Lecture Plan

Lec. Topic ILO 2 Lec. Topic ILO

hour hou
r
1 Introduction, atoms, elements 1 16 Assessment 01 (7.5 %) 2
2 Elements and Minerals 1 17 Rock geochemistry 2
3 Cosmic abundance 1 18 Rock geochemistry 2
4 Elemental classification 1 19 Isotopes/radioactive isotopes 3
5 Classes of elements 1 20 Radioactive isotopes 3
6 Major /trace elements 1 21 Radioactive/ Stable isotopes 3
7 Trace elements 1 22 Stable isotopes/ Quiz 02 (5%) 3
8 Trace elements/ Quiz 01 (5%) 1 23 Stable isotopes 3
9 Sediment geochemistry 1 24 Stable isotopes 3
10 Sediment geochemistry 1 25 Applications of isotopes 3
11 Sediment geochemistry 1 26 Assignment 01 (2.5%) 3
12 Water geochemistry 1 27 Geochronology 3
13 Water geochemistry 1 28 Geochronology 3
14 Assignment 01 (2.5 %) 29 Geochronology 3
1
15 Rock geochemistry 2 30 Assessment 02 (7.5 %) 3
ILOs of the Lecture 02

•Chemical bonds in nature

•Formation of minerals

2
Chemical bonding in minerals
2. Covalent bonds
• Covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
• The pair of shared electrons forms a new orbit that extends around the nuclei of
both atoms, producing a molecule.
• Covalent bonds are very strong
bonds.
• Most minerals with this bonds will
scratch glass

3
Chemical bonding in minerals
• Eg. Graphite and diamondare • Quartz, which contains only silicon
covalently-bonded minerals. and oxygen also forms covalent bond

4
Chemical bonding in minerals
3. Metallic bonds

• Generally weaker than either covalent or ionic bonds

• They can be worked—beaten into flat sheets, or drawn into thin wires (Eg:
silver, gold, copper)
• In metallic bonds, electrons move about the crystal constantly flowing
between adjacent atoms, redistributing their charge.
• Because of this flow of electrons, true metals are also good electrical/heat
conductors.

5
Chemical bonding in minerals

• Eg. Gold

6
Chemical bonding in minerals
4. Van der Waals bonds
• Very weak bonds formed by residual charges from the other types of chemical
bonds/ electrically neutral molecules.
• Graphite a best example of the nature.
• The atoms in graphite's carbon layers are covalently bonded, but a weak
residual charge attracts the layers to one another.

7
Chemical bonding in minerals
• Van der Waal bonds in Talc

8
Summery
• What is the structure of an atom?
• What part of an atom makes bonds?
• Arrange the order of the bonds according to their strength.
• Why do the graphite and diamond show different mineral
properties?
• Both graphite and quartz have Covalent bonds? Why two
distinctive properties?

9
Minerals
• What are minerals?

• Around 4000 different

minerals

• Only 25 minerals are common

in rocks

10
Minerals
• To define a mineral it should have following properties
• Naturally occurring
• Inorganic (non living)
• Homogeneous
• Poses a unique chemical composition
• Internal structure is crystallized

Crystallization: Atomic arrangement of atoms

Crystallization depends on
• Size of the atoms
• type of the bond

11
Minerals

Do all minerals crystallized??

12
Minerals
• Minerals show good crystals in the presence of
• Enough space
• Enough time Gypsum, Naica, Mexico

• Elemental availability

13
Summery
• What are the characteristics of a mineral?
• What are the reasons to form different crystal sizes?
• Figure shows a quartz crystal composed of Si and O. The
crystal shape is tetrahedron. Explain why sand is so hard and
sharp?

14