝒍 ⋅ (𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛) 𝟐𝝅 (
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛)𝟐𝒍 ⋅ (𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛)
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 ⇒
𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛))𝟐𝒍 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒛))𝟐𝒍 𝟐𝒍
𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒛)
𝟐𝒍
𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝟐𝛀 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒅𝒕 +
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒕 𝟐𝒍
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
𝟐𝒍 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝟐
𝟑𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕
+∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝛀𝟏 + 𝛀𝟐 + 𝛀𝟑 + 𝛀𝟒
𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒕 𝟑𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝒕→𝒕−
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝟐
𝛀𝟐 = ∫ 𝟐𝒍 𝟐𝒍
𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
𝝅
𝒕→𝒕−𝝅 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝛀𝟑 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝟑𝝅 𝝅
𝒕=𝒕−
𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕
𝛀𝟒 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒍 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒍 𝒕
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐𝛀 = 𝟐𝝅(𝛀𝟏 + 𝛀𝟐 + 𝛀𝟑 + 𝛀𝟒 ) = 𝟐𝝅 ⋅ (𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕) = 𝟐𝝅𝟐 ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝝅𝟐
𝟎
1691. Find:
𝒏(𝟏 ⋅ 𝒏 + 𝟐 ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝟑 ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟐) + ⋯ + 𝒏 ⋅ 𝟏)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 ⋅ 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐 ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑 ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒏 ⋅ 𝟏𝟐

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 1 by Sergio Esteban-Buenos Aires-Argentina
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝟏 = ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) = ∑ (𝒏𝒌 − 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌) = 𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 − ∑ 𝒌𝟐 + ∑ 𝒌 =
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)
=𝒏⋅ − + =
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌[(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒌] =

𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
= ∑ 𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏 )𝟐 + ∑ 𝒌 − ∑ 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏 ) 𝒌 𝟐 =
𝟑
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

𝟐
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
= ⋅ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 + ( ) − 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
𝒏𝑺𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝑺𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑺𝟏 = ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) = ∑ (𝒏𝒌 − 𝒌 + 𝒌) = 𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 − ∑ 𝒌 + ∑ 𝒌 =
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)

= 𝒏⋅ − +𝒏
𝟐 𝟔
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 + 𝟏 )𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌[(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒌] =

𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
= 𝒏𝟐 ∑ 𝒌 + ∑ 𝒌𝟑 + ∑ 𝒌 − 𝟐𝒏 ∑ 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 − 𝟐 ∑ 𝒌𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟐
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏)
= 𝒏𝟐 ⋅ +( ) + − 𝟐𝒏 ⋅ + 𝟐𝒏 ⋅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) −
− , 𝛀= 𝟐 𝟔 =𝟐
𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝟐+𝟒−𝟔
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝟏 = 𝒏 ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) = 𝒏 ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌) = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) ∑ 𝒌 − ∑ 𝒌𝟐 =

𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
(
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 ) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)
= 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ − =
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌) = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 =
𝟔 𝟒
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒏) = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒏𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟔 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟏𝟐
𝑺𝟏 = ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) = ∑ (𝒏𝒌 − 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌) = 𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 − ∑ 𝒌𝟐 + ∑ 𝒌 =
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)

=𝒏⋅ − +𝒏= (𝟑𝒏 + 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) =
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)
=
𝟔
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 = ∑ 𝒌[(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒌] =

𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
= 𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 + ∑ 𝒌 + ∑ 𝒌 − 𝟐𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 + 𝟐𝒏 ∑ 𝒌 − 𝟐 ∑ 𝒌𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

𝟐
𝟐
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
=𝒏 ⋅ +( ) + − 𝟐𝒏 ⋅ + 𝟐𝒏 ⋅ −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
𝟐𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐 )
− = [𝟔𝒏 + 𝟔 − 𝟒(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝟑𝒏] =
𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟐(
𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟏𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝟔 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟐)
1692. If 𝑨(𝒏) denotes the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term of the sequence 𝑨𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟕 in OEIS and
defined as ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝑨(𝒏) = 𝒏 ⋅ 𝑨(𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝒏(𝟏+𝒏)𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐 ; 𝑨(𝟎) = 𝟏. Prove
that:

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝑨(𝒏) 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟏) = 𝟏 − + 𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒆
𝑨(𝒏) 𝒌(𝒌+𝟏) 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐 𝒌(𝒌+𝟏) 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐
Let 𝒗𝒏 = ⇒ 𝒗𝒌 = 𝒗𝒌−𝟏 + ⇒ 𝒗𝒌 − 𝒗𝒌−𝟏 =
𝒏! 𝒌! 𝒌!
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌(𝒌+𝟏) 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐 𝒌(𝒌+𝟏) 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐
∑(𝒗𝒌 − 𝒗𝒌−𝟏 ) = ∑ ⇒ 𝒗𝒏 − 𝒗𝟎 = ∑ ⇒
𝒌! 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝒌(𝒌+𝟏) 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐
𝒗𝒏 = ∑ +𝟏
𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝑨(𝒏) 𝒌(𝒌+𝟏) 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ + 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟐𝒌 𝟏 𝟏
=∑ +∑ +𝟏 = ∑ +∑ +𝟏=
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒌)! (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏)!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
∞
𝟏
=∑ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟏
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)!
𝒌=𝟎
Therefore,
𝑨(𝒏) 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟏) = 𝟏 − + 𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒆
1693.
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) = ∑ ∑ |(𝒊 − 𝒋) ( − )|
𝟐𝒏 − 𝒊 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝒋 + 𝟏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀𝟐 = ∑ ∑ | − |
𝟐𝒏 − 𝒊 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝒋 + 𝟏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
Find:
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝛀𝟐 (𝒏)

www.ssmrmh.ro
Let 𝒌 = 𝒏 − 𝒊 + 𝟏 and 𝒑 = 𝒏 − 𝒋 + 𝟏, then
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 (𝒑 − 𝒌 ) 𝟐
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) = ∑ ∑ |(𝒑 − 𝒌) ( − )| = ∑ ∑ =
𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝒑 (𝒏 + 𝒑)(𝒏 + 𝒌)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 (𝒑 − 𝒌 )𝟐
=∑ ∑ ⇒
𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝒑
𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) ≥ ∑ ∑ ≥∑
𝒏+𝒌 𝟐𝒏 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝒌 )
𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Because:
𝒏
(𝒑 − 𝒌 )𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∑ (𝒑 − 𝒌)𝟐 ≥ (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ; 𝒑 ≥ 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ≥ ; ∀𝒑 ≤ 𝒏
𝒏+𝒑 𝒏 + 𝒑 𝟐𝒏
𝒑=𝟏
𝒏
( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐
∑ =𝒏 =
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
𝒑=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐
≥ ⇒∑ ≥∑
𝒏 + 𝒌 𝟐𝒏 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝒌 ) 𝟒𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
( 𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒌𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) ≥ ∑ =∑ = 𝒏 − 𝒏+
𝟒𝒏 𝟒𝒏 𝟏𝟐 𝟖 𝟐𝟒
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 |𝒑 − 𝒌 |
𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) = ∑ ∑ |( − )| = ∑ ∑
𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝒑 (𝒏 + 𝒑)(𝒏 + 𝒌)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 |𝒑 − 𝒌 | 𝟏 |𝒏 − 𝒌 |
⇒ 𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) = ∑ ∑ ≤∑ ∑
𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝒑 𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
|𝒑 − 𝒌| ≤ |𝒏 − 𝒌| ≤ 𝒏 − 𝟏 and ≤ 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏+𝒑
𝟏 𝒏−𝒌 𝟏 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟏
𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) ≤ ∑ ∑ ≤∑ ∑ ≤ ∑ ≤
𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝒌 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒏 𝒏𝟑
≤ ⋅ ≤ ≤𝒏
𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏 + 𝟏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐
Therefore,
www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏𝟐 𝒏 𝟏
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) − +
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ≥ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏𝟐 𝟖 𝟐𝟒 = +∞
𝒏→∞ 𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
1694. Let 𝑨(𝒙) be the following 𝒏 × 𝒏 real matrix
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 ⋯ 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 ⋯ 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 ⋯ 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
( )
𝑨 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 ⋯ 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 ; 𝒏 − 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑨(𝒙))
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝟏 𝟏 ⋯ 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
(𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 ⋯ 𝒙−𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟏
Prove that:
∞ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
∫ =
𝟎 𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒏𝟐 √𝟐
(𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒙)) (𝟏 − 𝑭 (𝒆 𝟖 ))
Proposed by Farid Khelili-Algerie

𝟐
Let 𝑿 = (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , … , 𝒙𝒏 ) ∈ ℝ𝒏 and ||𝑿|| = ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟏 𝒙𝒌 𝒙𝒌 . If regard 𝑿 as an element of
𝑴𝒂𝒕(𝒏 × 𝒏, ℝ), then 𝑿𝑻 ∈ 𝑴𝒂𝒕(𝟏 × 𝒏, ℝ) and 𝑿𝑿𝑻 = (𝒙𝒋 𝒙𝒌 )𝟏≤𝒋,𝒌≤𝒏 ∈ 𝑴𝒂𝒕(𝒏, ℝ). Let
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝑱𝒏 = ∫
𝟎 𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒙
(𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒙)) (𝟏 − 𝑭 (𝒆 𝟖 ))
We claim that:
𝟐
𝔸. 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑿𝑿𝑻 ) = 𝟏 + ||𝑿|| ; ∀𝑿 ∈ ℝ𝒏
𝒏 𝟐 𝟏
𝔹. 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑨(𝒙)) = 𝟏 + (𝒙 + 𝟐 ) ; ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ∗
𝟐 𝒙
∞
𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒎
ℂ. 𝑱𝒏 = 𝟐 ∫ = ∑
𝒏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 (𝝅𝒙) 𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟑
𝟒 𝒎=𝟎
Proof of claim 𝔸: Let 𝑬 = (𝟏, 𝟎, … , 𝟎) ∈ ℝ𝒏 and 𝑿 = (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , … . , 𝒙𝒏 ) ∈ ℝ𝒏 such that ||𝑿|| ≠

𝟎, if we regard 𝑿 and 𝑬 as elements of 𝑴𝒂𝒕(𝒏 × 𝟏, ℝ), then there exists an orthogonal
matrix 𝑹 ∈ 𝑶(𝒏, ℝ), 𝑹𝒕 𝑹 = 𝑰𝒏 , such that 𝑹𝑿 = ||𝑿||𝑬.

www.ssmrmh.ro
Since 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹𝑴𝑹𝑻 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑴𝑹𝑻 𝑹) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑴), for any 𝑴 ∈ 𝑴𝒂𝒕(𝒏, ℝ), then
𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑿𝑿𝑻 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭[𝑹(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑿𝑿𝑻 )𝑹𝑻 ] = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + (𝑹𝑿)(𝑹𝑿)𝑻 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭 (𝑰𝒏 + ||𝑿|| 𝑬𝑬𝑻 )
Since 𝑬𝑬𝑻 is the diagonal matrix 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈(𝟏, 𝟎, … , 𝟎), then

𝟐 𝟐
𝑰𝒏 + ||𝑿|| 𝑬𝑬𝑻 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈(𝟏 + ||𝑿|| , 𝟏, … , 𝟏) and
𝟐 𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑿𝑿𝑻 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭 (𝑰𝒏 + ||𝑿|| 𝑬𝑬𝑻 ) = 𝟏 + ||𝑿||
The claim 𝔸 is demonstrated.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Proof of claim 𝔹: Let 𝑿 = (𝒙, 𝒙 , 𝒙, 𝒙 , … , 𝒙, 𝒙 ) ∈ ℝ𝒏 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ and 𝒏 is even, then
𝟐 𝒏 𝟏
||𝑿|| = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ) and 𝑿𝑿𝑻 = 𝑨(𝒙). It follows from claim 𝔸 that
𝟐 𝒙
𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑨(𝒙)) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑿𝑿𝑻 ) = 𝟏 + ||𝑿|| = 𝟏 + (𝒙 + 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝒙
The claim 𝔹 is demonstrated.
Proof of claim ℂ: Let 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑨(𝒙)), it follows from claim 𝔹 that
𝒏 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑰𝒏 + 𝑨(𝒙)) = − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ) 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝟐 𝒙
𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒏 𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝝅𝒙𝟐
𝟏 − 𝑭 (𝒆 𝟖 ) = − (𝒆 𝟒 + 𝒆− 𝟒 ) = −𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( )
𝟐 𝟒
Thus,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 ∞ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 →𝒙
𝑱𝒏 = ∫ = 𝟐∫ 𝟐 =
𝟎 𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒏 𝟎 (
𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟒 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 (𝝅𝒙 )
(𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒙)) (𝟏 − 𝑭 (𝒆 𝟖 )) 𝟒
𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙
= ∫
𝒏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 (𝝅𝒙)
𝟐
𝟒
𝝅𝒙
Now, use the partial fraction expansion of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟒 )
∞
𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝒎
𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏
𝝅𝒙 = 𝝅 ∑ (−𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒(𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏)
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟒 ) 𝒎=𝟎
To rewrite 𝑱𝒏 as
∞ ∞
𝟏𝟔 𝒎(
𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝑱𝒏 = 𝟐
∑ ( −𝟏 ) 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏 ) ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝝅𝒏
𝒎=𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟒(𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏)
The integral on the right is equal to

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟒(𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝟒𝒎 + 𝟑)(𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏)
So,
∞
𝟏 ∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒎
𝑱𝒏 = 𝟐 ∫ = ∑ ; (𝟏)
𝒏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 (𝝅𝒙) 𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟑
𝒏 𝒎=𝟎
The claim ℂ is then demonstrated.The summation on the right of Eq. (1) is equal to
∞ ∞𝟏 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒎 𝒙𝟐
∑ = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒎 ∫ 𝒙𝟒𝒎+𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝟒𝒎 + 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
∞
𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒎 𝟒 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝑱𝒏 = 𝟐 ∑ = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒
𝒎=𝟎
Which can be rewritten as

𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝑱𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒙−𝟐
𝑱𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒏𝟐 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒙−𝟏 )𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒙−𝟏 )𝟐 − 𝟐
Making the change of variable 𝒖 = −(𝒙 − 𝒙−𝟏 ) in the first integral and 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒙−𝟏 in the
second integral, one has
𝟐 ∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 ∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 + √𝟐
𝑱𝒏 = 𝟐
∫ 𝟐
− 𝟐
∫ 𝟐 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒏 𝟎 𝒖 + 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟐 √𝟐𝒏𝟐 √𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝟐 − √𝟐
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
∫ =
𝟎 𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒏𝟐 √𝟐
(𝟏 − 𝑭(𝒙)) (𝟏 − 𝑭 (𝒆 𝟖 ))
1695. Find:
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
∞
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐
= ∫ ( + 𝟐
) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐
) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟐 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝟒 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟐
∞
𝟏
𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝛀 = [𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟐(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 ] −
𝟒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 ∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟏 ∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏 ∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝝅𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= − + −
𝟖 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒙
𝑨=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝒙+𝒚 𝒚
=∫ 𝟐
∫ ( 𝟐
− ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
𝟏 ∞
𝒅𝒚 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
=∫ 𝟐
[𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟎
𝝅 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝝅 𝑮
= ∫ 𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝝅
∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝟐
𝑩=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎
∞
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝝅𝟐
𝑪=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∞ ) =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
∞
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝑮
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐
𝒓𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒓𝒄
1696. In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝝎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (√ ) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (√ ) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (√ ). Find:
𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃
𝝎
𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟕
𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝑭𝟐
𝒓𝒓𝒂 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂) (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝑨
√ =√ 𝟐 =√ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 𝑭 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂) 𝟐
(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝒓𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒓𝒄 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝝅

𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √ + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √ + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √ = + + =
𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 𝒓 𝒄 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙; (𝟏)
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟕
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 ; (𝟐)
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟕
By adding (1) and (2), we get:
𝝅
𝟐𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝝅
𝟐𝛀 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟐
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝝅
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟒
𝒓𝒓𝒂 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝝎 = ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √ = ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√ )=
𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑨 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
= ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) = ∑ 𝑨 = ⇒ 𝝎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟕
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐𝛀 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
Therefore,

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝝅
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟒
1697. Prove that:
𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟓 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝝅 𝝅𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝝅𝟑 𝝅𝟓
∫ ( ) ( )
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝜻 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 − 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝜻 𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 +
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
+ (𝝍𝟓 ( ) − 𝝍𝟓 ( ))
𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
where 𝜻 is Zeta function and 𝝍𝒏 (𝒛) is 𝒏𝒕𝒉 polygamma function.
𝝅
𝟏
(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟓 𝒙=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟒 𝒙𝟓 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝝅
𝟏 𝟔 𝝅 𝟓 𝟒
= [𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)]𝟎𝟒 − ∫ 𝒙𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟓
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝝅𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝝅 𝝅𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝛀= − ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( − 𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ ( − 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒
𝝅 ∞ 𝝅
𝝅𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝟓 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝛀= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ ( − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∑ ∫ ( − 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝒏 𝟎 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝟒 𝝅𝟓
∫ ( − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝝅
𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
∫ ( − 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟒
𝝅
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟑 𝝅 𝟒
𝟑 𝟑 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙) 𝟑 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙) ( 𝟒 − 𝒙) 𝟑 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙)
= [( 𝟓 − + ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙) − ( − ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒏𝒙)]
𝟒𝒏 𝟐𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒏𝟒
𝟎
𝟑
𝟑 𝒏𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + −
𝟒𝒏𝟓 𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟒

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ 𝒏𝝅
𝝅𝟔 𝝅𝟓 𝟓𝝅𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏𝟓 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝛀= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + ∑ + ∑ 𝟐
𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒏𝟓 𝟖 𝒏𝟔
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝝅𝟔 𝝅𝟓 𝟓𝝅𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟓 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝛀= + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝜻 ( 𝟑) + 𝜻 ( 𝟓) − ∑
𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟔
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
∑ 𝟔
= ∑( 𝟔 − 𝟔) =− (𝝍𝟓 ( ) − 𝝍𝟓 ( ))
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟎 𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + ) (𝒏 + )
𝟒 𝟒
Therefore,
𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟓 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝝅 𝝅𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝝅𝟑 𝝅𝟓
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ( )
𝜻 𝟓 + − ( )
𝜻 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 +
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
+ (𝝍𝟓 ( ) − 𝝍𝟓 ( ))
𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝒊𝝅
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝒆− 𝒙 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝒆− 𝒙
𝝅 𝒊𝝅
𝒆− 𝒙 𝒆−𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝒆 −𝒙
𝒆−𝝅𝒙
1698. Let the matrix: 𝑹(𝒙) = 𝒊𝝅 𝝅 then prove that
−𝒊𝝅𝒙 −𝒙 −𝝅𝒙 −𝒙
𝒆 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆
𝒊𝝅 𝝅
(𝒆 −𝒙
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝒆− 𝒙 𝒆−𝒊𝝅𝒙 )
∞
𝟐
∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝑻𝒓[𝑹(𝒙) ⊗ 𝑹(𝒊𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒(𝟏 + 𝒆−𝝅 )
−∞
where 𝑻𝒓 is trace and ⊗ is the Kronecker Product

Solution by Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan
𝝅 𝒊𝝅
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙)
𝝅 𝒊𝝅
𝒆− 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆−𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙)
𝛀 = 𝑻𝒓 𝒊𝝅 𝝅 =
−𝒊𝝅𝒙 − −𝝅𝒙 −
𝒆 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙)
𝒊𝝅 𝝅
[ 𝒆− 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙) 𝒆−𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝑹(𝒊𝒙)]
𝟏𝟔
= ∑ 𝒂𝒊𝒊 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟔 =

𝒊=𝟏
= 𝟐[𝟐𝒆−(𝟏+𝒊)𝝅𝒙 + 𝟐] + 𝟐[𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆(𝟏−𝒊)𝝅𝒙 ]

www.ssmrmh.ro
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟐 𝟐 +(𝟏+𝒊)𝒙] 𝟐
𝑰 = ∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 ⋅ 𝛀 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅[𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟖 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 +
−∞ −∞ 𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟐 +𝟐𝒊𝒙) 𝟐 +(𝒊−𝟏)𝒙]
+𝟒 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅(𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅[𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
−∞ −∞
∞ 𝟏+𝒊 𝟐 𝒊 ∞
−𝝅[(𝒙+
𝟐
) − ]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟒∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟖 [ √𝝅𝚪 ( )] + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅[(𝒙+𝒊) +𝟏] 𝒅𝒙
−∞ 𝟐𝝅 𝟐 −∞
∞ 𝒊−𝟏 𝟐 𝒊
−𝝅[(𝒙+ ) + ]
𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟒∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 =
−∞
∞ ∞ 𝝅 ∞
𝝅 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟒𝒆𝒊 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + 𝟖 ⋅ −𝒊
√𝝅√𝝅 + 𝟒𝒆−𝝅 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + 𝟒𝒆 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
∞ 𝟐𝝅 −∞ −∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒𝒊 (𝟐 ⋅ √𝝅𝚪 ( )) + 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒆−𝝅 (𝟐 ⋅ √𝝅𝚪 ( )) − 𝟒𝒊 (𝟐 ⋅ √𝝅𝚪 ( )) =
𝟐𝝅 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
= 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒆−𝝅 − 𝟒𝒊 = 𝟒(𝟏 + 𝒆−𝝅 )
𝑰 = 𝟒(𝟏 + 𝒆−𝝅 )
1699. Let (𝒙𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 and (𝒚𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 be sequences of real numbers defined as
𝒏 𝒏𝟐 +𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒏 = ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) , 𝒚𝒏 = ∑ [√𝒌 + ]
𝒌 𝒏 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒏
then prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝜸, where 𝜸 is Euler Mascheroni constant and [⋅] is
𝒏→∞ 𝒚𝒏
greatest integer function.
𝒏𝟐+𝒏 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝒏 = ∑ [√𝒌 + ] = ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ∑ [√𝒌 + ] +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟑 𝒌=𝟕
𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
+ ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ∑ [√𝒌 + ] + ⋯ =
𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏𝟑 𝒌=𝟐𝟏
𝒏 𝒊𝟐 +𝒊 𝒏 𝒊𝟐 +𝒊 𝒏
𝟏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
=∑ ∑ [√𝒌 + ] = ∑ ∑ 𝒊 = ∑ 𝟐𝒊𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟑
𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝒊𝟐 −𝒊+𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝒊𝟐 −𝒊+𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙+𝟏) ≥ 𝟎 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙−𝟏 ≤ 𝟎,
then
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐+𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌
∑ (− − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )) ≤ ∑ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 − ) ≤ ∑ (− − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝟑𝒌 𝟑 𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝒌 𝟑𝒌 𝟑 𝒌−𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− (𝑯𝒏 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝟐)) ≤ ∑ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 − ) ≤ − (𝑯𝒏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏)
𝟑 𝒌 𝒌 𝟑
𝒌=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝜸
⇒ ∑ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 − )=−
𝒌 𝒌 𝟑
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒏 = ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) = ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 =
𝒌 𝒏 𝒌 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 − ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝑯𝒏
𝒌 𝒌 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝜸 𝟏
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = − + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 )) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝑯𝒏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟑 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞
𝜸 𝟐
=− +𝜸= 𝜸
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏
∵ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 )) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝒏
Therefore,
𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝜸
𝒏→∞ 𝒚𝒏
1700. Prove that:

∞ ∞
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒎 𝒎+𝒏+𝟑
∑∑( )( ) 𝒎+𝒏 =
𝒏 𝒎 𝟖 (𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝟐)𝟑
𝒏=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
𝟕 𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝝅𝟐
= 𝜻(𝟑) + + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐) − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) − 𝟒
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Proposed by Syed Shahabudeen-India

www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
Let 𝑺 be the sum and since
𝒎+𝒏+𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑
= 𝟐
+ =
( 𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝟐) ( 𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝟐) ( 𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟑
𝟏
𝒎+𝒏+𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
=∫ 𝒙 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟐
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒎 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝑺=∑∑( )( ) 𝒎+𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒎+𝒏+𝟏 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐
𝒏 𝒎 𝟖 𝟎 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
It is easy to see:
𝟐
𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒏 𝒏+𝒎 𝟐𝒋 𝟏
∑ ( )( )𝒙 = (∑ ( ) 𝒚𝒋 ) =
𝒎 𝒏 𝒋 𝟏 − 𝟒𝒚
𝒎,𝒏≥𝟎 𝒋≥𝟎
𝟏
for |𝒙| ≤ 𝟒 we used then generating function of central binomial coefficients,
namely
𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝟏
∑( )𝒚 =
𝒏 √𝟏 − 𝟒𝒚
𝒏≥𝟎
𝟏
Putting 𝒚 = 𝟖, we see that
𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 = − ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏− 𝟎 𝟏 −
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ 𝒏−𝟏 (− + ) = −𝟐 + 𝟒𝑳𝒊 𝟐 ( ) − 𝟐 + 𝟒𝑳𝒊 𝟑 ( )
𝟐 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏≥𝟏
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝝅𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟑)
∵ 𝑳𝒊𝟐 ( ) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟐) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑳𝒊𝟑 ( ) = 𝜻(𝟑) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) +
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
Plugging these values in the latter expression and simplifying gives the announced result.

www.ssmrmh.ro
It’s nice to be important but more important it’s to be nice.

At this paper works a TEAM.
This is RMM TEAM.
To be continued!
Daniel Sitaru

RMM Calculus Marathon 1601 1700 Compressed

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

RMM Calculus Marathon 1601 1700 Compressed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RMM - Calculus Marathon 1601 - 1700

1 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

2 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Solution 2 by Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie

3 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

1602. For 𝒙 > 𝟎 let 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝟒𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌

𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + ⋯ ; 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + ⋯ ;

𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏 + ⋯ ⇒ 𝒂𝟐𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒂𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎

𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 + ⋯ ; 𝒃𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟐 + 𝒃𝒌 (𝟏) ⇒

4 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) = √𝒖𝟑 + √𝒖𝟑 + √𝒖𝟑 + ⋯ = √𝒖𝟑 + 𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) ⇒ 𝒄𝟐𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) − 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟎

𝒄𝒌 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐

1603. For 𝒌 ≥ 𝟐, prove the following identity:

5 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Proposed by Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka

which by simple rearrangements may be brought to the following useful form:

and this is exactly what we need in our proof.

6 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

and for the other one we get

1605. Prove that:

Proposed by Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka

7 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

𝝅(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝝅 ) 𝚪(−𝒊)

Proposed by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria

8 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Solution 2 by Ose Favour-Nigeria

9 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

1607. Prove that:

Proposed by Ngulmun George Baite-India

Solution 2 by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria

10 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏

𝒏𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏

11 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

12 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Solution 2 by Jack Desire-Nigeria

13 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Proposed by Angad Singh-India

Solution 2 by Ajenikoko Gbolahan-Nigeria

Solution 3 by Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie

15 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

16 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

17 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

18 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

19 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

20 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

1613. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 then:

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru-Romania

21 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

𝒄 < 𝜶 ⇒ 𝒇(𝜶) ≥ 𝒇(𝒄) ⇒

1614. If 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then:

22 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Proposed by Costel Florea-Romania

23 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Proposed by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria

24 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

Solution 3 by Jack Desire-Nigeria

25 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

26 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

1617. Let be the function 𝒇: [𝟎, ∞) → [𝟎, ∞) continuous such that:

𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒙)

27 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1601-1700

𝒇 (𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙))) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒙 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒙