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Heat Enduring Cement Glass Mortar
Heat Enduring Cement Glass Mortar
1.INTRODUCTION
Non-recyclable waste glass constitutes a problem for solid waste disposal in many
countries around the world. Traditionally, most non-recyclable broken glass is coming
from the bottling industry. If the large amount of waste materials generated were used
instead of natural materials in the construction industry there would be three benefits:
conserving natural resources, disposing of waste materials and freeing up valuable land
for other uses. Glass is a common product that can be found in different forms: bottles,
jars, windows and windshields, bulbs, cathode ray tubes, etc. These products have a
limited lifetime and must be used in order to avoid environmental problems related to
their stockpiling or land filling. The current practice is still to landfill most of the non-
recyclable glass. Since the glass is not biodegradable, landfills do not provide an
environment-friendly solution. On the other hand, in many parts around the world, the
pozzolanic materials begin to be not enough to supply all the demands of the
construction industry. Nowadays, the civil construction industries search the alternatives
for satisfying the increasing needs for the cement and concrete production.
Nowadays, the use of advanced composite material (ACM) like carbon fiber-
epoxy resin system to retrofit or strengthen structural elements is a common practice in
many countries. The application of ACM is expected to grow more with the reduction in
its cost. However, its resistance to fire and elevated temperature is questionable,
because of the known low melting point of the employed resins. Hence providing an
external fire barrier is an essential requirement for adequate performance. Plastering
with heat enduring mortar could provide an efficient protection to ACM and to other
applications as well.
Saad (2002) conducted an investigation to explore the protection efficiency of
different coating systems applied over reinforced concrete slabs strengthened by
externally bonded ACM strips and heated with temperature up to 570°C. High
performance cements mortar (HPM), glass-cement mortar, gypsum mortar, and glass
fiber reinforced HPM were employed for this purpose. Test results revealed that glass-
cement mortar is superior to other coating systems regarding heat protection,
The finely ground glass was reported to have a dual effect on the generated
mortar. Firstly, due to its pozzolanic nature, it combines with some of the calcium
hydroxide liberated during cement hydration to form the cementitious product "calcium-
silicate-hydrate", which lead to strength enhancement. Secondly, improving the
3. It has great potential for the utilization of waste glass as a partial replacement for
expensive materials such as silica fume, fly ash and cement.So it is more economical.
4. Its does not fail at high temperatures.
5. Its shows good resistance to the penetration of rainwater.
4.APLLICATIONS
It has various applications in many civil engineering works.Some of the applications are
the discussed below.
Method of forming pavers containing waste glass particles
A method for forming pavers includes mixing cement, water and sand to
form a cement composition, and mixing waste glass particles with the cement
composition to form a cement-glass particle composition. Thereafter the cement glass
particle composition is poured into a mould and the composition is allowed to harden to
form a molded cement glass particle block. Next the cement glass particle block is
removed from the mould and sliced by cutting the cement glass particle block into a
series of sections or component parts where each section or component part forms a
paver. Thereafter at least one surface of the paver is ground to form a smooth surface
that exposes the waste glass particles.
diverted from being sent to landfills. Glass is one of the most sanitary materials, and
can be easily wiped clean with all-purpose cleaner or soapy water. However, these
counter tops can be pricey ranging from Rs.2500 to Rs.4500 per sq. ft.
Utility construction: Varying levels of glass mixed with mortar is proposed for
general applications such as underground facilities and trenches.
6.CASESTUDY
The case study is based on the investigations of H.E.I_Din H. Seleeem, A.A.F. Shaheen
and I.M.Metwally( Heat Enduring Cement-Glass Mortar; 20 August 2008)..
The aim of this study was to evaluate the “recyclability” of domestic ground waste
glass, as a replacement for aggregates in mortar and concrete.The results obtained is
satisfactory.The cement glass mortar has higher compressive strength compared to
ordinary mortar.The behavior of the mortar specimens under different thermal loads or
heat exposure temperatures is investigated.
Table 6.1. Chemical composition of the employed cement and mineral admixtures
It is worth to mention that using the GWG in a powder form is an efficient way
to overcome the vulnerability of alkali-silica reaction since glass is not stable in the
alkaline media offered by the hydrated cement. With increasing the fineness of GWG,
its efficiency would be improved due to increasing its pozzolanic activity. This would
also help to refine the pore structure at elevated temperatures, as the remaining part after
the pozzolanic reaction would go soft and act as a binder for the dehydrated cement
paste constituents.
6.1.2.Features of Mixes
The adopted design of the mortar mixtures is based on the following considerations:
All the mixtures are normally designed and no attempt was made to produce
high strength mortar. The reason is to produce a moderate void ratio which
facilitates the escape of built up pore pressure during exposure to elevated
temperature.
The cement content was kept constant in all mixtures, and the ground glass
and/or the ground slag were employed as a partial replacement of sand. In this
way a satisfactory level of strength would be acquired. Also the richness of the
mortar mixture would facilitate plastering, which is the proposed method of
applying the external heat barrier.
The choice of ground glass was based on its contribution to heat endurance of
the cementicious mixtures. The ground slag selection was based on the expected
stability at elevated temperatures, and to utilize its pozzolanic nature for pore
refinement and strength enhancement.
Table 6.2. Experimental plan-Mixes proportions and types of mineral admixtures and replacement ratio
M6 1 2.75 .485 - 20
M7 1 2.75 .485 20 20
M8 1 2.75 .485 40 20
M9 1 2.75 .485 60 20
M10 1 2.75 .485 80 20
Proportions of all mixtures are outlined in Table 6.2. The proportions of all the
mixtures are identical; the water - cement ratio and the sand - cement ratio were
maintained constant at 0.485 and 2.75, respectively. The GWG was employed as a
replacement of sand by five ratios: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The GGS was
used as a replacement of 20% of the sand weight in one mix. Ternary blends of cement,
GGS, and GWG were also investigated. The slag (GGS) and the glass (GWG) were
used as a sand replacement, the first one at a constant ratio of 20%, while the second
one with four ratios of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%.
than that of the control mixture at 60% replacement ratio, beyond which their
strengths suffered reduction. At 28 days age, their strengths followed more or
less the same trend as at 7 days, but at 90 days age the enhancements in strength
were recognized at all replacement ratios with a maximum increase of 33% over
the control mixture strength.
The behavior of the mortar specimens under different thermal loads or heat
exposure temperatures is investigated; the results are presented in Figures 6.6, 6.7, and
6.8 for temperatures of 2000C, 6000C, and 8000C respectively. The test results are
presented in two different forms in each of these figures; either as the retained
compressive strength values after heat exposure, or the ratio of these strengths to the 28
day ones (before heat exposure).
Figure 6.6 shows that heating to 2000C causes an increase in compressive
strength values of all mixtures including the control one over the corresponding 28 day
strengths. That is partly attributed to the evaporation of free water which leads to
friction increase between failure planes, or possibly this level of heat catalyze hydration
of the non-reacted cementitious products. Anyhow, the ratio of strength increase is more
pronounced for the waste glass (WG) group of mixtures although the strength values of
the other group of mixtures incorporating 20% slag is still the highest. It was noted for
the mixture M6 containing 20% slag without WG that, although its 28day strength (45.7
N/mm2) is the highest, the recorded strength after heating to 2000C is marginally
increased to 47.7 N/mm2.
Heating the mortar specimens to higher temperatures is normally associated with
multiple chemical and physical transformations which would affect the stability of the
internal structure and consequently the strength. The most recognized causes of these
transformations include; dehydration (decomposition) of the cementitious compounds,
different expansion values of the constituents (thermal mismatch), and internal pore
pressure. The last effect is thought to be alleviated through this investigation due to
adopting a relatively high water/cement ratio which would generate more connected
pores. This remark is confirmed by the test results as no spalling or disintegration was
noticed in any of the tested samples upon heating. Therefore, the observed variations in
the mortar mixtures compressive strength are attributed to the other two causes of
transformation.
Further heating the mortar specimens to 8000C would result in a more chemical
and physical transformations; for instance, decomposition of different forms of calcium
carbonate, re-crystallization of new compounds, and also more relative expansions
between the mortar constituents. The impact of these transformations on the mixtures
compressive strength is shown in Figure 6.8, As shown in the figure, different levels of
retained strength are generated. The control mixture retained about 20% of its 28 day
strength, while that of the WG group of mixtures ranged from 21% to 45%, and that of
the second group of mixtures containing slag ranged from 26% to 60%.
These results show that it is possible to increase the retained strength more than
twice of that of the control mixture by merely replacing the mixture sand with waste
glass. Further enhancement is achieved when 20% ground slag is introduced within the
mixture constituents, as the retained strength is about 3 times that of the control
mixture. The interpretation mentioned before about the role of WG and slag in
alleviating the strength retrogression upon heating are valid here. Also, the new formed
re-crystallization products, particularly the mineral compound Wollastonite [Ca Si O3
(beta-)] share in preventing a catastrophic drop in strength.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The aim of this study was to evaluate the “recyclability” of domestic ground waste
glass, as a cement replacement for mortar and concrete. The production of a plastering
cement mortar that is able to withstand elevated temperature while maintaining an
accepted level of strength is a concern, especially when used as a heat barrier to ACM.
Proceeding to this target was done through replacing the mortar mixtures sand with
GWG in one group of mixtures. In the second group, replacement has been done by
20% GS and GWG. Test results reveal that:
By replacing the mixing sand with GWG, the retained strengths at temperatures
of 2000C, 6000C, and 8000C were respectively up to 132%, 79%, and 45% of the
28 day compressive strength of the control mixture.
The mixtures containing 20% GS in addition to GWG were superior to the
corresponding mixtures containing only GWG in all aspects. Their compressive
strengths at all ages were the highest as well as their retained compressive
strengths after heating. The recorded values of retained strength were up to
134%, 95%, and 60% of the 28day strength at 2000C, 6000C, and 8000C,
respectively.
Also the results present in this report show that there is a great potential for the
utilization of waste glass in mortar and concrete as a partial replacement for
expensive materials such as silica fume, fly ash and cement.
8 . REFERENCES
L.A Pereira de Oliveira, J.P. Castro Gomes & P. Santos: Optimization of
pozzolanic reaction of ground waste glass incorporated in cement-mortars;
University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Luigi Fenu a, Daniele Forni b , Ezio Cadoni b: Dynamic behaviour of cement
mortars reinforced with glass and basalt fibres.
H.el_din h. seleem, a.a.f. shaheen and i.m.metwally: Heat enduring cement-
glass mortar; 20 August 2008
Fragata, H. Paiva, A.L. Velosa, M.R. Veiga, V.M. Ferreira; Application of
crushed glass residues in mortars
Advances in structural engineering; Heat enduring cement-glass mortar;
volume11,june 2008.
Bhandari. P.S1, Tajne. K.M2 :Use of waste glass in mortar.
ASCE.org
Google.co.in/making concrete with glass
Wikipedia.com/cement-glass mixtures