Ch 

4 : Transformers 
Eng / ALaa Mohammed Hammadi Ahmed

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 ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ؟‬

‫*ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‪: -‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫*ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ‪:-‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻳﻤﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻗﻮﻩ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ‪magnetomotive‬‬
‫) ‪ (force‬ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻩ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺜﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ‪ ­۱ :‬ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻰ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﻪ ) ‪ ( eddy currents‬ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ‬

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 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ؟‬3 ph transformers ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬

Construction of Three Phase Transformers

The three phase transformers can be core type or shell type.

Core type construction

Core type three phase transformer has three limb construction as shown in the Fig . 1.

The core consists of three legs with the magnetic circuit completed through two yokes, one at
the top and the other at the bottom. Each limb has primary and secondary winding arranged
concentrically. The core type transformer usually wound with circular cylindrical coils.
A primary and a secondary winding of one phase are wound on one leg. Flux flows up each
leg in turn and down the other two legs in general so that the magnetic circuits of different phases
are in series and therefore independent. The transformer is having only two windings each of
which is containing two primary and two secondary windings.

Shell type construction

In shell type transformer the three phases are more independent than they are in the core
type of three phase transformer. This is because each phase has an individual magnetic circuit
which is independent of the other. The construction of shell type three phase transformer is
shown in the Fig. 2(a), while the arrangement of the windings is shown in the Fig. 2(b). While
showing the winding arrangement only one winding is shown for the simplicity.

The three phase shell type of transformer has construction similar to that of single phase
shell type transformers built on top of one another. This typ e of transformer is rarely used

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 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ ؟‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﻗﻠﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬

‫‪ ­۲‬ﻣﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻻﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ‬
‫‪bushings‬‬ ‫‪ ­۳‬ﻋﻮﺍﺯﻝ ﺇﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫‪ ­٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ‪ main tank‬ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺤﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ conservation tank‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪ ­٥‬ﺗﺎﻧﻚ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ‬
‫‪tap changer‬‬ ‫‪ ­٦‬ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫‪Radiators‬‬ ‫‪ ­۷‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫‪cooling fans‬‬ ‫‪ ­۸‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫‪breather‬‬ ‫‪ ­۹‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫‪oil & winding Temperature Indicators‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱۰‬ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Oil Level Gauges‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱۱‬ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫)‪(pressure relief valve‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱۲‬ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪Buchholz‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱۳‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺧﻠﺰ‬
‫‪ ­۱٤‬ﺭﻳﻼﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻤﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫‪ ­۱٥‬ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫‪ ­۱٦‬ﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻷﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻠﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫‪­۱۷‬‬
‫*************************************************************************************************‬
‫*** ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ؟‬

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۹۰
۹۱
۹۲
۹۳
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ) ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ /‬ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ( ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻣﺰﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﻘﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﻌﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘ ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪۳۰‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ /‬ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ :‬ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪. ۱۲‬‬

‫‪ ­۲‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ‪ ۱۸۰‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪. ٦‬‬

‫‪ ­۳‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ‪ ۳۰‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ‪ ۱۱‬ﻫﻰ ‪ .…… ۳۳۰ = ۱۱ x ۳۰‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺭﻣﺰﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ‪ Y,D,Z‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ ٬‬ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ٬‬ﺯﺟﺰﺍﺝ ‪ ٬‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ‪ y,d,z‬ﻭﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﻬﺎ ‪. ۳۰ x‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ‪ ۱۲‬ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺮ (‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺽ‪ /۲‬ﺽ‪ = ۱‬ﻥ‪/۲‬ﻥ‪. ۱‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺃ ( ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺃ ( ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﻋﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ‪ /‬ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ) ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ( ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ‪ ۱۲‬ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺮ ( ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ :‬ﺽ‪/۲‬ﺽ‪ = ۱‬ﻥ‪/۲‬ﻥ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺃ( ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺗﺨﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪۹٤‬‬
 ‫) ﺃ ( ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳ ﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ) ‪ ۱٥۰‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ( ۳۳۰‬ﺃﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ )‬
‫‪٥‬ﺃﻭ ‪ (۱۱‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺽ‪/۲‬ﺽ‪ = ۱‬ﻥ‪/۲‬ﻥ‪.۱‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺃ( ﺗﺨﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٤‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﻗ ﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻥ ‪ /۲‬ﻥ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( ۱۱ ٬٥‬ﺃﻯ ) ‪­۱٥۰‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ( ۳۳۰‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺽ‪/۲‬ﺽ‪= ۱‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺃ( ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻓﻼ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻣﻘﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫­­ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (Tertiary Winding‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ؟‬

‫ﺍﻝ ‪ Tertiary Winding‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻣ ﻠﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘ ﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪٬‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫****************************************************************‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ؟‬

‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪۹٥‬‬
 ‫؟؟؟؟‪  ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫‪both primary and secondary voltage rating is same­­­­ Same turns ratio ­۱‬‬
‫‪ and voltage‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫‪Same phase sequence ­۲‬‬

‫‪ same polarity ­۳‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ‪dead short circuit‬‬
‫‪Same percentage impedance & X/R ratio ­٤‬‬
‫‪Same vector group ­٥‬‬
‫‪Same position of Tap Changer ­٦‬‬
‫‪ ­۷‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻴﻪ ‪ KVA Rating‬ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ‪1:3‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪­:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ = ‪ ۲۰‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ) ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ =‪ (% ۳‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ=‪ ٦۰‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ) ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ =‪% ۳‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ( ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ۷٥‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ؟؟؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫) ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ= ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻋﺔ * ) ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‪ ) /‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‪ +‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ((‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ= ‪ ۱۸.۷٥ =((٦۰+۲۰)/ ۲۰) * ۷٥‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ=‪ ٥٦.۲ = (( ٦۰+۲۰)/٦۰)* ۷٥‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ‬

‫***************************************************************************‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﻪ ﻟﻸﻭﻝ ‪ Y/d11/y‬ﻭﻟﻠﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫‪ Y/d1/y‬؟‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ­۱‬ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻲ)‪ (Y/d11/y‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺔ )‪ (d‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪r = R­S‬‬
‫‪-S‬‬
‫‪s = S­T‬‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪t = T­R‬‬

‫‪30°‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪-T‬‬
‫‪-R‬‬

‫‪ ­۲‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ )‪ (Y/d1/y‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪r =R­T‬‬

‫‪s =S­R‬‬

‫‪t =T­S‬‬

‫‪۹٦‬‬
 ‫‪-T‬‬

‫‪30°‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪-S‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪-R‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ) ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‪ ٬‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ‪ S,T‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Y/d1/y‬ﺟﻬﺔ ‪ ٬132 KV‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ‪.d‬‬

‫‪r = R­ S‬‬
‫‪-S‬‬
‫‪t = T­ R‬‬

‫‪s = S­ T‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻘﻠﺐ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ‪ s, t‬ﺟﻬﺔ ‪ d‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪r=R­S‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪s=S­T‬‬
‫‪-T‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪-R‬‬ ‫‪t=T­R‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻬﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Y/d1/y‬‬

‫‪Y/d11/y‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪۹۷‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ Turns ratio‬ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ؟‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ­۱‬ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻼ ﺣﻤﻞ ) ‪. ( OFF­Load Tap Changer‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ) ‪. ( OFF­Load Tap Changer‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫‪۹۸‬‬
 OFF­Load Tap Changer

  

۹۹
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ON­Load Tap Changer‬‬

‫***************************************************************************‬
‫***‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ TAP­CHNGERS‬؟‪          ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪.۱۰‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ‪ Tap changer‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ؟‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ‪ spark‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻝ ‪ tap‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ‪ inrush current‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫‪۱۰۰‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Losses‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ؟‬
‫‪  Transformer Losses‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cupper Losses‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ )‪ (I2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﺮﺍء ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ) ‪ ( short circuit test‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ‪KVA‬‬

‫‪ Cupper Loss = I21 R1 + I22 R2‬‬

‫‪= I21 R1eq‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪= I22 R2eq‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑـ ‪Variable Losses‬‬

‫‪Iron Losses‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ‪ Open circuit test‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻤﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑـ ‪ Constant Losses‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Hysteresis losses ­1‬‬

‫‪Eddy current losses ­2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻟﻠﻬﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Hysteresis losses ­1‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻐﻨﻂ ‪ magnetic or hyteresis curves‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ ‪٬‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺇﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﻪ ‪ ٬‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ٬‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﻪ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ‪ Hysteresis losses‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Hysteresis losses‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۰۱‬‬
 ‫‪Hysteresis curve‬‬

‫‪Hysteresis losses‬‬ ‫‪Wh = h f Bm1.6 V = Kh f Bm1.6‬‬

‫‪h = hysteresis constant = from 0.001 to 0.003‬‬

‫‪Kh = hysteresis constant‬‬

‫)‪V = Iron Volume ( cm^3‬‬

‫* ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻰ ﻟـ ‪Hysteresis losses‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ) ‪ (ferromagnetic materials‬ﻭﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ‪ magnetic flux‬ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺗﺴﻤ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﻪ ) ‪ ( magnetic Domains‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻗﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﻪ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻐ ﻨﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ‪ ٬‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺒﻘﺎﺋﻴﻪ ) ‪ ( retentivity‬ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﺎﻩ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ opposite mmf‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Eddy current losses ­2‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻔ ﺒﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻔﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ EDDY CURRENT‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪۰‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪۰‬‬

‫‪Eddy current Losses We = Ke v f2 Bm2 t2‬‬

‫‪ Ke = Eddy Current Constant.‬ﺳﻤﻚ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪V = Iron Volume‬‬ ‫=‪t‬‬

‫‪۱۰۲‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺘﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = Output / Input‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = 1­ Losses / Input‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪ Condition for maximum efficiency‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪= ( V 1 I1 cos I21 R1eq – Wi ) / V1 I1 cos ‬‬
‫‪Putting d d I1 = 0 , get‬‬
‫‪I21 R1eq = Wi‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Current Losses = Iron Losses‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻔﺎﺋﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ I1 =  Wi / R1eq‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ X‬ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻷﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻔﺎﺋﺔﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ ‪ KVAFL‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Wi / Wc FLX‬‬
‫***************************************************************************‬
‫***‬
‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ All day efficiency‬؟‬

‫ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪All ­ day = 1 – Energy loss in 24 hours / Input in KWH for 24 hours‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ۲٤‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺷﻞ ﺩﻳﻼ ) ‪ (shell diala oil‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺷﻞ ﺩﻳﻼ ‪B‬ﻭ‪C‬‬ ‫­‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺷﻞ ﺩﻳﻼ ‪BX‬‬ ‫­‬
‫ﺯﻳ ﻮﺕ ﺷﻞ ﺩﻳﻼ ‪D‬‬ ‫­‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺷﻞ ﺩﻳﻼ ‪DX‬‬ ‫­‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺷﻞ ﺩﻳﻼ ‪F‬‬ ‫­‬
‫***************************************************************************‬
‫* ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ؟‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۰۳‬‬
 ‫‪ ­٤‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﺷﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻠﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (alarm‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (Trip‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻠﺺ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺧ ﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ؟‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ *۱‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۲‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ) ‪ ٬ ( Viscosity‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪ ٬‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺳﻬﻼ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۳‬ﺧﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻣﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪ ٬‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻣ ﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ )‪ (Emulsion‬ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ‪ ٬‬ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪ ٬‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *٥‬ﺧﻠﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *٦‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۷‬ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺏ ) ﺍﻻﻧﺼﺒﺎﺏ ( ) ‪ ( pour point‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻸ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻥ ) ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﻰ ‪ 30‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﻪ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۸‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ )‪ ٬(flash point‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟ ﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ ٬‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻬﺐ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۹‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑـ ‪ 0.895‬ﺟﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ ‪ ۳‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۱۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ٬‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۱۱‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ *۱۲‬ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ‪*.‬‬
‫‪ *۱۳‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻇﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﻪ )‪ ) (Low Loss Tangent‬ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪۹۰‬ﻡ ﻫﻰ ‪(0 . 005‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ­2‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺷﺮﻩ ﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫* ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ‪ ٬‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ­۱‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ­۲‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۰٤‬‬
 ‫‪ ­۳‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻋﺎء ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻰ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻳﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺨ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻋﺎﻧﻒ ‪ radiators‬ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ­٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺴﺤﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻧﺎء ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻋﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪1­ONAN (oil natural air natural‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺴﻠﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝ ‪ radiators‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻭﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺷﺌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻰ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪30 MVA‬‬

‫)‪2­ONAF (oil natural air forced‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮ ﻋﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ‪30‬‬
‫‪ MVA‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪150 MVA‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﻪ ‪ :‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (ONAN‬ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ % 60‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ )‪. (ONAF‬‬

‫)‪3­OFAF (oil forced air forced‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻀﺨﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺼﻔﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﻩ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬

‫‪۱۰٥‬‬
 ‫)‪4­ODAF (oil directed air forced‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻟ ﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺯﻋﺎﻧﻒ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻣﻮﺍﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﻳﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻀﺨﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺮﻓﻴﺒﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﻪ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫)‪4­ODWF (oil directed water forced‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺪﺩﻩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻀﺦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻀﺨﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﻪ ) ﺳﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻨﺎ( ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻀﺨﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫‪۱۰٦‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٤‬ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ­۱‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺚ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ‪conservation tank‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ٬‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻓﺒﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻹﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﻩ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ ﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪ ٬‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺒﺘﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺇﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻤﺘﻸ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻭﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺲ )‪ ( Breather‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻰ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺟﻴﻞ‬

‫‪silica gil‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﺎ ﺟﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺑﻠﻠﻮﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺹ ﻟﻠ ﺮﻃﻮﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 40 %‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺮﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ۲۰۰ – ۱٥۰‬ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ ﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫­­ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫­­ ‪ ۲‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻮﺡ ) ‪(look out‬‬
‫­­ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺻﻴﻔﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺷﺘﺎء‬

‫‪۱۰۷‬‬
‫**************************************************************************************‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪­:‬‬
‫ﺃ­ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ­ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ) ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ­ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪­:‬‬
‫‪Gas Relay‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫) ‪Pressure Relief ( Explosion Vent‬‬ ‫‪ ­۲‬ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Temperature Indicators‬‬ ‫‪ ­۳‬ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Oil Level Gauges‬‬ ‫‪ ­٤‬ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫‪Lightning Arrestors‬‬ ‫‪ ­٥‬ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﻋﻖ‬
‫‪Protective Relay‬‬ ‫‪ ­٦‬ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺏ­ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Differential Protection‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Restricted Earth Fault Protection‬‬ ‫‪ ­۲‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫‪۱۰۸‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ) ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ( ؟‬

‫********************************************************************‬
‫** ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﻪ ‪Buchholz Relay‬‬

‫ﺎ‬
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‫ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻤ‬ ‫‬
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‫ﺘﺞ ﻏ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻞ ﻭﺗﻨ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻠ‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻮﻝ ﻳﺴ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻞ ﺩﺍﺧ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻄ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﺪ ﺣ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﻪ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨ‬‫‬
‫‬
‫ﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﻓﻜ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺒﻮﺧﻠﺰ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﺮ ﺑ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﺎﻃﻰ ﻓﺘﻤ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻴ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﺨ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻪ ﺇﻟ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺠﻬ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ‬‫‬
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‫ﻰ ﺟﺴ‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫ﻰ ﺃﻋﻠ‬
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‫ﺪﻓﻊ ﺇﻟ‬
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‫ﺖ ﻓﺘﻨ‬‫‬
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‫ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻪ ﻣ‬‫‬
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‫ﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ‬
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‫ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻗ‬
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‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐ‬
‫ﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻊ ﺍﻟﻐ‬‫‬
‫‬
‫ﻞ ﻓﺘﺘﺠﻤ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﺼ‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫ﻠﻪ ﺑ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﺼ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺧ‬
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‫ﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺇﻧ‬
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‫‬‫ﻠﻪ ﺑ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﺎ ﻣﺘﺼ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﻮﺍﻣﺘﻴﻦ ﺇﺣﺎﻫﻤ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻦ ﻋ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﻥ ﻣ‬ ‫‬
‫‬
‫ﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻜ‬
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‫‬‫ﻮ ﺟﻬ‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫ﻭﻫ‬
‫ﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫ﻰ ﺇﺷ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﻰ ﻭﺗﻌﻄ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘ‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫ﻰ ﺗﻼﻣ‬ ‫‬
‫‬‫ﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺘ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫ﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻔ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣ‬‫‬
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‫ﻪ ﻓﺘﻤﻴ‬
‫‬‫‬‫ﺖ ﺑ‬
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‫‬‫ﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ‬
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‫ﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺴ‬ ‫‬‫‬
‫ﺎﺯ ﻭﻳ‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬ‬‫‬
‫‬‫ﺃﻋﻠ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺰﺍﻥ‬
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‫‬‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﺨ‬
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‫ﺎ ﺍﻟ‬
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‫ﻰ ﻣﺘﺠﻬ‬
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‫ﻰ ﺃﻋﻠ‬‫‬
‫ﺖ ﺇﻟ‬
‫‬‫‬‫ﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻨ‬ ‫‬
‫ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻐﻂ ﺩﺍﺧ‬‫‬
‫ﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﻝ ﻳ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ‬‫‬‫ﺮ ﺩﺍﺧ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫ﺮ ﺧﻄﻴ‬‫‬
‫ﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﺼ‬ ‫‬
‫‬
‫ﺪ ﺣ‬‫‬‫ﻋﻨ‬
‫ﺎﺡ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘ‬‫‬‫‬‫‬
‫ﻰ ﺗﻼﻣ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺘ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻰ ﻗﻔ‬‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ‬ ‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻰ ﺗﻌﻤ‬‫‬‫‬
‫‬
‫ﻪ ﺍﻟﺘ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ‬‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻮﻩ ﻳﻀ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﻪ ﺑﻘ‬
‫‬
‫‬‫‬
‫ﻪ ﻹﻧﺪﻓﺎﻋ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﺎﻃﻰ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠ‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﻫﻯﺒﻔﺼﻞ ﻗﺎﻃﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﻳﻔﺼﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫‪۱۰۹‬‬
 pressure relief vent ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

۱۱۰
 ‫‪oil temperature indicator‬‬ ‫‪ ­٤‬ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﺤﻮﻟﻰ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻧﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ‪ ٬‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻓﻴﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻳﺘﺤ ﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺆﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺠﻬﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻘﻂ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺗﻘﻔﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ­۲‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫‪ ­٥‬ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪winding temperature indicator‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻠﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻭﻯ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ) ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ( ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‪٥۰‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺬﺍﺭ ‪ ۷۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﻪ ) ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻩ ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ) ﻣﻠﻔ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴ‬‫ﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ‬
‫ﺨﻴﻦ ) ‪ ( heating coil‬ﻣ‬‫ﻒ ﺗﺴ‬‫ﻊ ﻣﻠ‬‫ﺎﺭ ﻣ‬
‫ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴ‬
‫ﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻟﻤﺤ‬
‫ﻒ ﺍﻟﺜ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠ‬
‫ﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳ‬

‫‪۱۱۱‬‬
‫ﻒ‬
‫ﻞ ﻣﻠ‬
‫ﻪ ﺩﺍﺧ‬
‫ﻪ ﺣﺜﻴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪dc‬‬

‫ﺒﺢ‬‫ﻪ ﻭﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣ‬
‫ﺮﻩ‬‫ﺮﺍءﻩ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ‬‫ﻰ ﻗ‬‫ﺚ ﻳﻌﻄ‬‫ﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺤﻴ‬
‫ﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼﻝ ﻓ‬
‫ﻦ ﺧ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻩ ﻣ‬
‫ﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ‪ .‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻩ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﻪ ﻭﺃﻯ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍ ﺑﺈﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤ‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪oil level gauge‬‬

‫­ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫‪۱۱۲‬‬
‫**********************************************************************************‬

‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ؟‬

‫‪۱۱۳‬‬
۱۱٤
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ ‪:‬‬

‫‪۱۱٥‬‬
۱۱٦
۱۱۷
۱۱۸
۱۱۹
۱۲۰
۱۲۱
۱۲۲
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ؟‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ) ‪: (DC resistance‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪ ٬‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺫﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫‪ ٬‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ‪ ٬‬ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ ‪ ٬‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻡ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ) ‪ (E/I‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ E‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ‪ I ٬‬ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ‪ % ۱٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ ٬‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ )ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺟﺎﻑ ( ‪٬‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺩﻻﻟﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ٬‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۳‬‬
 ‫‪ ­۲‬ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪:Turns ratio test‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ ( 380 V ) 3 phase‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ HV side‬ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪) LV side‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ (‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﻪ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ) ‪ (Tap Changing‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ) ‪ OLTC‬ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ (‬
‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( %0.5+‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ) ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ (‪.‬‬
‫­ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ TTR‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﻪ ‪polarity test‬‬
‫­ ﻳﻐﺬﻯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ٬‬ﺍﻹﻳﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ ٬‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ )ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﻪ( ﺑﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ – ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ )ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻣﺜﻼ( ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫­ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻝ ‪ ٬ DC‬ﻓﻴﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ‪ ٬‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬
‫) ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ( ‪ ٬‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ‪ ٬‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺗ ﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ٬‬ﻓﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ­٤‬ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪: percentage impedance‬‬

‫­ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫­ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ ( 0 – 440 V ) 3 phase‬ﻣﻦ ‪ Variac‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪ ) HV side‬ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ( ﻭﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺼﺮ ‪ short‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ ) LV side‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ( ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻣﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫­ ﻭﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫­ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫­ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻤ ﻴﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Rated Voltage‬ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻓﻰ ‪ 100‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪percentage impedance‬‬
‫­ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ‪ percentage impedance‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻪ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪­:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ) ‪ ۹‬ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ )‪ ۱ /(LV‬ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ )‪ ۲٤ ) ( ( HV‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ )‪ ۲۳۰ / (LV‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ )‪( (HV‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ‪ LV‬ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ‪ HV‬ﻓﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ‪ HV‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫‪ ۲۳‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ‪ ۲۳۰‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ) ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟؟؟‬
‫‪Uk =100%*23v/230v=10%‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ) ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ percentage impedance‬؟‬
‫‪Short Circuit Level‬‬ ‫‪ ­۱‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻩ ‪C.B‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻪ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫× ) ‪Maximum short circuit current = ( rated secondary current / percentage impedance‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ‪ 63 MVA‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻫﻰ ) ‪ ( 11.5 / 132 KV‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪percentage‬‬
‫‪impedance‬‬
‫‪rated current = 63000000 / (1.73 * 132000 ) = 275 A‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻫﻰ ‪ 20 %‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫‪short circuit level at 132 kv side = ( 275 / 20 ) × 100 = 1375 A‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ transformer regulation‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻪ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪% regulation = % R * cos Φ + % X * sin Φ + (% X * cos Φ + % R * sin Φ) / 200‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ %R‬ﺻﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ ‪ %X‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ ­٥‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ‪: Insulation resistance‬‬
‫­ ﻳﺠﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Megger‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﻡ ﻣﻴﺘﺮ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫­ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HV‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ LV‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HV‬ﻭﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪LV‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺆﺭﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﻪ ‪ :‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Insulation Resistance‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ‪500 M­Ω‬‬
‫‪ ­٦‬ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝ ‪: Tan Delta test‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪loss angle test – Dissipation Factor test‬‬

‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ‪ perfect capacitor‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑـ‬

‫‪ Parallel plate capacitor‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ conductor‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ Neutral‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪ two plates‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟـ ‪ insulation material‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ) ‪ ( pure capacitor‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ phase shift‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻌﻮﻯ ‪ Capacitive current‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫‪ insulation‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ‪ ) impurities‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﻼ( ‪ ٬‬ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‬
‫) ‪ (insulation resistance‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ resistive current‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻤ ﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ perfect capacitor‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ ‪Loss angle‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ ٬ tan δ = I r / Ic‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻰ ) ‪perfect‬‬
‫‪ (insulation‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ) ‪ (tan δ = 0 , δ = 0‬ﻭﺃﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪resistive ) Ir‬‬
‫‪ (current‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ tan δ‬ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪capacitive Bridge circuit‬‬

‫‪۱۲٥‬‬
 ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪۰,۰۱‬‬ ‫­‬

‫­‬
‫­‬
‫‪ ­­ ٦‬ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫­‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻋﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ ۲٥‬ﻣﻢ ﺍﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ‪ ۲.٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‪۰‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪. (۱۲‬‬
‫‪ ­٤‬ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٥‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻭﻣﻴﺾ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٦‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻴﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗ ﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻘﺮﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‪۰‬‬

‫‪۱۲٦‬‬
 ‫­‬
‫**************************************************************************‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ )‪ (autotransformer‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻪ؟‬

‫‪autotransformer‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻼﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻛﻄﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪­۱‬ﺃ( ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛًﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ) ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ) ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ( ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪­۱‬ﺃ( ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟ ﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(۱‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪E1/ E2 = I2/I1 = N1/N2‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ )‪ ٬ ( S‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪S = V1 I1 = V2 I2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫­‪ 1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ )‪ ( P 2‬ﻭﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P2 = (E1 – E2) (I2­ I1‬‬
‫­‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ )‪ ( P1‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 = (E1 – E2) I1‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺋﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ۱.٥‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪­۱‬ﺏ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﺠ ﻬﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪­۱‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۷‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺑﺪء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻗﻔﺺ ﺳﻨﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ variac‬ﻳﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺟﻬﺪًﺍ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ % ۱۲۰‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­1‬ﺟﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ‬
‫‪ ­2‬ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ ­ 3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪًﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­1‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻷﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­2‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﺟﺪًﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﻪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻗﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٤‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻒ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­٥‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ‪ voltage regulation‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻧﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ) ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭﺗﻮ(‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻠ ﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ )ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ( ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪ N‬ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ ٬‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ))‪( (N1 ­ N2) x I 1‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ N1‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ N2 ٬‬ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ I1 ٬‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ‪(I2 – I1 ) x N 2‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ I2‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ‪ Wa‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪(N1 – N2) I1 + N2 (I2 – I1) = N 1 I1 + N2 I2 – 2I1 N2‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻣﻊ‪N1 I1‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒًﺎ ﻣﻊ‪N2 I2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ‪ Wo‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒًﺎ ﻣﻊ‪N1 I1+N2 I2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Wa / Wo = (N 1 I1 + N2 I2 – 2I1 N2) / (N 1 I1+N2 I2) = 1­ 2 I1 N2/ (N 1 I1+N2 I2‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ K‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪K = N 2 / N1 = I1 /I2‬‬
‫‪Wa/Wo = 1­ K‬‬
‫)‪Wa = Wo (1­K‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Wo‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ‪ Wa ٬‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺗﻮ ) ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ = ‪Wo/Wa x K x 100‬‬

‫ﺇﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ∆ ­‪ Y‬؟‬

‫‪۱۲۸‬‬
‫***************************************************************************‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ؟‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻮ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ٬‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )‪ ۰.٤/۳۳‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻓﻮﻟﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ Zig Zag – Star‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻝ ‪ Zigzag‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ) ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ(‬
‫ﻓﻴﻐﺬﻱ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ ‪ grounding transformer‬؟‬

‫‪grounding transformer‬‬
‫‪When the transformers or generators are delta connected or if the neutral points are not‬‬
‫‪accessible then artificially the neutral earthing point can be created with the use of star‬‬
‫‪connected earthing transformer. Such transformer has no secondary. Each phase of primary‬‬
‫‪has two equal parts. There are three limbs and each limb has two windings providing opposite‬‬
‫‪flux during normal condition. Such a transformer is shown in the Fig.1.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۹‬‬
 Fig. 1 Representation of an earthing transformer

Fig. 2 Insertion of resistance in the neutral circuit

One set of windings are connected in star providing the neutral point. The other ends of
this set of windings are connected to the second set of windings as shown in the Fig. 1. The
directions of the currents in the two windings on each limb are opposite to each other. The
small exciting current is circulated in the windings during normal operation. Under faulty
condition, the transformer offers a low impedance path to the flow of zero phase sequence
currents. The value of fault current is limited in some cases by the use of a resistor in series
with the neutral earthing connection. This is necessary in systems with operating voltage
between 2.2 KV and 3.3 KV.
The transformers are of short time ratings in the range of 10 seconds to 1 minute. Hence
the size of these transformers is small as compared to power transformers of small rating. If
the earthing transformer is not available then a star­delta transformer is used.

۱۳۰
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻩ ؟‬

‫‪۱۳۱‬‬
 ‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬phase shifting transformer ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑـ‬

Method of operation

Simplified circuit diagram of a three­phase quadrature booster

By means of a voltage derived from the supply that is first phase­shifted by 90° (hence is
in quadrature), and then re­applied to it, a phase angle is developed across the quadrature
booster. It is this induced phase angle that affects the flow of power through specified circuits.
Arrangement
A quadrature booster typically consists of two separate transformers: a shunt unit and
aseries unit. The shunt unit has its winding terminals connected so to shift its output voltage by
90° with respect to the supply. Its output is then applied as input to the series unit , which,

۱۳۲
‫‪because its secondary winding is in series with the main circuit, adds the phase ­shifted‬‬
‫‪component. The overall output voltage is hence the vector sum of the supply voltage and the 90°‬‬
‫‪quadrature component.‬‬
‫‪Tap connections on the shunt unit allow the magnitude of the quadrature component to be‬‬
‫‪controlled, and thus the magnitude of the phase shift across the quadrature booster. The flow on‬‬
‫‪the circuit containing the quadrature booster may be increased ( boost tapping) or reduced (buck‬‬
‫‪tapping). Subject to system conditions, the flow may even be bucked enough to completely‬‬
‫‪reverse from its neutral­tap direction.‬‬
‫********************** *****************************************************‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ؟‬

‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪ ٬‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ‪dф/d t‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟــ ‪ DC‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪dф/dt = 0‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ٬‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ‪ ٬‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻻ !!‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑـ ‪ AC‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ‪R+Xl‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ R‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺿﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ‬
‫ْ‪ Xl‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪AC‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑـ ‪ ٬ DC‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﺼﻔﺮ ‪ ٬‬ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ ‪ ٬‬ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ‪ ٬‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ؟؟‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪I = V/R‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ‪ ٬‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫***************************************************************************‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ؟‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻻﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ) ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ( ‪ ٬‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻛﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ ­­ ۱‬ﻣﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺴﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ­­ ۲‬ﻣﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻐﻨﻂ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﻠﻒ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ؟‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻪ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﻪ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ )‪ (magnetic flux‬ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻩ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ؟‬

‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻧﻘﻰ ﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ‪Relative‬‬
‫)‪ (permeability‬ﻟﻪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫‪۱۳۳‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ؟‬

‫­ ­‬
‫*****************************************************************************************************‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ؟‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻯ )‪(zero sequence‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﻨﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ۷٥ ­ ۱۲٥‬ﻡ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﻨﻦ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻮ )‪ (۰.۸‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ) ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ (‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ) ﻡ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺃ (‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥‬‬
‫‪٦۰‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬
‫***************************************************************************‬

‫؟‪  ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﻪ‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﻪ ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺒﺮ ﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻬﻠﻪ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ ­۲‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﻪ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻻﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ Y­D‬ﺍﻭ ‪ D­Y‬ﺍﻭ ‪ Y­Y‬ﺍﻭ ‪ D­D‬ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍ ﺟﺬﺭ ‪ ۳‬ﻭﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺬﺭ‪ ۳‬ﻭﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­۱‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻟﻠ ﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﻪ ‪neutral‬‬

‫‪ ­۲‬ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﺃﺭﺿﻰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ­۳‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ ­٤‬ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫‪ ­٥‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪single phase‬‬

‫‪۱۳٤‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻣ ﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫ؟‬

‫‪Efficiency η‬‬
‫‪Regulation e‬‬

‫‪Transformer A‬‬
‫‪70%‬‬
‫‪2%‬‬
‫‪Transformer B‬‬
‫‪80%‬‬
‫‪4%‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﻪ ‪Transformer A :‬‬

‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻝ ) ‪ ( open delta‬؟‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻞ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪% ٥۸‬‬
‫***************************************************************************‬

‫ﻣﺎﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ؟‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ‬

‫؟‪  ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻠﺺ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪۱۰‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪  .‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ /‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫؟ ‪WHY THE TRANSFORMERS EFFICIENCY GENERALLY HIGH‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪BECAUSE IT IS STATIC EQUIPMENT. NO MECHANICAL LOSS ‬‬
‫**************************************************************************‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪ TURNS RATIO‬ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ ۲۳۱/۳۳۰۰۰‬ﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ ۱۳۸۰۰/۳۳۰۰۰‬ﻑ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ) ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ( ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ ۲۲۰‬ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ‪ ۲۳۱‬ﻑ ﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﻴ ﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲,٥‬ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﺧﻒ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ‪  .‬‬

‫*********************************************************************************** ‪ ‬‬

‫؟‪   ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ AUTO TRANSFORMER‬ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﻤﺘﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻼﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫‪۱۳٥‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ؟‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻫﻮ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ٤۰۰ ۳٦۰ ۲٤۰ ۱۸۰ ۱۲۰‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺯﻝ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ۱۸ ۲۰ ۳۰ ٤۰ ٦۰‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﻝ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺅﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ )‪ ٥۰‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ( ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ overexcitation‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫­­ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﺍﻭﻡ ﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫­­ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ٥۰‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻴﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔﻋﺰﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﺍﻭﻡ‬
‫­­ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﻙ‪.‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ ۲٥۰۰‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ۱۰۰۰۰‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﺍﻭﻡ‬
‫­­ ﻣﻮﺻﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻻﻥ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
‫­­ ﻣﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪   ‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫­ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ٦۰‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫­ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ % ۳۰‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫­­ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺏ ‪ ٥­۲.٥‬ﻙ ﻑ‬

‫­­ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ٦.٦‬ﻙ ﻑ ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺏ ‪ ۲٥‬ﻙ ﻑ‬

‫­­ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ۱۱‬ﻙ ﻑ ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺏ ‪ ۳٥‬ﻙ ﻑ‬

‫­­ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ۳۳‬ﻙ ﻑ ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺏ ‪ ۸٥‬ﻙ ﻑ‬

‫­­ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ۱۳۲‬ﻙ ﻑ ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺏ ‪ ۲٤۰‬ﻙ ﻑ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬

‫­ ﺭﺩﺍءﺓ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫­ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫­ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺯﻝ‬
‫­ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫*************** ************************************************************‬

‫ﻻﻳﺠﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ‪ ۱:۳‬؟‬

‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ) ‪ (auto transformer‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻧﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻠﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‬

‫‪۱۳٦‬‬