BHDLA-138

bafnjk xka/kh
jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;
ekufodh fo|kihB

[kaM

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 ^fganh lkfgR; % fofo/k fo/kk,¡* ikB~;Øe dk ;g nwljk [kaM gSA bl [kaM esa Hkh Ng
bdkb;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA çR;sd fo/kk ds ifjp; gsrq ,d laiw.kZ bdkbZ nh xbZ gS] ftlls ,d
fof'k"V fo/kk dh varjjpuk vkSj fof'k"Vrk dks vki le> ldsaxAs çR;sd bdkbZ lkfgR;
dh fof'k"V fo/kk dh Lora= ys[ku 'kSyh dks le>us esa vkidh lgk;rk djsxhA bdkbZ 7
^Mk;jh* uked lkfgfR;d fo/kk ij dsafnzr gSA blds varxZr Mk;jh fo/kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
vkSj Mk;jh ys[ku dk laLej.k] ;k=k&o`Ùkkar vkSj vkRedFkk ls varj Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
bdkbZ 8 esa ^i=-lkfgR;* dh fo'ks"krk,¡ Li"V djrs gq, vU; x| fo/kkvksa ls i=-lkfgR;
dk varj fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ^fjiksrkZt* fo/kk ij dsafnzr bdkbZ la[;k 9 esa fjiksrkZt
dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ xbZ gSa ftldk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr vki ;g Li"V dj ldsaxs
fd fjiksrkZt fdls dgrs gSaA bdkbZ la[;k 10 esa fganh ds izeq[k ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa dk ifjp;
nsus ds lkFk gh] mldh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj vU; x|fo/kkvksa ls mldk varj crk;k x;k gSA
bdkbZ 11 esa thouh fo/kk ds jpukxr rRoksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq, mlds lajpuk-f'kYi
dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA bdkbZ-12 esa vki ^laLej.k* ys[ku dk mn~ns';] mldh
fof'k"Vrk] lajpuk] Hkk"kk] f'kYi vkfn dk ifjp; çkIr dj ldsaxsA çR;sd bdkbZ esa
fofo/k fo/kk esa miyC/k çfl) ys[kdksa dh egRoiw.kZ jpukvksa dk ewyikB tksM+ fn;k x;k
gS] ftls vki vo'; i<+sa vkSj fofHkUu ys[ku 'kSfy;ksa dks le>us dk ç;kl djsaA

geus bu [kaMksa esa fn;s x;s va'kksa dks i<+us okyksa dh –f"V ls la'kksf/kr vkSj laf{kIr fd;k
gSA x|ka'k ds lkFk nh xbZ 'kCnkoyh ls vkidks i<+us esa lqfo/kk gksxhA iwjk va'k i<+us ds
ckn cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k,A vxj vki Bhd ls mÙkj ns ldsa] rks vki va'k dks le>
ik jgs gSaA

bdkbZ esa fn;s x;s cks/k ç'u vkidks viuh çxfr dks tk¡pus dk volj nsaxAs cks/k ç'uksa
ds mÙkj fy[kus ds ckn vki var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ;k mÙkjksa ds ladsrksa ls vius dk;Z
dk feyku djsaA

bl [kaM ds v/;;u ds ckn vki viuh vksj ls laLej.k] ;k=k&o`Ùkkar] thouh vkfn dk
v/;;u djsa vkSj mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk vkdyu djsaA

196
7-0 mn~ns';
7-1 çLrkouk
7-2 Mk;jh % ,d lkfgfR;d fo/kk
7-3 Mk;jh vkSj vU; fo/kk,¡
7-3-1 Mk;jh vkSj vkRedFkk
7-3-2 Mk;jh vkSj laLej.k
7-3-3 Mk;jh vkSj ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
7-4 eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh dk iBu
7-5 Mk;jh dk lkj
7-6 Mk;jh dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
7-7 Hkk"kk-'kSyh
7-8 lkjka'k
7-9 'kCnkoyh
7-10 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

izLrqr bdkbZ esa eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh dk va'k çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA bl bdkbZ dks
i<+us ds ckn vki%
Mk;jh uked lkfgfR;d fo/kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crk ldsax(s
Mk;jh vkSj laLej.k] Mk;jh vkSj ;k=k-o`Ùkkar rFkk Mk;jh vkSj vkRedFkk dk varj
crk ldsaxs vkSj
eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh dh fo"k;-oLrq ,oa Hkk"kk-'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ Li"V dj
ldsaxsA

igys [kaM esa vkius lkfgR; dh fofo/k fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u fd;kA bl [kaM esa ge dqN
vkSj lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u djus tk jgs gSaA bl [kaM dh igyh bdkbZ vkSj
ikB~;Øe dh lkroha bdkbZ esa vki Mk;jh uked fo/kk dk v/;;u djsaxAs blds fy,
geus eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh dk p;u fd;k gSA bdkbZ esa vki ikB ds fy, fu/kkZfjr
va'kksa dks Hkh i<+saxsA

Mk;jh fy[kuk dbZ yksxksa dh vknr gksrh gSA lekt dks rjg-rjg ls çHkkfor djus okys
yksx tc Mk;jh fy[krs gSa rks mudks i<+us ls gesa u;h –f"V feyrh gSA eksgu jkds'k ^u;h
dgkuh* nkSj ds çeq[k dFkkdkj gSaA vkius dgkfu;k¡] miU;kl vkSj ukVd fy[ks gSaA
^vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* vkSj ^vk/ks v/kwjs* ukVd lkfgfR;d vkSj jaxeaph; nksuksa –f"V;ksa ls
197
 dkyt;h —fr;k¡ ekuh tkrh gSaA ^va/ksjs can dejs* miU;kl dh x.kuk Hkh fganh ds Js"B
miU;klksa esa dh tkrh gSA eksgu jkds'k }kjk fy[kh xbZ Mk;jh mudh vlkef;d e`R;q ds
ckn çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA bl Mk;jh dks i<+us ls eksgu jkds'k ds O;fäRo ds dbZ vutkus
igyw mtkxj gq,A ,d ys[kd vkSj ,d O;fä ds :i esa mudk vkRela?k"kZ dk fp=
ikBdksa ds lkeus mifLFkr gqvkA oSls rks ;g iwjh Mk;jh gh iBuh; gS ysfdu ;gk¡ ge
mlesa ls cgqr NksVk va'k ikB ds :i esa 'kkfey dj jgs gSaA

bl bdkbZ esa ge vkidks Mk;jh fo/kk ds ckjs esa crk,¡xsA mlds egRo vkSj mldh
fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k djsaxs rkfd vki ;g le> ldsa fd Mk;jh ,d lkfgfR;d
fo/kk dSls gSA bdkbZ esa Mk;jh dh rqyuk ge laLej.k] vkRedFkk vkSj ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ls Hkh
djsaxsA ;s fo/kk,¡ Mk;jh ds dkQh fudV gSa D;ksafd bu lHkh esa O;fä vius vuqHkoksa ds
ckjs esa fy[krk gS] ysfdu bu fo/kkvksa esa varj Hkh gS ftUgsa tkuuk Hkh t:jh gSA
bdkbZ esa geus eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh ds fn;s x;s va'k ij Hkh fopkj fd;k gS vkSj mldh
çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA lkFk gh] geus Mk;jh ys[ku dh mi;ksfxrk dks
Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA

Mk;jh x| lkfgR; dh ,d fo'ks"k fo/kk gSA blesa ys[kd vkRelk{kkRdkj djrk gSA og
vius vki ls laçs"k.k dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA og Lo;a gh ys[kd gksrk gS vkSj Lo;a gh
ikBd gksrk gSA blesa mlds furkar futh vuqHko çdV gksrs gSaA

vk/kqfud dky esa x| dh vusd fo/kkvksa dk tUe vkSj fodkl gqvk gS bu fo/kkvksa dks
nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS % (i) dFkkRed x| fo/kk,¡] vkSj (ii) dFksrj x| fo/kk,¡A
dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd vkfn dFkkRed x| fo/kk,¡ gSaA buds ewy esa ,d dFkkud gksrk
gSA iwjh fo/kk ml dFkkud ds bnZ-fxnZ ?kwerh gSA vkerkSj ls ;s fo/kk,¡ dYiuk ls fufeZr
gksrh gSaA ys[kd vius vuqHko lalkj esa jgrs gq, budh dYiuk djrk gS vkSj mlh ds
lgkjs bUgsa fy[krk gSA vk/kqfud dky esa dqN ,slh x|-fo/kk,¡ fodflr gqbZ gSa] ftudh
jpuk dk vk/kkj dYiuk ugha] oju~ okLrfod vuqHko gksrs gSaA ys[kd okLrfod]
rF;kRed ?kVuk dk o.kZu djrk gSA rc Hkh buesa lkfgfR;d lkSan;Z vfHkO;ä gks tkrk
gSA Mk;jh] i=] laLej.k] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar] vkRedFkk] thouh] fjiksrkZt vkfn fo/kk,¡ dFksrj
x|-fo/kk,¡ dgykrh gSaA buesa of.kZr dh xbZ ?kVuk,a ys[kd dh dYiuk dh mit ugha
gksrha] oju~ mlds thou esa lpeqp ?kfVr gqbZ gksrh gSa vkSj rc Hkh muesa lkfgfR;d lkSan;Z
gks ldrk gSA

Mk;jh dksbZ Hkh fy[k ldrk gSA Mk;jh fy[kus dk eryc gS] vius jkstejkZ ds vuqHkoksa
dks fyfic) djukA Mk;jh dks jkstukepk Hkh dgk tkrk gS ftldk eryc gS] jkst ;kuh
çR;sd fnu dh ?kVukvksa dk ys[kk-tks[kkA ysfdu ;g dksbZ vfuok;Z 'krZ ugha gS fd O;fä
jkstkuk Mk;jh fy[ks ghA blesa fnuksa] lIrkgksa vkSj dbZ ckj eghuksa dk Hkh varjky gks
ldrk gSA Mk;jh O;fä çdk'ku ds fy, ugha fy[krkA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd ckn esa Mk;jh
dk çdk'ku gksA ysfdu Mk;jh ,d furkar futh ys[ku gSA tc O;fä Mk;jh fy[k jgk
gksrk gS rc ;gh lksprk gS fd ;g fy[kuk flQZ mlds vius fy, gSA

;gk¡ vkids eu esa ;g loky iSnk gks ldrk gS fd O;fä Lo;a vius fy, D;ksa fy[krk
gS\ D;k Mk;jh dk fy[kuk ^Lokar% lq[kk;* ys[ku gS\ Mk;jh ys[ku vkRekoyksdu dk ,d
198
rjhdk gSA Mk;jh esa O;fä egt ?kVukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk o.kZu ugha djrkA og muds
ek/;e ls vkRefo'ys"k.k djrk gSA og muls vius fy, lcd ysrk gSA Mk;jh dk ys[ku
ys[kd flQZ vius fy, djrk gS blfy, og Mk;jh esa vius vkSj nwljksa ds ckjs esa T;knk
csckdh vkSj fueZerk ls fy[k ldrk gSA

vkerkSj ij Mk;jh fy[kus okys ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og mlesa lc dqN

bZekunkjh ls fy[ksxkA bZekunkjh ls fy[kuk Mk;jh dh cqfu;knh 'krZ gSA blds fy,
ys[kd esa vkRecy dk gksuk t:jh gSA ;fn Mk;jh fy[krs gq, Hkh O;fä lR; ij vkoj.k
Mkyus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS rks Mk;jh fy[kus dk mn~ns'; gh ijkLr gks tkrk gSA
lR; fy[kus ds lkgl dk ;g eryc ugha gS fd Mk;jh esa tks dqN fy[kk tkrk gS og
lgh gksrk gSA lgh vkSj xyr dk laca/k lR; vkSj vlR; ls lnSo gks] ;g t:jh ugha
gSA Mk;jh esa ckrsa ys[kd viuh –f"V ds vuqlkj gh fy[krk gS vkSj ;gk¡ mldh –f"V
vuqHkoksa ds fo'ys"k.k esa iwjh bZekunkjh ls O;ä gks jgh gksrh gS blfy, Mk;jh ml ys[kd
ds –f"Vdks.k dks le>us esa lcls T;knk ennxkj gks ldrh gSA

Mk;jh ys[ku esa ;g ç'u Hkh mifLFkr gksrk gS fd dkSu-lh ckrsa Mk;jh esa fy[kh tkuh
pkfg, vkSj dkSu-lh ugha\ oSls rks bldk QSlyk ys[kd Lo;a djrk gSA ysfdu vkerkSj
ij mu ?kVukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dks Mk;jh esa fy[kus ds fy, ys[kd pqurk gS ftUgsa og
vius fy, egRoiw.kZ le>rk gSA ;g dksbZ lk/kkj.k lk vuqHko Hkh gks ldrk gS] ysfdu
ml lk/kkj.k ls vuqHko esa ys[kd laHko gS fdlh xgjs lR; dk vkyksd ns[k jgk gksA
blfy, Mk;jh esa ?kVuk ;k vuqHko egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrkA egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] ys[kd dh
var–Zf"V ftlds ek/;e ls og ?kVuk ;k vuqHko Mk;jh esa ntZ gksrk gSA

Mk;jh futh ys[ku gS vkSj og çdk'ku ds fy, ugha gksrk blfy, mlesa f'kYi dk mruk
egRo utj ugha vkrkA ysfdu ,slk ugha gSA ,d jpukdkj ds fy, rks Mk;jh dk ys[ku
Hkh jpukRed pqukSrh ds :i esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA dF; dh –f"V ls Hkh vkSj f'kYi dh
–f"V ls HkhA Mk;jh ds ys[ku dh lcls cM+h 'kfä ;g gksrh gS fd mlesa ys[kd viuh
ckr dks eupkgs <ax ls j[k ldrk gSA ysfdu lR; ls c¡/kk gksus ds dkj.k mls c¡/kdj
Hkh jguk iM+rk gSA og lR; dks mtkxj djus ds fy, Hkk"kk esa fufgr laHkkoukvksa dk iwjk
mi;ksx djrk gSA og viuh ckr vkSj vius Hkkoksa rFkk fopkjksa ds vuqlkj Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh
dks <ky ldrk gSA ,slk djrs gq, mls viuh jpukRed {kerk dk vR;ar lko/kkuh ls
mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA
var esa] Mk;jh ds ckjs esa ;g Hkh le>uk t:jh gS fd dksbZ Hkh ikBd fdlh Hkh ys[kd
dh Mk;jh dks f'kYi dh mRd"kZrk ds fy, ugha i<+rk] og mlesa ys[kd ds ml ^:i* dks
[kkstuk pkgrk gS tks vc rd mlls Nqik jgk gSA ys[kdh; O;fäRo dk ;g çdk'ku Hkh
Mk;jh esa Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gksrk gS blfy, Mk;jh esa Hkk"kk ds jpukRed mi;ksx dk
dsaæh; egRo gSA

dFksrj x| fo/kkvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u gesa Mk;jh dks le>us esa lgk;rk çnku
djsxk blfy, ge Mk;jh vkSj vU; leku fo/kkvksa dh rqyuk djsaxsA Mk;jh] vkRedFkk]
laLej.k] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar vkSj i=- bu lHkh x| fo/kkvksa esa ys[kd ds okLrfod vuqHkoksa vkSj
mlds thou dh rF;kRed ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bu lHkh fo/kkvksa ds dsaæ esa
199
 ys[kd dk Lo;a dk thou gksrk gSA bu lHkh fo/kkvksa esa rF;kRed lwpukvksa dk laçs"k.k
gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g ys[kd dk mn~ns'; ugha gksrkA ;fn mlus ek= lwpukvksa dks laçsf"kr
djus ds fy, bu fo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k gS rks budh O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk rks jg
ldrh gS] ijarq lkfgfR;d ;k dykRed mi;ksfxrk ugha jgrhA ,slh fdlh lkexzh dks
ge lkfgfR;d jpuk dh Js.kh esa ugha j[ksaxsA

Mk;jh vkRedFkk dk gh ,d :i gSA vkRedFkk esa Hkh ys[kd vius thou dh dgkuh
dgrk gS vkSj Mk;jh ds iUuksa esa Hkh ys[kd vius ckjs esa gh fy[krk gSA tc vkRedFkk
dk ys[kd vius thou dh dgkuh nwljksa dks lqukuk pkgrk gS rks mldk Jksrk ;k ikBd
mlls vyx gksrk gSA mldk ,d mn~ns'; gksrk gSA vPNh vkRedFkk vkRelk{kkRdkj dk
,d :i gksrh gS] ysfdu og blds fy, vkRedFkk ugha fy[krkA mlds thou esa dqN
,slk gS] ftls og nwljksa dks lqukuk pkgrk gS vkSj ;gh dkeuk mls vkRedFkk fy[kus ds
fy, çsfjr djrh gSA blfy, gj vkRedFkk dk ,d varfuZfgr mn~ns'; gksrk gSA og iwjh
jpuk ml mn~ns'; ls c¡/kh gqbZ pyrh gSA

Mk;jh esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugha gksrkA Mk;jh vius 'kq) :i esa Lo;a dks lacksf/kr jpuk gSA
mldk ys[kd gh mldk ikBd gksrk gSA og vkRelk{kkRdkj dk 'kq) :i gSA mls fdlh
vU; dks dqN ugha lqukukA mldk dksbZ vU; mn~ns'; ugha gksrkA vius vki ls laokn
gh mldk mn~ns'; gksrk gSA blfy, Mk;jh esa dbZ ladsr vudgs jg tkrs gSaA dbZ cM+s
çdj.k ladsr esa fleV dj jg tkrs gSaA tcfd vkRedFkk esa ys[kd ml iwjs çdj.k dks
foLrkj ls i`"BHkwfe lfgr fy[krk gSA vkRedFkk çdkf'kr gksus ds fy, gh fy[kh tkrh
gSA tcfd Mk;jh çdkf'kr gksus ds fy, ugha fy[kh tkrhA blfy, vkRedFkk esa ys[kd
rF;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dks rksM-+ ejksM+dj vius fgr esa] ;k viuh –f"V ls Hkh çLrqr dj
ldrk gSA mls ^vkRe vkSfpR;* dh LFkkiuk djus dh Hkh fpark gksrh gSA Mk;jh ys[kd ds
lkeus ;g etcwjh ugha gksrhA mls vius vkils Ny djus dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gksrhA
og rks okLrfod rF;ksa dk Hkksäk gSA og lR; dks tkurk gSA blfy, og viuh rjQ
ls mlesa dksbZ vlR; rF; çdV ugha djrkA og viuh xyfr;ksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dks
Lohdkj djrk pyrk gSA vkRedFkk ys[kd viuh xyfr;ksa ds fy, dqN cká dkj.k
<w¡<dj mUgsa ekuoh; detksjh ds :i esa çLrqr djds ikBd dh lgkuqHkwfr çkIr djuk
pkgrk gSA vkRedFkk ys[kd viuh iSjoh djrk gS] Mk;jh dk ys[kd vius vki ls ftjg
djrk gSA og Lo;a ds fo#) QSlyk djrk tkrk gSA Mk;jh ys[kd mlh le; ;k ml
fnu ;k fnu Hkj dh ?kVukvksa dk ys[k-tks[kk Mk;jh esa djrk gSA blfy, Mk;jh dh
fo"k; oLrq ,d fnu dh gksrh gSA tcfd *vkRedFkk* esa ys[kd vius laiw.kZ thou dk
iqujkoyksdu djrk gSA *vkRedFkk* fy[kus dk fu.kZ; yxHkx eafty ds ikl igq¡pus ij
fd;k tkrk gSA thou ds fdlh fu.kkZ;d eksM+ ij igq¡pus ds ckn mlesa vkRekfHkO;fä
dh Hkkouk dk mn; gksrk gSA thou ds vuqHkoksa ds ckjs esa ys[kd dh jk; Li"V gksrh gSA
og tc ihNs eqM+dj vius *thou* dks ns[krk gS rks mldk lkjk thou Le`fr esa vk tkrk
gSA blfy, vkRedFkk Le`fr ij fuHkZj jpuk gSA Le`fr vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k vusd
rF; vkSj ?kVuk,a ^foLe`fr* esa pyh tkrh gSaA le; ds varjky esa dqN ckrksa dks ge Hkwy
tkrs gSa] dqN ckrsa gesa egRoghu yxus yxrh gSaA os lc phtsa vkRedFkk esa NwV tkrh gSaA
mu lcdk ,d lfEefyr çHkko ;kn jgrk gSA ml çHkko ds ek/;e ls ys[kd mu
egRoiw.kZ {k.kksa dh iqujZpuk djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA ftl {k.k ge mu vuqHkoksa ls
200
xqtj jgs gksrs gSa ml {k.k ge D;k lksp jgs gksrs gSa ;g Mk;jh dk dF; gSA mu {k.kksa
ds chr tkus ds ckn u;s vuqHkoksa ds vkyksd esa vc ge D;k lksprs gSa\ ;g vkRedFkk
dk dF; gSA

Mk;jh esa rkRdkfyd çfrfØ;k gksrh gSA ,slh ckrsa gks ldrh gSa] ftUgsa vkxs pydj Lo;a
ys[kd gh udkj nsA Mk;jh ds ys[ku esa ,d fujarjrk gksrh gSA bl fujarjrk ds dkj.k
^Mk;jh* ds dF; esa varfoZjks/k gks ldrk gSA Mk;jh ys[ku ds nkSjku ys[kd fodflr gksrk
jgrk gSA mlds fopkj fodflr gksrs gSaA og iqjkus fopkjksa dks R;kx dj u;s fopkj xzg.k
djrk gSA ;g oSpkfjd ;k=k ys[kd dks le>us esa lgk;d gksrh gSA vkRedFkk esa tks
ys[kd vius vafre fu"d"kZ nsrk gSA os mlds çfrfuf/k fopkj gksrs gSaA blfy, Mk;jh esa
O;ä fopkjksa dks ge ys[kd dh vafre çkekf.kd ;k çfrfuf/k jk; ugha eku ldrsA

tc dksbZ O;fä fdlh nwljs O;fä ds ckjs esa fdlh rhljs O;fä dks dqN crkuk pkgrk
gS] rc og *lLej.k* ys[ku dh fo/kk dks viukrk gSA Mk;jh esa ys[kd vkSj ikBd ,d
gh O;fä gksrk gSA og vius fy, gh fy[krk gS] tcfd laLej.k dk dksbZ ikBd gksrk gSA
ys[kd vius ls brj fdlh vU; O;fä dks dqN dguk pkgrk gSA bl Lrj ij laLej.k
vkRedFkk ds djhc gksrk gSA laLej.k dk mn~ns'; gksrk gSA çk;% og lkekftd –f"V ls
egRoiw.kZ O;fä ds thou ds ckjs esa dqN u;h ckrsa dguk pkgrk gSA laLej.k dk uk;d
¼fo"k;½ lkekftd –f"V ls egRoiw.kZ ;k yksdfç; O;fä gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij vfr
lkekU; O;fä dk laLej.k ugha fy[kk tkrkA ysfdu ,slk vfuok;Z Hkh ugha gSA gk¡] og
O;fä ,slk gksuk pkfg,] ftls rhljk O;fä ¼ikBd½ Hkh tkuuk pkg ldrk gSA iafMr
tokgjyky usg:] çsepan] vYcVZ vkbUlVkbZu] fcjtw egkjkt tSls yksxksa ij vusd
laLej.k fey ldrs gSaA ikBd budks tkurk gS] og buds ckjs esa vkSj Hkh cgqr dqN
tkuuk pkgrk gSA blfy, ,d lkekU; vkneh Hkh buds ckjs esa vius laLej.k lquk
ldrk gSA

laLej.k esa ys[kd] laLej.k ftl O;fä ds ckjs esa gS vkSj ikBd- ;s rhu fcanq gksrs gSaA
Mk;jh esa ys[kd gh ikBd gksrk gSA ys[kd vius ckjs esa Hkh Mk;jh fy[k ldrk gSA bl
rjg ;g laHko gS fd Mk;jh dk fo"k; Hkh ys[kd Lo;a gks ldrk gS] ikBd vkSj ys[kd
rks og gksrk gh gSA
*laLej.k* esa ys[kd ls brj fdlh *O;fä* ¼uk;d½ dk gksuk vko';d gSA flQZ vius ckjs
esa dgh x;h ckrsa laLej.k dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrhaA laLej.k dk ^fo"k;* gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
*laLej.k* esa Hkh vkRekfHkO;fä dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ys[kd vius ckjs esa Hkh chp-chp esa
dqN-dqN ckrsa dgrk tkrk gSA njvly laLej.k dk fo"k; nks O;fä;ksa dk lk>k vuqHko
gksrk gSA ys[kd vkSj fo"k; ¼uk;d½ ftl fcanq ij vkdj feyrs gSa - mldk o.kZu laLej.k
dk *dF;* gksrk gSA ys[kd vius ckjs esa tks Hkh dgrk gS] mldk laca/k çLrqr O;fä ls
dqN-u-dqN gksuk pkfg, blh rjg çLrqr O;fä dk dqN-u-dqN laca/k ys[kd ls gksuk
pkfg,A ftl O;fä dks vki ugha tkurs] mldk laLej.k fy[kus dk vkidks vf/kdkj
ugha gSA blh rjg ml O;fä ds ckjs esa vki ogh ckrsa fy[k ldrs gSa] ftudks vkius Lo;a
ns[kk vkSj eglwl fd;k gSA vki lquh-lquk;h ckrksa dks laLej.k esa ugha fy[k ldrsA vki
laLej.k ds }kjk ml O;fä ds ckjs esa viuh xokgh nsrs gSaA lekt esa iwoZ esa izpfyr ckrksa
dks iq"V djrs gq, Hkh] vki laLej.k fy[k ldrs gSa ;k ml O;fä ds ckjs esa vki u;h
ckrsa Hkh dg ldrs gSaA vkidk laLej.k ,slk rks gksuk gh pkfg,] tSlk dksbZ vkSj ugha fy[k 201
 ldrkA vkidh Mk;jh vki gh fy[k ldrs gSaA blh rjg vkids laLej.k Hkh vki gh
fy[k ldrs gSa] dksbZ nwljk ugha fy[k ldrkA ;g futrk laLej.k vkSj Mk;jh dh viuh
fo'ks"krk gS
laLej.k esa vki dksbZ xksiuh; jgL; mn~?kkfVr djsa] ,slk vko';d ugha gSA laLej.k
çdk'ku ds fy, fy[kk tkrk gSA blfy, mlesa ys[kd *vkRe vkSfpR;* dk /;ku j[k
ldrk gSA fdlh ekfeZd çdj.k esa og viuh Hkwfedk ds fy, lQkbZ ns ldrk gSA bl
–f"V ls laLej.k Mk;jh ls nwj rFkk *vkRedFkk* ds djhc igq¡p tkrk gSA laLej.k Hkh
*vkRedFkk* dh rjg Le`fr ls fy[kk tkrk gSA blesa Hkh dqN ckrsa NwV tkrh gSaA dqN ckrksa
dks xSj t:jh ekudj ys[kd NksM+ nsrk gSA çklafxd –f"V ls ewY;oku ckrksa dks gh og
dgrk gSA blfy, blesa Hkh vrhr vkSj orekZu nksuksa dky mifLFkr jgrs gSaA ys[kd u;s
thou ds vkyksd esa çkphu ?kVukvksa dk iqu% Lej.k djrk gSA rHkh rks og *Lej.k* gSA
blds fy, og *Mk;jh* dk lgkjk ys ldrk gSA ijarq mldk dF; Mk;jh ls vyx gV
tkrk gSA *Mk;jh* dk ys[kd Hkh viuh Mk;jh esa *laLej.k* dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA
ijarq mlds dF; dk mn~ns'; vyx gksrk gSA

*;k=k-o`Ùkkar* esa ys[kd fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k dk o.kZu lqukrk gSA tkfgj gS fd ,slk o.kZu
mu LFkkuksa dk gksrk gS] tgk¡ ys[kd Lo;a x;k gS vkSj ftUgsa ys[kd ilan djrk gSA lquh-
lquk;h ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fy[kuk laHko ugha gSA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ml LFkku
fo'ks"k dk laiw.kZ fooj.k nsuk vko';d ugha gSA ;fn vki ml LFkku fo'ks"k ij tk;sa rks
fdl gksVy esa #ds] fdl LFkku ls pIiy [kjhns] dgk¡ iku [kk;k vkfn ckrsa ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
esa vk, gh ;g vko';d ugha gSA
,d vPNs ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa rF; vkSj dYiuk dk feJ.k gksuk pkfg,A mngkj.k ds fy,
fdlh 'kgj esa iqjkuk fdyk ;k ?kaVk?kj cuk gqvk gSA ;g rF; gSA ys[kd ;fn ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
fy[ksxk rks mlesa bldk mYys[k gksxkA ;g mYys[k i;ZVd-funsZf'kdk esa Hkh gksxkA nksuksa
rjg dh iqLrdksa esa ogk¡ dh pgy-igy] vkok-tkgh] nwdkunkj-xzkgdksa ds O;ogkj] ekSle
vkfn dk ftØ gksxkA vc ml ?kaVk?kj ;k iqjkus fdys dks ns[kdj ys[kd ds eu esa tks
Hkkouk,¡ tkxzr gksaxh] ;k ys[kd dh dYiuk lfØ; gksxh - mu lcdk o.kZu i;ZVd-
funsZf'kdk esa ugha gksxkA ;g dYiuk'khyrk vkSj Hkkoqdrk ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh viuh fo'ks"krk
gS vkSj blh dkj.k *;k=k-o`Ùkkar* dks ge ltZukRed lkfgR; dh Js.kh esa fxurs gSa rFkk
i;ZVd-funsZf'kdk ds ys[kd dks O;kolkf;d ys[kd ekurs gSaA
;k=k-o`Ùkkar dks Mk;jh ds :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj laLej.k ds :i esa Hkh fy[kk
tk ldrk gSA bldks bl :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA Mk;jh dk ys[ku mlh fnu gksrk
gSA ml ,d fnu ;fn vki fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij x;s gSa rks] mlesa vki mldk o.kZu
fy[k ldrs gSaA Mk;jh dk ;g fgLlk ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk ,d :i gks ldrk gSA ;g Hkh gks
ldrk gS fd vki viuh ;k=k lEiUu djus ds ckn mldk o.kZu djus cSBsaA tkfgj gS
fd ,slk vki Le`fr ds vk/kkj ij djsaxsA Hkys gh ;k=k-o`Ùkkar Mk;jh dh rjg mlh fnu
fy[ksa ;k u fy[ksa ijarq mls mlh nkSjku fy[k fy;k tkrk gSA tc rd fd ;k=k dk
vuqHko vkidks ;kn gksA blfy, ;k=k ds nl-iaæg fnuksa ds Hkhrj mls fy[k fy;k tkrk
gSA bl rjg ;g ltho Le`fr dk ys[ku gSA
;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk ,d y{;hHkwr ikBd gksrk gSA ;g ikBd Mk;jh ds ikBd ls fHkUu gksrk
202 gSA tgk¡ jpuk fdlh vkSj O;fä dks lacksf/kr gksrh gS] ogk¡ ys[kd esa vkSipkfjdrk vk
tkrh gSA vki Bhd ls okD; cukrs gSa] iwjh ckr Hkwfedk lfgr fy[krs gSa] vLi"Vrk ls
cprs gSaA çR;sd ladsr dks le>kus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA fy[krs gq, laçs"k.k ds fu;eksa
dks /;ku esa j[krs gSaA ;g jpuk dkS'ky Mk;jh ls mldks vyx djrs gSaA
;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk dksbZ-u-dksbZ mn~ns'; gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ds lkSan;Z
ls ;k ogk¡ dh lkekftd-lkaL—frd ftanxh ls çsfjr gksdj gh ys[kd ;k=k djrk gSA
og pkgrk gS fd ikBd Hkh ml vuqHko ds lk>hnkj cusaA mldh Hkhrjh vkdka{kk gksrh
gS fd vki ml LFkku fo'ks"k ij tk;sa rks mls ml ys[kd dh –f"V ls Hkh ,d ckj ns[ksaA
og ikBd ds lkFk laçs"k.k dh bl fLFkfr esa vkuk pkgrk gSA fganh esa vKs; vkSj fueZy
oekZ us cgqr mR—"V ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fy[ks gSaA tc Hkh volj feys vkidks mudk v/;;u
djuk pkfg,A
cks/k ç'u 1
1- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu-lh dFkkRed x| fo/kk ugha gS%
d½ thouh
[k½ miU;kl
x½ ukVd
?k½ dgkuh ¼ ½
2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu-lh fo'ks"krk Mk;jh ij ykxw ugha gksrhA
d½ vius vuqHkoksa ds ckjs esa fy[kuk
[k½ çdk'ku ds fy, ugha fy[kuk
x½ dYiuk ds lgkjs fy[kuk
?k½ vkRekoyksdu djuk ¼ ½
3- fdlh ys[kd dh Mk;jh i<+us dk dsaæh; egRo D;k gS\
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4- dkSu-lh fo/kk Mk;jh ds utnhd ugha gS\
d½ laLej.k
[k½ vkRedFkk
x½ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
?k½ fuca/k ¼ ½

tkya/kj % 26-1-58
gok esa oklUrh Li'kZ gS - le; vPNk-vPNk yxrk gSA ,sls esa vuk;kl eu gksrk gS fd
gYds-gYds Loj esa fdlh ls ckr djsaA vius pkjksa vksj ?kj dh feBkl] ?kj dh m".krk
gksA fdlh ds gkFk pk; dh I;kyh ykdj nsa] vkSj I;kyh ds lkFk og gkFk Hkh Fkke ysA
gYdk-lk f[kapko gks vkSj vksaB efnj eqLdjkgV ls QSy tk,¡A ijarq ;g lc dSls gks\-
203
 ---- ftlls bl lcdh vk'kk dh Fkh] mlus rks ml fnu js[kk [khap nhA ftlls oLrqr%
vk'kk dh iwfrZ laHko gS] mlds vius cU/ku gSa] vius nkf;Ro gSa] ,d Hkjk iwjk ?kj gS] tgk¡
mls viuk ,d fuf'pr jksy vnk djuk gksrk gSA
vkSj eSa bl ,dkUr ls] bl ohjkuxh ls le>kSrk djus ds ç;Ru esa gw¡ ftlls fdlh :i
esa rks thou dh /kqjh cSB tk,A

fy[kus-i<+us esa vius dks iwjh rjg [kks fy;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksa u ml aspect dks eu
ls fudky nsus dk gh ç;Ru fd;k tk,\ ijarq ç;Ru ek= ls gh rks ifj.kke ugha fudy
vkrkA
oLrqr% tks VªstsMh gqbZ gS] mlesa esjk <qyeqyiu gh rks dkj.k gSA

f'keys esa mu fnuksa ,d ckj euksjek lkguh us dgk Fkk] *D;ksa djrs gSa C;kg\ euk D;ksa
ugha dj nsrs\ tc eu ugha gS] rks D;ksa O;FkZ esa------\*
fdruh ckj lkgl lafpr fd;k Fkk fd fy[k nsa] ugha] gekjh ethZ ugha gSA exj fQj-fQj
ogh ckr lkeus vk tkrh Fkh-----muls dg tks pqds gSaA
tc Hkh eu m[kM+us yxrk gS] pkg gksrh gS oh.kk dks ,d i= fy[k nsaA mls cqjk yxs ;k
vPNk] fy[k nsaA lp esa] mldh vkReh;rk fdl rjg Nk ysrh gS\ dSls ekuwa fd og esjs
fy, ijkbZ gS vkSj fdlh vkSj ds fy, viuh gSA

dqÙks HkkSadrs gSa] xkM+h Qd-Qd djrh gS] jkr fpyfpyk cksyrh gS - vkSj ge [kkeks'k gSaA
fy[k jgs gSa fd fdlh rjg Fkd tk,¡] ftlls uhan vk tk,] exj foMEcuk ;g gS fd
fdruk gh Fkdus dh dksf'k'k djsa] iwjk Fkdrs ughaA vkSj Fkd tkrs gSa rks uhan ugha vkrhA
vkSj uhan vkrh gS rks Fkdku nwj ugha gksrhA ,sls lqcg mBrs gSa tSls nl ?k.Vs n¶rj esa
dke djds vk, gksaA
Must work, work, and work-Must not waste myself—
bjknk Fkk] lksus ls igys miU;kl ds ,d v/;k; dk [kkdk cuk,axsA vc [kkd cuk,axs\

tkya/kj% 27-1-58
,d vkSj i= -
oh.kk]
ckn nksigj ?kj ls fudyrs gq, ySVj ckDl ns[kkA rqEgkjk i= fudykA lM+d ij pyrs
gq, i<+k - *,d çkr% ;gk¡ vk tkvksA lIrkg Hkj jguk ?kweukA ckr djukA fpÙk lqfLFkj
gks tk,xkA*
tYnckth dh vknr rks gS ghA vkt fu'p; dj fy;k fd Qjojh ds igys ;k nwljs
lIrkg pyk tkÅ¡xk] dqN dke lkFk ys tkÅ¡xkA ?kwew¡xk] i<w¡xk-fy[kw¡xkA
lkjk 'kgj ?kwe fy;kA dksbZ ,slk O;fä ugha feyk ftlls th Hkjdj ckr dh tk,A dHkh
Hkh ugha feyrkA jkst blh rjg ?kwedj ykSV vkrk gwaA gj feyus okys ls mldk psgjk
yxkdj HksaV djrk gwa------- fQj 'kke xgjh gks tkrh gSA ?kj ykSVrk gwa - vkSj--------
;gha vkdj eu my>us yxrk gSA
204
--------------rks ?kwers gq, Iyktk esa tk cSBkA rqEgkjk i= fQj fudkykA fQj i<+k -- *ek¡ vk
ldsa rks--------------*

i= can djds j[k fn;kA dk;ZØe ftruh vklkuh ls cuk;k Fkk] mruh gh vklkuh ls
<g x;kA

rqEgsa igys Hkh crk pqdk gw¡ 'kk;n fd ek¡ cl dk lQj ugha dj ldrhaA os ehy Hkj cl
esa tkrh gSa rks ihyh iM+ tkrh gSaA ,d ckj f'keyk ls dkydk rd Hkst fn;k FkkA o#u
lkFk esa Fkk mldh fjiksVZ Fkh fd u tkus fdl rjg ogka rd thfor igq¡p x;haA bl ckj
MygkSth ys tkuk pkgrk FkkA lkspk Fkk fd dksbZ Mksyh fey tk, rks ys tkÅaA ij mlds
fy, ek¡ ugha ekuhA crkvks] mUgsa dSls ykÅa\

bldk vFkZ gS fd vki Hkh u vkÅaA ;gh 'kk;n Bhd Hkh gSA eu dks bruk HkVdus ugha
nsuk pkfg,A ,d ckj gks vk;k gwa] fQj gks vkÅaxk rks D;k çek.k gS fd eu lqfLFkj gks
tk,xk\ ;g ,d fnu dh Hkw[k rks ugha gSA
bu fnuksa dkxtksa ls I;kj c<+kus ds ç;Ru esa gwaA vHkh dqN csxkj dk dke dj jgk gwaA
nks rhu fnu esa iwjk gks tk,xkA fQj fdlh rjg Bhd ls eu dks tqVkÅaxkA------- vPNk]
rqe ;g ugha dj ldrha fd jkst lksus ls igys eq>s ,d i= fy[k fn;k djks] tSls fdlh
dks pk; dh I;kyh cukdj nsrs gSa] ;k fdlh ds flj esa ekfy'k dj nsrs gSa] ;k iku dk
chM+k idM+k nsrs gSaA dj ldks rks dfBu rks ugha gSA eSa rks [kSj] dj ldrk gwa ghA esjs
ikl jkst dgus dks ckr ugha gksrh - ysfdu dsoy dqN dgus ds fy, gh rks ugha fy[kk
tkrkA cgqr dqN ,slk Hkh laçs"k.k gksrk gS] ftls ckr ds :i esa ns[ksa rks dqN Hkh ugha gksrk]
ij gksrk og cgqr dqN gSA eSa jkst lksus ls igys vius vanj meM+rs gq, ml *dqN* dks
lEçsf"kr djus ds fy, O;kdqy gksrk gwaA fu%lansg og *dqN* og ugha gS] ftlds nks"k ls
eSa ykafNr gwaA og *dqN * *dqN* Hkh gks] 'kkjhfjdrk ls Nqvk ugha gksrk - ;|fi mlls dgha
cyoku gksrk gSA
dejs dh lc f[kM+fd;k¡ [kqyokbZ gSa] ftlls BaMh gok vanj vk,A eglwl djuk pkgrk
gwa fd lnhZ pyh xbZ gS vkSj fujHkz vkdk'k esa eaMjkrh gqbZ gok cgh gS] tks iqyd vkSj
fo'okl ysdj vkrh gSA u tkus D;ksa ekSle cnyus ls igys pkgus yxrk gwa fd ekSle
cny tk,] ;g ckr gj vukxr {k.k dks ysdj gksrh gSA /kS;Z ls mldh çrh{kk eSa ugha
dj ikrkA
dHkh-dHkh ;g Hkh vuqHko djuk pkgrk gwa fd vk—fr u lgh] ,d Hkkouk ;gha dgha ikl
esa gS] vHkh esjh vksj ns[kdj eqLdjk nsxh] f[kyf[kyk mBsxhA vHkh esjs rfd;s ds ihNs vk
[kM+h gksxh vkSj esjs ckyksa dks lgyk nsxhA vHkh esjk Vscy ySai cq>k nsxh vkSj dgsxh]
Fkdks ugha] lks tkvksA ysfdu] Hkkouk bruh ewrZ D;ksadj gks ldrh gS\ viuh Nyuk ij
Lo;a eqLdjk nsrk gwaA gVkvks th] ;g lc ckrA i<+s-fy[ks le>nkj vkneh gks] rqEgsa ;g
lc 'kksHkk ugha nsrkA dksbZ vkSj ckr lkspks] ;k dksbZ miU;kl i<+ksA ;k jsfM;ks yxkdj
fdlh vifjfpr ns'k dk laxhr lquksA ;k cÙkh cq>kdj va/ksjs esa tqxuqvksa dh dYiuk djksA
;k ckgj lM+d ij ?kweksA ;k dy ls gj jkst nl cts ,d uhan dh fVfd;k [kk;k djksA
lkspuk] ,d Vh-ch- dh rjg dk etZ gS] ftldk ,dek= bykt gS [kqyh gokA
vPNk] rks eSa nks-pkj N% jkst esa fnYyh tkšxkA ftrus fnu eu djsxk] ogka jgwaxkA fQj
,d fnu ykSV vkÅaxk vkSj est dqlhZ ij MV tkÅ¡xkA ftl fnu fQj eu m[kM+sxk] fQj
Hkkx tkšxkA
205
 vPNk] i= fy[kuk - ,d iafä dk iratfy lw= ughaA
-- jkds'k

eu dks fLFkj djus dh dksbZ çfØ;k lkspks if.MrA bl rjg my>s-fc[kjs jgksxs rks
ftanxh ;wa gh iwjh dj nksxsA vkf[kj rqEgha vdsys rks ugha gks ftl ij ;g lwukiu Nk;k
gSA vkSj rqEgsa rks HkkbZ] ftanxh esa cgqr-dqN feyk Hkh gS] feyrk Hkh gSA cfYd ftruk rqe
djrs gks] mlls vf/kd ik ysrs gksA fQj D;ksa epyrs gks\ dke djuk pkgrs gks] dke
djksA [kke[kkg dk js'ke dkr dj mlesa my> tkus dk dksbZ vFkZ ughaA
- rLeknqfÙk"B dkSUrs;A

cks/k ç'u 2
1½ *D;ksa djrs gSa C;kg\] euk D;ksa ugha dj nsrs\-------* ;s okD; fdlus vkSj dgk¡ dgs\
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2½ ys[kd us fdls 27 tuojh 1958 dks i= fy[kk\
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3½ dkxtksa ls I;kj c<+kus dk D;k vFkZ gS\
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vkius eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh ds bu va'kksa dks /;ku ls i<+k gksxkA vkb;s lcls igys
ge Mk;jh dk lkj tku ysaA
;g Mk;jh eksgu jkds'k us tkya/kj esa jgrs gq, 26 tuojh] 1958 vkSj 27 tuojh] 1958
ds fnu fy[kh gSA viuh çlUufpr eu%fLFkfr dk ftØ djrs gq, ys[kd gok ds :ekuh
çHkko dk mYys[k djrk gSA fdlh ls ckr djus dh eu esa dkeuk tkxrh gSA og
vk'oLr] Lusfgy vkSj ?kjsyw laca/k dh dkeuk djrk gSA og pkgrk gS fd ^fdlh ds gkFk
pk; dh I;kyh ykdj nsa*A blh lq[kn dYiuk ds ckn mls iqu% fujk'kk ?ksj ysrh gSA mls
yxrk gS fd ;g laHko ugha gSA ftl ls mEehn dh Fkh] mlus eukdj fn;kA tks dj
ldrk gS ¼;k dj ldrh gS½ mldk viuk ikfjokfjd nkf;Ro gSA
ys[kd vius thou ds bl [kkyhiu ls ijs'kku gSA og pkgrk gS fd lkfgR; dh nqfu;k
esa og vius vidks Mqck ns vkSj HkkoukRed fj'rksa dks eu ls fudky nsA D;k ;g laHko
gS\ bl lcds fy, og dgha vius *<qyeqyiu* dks gh nks"kh ekurk gSA f'keyk esa fdlh
fgrS"kh efgyk ¼euksjek lkguh½ us dgk Hkh Fkk fd tc eu ugha gS rks C;kg D;ksa djrs gks\
euk dj nks\ ys[kd Hkh lksprk gS fd oh.kk dks i= fy[k gh nsaA

jkr ds okrkoj.k dk ftØ djrs gq, ys[kd pkgus yxrk gS fd og fy[krs-fy[krs Fkd
tk, vkSj lks tk,\ ijarq Fkdrs gh ughaA Fkd Hkh x, rc Hkh uhan ugha vkrhA uhan vk
206
Hkh tk, rks Fkdku ugha feVrhA lqcg ,slk yxrk gS ekuks *nl ?kaVs n¶rj esa dke djds
vk, gksaA*

vxys fnu 27 tuojh] 1958 dh Mk;jh esa ys[kd us oh.kk dks fy[kk i= m)`r fd;k gSA
oh.kk ds i= dk tcko nsrs gq, jkds'k fy[krs gSa fd lkjs 'kgj esa dksbZ th Hkjdj ckr
djus ds fy, O;fä ugha feykA flQZ mldk psgjk feyrk gSA ekuoh; laçs"k.k dh ;g
deh ys[kd dks [kyrh gSA fQj oh.kk dk i= i<+rk gSA fdruh ckj *crk pqdk gw¡* fd
ek¡ cl ij lQj ugha dj ldrhA eryc ;g fd ek¡ u vk, rks ys[kd Hkh ugha vk
ldrkA ys[kd lksprk gS fd ogk¡ tkus ls Hkh eu fLFkj gks tk,xk] D;k ;g r; gS\
ys[kd lwfpr dj jgk gS fd bu fnuksa og fy[kus-i<+us ds dk;ksaZ esa yxk gqvk gSA fQj
og oh.kk ls vkxzg djrk gS fd og *jkst lksus ls igys eq>s ,d i= fy[k fn;k djs*
tSls fdlh dks pk; dh I;kyh cukdj nsrs gSa*A dke vlaHko rks ugha gS ijarq dfBu gSA
eksgu jkds'k ;gka fQj Mk;jh fy[kus dh çsj.kk dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgrs gSa *cgqr dqN
,slk Hkh laçs"k.k gksrk gS] ftls ckr ds :i esa ns[ksa rks dqN Hkh ugha gksrk] ij gksrk og
cgqr dqN gSA* ys[kd lksus ls igys meM+us okys ml ^dqN* dks laçsf"kr djus ds fy,
O;kdqy gksrk gSA ¼ml *dqN* dh vfHkO;fä dk ,d :i ;g Mk;jh gSA½
ys[kd vius vkidks vfHkO;ä djrs gq, vkxs dgrk gS fd mlesa /kS;Z ugha gSA og çrh{kk
ugha dj ldrkA tks gksuk gS og gks tk,A ekSle cnyuk gS rks rqjar cny tk,A ijarq
,slk gksrk ughaA blls Hkh fujk'kk rks gksrh gh gSA

vius vdsysiu ls eqfä ikus ds fy, ys[kd dkeuk djrk gS fd mlds vkl-ikl *O;fä*
u lgh ,d Hkkouk jgsA mlds jgus dk fo'okl jgs vkSj mls yxrk jgs fd *vHkh og
esjh vksj ns[kdj eqLdjk nsxhA Lusg-laca/kksa dh ;g vkdka{kk ys[kd dks dYiuk esa ys
tkrh gS vkSj og Lo;a gh viuh bl Nyuk ij eqLdjk nsrk gSA blls rks vPNk gS fd
fdlh vifjfpr ns'k dk laxhr lqus ;k miU;kl i<+s ;k ?kwes-fQjs ;k jkst uhan dh ,d
xksyh [kk ysA ys[kd dks yxrk gS fd fparu lkspuk-fopkjuk ,d chekjh gS] tks vdsys
esa c<+rh gSA blls eqfä ikus ds fy, og pkj-N% jkst ds fy, fnYyh tk,xkA fQj
okfil vkdj dke djsxk] bldh lwpuk og i= esa nsrk gSA
i= lekIr djus ds mijkar ys[kd vius-vki ls laokn dh fLFkfr esa vkrk gS vkSj vius
eu dks fLFkj djus ds fy, vius vkidks lykg nsrk gSA dke djuk pkgrs gks rks dke
djksA fujFkZd dYiukvksa esa] ehBs [;kyksa esa D;ksa my>rs gksA

nks fnu dh bl Mk;jh esa ys[kd us vius vdsysiu dh ihM+k ;k HkkoukRed fjärk
¼[kkyhiu½ dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;fn bls jpuk ds :i esa ns[ksa rks ge ik;saxs fd blesa
rF;ksa dk furkar vHkko gSA Mk;jh dk mn~ns'; ge tku ldrs gSa] ijarq mlls gesa dksbZ
[kkl tkudkjh feyrh gks - lks ckr ugha gSA rF; ugha gSa] rF;ksa ds ladsr gSa] ftUgsa
ys[kd tkurk gSA mls irk gSA mu rF;ksa ds çfr ekufld çfrfØ;k,¡ ys[kd us O;ä
dh gSaA ;fn mUgsa og ugha fy[krk] rks Lo;a gh Hkwy tkrkA blfy, ,d ladsr lwpd
okD; fy[kdj vkxs c<+ x;kA mnkgj.kkFkZ - *ftlls bl lcdh vk'kk dh Fkh] mlus rks
ml fnu js[kk [khap nhA* bl okD; dk laiw.kZ vFkZ ys[kd tkurk gSA ge ugha tkursA
ys[kd us gesa bl okD; dk vFkZ ugha le>k;kA D;ksa\ D;ksafd ys[kd us gekjs fy, vFkkZr~
207
 ikBd ds fy, bl Mk;jh dks fy[kk gh ughaA mlus rks vius fy;s fy[kk Fkk vkSj bl
ladsr dks og dHkh Hkh le> ldrk gSA ;g Mk;jh ds ys[ku dh viuh fo'ks"krk gSA ;fn
ys[kd laLej.k] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ;k vkRedFkk fy[krk rks bl çdj.k ij vo'; çdk'k
MkyrkA

Mk;jh esa of.kZr bu ekufld çfrfØ;kvksa ls gekjs lkeus ys[kd ds :i esa ,d ,sls
Hkkoqd O;fä dh rLohj mHkjrh gS tks fj'rksa dh Å"ek esa thuk pkgrk gS] fj'rksa ij fuHkZj
jguk pkgrk gSA og pkgrk gS fd ^fdlh dk gkFk pk; dh I;kyh ykdj ns* vkReh;rk
dh dkeuk vkSj blds vHkko dh ihM+k ,d ,slk nnZ gS ftls fdlh nqfu;knkj vkneh dks
ugha le>k;k tk ldrkA nwljs] ys[kd Lo;a Hkh tkurk gS fd bl nnZ dk bykt laHko
ughaA bls lguk gh gSA fQj] dke djs vkSj Fkd tk;sA Fkd tk;s vkSj lks tk;sA ijarq
nnZ dh lhek ;gk¡ rd gS fd *uhan vkrh gS rks Fkdku nwj ugha gksrhA* nnZ dh nok dh
fujFkZdrk dk ;g ,glkl gh ys[kd dks Mk;jh tSls futh vkSj vkReh; ys[ku dh rjQ
ys tkrk gSA

nks fnuksa dh bl Mk;jh esa fujarjrk gSA tks nnZ igys fnu dh Mk;jh esa gS] ogh nwljs
fnu Hkh ekStwn gSA bl fnu oh.kk dks i= fy[kk x;k gSA bl i= esa Hkh ogh
vkRelk{kkRdkj gSA viuk gh mrkoykiu] vfLFkjrk] fnokLoIu vkSj vkdka{kk gSA ys[kd
,d ,slh Hkkouk dks vius vkl-ikl ns[kuk pkgrk gS tks *esjs rfd;s ds ihNs vk [kM+h
gksxh vkSj esjs ckyksa dks lgyk nsxh*A tkfgj gS fd ;g fnokLoIu nSfud thou esa vusd
d"Vksa dks U;kSrk nsxkA ;s ihM+k;sa Mk;jh ds bu va'kksa esa ekStwn gSaA vkRelk{kkRdkj ds :i
esa fy[kh x;h bl Mk;jh esa fdlh çdkj dh Hkwfedk ugha gSA ys[kd fdlh vU; dks
lacksf/kr ugha djrkA blfy, blesa vkSipkfjd ys[ku dh –f"V ls vusd dfe;ka fn[kk;h
nsaxhA ysfdu ml ,d fnu ys[kd D;k eglwl djrk jgk bldh rLohj ml fnu Mk;jh
esa iwjh rjg ls miyC/k gSA vkSj ;gh bl Mk;jh dh lcls cM+h miyfC/k gSA bl :i esa
;g fdlh Hkh Mk;jh dh miyfC/k gks ldrh gSA

Mk;jh vkRelk{kkRdkj dh fo/kk gSA blesa O;fä vius vki ls laokn djrk gSA eksgu
jkds'k dh bl Mk;jh ds va'k esa nks fnu dh ys[kd dh eu%fLFkfr dk fp=.k gSA bl
eu%fLFkfr dk fo'ks"k lanHkZ gSA bl lanHkZ dk [kqyklk Mk;jh esa ugha gS ysfdu mlds
çHkko dk fp= vR;ar çHkko'kkyh :i esa Mk;jh esa vafdr gqvk gSA

^*tc Hkh eu m[kM+us yxrk gS] pkg gksrh gS oh.kk dks ,d i= fy[k nsaA mls
cqjk yxs ;k vPNk] fy[k nsaA lp esa] mldh vkReh;rk fdl rjg Nk ysrh gS\
dSls ekuw¡ fd og esjs fy, ijkbZ gS vkSj fdlh vkSj ds fy, viuh gSA**

eksgu jkds'k us vius eu dh my>u dks Hkh Mk;jh esa ntZ fd;k gSA eu esa vxj cspSuh
gS rks dke esa vius dks yxk, j[kus ls Hkh ckr ugha curhA dke esa eu ugha yxrk vkSj
'kjhj ij Hkh mldk vuqdwy vlj ugha iM+rkA

^^fy[k jgs gSa fd fdlh rjg Fkd tk,¡] ftlls uhan vk tk,] exj foMacuk ;g
gS fd fdruk gh Fkdus dh dksf'k'k djsa] iwjk Fkdrs ughaA vkSj Fkd tkrs gSa rks
uhan ugha vkrhA vkSj uhan vkrh gS rks Fkdku nwj ugha gksrhA ,sls lqcg mBrs
gSa tSls nl ?kaVs n¶rj esa dke djds vk, gksaA**

208
 -
oSls rks Mk;jh dbZ mn~ns';ksa ls çsfjr gksdj fy[kh tk ldrh gSA mlesa jkst dk fglkc-
fdrkc ntZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA gj jkst Mk;jh ys[kd ds thou esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa
dk fooj.k çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ,slh Mk;jh dks lkfgfR;d fo/kk ugha ekuk
tk ldrkA ogh Mk;jh lkfgR; jpuk dk ntkZ ik ldrh gS ftlesa Mk;jh ys[kd dh
jpukRed ÅtkZ dh vfHkO;fä gksA ogk¡ ?kVukvksa vkSj Hkkoksa dk o.kZu i;kZIr ugha gSA bl
–f"V ls ns[kus ij ge ikrs gSa fd eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh esa ?kVukvksa vkSj Hkkoksa dk o.kZu
ugha gSA

26 tuojh ds fnu fy[kh xbZ Mk;jh dk vkjaHk ys[kd bl rjg djrk gS%

^^gok esa oklarh Li'kZ gS] le; vPNk-vPNk yxrk gSA ,sls esa vuk;kl eu
gksrk gS fd gYds-gYds Loj esa fdlh ls ckr djsaA**
bu nks okD;ksa esa ys[kd us Mk;jh fy[kus ds {k.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS] ysfdu ;g o.kZu
bl rjg ls Hkh gks ldrk Fkk% ^^olar dh gok py jgh gS tks cgqr vPNh yx jgh gSA
fdlh ls ckr djus dk eu dj jgk gSA** ckr dgus ds bl <ax dh rqyuk ;fn eksgu
jkds'k ds dFku ls djsa rks gesa muds dFku dh mRd"kZrk dk ,glkl vklkuh ls gks
tk,xkA bu igys nks okD;ksa esa gh ys[kd dh eu%fLFkfr dk vkHkkl gks tkrk gSA ^^le;
vPNk-vPNk yxrk gS** esa flQZ cká fLFkfr dk o.kZu ugha gS oju~ ys[kd dh vkarfjd
vuqHkwfr dk ladsr Hkh gSA ^^gok esa oklarh Li'kZ gS** dgus ls gh dFku esa fufgr
ltZukRed Li'kZ dk ladsr fey tkrk gSA

Mk;jh dk ys[ku çdk'ku ds fy, ugha gksrkA ysfdu lkfgfR;d Mk;jh esa ys[kd dh
Hkk"kk dk mRÑ"V :i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl Mk;jh-va'k esa Hkh ge ikrs gSa fd ys[kd
'kCnksa dk ç;ksx vR;ar ltx gksdj djrk gSA mldh Hkk"kk esa HkkokRed rjyrk dk
vkHkkl gesa cjkcj feyrk gSA tuojh dh BaMh gok dk vlj tks eu ij iM+rk gS] mlds
vuq:i Hkk"kk fy[kh xbZ gSA ys[kd dh Hkk"kk esa vkReh; 'khryrk dk lgt vkosx gj
dgha gS%
^*fdruh ckj lkgl lafpr fd;k Fkk fd fy[k nsa] ugha] gekjh ethZ ugha gSA
exj fQj-fQj ogh ckr lkeus vk tkrh Fkh------------ muls dg tks pqds gSaA**
;k bu okD;ksa esa vius vki ls ckr djus ds vankt dks ns[ksa%
^^bjknk Fkk] lksus ls igys miU;kl ds ,d v/;k; dk [kkdk cuk;saxAs vc
[kkd cuk;saxs\**
nwljs fnu dh Mk;jh esa ys[kd us oh.kk dks fy[ks i= dks mn~/k`r fd;k gSA oh.kk dks i=
fy[kus dh ckr dk ftØ 26 tuojh ds va'k esa gS % ^^tc Hkh eu m[kM+us yxrk gS] pkg
gksrh gS oh.kk dks ,d i= fy[k nsaA** ys[kd vius bl bjkns dks iwjk djrk gS vkSj oh.kk
dks i= fy[krk gSA u rks i= ls vkSj u gh Mk;jh ds va'k ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ys[kd
dk oh.kk ds lkFk D;k laca/k gSA ysfdu i= vkSj vU; mYys[k bl ckr dk vkHkkl ns nsrs
gSa fd oh.kk ys[kd dh vkReh; gSA ;gh otg gS fd i= dk lacks/ku vR;ar vukSipkfjd
<ax ls gksrk gS % *oh.kk*A vkxs-ihNs fdlh vU; lacks/ku dk u gksuk ;g crkus ds fy,
i;kZIr gS fd oh.kk-ys[kd ds chp xgjk vkReh; fj'rk gSA ;g vkReh;rk iwjs i= esa
209
 cjkcj vfHkO;ä gqbZ gSA ;gh otg gS fd i= esa ys[kd vius ân; dh ckr dgus esa
ladksp ugha djrkA
*^dHkh-dHkh ;g Hkh vuqHko djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd vk—fr u lgh] ,d Hkkouk ;gha
dgha ikl esa gS] vHkh esjh vksj ns[kdj eqLdjk nsxh] f[kyf[kyk mBsxhA vHkh
esjs rfd;s ds ihNs vk [kM+h gksxh vkSj esjs ckyksa dks lgyk nsxhA**
bu okD;ksa esa ys[kd dk ân; gh ugha mldk jpukdkj eu Hkh gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA
Hkkouk dks vius vklikl ,d ltho vkReh; dh rjg eglwl djus dks ys[kd us
xfr'khy fcac esa ck¡/k fn;k gSA ;gk¡ dfo dh fç;k gh Hkkouk ds :i esa lkdkj gks mBh
gS fd ys[kd Lo;a vius ls ç'u djus yxrk gS%
^*------ vHkh esjk Vscy ySai cq>k nsxh vkSj dgsxh] Fkdks ugha] lks tkvksA ysfdu]
Hkkouk bruh ewrZ D;ksadj gks ldrh gS\ viuh Nyuk ij Lo;a eqLdjk nsrk gw¡A
gVkvks th] ;g lc ckrA i<+s-fy[ks le>nkj vkneh gks] rqEgsa ;g lc 'kksHkk
ugha nsrkA**
i= dk ;g va'k i<+us ls gesa lgt gh ;g vkHkkl gks tkrk gS fd eksgu jkds'k vius
eu dh fLFkfr dk fp=.k djus esa fdlh rjg dk ladksp ugha dj jgs gSaA ysfdu ;g lc
dgrs gq,] ys[kd dk viukiu Hkh gesa eglwl gksrk gSA
cM+s ys[kd dh ;g igpku gksrh gS fd og lk/kkj.k lh ckr dgrs gq, mlesa vlk/kkj.k
earO;] vlk/kkj.k <ax ls Mky nsrk gSA
^*esjs ikl jkst dgus dks ckr ugha gksrh - ysfdu dsoy dqN dgus ds fy,
gh rks ugha fy[kk tkrk] ij gksrk og cgqr dqN gSA eSa jkst lksus ls igys vius
vanj meM+rs gq, ml *dqN* dks laçsf"kr djus ds fy, O;kdqy gksrk gw¡A
fuLlansg og *dqN* og ugha gS] ftlds nks"k ls eSa ykafNr gw¡A og *dqN* dqN
Hkh gks 'kkjhfjdrk ls Nqvk ugha gksrk - ;|fi mlls dgha cyoku gksrk gSA**
Mk;jh ds bu nksuksa va'kksa dks i<+us ls gesa ys[kd dh Hkkf"kd 'kfä dk çek.k feyrk gSA
vius eu dh my>uksa dks brus [kwclwjr <ax ls dg lduk eksgu jkds'k dh Hkk"kk dh
fo'ks"krk jgh gSA Hkk"kk ds bl lkSan;Z dks ge mudh dgkfu;ksa vkSj ukVdksa esa Hkh ns[k
ldrs gSaA ;g bl ckr dk çek.k gS fd ys[kd ds fy, Mk;jh fy[kuk Hkh jpukRed vkSj
dykRed vfHkO;fä gSA
cks/k ç'u 3
1½ *oLrqr% tks VªstsMh gqbZ gS] mlesa esjk <qyeqyiu gh rks dkj.k gSA* Mk;jh ds bl
dFku esa ys[kd ds O;fäRo dh fdl fo'ks"krk dk irk yxrk gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2½ *oh.kk* dks fy[ks x;s i= ds var esa ys[kd us *vPNk] i= fy[kuk - ,d iafä dk
iratfy lw= ughaA* fy[kus esa ys[kd dh fdl Hkkouk dk irk yxrk gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

210
3½ eksgu jkds'k dh Mk;jh ds ifBr va'k dh dksbZ nks Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k
djsaA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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vH;kl
1½ Mk;jh vkSj vkRedFkk ;k Mk;jh vkSj laLej.k dk rqyukRed foospu dhft,A

2½ eksgu jkds'k ds ifBr Mk;jh va'k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3½ mä va'k dh Hkk"kk-'kSyh laca/kh fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh crkb,A

vkius bl bdkbZ esa eksgu jkds'k }kjk fyf[kr Mk;jh ds va'kksa dk okpu fd;k vkSj
mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr dhA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki
lkfgfR;d Mk;jh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dj ldsaxsA

bdkbZ esa vkius ,d lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds :i esa Mk;jh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk ifjp;

çkIr fd;k gSA Mk;jh ,d futh fo/kk gSA Mk;jh esa ys[kd vius thou ds vuqHkoksa
vkSj fopkjksa dks ntZ djrk gS] ysfdu fdlh nwljs ds fy, ugha vius fy,A Mk;jh
ds ek/;e ls og vius vki ls lk{kkRdkj djrk gSA

Mk;jh] laLej.k] vkRedFkk vkSj ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fo/kkvksa ds dkQh utnhd gSA vkRedFkk
esa ys[kd vius thou dk ys[kk-tks[kk çLrqr djrk gS tcfd Mk;jh esa flQZ mu
fnuksa dk gh fooj.k gksrk gS] ftl fnu ys[kd Mk;jh fy[krk gSA laLej.k esa ys[kd
vius ls lacaf/kr fdlh vU; O;fä ds lkFk tqM+h Le`fr;ksa dks çLrqr djrk gS tcfd
Mk;jh esa vrhr dh Le`fr;k¡ ugha orZeku dk lR; çLrqr gksrk gSA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
ys[kd }kjk dh xbZ ;k=k dk o.kZu gksrk gSA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar laLej.k vkSj Mk;jh nksuksa
:iksa esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bu fo/kkvksa ds
ikjLifjd laca/k dks le> x, gksaxAs

Mk;jh ds ftu va'kksa dk vkius v/;;u fd;k gS mldh fo"k;oLrq vkSj Hkk"kk-'kSyh
dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij Hkh bdkbZ esa fopkj fd;k x;k gSA vius eu dh my>uksa dks]
vius vkReh; tuksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks bl Mk;jh esa ys[kd us ntZ fd;k gS ftlesa
mlds eu dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa dk ifjp; feyrk gSA Mk;jh esa ys[kd dh Hkk"kk dk
lkSan;Z vkSj 'kSyh dh fof'k"Vrk dk Hkh gesa ifjp; feyrk gSA

mi;qZä bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki Mk;jh fo/kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crk ldsaxAs

Lokar% lq[kk; % vius lq[k ds fy,

vkRe-vkSfpR; % vius mfpr gksus dks lkfcr djuk
vkRelk{kkRdkj % vius vki dks igpkuuk 211
 foLe`fr % Hkwyuk
i;ZVd-funsZf'kdk % ftlesa i;ZVu laca/kh tkudkjh nh xbZ gksA vkerkSj ij
i;ZVu ls lacaf/kr laLFkk,¡ bldk çdk'ku djrh gSaA
ohjkuxh % 'kwU; ,dkar
VªstsMh % =klnh
fujHkz % cknyksa ls jfgr
iratfy-lw= % iratfy _f"k }kjk fy[ks lw=A ;s viuh laf{kIrrk ds
dkj.k igpkus tkrs gSaA
rLeknqfÙk"B dkSUrs; % xhrk ds ,d 'yksd dk va'kA —".k vtqZu dks dgrs gSa % gs
vtqZu] mB [kM+s gksA

1½ d
2½ x
3½ ys[kd ds futh vuqHkoksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fä dks tkuus ds fy,A
4½ ?k
cks/k ç'u 2
1½ f'keyk esa] ys[kd ls euksjek lkguh usA
2½ oh.kk dksA
3½ ys[ku dk;Z esa ço`Ùk gksukA
cks/k ç'u 3
1½ vkReLohdkj dk lkgl
2½ og oh.kk ls yacs mÙkj dh vk'kk djrk gSA
3½ vkReh;rk vkSj HkkokRed rjyrk ls ;qä Hkk"kk

vH;klksa ds mÙkj bdkbZ i<+dj Lo;a fyf[k,A

212
 -

8-0 mn~ns';
8-1 çLrkouk
8-2 i= % ,d lkfgfR;d fo/kk
8-3 i= fo/kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
8-3-1 fyf[kr laçs"k.k
8-3-2 futrk
8-3-3 vkRekfHkO;fä
8-3-4 rkRdkfydrk
8-3-5 lgtrk
8-4 i= vkSj vU; x| fo/kk,¡
8-4-1 i= vkSj vkRedFkk
8-4-2 i= vkSj laLej.k
8-4-3 i= vkSj Mk;jh
8-5 eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dk iBu
8-6 eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dk lkj
8-7 eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dk fo'ys"k.k
8-7-1 dF;
8-7-2 Hkk"kk 'kSyh
8-8 lkjka'k
8-9 'kCnkoyh
8-10 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

fiNyh bdkbZ esa vki Mk;jh fo/kk ls ifjfpr gks pqds gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge lkfgR; dh
,d çeq[k fo/kk *i=* dk v/;;u djus tk jgs gSaA bls i<+us ds ckn vki %
• lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds :i esa i=-lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crk ldsax(s
• i= rFkk vU; x| fo/kkvksa dk varj Li"V dj ldsaxs vkSj
• eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsaxsA

bl [kaM ds vUrxZr ge Mk;jh] i=] fjiksrkZt] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar] thouh vkSj laLej.k tSlh
x| fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u dj jgs gSaA Mk;jh fo/kk dk v/;;u vki fiNyh bdkbZ esa dj
pqds gSaA bl bdkbZ esa vki i=-lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
213
 ys[ku dyk ds vkfo"dkj ds lkFk gh i= ys[ku dh Hkh 'kq#vkr gqbZA ;g dguk
vfr'k;ksfä u gksxh fd vius gj dke ds fy, ge i= dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA Ldwy] d‚yst
;k n¶rj ls Nqêh ysuh gks] fdlh n¶rj esa vthZ nsuh gks] nwj cSBs fç; tu dks dqN
fy[kuk gks rks ge i= ek/;e dk gh lgkjk ysrs gSaA i=ksa ds bu fofHkUu çdkjksa ds dkj.k
bUgsa vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd Js.kh esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ge mu
vukSipkfjd lkfgfR;d i=ksa dh ppkZ djus tk jgs gSa tks lkfgfR;d –f"V ls ewY;oku
gksaA

lcls igys geus ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd i= D;k gS vkSj i= lkfgfR;d fo/kk fdl çdkj
gS\ geus i= fo/kk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij fopkj fd;k gSA tSls] ;g fyf[kr laçs"k.k gSA blesa
futrk gksrh gSA blesa O;fä vius vkidks vfHkO;ä djrk gSA rkRdkfydrk Hkh i= dh
egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA blesa rqjar lkspk gqvk fy[kk tkrk gSA eu esa tks ckr vkbZ fy[k
nksA blhfy, i= ds dF; vkSj f'kYi esa lgtrk gksrh gSA dHkh-dHkh vkidks blesa
dykRedrk dh deh Hkh eglwl gks ldrh gSA

i= lkfgR; ds bu xq.kksa ij fopkj djus ds ckn geus eqfäcks/k ds nks i=ksa dks fo'ysf"kr
djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ;s nksuksa i= eqfäcks/k us usfepUæ tSu dks fy[ks gSaA
eqfäcks/k vkSj usfepUæ tSu fganh ds [;kfryC/k lkfgR;dkj gSaA nksuksa gh *rkjlIrd*
dkO; laxzg ds dfo gSaA lu~ 1943 esa vKs; ds lEiknu esa rkj-lIrd dk çdk'ku gqvkA
eqfäcks/k vkSj usfepUæ tSu nksuksa us gh vkykspuk,¡ Hkh fy[kh gSaA tks nks i= bl bdkbZ
esa crkSj ikB çLrqr fd, x, gSa mUgsa i<+us ls Hkh ;g irk pyrk gS fd nksuksa jpukdkj
vkil esa fdrus tqM+s gq, Fks vkSj muesa fdruh varjaxrk FkhA bu nksuksa i=ksa esa ,d vPNs
lkfgfR;d i= ds xq.k ekStwn gSaA vki bUgsa /;ku ls i<+sa vkSj le>us dk ç;kl djsaA
geus bUgsa fo'ysf"kr dj vkidks le>kus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA fQj Hkh dqN 'kadk,¡ vkids
eu esa jg tk,¡ rks vki vius v/;;u dsaæ ds ijke'kZnkrk ls viuh 'kadk dk lek/kku
dj ldrs gSaA

ikB i<+us ds fy, ladsr

ikB dk okpu djrs le; vki dfBu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ 'kCnkoyh ¼Hkkx 8-9½ esa ns[k ldrs
gSaA ;fn dksbZ dfBu 'kCn dk vFkZ u feys rks 'kCndks'k dh lgk;rk yhft,A

^i=* x| lkfgR; dh egRoiw.kZ fo/kk gSA blesa nks vyx-vyx txg ij jgus okys O;fä
fyf[kr Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls laçs"k.k djrs gSaA nks O;fä;ksa ds laçs"k.k esa okfpd Hkk"kk dk
ç;ksx gksrk gSA ;g okfpd Hkk"kk tc fyf[kr :i esa vk tk,] rks i= bldk lcls leFkZ
okgd curk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa i= fdlh ds ikl Hkstk x;k fyf[kr lans'k gSA bl –f"V
ls ns[kk tk, rks ge ns[krs gSa fd i= esa %
i) ,d ys[kd gksrk gS vkSj ,d ikBd gksrk gSA
ii) ikBd ys[kd vkSj ys[kd ikBd cu tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ blesa rhljk dksbZ O;fä ugha
gksrkA
iii) bl ek/;e esa nksuksa O;fä;ksa dks ,d Hkk"kk dk tkudkj ,oa lk{kj gksuk vko';d
gSA vFkkZr~
214
tSlk fd ge fiNyh bdkbZ esa i<+ pqds gSa fd dFksrj x|-fo/kkvksa esa dYiuk dk lgkjk -
ugha fy;k tkrk] oju~ buesa okLrfod ?kVukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
i= fdlh dkYifud rFkk vewrZ O;fä dks lacksf/kr ugha gksrk oju~ okLrfod O;fä dks
lacksf/kr gksrk gSA i= ikus okyk tc i= dk tokc nsrk gS rks og Hkh i= ys[kd cu
tkrk gSA mlesa Hkh ltZukRed lkeF;Z gksrh gSA i= dh ;g fo'ks"krk fdlh Hkh vU; x|
fo/kk esa ugha feyrhA i=-lkfgR; ds ys[kd-ikBd esa lekurk dk vk/kkj gksrk gSA
i= nks lk{kj O;fä;ksa dk fyf[kr laokn gSA laokn esa nksuksa O;fä ,d nwljs dks laçsf"kr
dj jgs gksrs gSaA bl lkexzh dks ge eksVs rkSj ij rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa %
i) rF;ksa dk laçs"k.k]
ii) rF;ksa ij O;ä dh tk jgh ekufld çfrfØ;kvksa dk laçs"k.k vkSj
iii) Lo;a dk laçs"k.k vFkkZr~ vkRekfHkO;fäA

ftu i=ksa esa ge ,d-nwljs dks rF;ksa dk laçs"k.k djrs gSa mUgsa ge vkSipkfjd i=ksa dh
Js.kh esa j[k ldrs gSaA nwdkunkj }kjk vius xzkgd dks fdlh iqLrd dh dher dh lwpuk
nsus ls ysdj ljdkj dks turk dh leL;kvksa ls voxr djkus rd ds lHkh i=ksa dks ge
vkSipkfjd i=ksa dh Js.kh esa fxurs gSaA budk ,d fuf'pr fo/kku gksrk gSA mlh ds
vuq:i lHkh yksx vko';drkuqlkj i= O;ogkj djrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge ,sls i=ksa dk
v/;;u ugha djsaxsA ,sls i= lkfgfR;d i=ksa dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrsA

ftu i=ksa esa i=-ys[kd fdlh rF; fo'ks"k ij viuh futh ekufld çfrfØ;k O;ä
djrk gS] ;k vius nq%[k nnZ dh dgkuh lqukrk gS] vius vkidks vfHkO;ä djds çlUu
gksrk gS] mu vukSipkfjd i=ksa dk v/;;u gh ge bl bdkbZ esa djsaxsA vkSipkfjd vkSj
vukSipkfjd i=ksa dks bl rjg ls igpku ldsaxs%
vkSipkfjd i= fuf'pr ifjikVh esa fy[ks gq, gksrs gSa] tcfd vukSipkfjd i=ksa dh
,slh dksbZ fuf'pr ifjikVh ugha gksrhA
vkSipkfjd i= lksn~ns'; gksrs gSaA mudk mn~ns'; fuf'pr rF;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk
laçs"k.k djuk gksrk gSA
vkSipkfjd i= esa ikus okys O;fä dk futh O;fäRo egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrkA ml
LFkku ij cSBs gq, fdlh Hkh O;fä ds fy, ;g i= gks ldrk gSA tcfd vukSipkifjd
i=ksa esa og O;fä egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS] ftls i= fy[kk tkuk gSA ;fn mlds LFkku ij
fdlh vkSj dks i= fy[kuk gS rks i= dh lkjh lkexzh cny tk;sxhA ;g futrk
gh mls vukSipkfjd i= cukrh gS vkSj blh ls ;g i= lkfgR; dh Js.kh esa vkrk
gSA
i= vkRekfHkO;fä dk l'kä ek/;e gSA gkykafd i= dk vkjaHk ys[ku ds vkfo"dkj ds
lkFk gh gqvk ijarq fo/kk ds :i esa lkfgR; ls ;g vk/kqfud dky esa gh tqM+kA lkfgfR;d
–f"V ls ewY;oku i= dks gh lkfgfR;d i= ekuk tkrk gSA bl çdkj ds i= ls
jpukdkj ds O;fäRo] mldh jpuk] jpuk-çfØ;k vkfn dk mn~?kkVu gksrk gSA lkekU;
lwpuk nsus okys i= lkfgfR;d i= dh dksfV esa ugha vk,axsA lkfgfR;d lokyksa dks mBkus
okys i= gh lkfgfR;d i= dgs tk,axsA

lkekftd] lkaL—frd vkSj jktuhfrd thou ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djus okys
O;fä;ksa ds ckjs esa lHkh O;fä;ksa dh ftKklk jgrh gSA ge muds ckjs esa T;knk ls T;knk 215
 tkuuk pkgrs gSaA bu {ks=ksa esa muds fd;s x;s dk;ksaZ dks ge tkurs gSaA muds O;fäRo
dk lkoZtfud i{k gekjs lkeus mn~?kkfVr gks pqdk gksrk gSA ge ;g Hkh tkuuk pkgrs
gSa fd mudk futh] ,dkar] xksiuh; thou dSlk jgk gS\ fdlh ?kVuk fo'ks"k ij mudh
rkRdkfyd çfrfØ;k dSlh jgh gS\ blds fy, ge egkiq#"kksa ds laLej.k i<+rs gSa] mudh
Mk;jh vkSj vkRedFkk dk v/;;u djrs gSaA blh ftKklk ls ge mudk i=-O;ogkj Hkh
i<+rs gSaA bu i=ksa esa mudk ekufld O;fäRo >kadrk gSA blh dkj.k mudk i=-O;ogkj
çdkf'kr gksrk gSA egkRek xka/kh] vYcVZ vkbaLVkbZu] çsepan vkSj johUæukFk Bkdqj ds i=
cgqr pko ls i<+s tkrs gSaA
i=-lkfgR; fganh x| dh uohure x| fo/kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA tSls-tSls i= lkfgR; dk
egRo LFkkfir gqvk oSls-oSls egRoiw.kZ jpukdkjksa ds i= çdkf'kr gksus yxsA fganh
lkfgR; esa dbZ fganh lkfgR;dkjksa tSls egkohj çlkn f}osnh] cukjlhnkl prqoZsnh]
ek[kuyky prqosZnh] fujkyk] mxz] cPpu] ;'kiky] fnudj] gtkjh çlkn f}osnh] ukxktqZu
vkfn jpukdkjksa ds i= çdkf'kr gks pqds gSaA bu i=ksa ls lkfgR; vkSj laiw.kZ thou ds
ckjs esa buds –f"Vdks.k dks le>us esa enn feyh gSA

bl bdkbZ esa geus Jh usfepUæ tSu ds uke eqfäcks/k ds i= ds tfj, i= lkfgR; dks
le>us dk ç;kl fd;k gSA loZJh usfepUæ tSu vkSj eqfäcks/k fganh ds egRoiw.kZ
jpukdkj gSaA bu i=ksa esa eqfäcks/k us lkfgR; vkSj thou ds ckjs esa viuk –f"Vdks.k
lkeus j[kk gSA blhfy, ;g ,d lkfgfR;d i= gSA bl ij ge vkxs foLrkj ls ppkZ
djsaxsA

i= ,d lksn~ns'; laçs"k.k gSA ge tkucw>dj] ,d ;kstuk ds varxZr] dqN ckrksa dks

laçsf"kr djus ds fy, i= fy[krs gSaA ge vuk;kl] fu#n~ns'; i= ugha fy[krsA ge
fdlh dks *dqN* dguk pkgrs gSa] dqN *crkuk pkgrs gSaA ftls gesa crkuk gS] og O;fä
gekjs ikl ugha gSA og gels nwj gSA ;fn og ikl gS] rc Hkh gedks yxrk gS fd ge
mls viuh ckr vPNh rjg ls ugha dg ik;saxsA lkeus okyk O;fDr viuh çfrfØ;k O;ä
djds gekjh ,dkxzrk Hkax dj nsxk vkSj bl dkj.k gekjk *dF;* iw.kZr% laçsf"kr ugha gks
ik;sxkA blfy, ge nwjLFk fe= dks ekufld :i ls vius lkeus [kM+k djrs gSa vkSj rc
mls lacksf/kr djrs gq, viuh ckr dgrs gSaA ;g ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dk laçs"k.k gSA vkb;s
ge ,d-,d djds bl fo/kk dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>us dk ç;kl djsaA

i= fyf[kr laçs"k.k dk ek/;e gSA ;g lk{kj O;fä;ksa ds laçs"k.k dk ek/;e gSA fuj{kj
O;fä i= O;ogkj ugha dj ldrsA i= fy[kus okyk vkSj ikus okyk nksuksa ,d gh leku
Hkk"kk ds tkudkj gksus pkfg,A ;fn eq>s Ýsap ugha vkrh rks dksbZ O;fä Ýsap esa i=
fy[kdj eq>ls laokn ugha dj ldrkA nksuksa ds i=-O;ogkj dh Hkk"kk ,d gh gksuh
pkfg,A fQj] i= nwjLFk O;fä;ksa ds laçs"k.k dk ek/;e gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fä vkids lkeus
cSBk gS rks vki ekSf[kd :i ls mlls ckrphr dj ldrs gSa ysfdu ekSf[kd ckrphr dh
lhek ls ckgj jgus okys O;fä ls laokn LFkkfir djus ds fy, gesa i= dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA T;ksa gh ge fyf[kr ek/;e dks pqurs gSa] laokn esa ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dh
vkSipkfjdrk vk tkrh gSA fyf[kr vkSj ekSf[kd laçs"k.k ds varj dk v/;;u vki fiNys
216
lsesLVj esa dj pqds gSaA ;g vo'; gksrk gS fd nks leku/kekZ fe= vius i=-O;ogkj esa
Hkjld bl vkSipkfjdrk dks de djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA eqfäcks/k us Hkh ,slk fd;k -
gSA blesa eqfäcks/k dkQh gn rd lQy Hkh gq, gSaA rc Hkh] fyf[kr 'kCn dh viuh
e;kZnk gksrh gS vkSj ;g e;kZnk i=-O;ogkj dks iw.kZr% vukSipkfjd ugha gksus nsrhA
lkekU;r% ys[ku dh fdlh Hkh fo/kk esa ys[kd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA og vius vuqHko] viuh
lksp] viuk fparu O;ä djrk gSA ml ys[ku dks i<+us okyk ikBd v–'; gksrk gS]
vfuf'pr gksrk gSA i=ksa esa çkIrdrkZ okLrfod O;fä gksrk gSA vki ,d fo'ks"k O;fä dks
lacksf/kr djrs gSaA ;g fo'ks"k O;fä vkids i= esa *dF;* dks çHkkfor djrk gS] ;gk¡ rd
fd og ml *dF;* dks fuf'pr djrk gSA eqfäcks/k ;fn usfepaæ tSu dks i= u fy[kdj
vKs; ;k jkefoykl 'kekZ dks fy[krs] rks i= dk etewu gh cny tkrkA

i= esa nks O;fä ijLij laokn dh fLFkfr esa gksrs gSaA ;s O;fä vkil esa lk>k vuqHko ds
lk{kh gksrs gSaA muds thou ds dqN fcanq] dqN leL;k,a leku gksrh gSa vkSj os ml
vk/kkj ls ijLij i=-O;ogkj djrs gSaA ;fn muesa dqN Hkh ,d leku u gks] rks muesa
fdlh Hkh çdkj ds laçs"k.k dh laHkkouk ugha gksrh vkSj rc muesa fdlh çdkj dk i=-
O;ogkj Hkh ugha gksrkA blds lkFk gh os fdlh lkoZtfud vuqHko dk vknku-çnku Hkh
ugha djrsA i=ksa ls lkoZtfud thou dk ftØ gks ldrk gS] ijarq mldh lkoZtfud
O;k[;k ugha gksrhA ml lkoZtfud thou ds çfr ys[kd dh futh jk; D;k gS ;g og
i= esa çdV dj ldrk gS vkSj çkIrdrkZ ls mEehn djrk gS og ;k rks mldh iqf"V djs
;k [kaMu djsA

;fn vki eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dks ns[ksa rks buesa dbZ ckrsa usfepaæ tSu vkSj eqfäcks/k esa leku
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, nksuksa ys[kd gSa] dfork,a fy[krs gSa vkSj ,d gh rjg ds l`tu deZ
ls tqM+s gksus ds dkj.k mudh oSpkfjd –f"V esa Hkh dkQh fcanq leku gSaA

i= bdrjQk laçs"k.k ugha gksrkA i=-O;ogkj esa lk>k ltZu'khyrk vfHkO;ä gksrh gSA
,d O;fä i= fy[krk gS nwljk O;fä i<+rk gSA og ml i= dks i<+dj i= fy[kus cSB
tkrk gS vkSj bl rjg ;g Øe pyrk jgrk gSA tkfgj gS fd blesa ys[kd ikBd vkSj
ikBd ys[kd cu tkrk gSA nksuksa bl nksgjh Hkwfedk esa vk tkrs gSaA mudh ;g cnyh gqbZ
Hkwfedk fdlh vU; x| fo/kk esa ugha gksrhA dfork] dgkuh ;k ukVd gks ;k laLej.k]
fjiksrkZt ;k vkRedFkk lHkh esa ys[kd] ys[kd gh jgrk gS vkSj ikBd] ikBd gh jgrk
gSA ikBd dHkh Hkh ys[kd ugha curkA

i= esa ys[kd fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; dk o.kZu ugha djrkA og vkRekfHkO;fä djrk gSA og
,d ls vf/kd rF;ksa ij viuh ekufld çfrfØ;k O;ä djrk tkrk gSA fy[kus ds nkSjku
tks Hkko rjaxsa] mBha] eu esa tks fopkj vk;k] mUgsa og mlh :i esa O;ä djrk tkrk gSA
fdlh xaHkhj rkfRod fo"k; dk mYys[k Hkh ys[kd cM+s lkekU; vkSj lgt <ax ls dj nsrk
gSA ;gka ys[kd dk fparu egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA tkfgj gS fd blesa LQqV fparu O;ä gksrk
gS] foLrkj ls O;k[;k ugha gksrh fparu dh iw.kZrk ugha gksrh] fu"d"kZ Hkh ugha gksrkA vusd
ckrksa dks ys[kd NksM+ nsrk gSA dsoy çklafxd ckrksa ij çdk'k Mkydj og i= can dj
nsrk gSA dqN ckrsa og vxys i= ds fy, 'ks"k j[k ysrk gSA dqN ckrsa og çR;qÙkj feyus
ds ckn fy[krk gSA
217
 fdlh i= esa ys[kd Hkwfedk ugha fy[krkA og lh/ks ewy ckr ls i= dh 'kq:vkr djrk
gSA mls ekywe gS fd i= dks ikus okyk O;fä dkSu gS\ og fdruk tkudkj gS\ mls lc
ckr le>kus dh t+:jr ugha gSA og lanHkZ ls vkxs ihNs dh ckrsa le> ldrk gSA muds
chp ;g dksbZ igyk i= ugha gSA dbZ i= vk-tk pqds gSaA dqN ckrsa vkeus-lkeus ?kfVr
gks pqdh gSaA nksuksa dks irk gSA blfy, la{ksi esa dke py ldrk gSA xaHkhj ls xaHkhj ckr
dks Hkh ys[kd rqjar fy[kdj vkxs c<+rk gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd i=
esa ckr vkxs c<+rh gSA dF; dk fodkl gksrk gSA dF; dk fodkl ys[kd-ikBd ds
thou ds fodkl ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA lkekftd-oS;fäd thou dk çR;sd
ifjorZu i=ksa esa vfHkO;fä ikrk gSA fdlh ys[kd ds laiw.kZ i=-O;ogkj esa vfHkO;fä
dkS'ky ds bl fodkl dks ns[k ldrs gSaA

i= i<+us okyk O;fä nwj gksrk gSA ogk¡ rd i= igq¡pus esa le; yxrk gSA tc rd ikus
okys O;fä ds ikl i= igq¡ps] rc rd fy[kus okys O;fä dk eu cny ldrk gSA og
Hkwy Hkh ldrk gSA tokc nsus okyk ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd vkidh ckrsa rks vkidks ;kn
gSaA vkids lkeus i= gSA blfy, og mlh ij viuh çfrfØ;k fy[k nsrk gSA nksuksa rjQ
ls tks vfHkO;ä gksrk gS] og mu nksuksa dh rkRdkfyd çfrfØ;k gksrh gSA ?kVuk dh
çfrfØ;k igyk O;fä djrk gS] ikus okyk mldh çfrfØ;k ij çfrfØ;k djrk gSA blesa
xyrQgeh dh xqt a kb'k gks ldrh gSA rkRdkfyd çfrfØ;k çdV djus ds ckn Hkh fparu
pyrk gSA ge ml rkRdkfyd ekufldrk ls mcj ldrs gSaA ml vkosx dks LFkfxr dj
ldrs gSaA fy[kk gqvk v{kj rks cny ugha ldrk] ijarq fy[kus okyk Lo;a cny ldrk
gSA blfy, vxyk i= dHkh-dHkh fiNys i= dks fujLr Hkh dj ldrk gSA dHkh-dHkh
ckr vkxs c<+rh gS vkSj fQj VwV tkrh gSA VwVh gqbZ ckr fQj dHkh tqM+ ldrh gSA ;g
rkRdkfydrk dh lhek gSA

bu dkj.kksa ls i=ksa esa gqbZ ckrksa dks ys[kd dk fu"d"kZ ugha eku ldrsA Mk;jh dh Hkk¡fr
i=ksa esa O;ä fd;s x;s fopkj Hkh ys[kd ds çfrfuf/k fopkj ugha ekus tk ldrsA ;s
mldh rkRdkfyd çfrfØ;k,a gSa] rFkk bUgsa blh :i esa le>uk pkfg,A

lgtrk i= dk vko';d xq.k gSA lgt laçs"k.k i= dh lQyrk dk vk/kkj gSA blhfy,
i= dh Hkk"kk-'kSyh Hkh lgt gksrh gSA /;ku jgs] ;gk¡ ge lkfgfR;d i=ksa dh ckr dj jgs
gSaA i=ksa esa ys[kd dks ges'kk bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk gksrk gS fd mldh Hkkoukvksa]
fopkjksa vkSj –f"Vdks.k dks lgh <ax ls i= çkIrdrkZ le> ysA i= fy[krs le; ys[kd
Hkk"kk vkSj f'kYi dh dykRedrk ds çfr lpsr ugha jgrkA i= esa Hkk"kkxr dykRedrk
rFkk lkSan;Z Hkh ys[kd dh lgt vfHkO;fä dk fgLlk cudj gh vkrk gSA vkxs tc vki
eqfäcks/k dk i= i<+saxs rc ;g ckr vkSj Li"V :i ls le> ldsaxAs

tSlk fd ge igys Hkh crk pqds gSa fd i= O;fä eu dh vfHkO;fä gSA blesa ys[kd dk
vkRelk{; fufgr gksrk gSA blesa ys[kd vius eu dks [kksy dj j[k nsrk gSA i= esa
futrk ds lkFk vkReh;rk Hkh gksrh gSA
218
vkRedFkk] Mk;jh] laLej.k vkSj ;k=k-o`Ùkkar] i=-lkfgR; ls feyrh tqyrh x| fo/kk,¡ -
gSaA bu lc x| fo/kkvksa esa ys[kd viuh ckr dgrk gSA vkRe-çdk'ku bu x| fo/kkvksa
dk xq.k gSA vkRe-çdk'ku dh lekurk ds ckotwn i= dk vyx f'kYi gSA bldk Lo:i
Hkh vyx gSA i= gh ,dek= ,slh lkfgfR;d fo/kk gS ftlesa ys[kd vkSj ikBd ,d Hkwfe
ij [kM+s gksrs gSaA blesa ys[kd vkSj ikBd dh Hkwfedk cnyrh jgrh gSA blh rjg i=-
ys[ku dk flyflyk tkjh jgrk gSA

i= vkSj vkRedFkk ,d-nwljs ds lehi gksrs gq, Hkh x| dh Lora= fo/kk,¡ gSaA nksuksa esa
lekurk ;g gS fd nksuksa fo/kkvksa esa ys[kd vius ckjs esa [kqydj fy[krk gSA ijarq i= esa
tgk¡ rkRdkfydrk gksrh gS ogha vkRedFkk O;fä ds ft;s gq, thou dk C;kSjk gksrk gSA
vkRedFkk O;fä ds futh thou dk yxkrkj çLrqr fd;k x;k fooj.k gSA i= esa thou
dk ,d {k.k çLrqr gksrk gSA ,d le; esa i= ys[kd tks lksprk gS og fy[k nsrk gSA
vr% vkRedFkk ds leku i= esa O;oLFkk Hkh ugha gksrhA vkRedFkk esa lc dqN lgstk-
laokjk gksrk gS tcfd i= esa FkksM+h *vO;oLFkk* gksrh gSA ys[kd dHkh ,d ckr fy[krk gS
rks dHkh nwljh ckrA eqfäcks/k ds ftu nks i=ksa dks geus crkSj ikB ladfyr fd;k gS]
mUgsa /;ku ls i<+sa rks ;g ckr vkSj Hkh Li"V gks tk,xhA

;g lgh gS] fd i= vkSj laLej.k] nksuksa fo/kkvksa esa nks O;fä;ksa ds lk>k vuqHkoksa dk o.kZu
gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ ;g gS fd laLej.k esa bu nks ls vyx dksbZ rhljk O;fä ikBd gksrk
gSA blesa ys[kd > fo"k; ¼vU; O;fä½ > ikBd ;g Øe jgrk gSA i= esa ys[kd >
ikBd] ikBd > ys[kd cl ;s nks gh fcanq gksrs gSaA ;s nksuksa gh vius vkilh vuqHkoksa dks
laçsf"kr djrs jgrs gSaA
laLej.k esa chrs gq, vuqHkoksa dk c;ku gksrk gS] tcfd i= ys[ku rkRdkfyd vuqHkoksa dh
rkRdkfyd çfrfØ;k gSA i= ys[ku esa Hkh chrs gq, vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA
ysfdu ;g mldh eq[; fo"k;-oLrq ugha gksrhA eq[; fo"k;-oLrq orZeku gksrh gSA ys[kd
mlh ij fVIi.kh djrk gSA laLej.k esa vrhr çeq[k fo"k; gksrk gSA muls lq[kh ;k nq%[kh
gqvk tk ldrk gSA muesa vc dksbZ ifjorZu laHko ugha gSA os vuqHko viuh vafre
ifj.kfr rd igq¡p pqds gSaA tcfd i= ys[ku esa of.kZr dF; esa ckn esa Qsjcny fd;k
tk ldrk gSA i= ys[ku ds }kjk ?kVukvks-a ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA mUgsa
ubZ fn'kk nh tk ldrh gSA vr% i= esa orZeku çeq[k gksrk gS vkSj laLej.k esa vrhrA

f'kYi dh –f"V ls i= fujkyh fo/kk gSA bldk fdlh vU; fo/kk ls dksbZ esy ugha gSA rc
Hkh] dqN ckrksa esa i= vkSj Mk;jh esa lekurk,a Hkh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ nksuksa rkRdkfyd ys[ku
gSA ,d i= dbZ fnuksa rd ugha fy[kk tkrkA vke rkSj ls ,d i= ,d gh cSBd esa fy[k
fy;k tkrk gSA blh rjg Mk;jh dk ys[ku Hkh mlh fnu gks tkrk gSA oSls ;g fuf'pr
rks ugha gS] rc Hkh lkekU;r% Mk;jh fnu chr tkus ds ckn fy[kh tkrh gS] tcfd i=
ys[ku dk dksbZ fuf'pr le; ugha gksrkA tc Hkh vkidks i= feyk ;k eu esa bPNk tkxh]
vki i= fy[kus cSB x;sA ;g vo'; gS fd i= ys[ku ,d cSBd dk dk;Z gSA Mk;jh dk
ys[kd Lo;a gh ikBd gksrk gS] tcfd i= dk ,d vU; O;fä ikBd gksrk gSA ;g vU;
219
 O;fä i= dh fo"k;-oLrq dks çHkkfor djrk gSA i= dh Hkk"kk dks la;fer vkSj e;kZfnr
djrk gSA Mk;jh tgk¡ u dgs x;s vuqHkoksa dks O;ä djrh gS] ogk¡ i= nksuksa O;fä;ksa ds
lk>k vuqHkoksa dks çdV djrk gSA blesa Hkh lkoZtfud vuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fä ugha gksrhA
i= esa xksiuh; lwpuk gks Hkh ldrh gS] ugha Hkh gks ldrh gSA ;g vo'; gS fd ml
lwpuk dk laca/k nksuksa O;fä;ksa ls gksrk gSA ;fn ikBd ¼i= çkIrdrkZ½ xf.kr ;k HkkSfrdh
dk tkudkj ugha gS] rks mls i= esa bu fo"k;ksa dh ckjhfd;ka le>kuk ew[kZrk gSA vki
Mk;jh esa vius fy;s ,slh ckjhfd;k¡ pkgsa] rks fy[k ldrs gSaA i= esa çkIrdrkZ ds vuqHkoksa
dh lhek dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA
cks/k ç'u 1
1½ vkSipkfjd i= vkSj vukSipkfjd i= ds chp D;k varj gS\ ¼ik¡p iafä;ksa esa mÙkj
nhft,½
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2½ lkekU; i= vkSj lkfgfR;d i= esa D;k varj gksrk gS \ ¼lgh fodYi ij dk
fu'kku yxkb,½
d½ lkekU; i= esa vkSj lkfgfR;d i= esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrk gSA ¼ ½
[k½ lkekU; i= esa dsoy lwpuk,¡ gksrh gSa tcfd lkfgfR;d i= esa ¼ ½
lkfgR; vkSj thou ds çfr ys[kd dk viuk –f"Vdks.k vfHkO;ä
gksrk gSA
x½ lkekU; i= esa ys[kd dk futh thou vfHkO;ä gksrk gS tcfd ¼ ½
lkfgfR;d i= esa ,slk ugha gksrkA
?k½ lkekU; i= esa ys[kd lgt gksrk gS] lkfgfR;d i= esa og lgt ¼ ½
ugha jgrkA
3½ i= fo/kk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk la{ksi esa mYys[k dhft,A ¼nl iafä;ksa esa mÙkj nhft,½
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4½ i= fo/kk ls feyrh tqyrh x| fo/kkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A ¼ik¡p iafä;ksa esa mÙkj -
nhft,½
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5½ Mk;jh vkSj i= esa D;k lekurk gS\ ¼ik¡p iafä;ksa esa mÙkj nhft,½
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ljLorh çsl]
cukjl dSaV
26-10-45
fç; usfe ckcw]
vkidk i= ughaA le; dk vHkko fuR; ls vf/kd gh gksxkA ij] ;kn vkidh vkrh jgrh
gSA vktdy /kwi cgqr vPNh f[kyrh gS vkSj gS] vkSj vkidh ;kn
Hkh blh lqugys jkLrs ls mrj vk;k djrh gSA

xks eSa ;g lksprk gw¡ fd ;g lc xyr gSA fnu ds c¡/ks gq, dk;Z dks vf/kd ck¡/kdj djus
ds i{k esa jgrs gq, Hkh dkepksjh ls fnyh eqgCcr VwV ugha ikrhA eSa ekurk gw¡ fd dÙkZO;
gh lc dqN gSA ij mlds u djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ekuks eSa vius Åij ugha ysuk pkgrkA
D;k t:jh gS fd dÙkZO; fd;k gh tk; vkSj ml le; vkus okyh vkidh ;kn dks ckgj
gh [kM+k j[k eu ds njokt+s dks can dj fn;k tk;A dÙkZO; ds QylQs dh ckr T;knk
le> esa ugha vkrhA

blh dÙkZO; us rks yksxksa dks iaxq dj fn;k gS] muds rksM+dj mls vf/kd
lkekU; cuk fn;k gSA
eu nSfud uhan ls tkx mBrk
gSA o`{kksa ds i=-laHkkj ij Qydj muds xk<+s gfj;kys varjky esa Nk;k-çdk'k mRiUu
djus okyh ;g /kwi eu esa lius txk nsrh gSA dksbZ foykl-LoIu ugha oju~ fot;-LoIuA
ftUgsa ns[k ysa iqjkus edku dh th.kZ eqaMsj ij cSBdj nwljs ds vk¡xu esa rkdus okys yksx
- dÙkZO; ds iqjkus eqgYys ds ckf'kansA
221
 lpeqp vc lkjs dÙkZO; ls vktknh pkgrk gw¡A pkgrk gw¡ ek= dk;Z] vius vuqdwyA ;g
ugha fd Petit-bourgeois dÙkZO; pyrs gh pys tk;¡ vkSj eSa mlesa Q¡lrk gqvk gh pyk
tkšA

vc eSa ftanxh ds çfr mnkl ugha g¡wA igys mldh f'kdk;r FkhA vc rks mlls rdktk
gS] ek¡x gSA

jkst fy[kus dh lksprk gw¡A fy[krk Hkh gw¡] ij cgqr FkksM+kA vki fo'okl ugha djsaxs] ,d
dfork dks nq#Lr djus ds fy, Ng ?kaVs yxrs gSaA eSaus dbZ lq/kkj Hkh nh gSaA dbZ rks
lq/kkjus dh çfØ;k esa ifjofrZr gks x;h gSaA irk ugha dc rd eSa dforkvksa dks ;ksa
lq/kkjrk cSBw¡xkA vkils cM+h-cM+h f'kdk;rsa gSaA ij vHkh bl le; ughaA ckgj cgqr uje
/kwi f[kyh gS vkSj bl le; lkspus dk dksbZ mRlkg ughaA ;fn vki ;gk¡ gksrs rks vkidks
idM+dj eSa jsLrjk¡ esa ys tkrk vkSj dke dh vkSj viuh ,slh-rSlh djrkA

;g crykb, fd vkius b/kj dqN fy[kk\ ysfdu Qqjlr rks vkidks Hkh ugha feyrh gksxh]
tks Hkh vkidk le; [kwc ets esa dV tkrk gksxkA

okdbZ vc cukjl NksM+us dh bPNk gks jgh gSA nks fnu ds fy, gh lghA dqN t:jh
ekywe gksrk gSA eSaus Hkh 'kknh D;k dj yh] vius dks /kks[kk ns fn;k] vktknh dk eqgrkt
gks x;kA vkSj vc 'kfä gksrs gq, Hkh 'kfäghu vkSj lkeF;Zghu ekywe gksrk gw¡] [kqn dks
gh csodwQ-lk yxus yxrk gw¡A ?kj-fxjLrh Hkh ,d cyk gSA lpeqp mTtSu esa eSa dkQh
vktkn Fkk bZ'oj djs dksbZ ys[kd vc 'kknh u djs] vkSj
djs rks ?kj-fxjLrh ds pDdj ls [kqnk mls eqvkQ j[ksA ?kj-fxjLrh Hkh ,d cyk gS]
ftlds nks lhax gSa] tks x/ks ds gksrs gSaA cky-cPpsnkj vkneh lksyg vkuk x/kk gksrk gSA
blesa 'kd ughaA

nqfu;k ds djksM+ksa x/kksa esa ls eSa Hkh ,d gks x;k gw¡] ysfdu vHkh u;k gw¡A nqyfÙk;k¡ >kM+
nsrk gw¡A vkSj vHkh iwjs rkSj ls x/ks dk QylQk - mldk ckSuk vkn'kZokn - vkRelkr~ ugha
dj ldk gw¡A ij blls rdyhQ rks gksrh gh gSA

M‚DVj lkgc ds D;k gky gSa\ muls HksaV gksrh gS\ eSa mUgsa vHkh rd fy[k ugha ldkA
os ukjkt rks gksaxs ghA

esjs dfork-laxzg dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa D;k lkspk\ vki D;ksa ugha fy[k nsrs\ vc rd
cM+s-cM+s yksx gh fy[kk djrs gSa] vc ;g ckr Hkh lghA mÙkj tYnh nhft,A iqLrd ds
uke-oke ds pDdj esa ugha iM+rkA dqN rks Hkh j[k nwaxkA ij Nk;koknh uke ugha
jD[kw¡xkA

esgur d:¡ rks ys[ku ls iSls fey ldrs gSaA blesa lansg ughaA ij lkfgfR;d Je ftruk
vf/kd vko';d gS mruk gh vHkko gS le; dkA nqfu;k ds lkjs dk;ksaZ ls fuo`Ùk gks] Fkdh
gqbZ ihB vkSj cksf>y efLr"d ys] fVe-fVekrs danhy ds /kqa/kys çdk'k esa dye pyus rks
yxrh gS ij [kqn dks dkslrh gqbZA bl esgur dks ns[krs gq,] eq>s gj dfork ds ik¡p
#i;s çdk'kd ls charge djuk pkfg,A

222
ij vc lkfgfR;d Je eq>s djus gh iM+saxsA fganh lq/kkjus dh dksf'k'k 'kq: gks x;h gSA -
NksVh-lh phrase] dksbZ pqLr >V uksV dj fy;k djrk gw¡] fcYdqy 'k‚ ds
ds 'ksDlfi;j dh Hkk¡frA

blds igys] eSa fganh ds lkfgfR;d ç;klksa ds flok;] dHkh Hkh fy[kk ugha djrk FkkA esjs
vR;ar vkReh; fopkj ejkBh ;k vaxzsth esa fudyrs Fks] ftldk rtqZek] ;fn volj gks]
rks fganh esa gks tkrk FkkA blhfy, tkucw>dj ;g i= fganh esa fy[k jgk gw¡A esjk [;ky
gS fd esjh Hkk"kk lqanj u Hkh gks lds og l'kä gksdj jgsxh] D;ksafd mlds ihNs vanj dk
tksj jgsxkA crykb,] D;k esjk lkspuk xyr gSA blds ckjs esa vki t:j fyf[k,A eq>s
lkt-l¡okj dh çfrf"Br cksyh ilan ughaA pkgrk gw¡ fd blds fo"k; esa vki er-çnku
djsaA D;k eSa viuh fganh lq/kkj ldrk gw¡\ mls l{ke] lçk.k vkSj vFkZ-nhIr dj ldrk
gw¡

i= vki yEck fy[ksa] nsf[k,] eSa vkids ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha tku jgk gw¡] vkSj vHkh lky
dVuk gS ftlds ckn vki eq>s feysaxsA ;g Hkh fy[ksa fd i= dh Hkk"kk dSlh gSA vkSj---
--- vkSj -------- lc fy[ksaA esjs fy, fdlh Hkh rjg ls nks ?kaVs fudky ysa] 'kh?kz ghA

'kkark Ldwy tk;k djrh gSA 'kk;n eSa mls vc vf/kd I;kj djrk gw¡A dqN] vki gh vki
vanj ls rCnhyh gks x;h gSA eq>esa vkSj mlesa HkhA ijarq] esjh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kj-fxjLrh
dks ns[kdj dkys lius vk;k djrs gSaA eSa otu lEgky ugha ik;k] vkSj gj eghus dh chl
rkjh[k ds ckn fnokfy;kiu lrkrk jgrk gS - Øw) çsr-lkA vkSj vc ljnh vk x;h gSA

ccu lkgc us Ldwy NksM+ fn;k gS] vkSj og odkyr djus yxs gSaA nknk ¼gekjs firk½ ds
i= fuR; vkrs jgrs gSaA cM+s gh fog~oy i=A lpeqp okRlY; Hkh vkifÙk gSA bZ'oj djs]
eq>s u lrk;s ;g jksxA cs:[kh lcls vPNhA Jhir jk;th t;iqj x, gq, gSa] mUrhl
rd okil vk tk;saxsA vKs;th dks ,d i= fy[kk Fkk vFkZghu nonsensical i=A
ftldk mÙkj Fkk fd eSa dydÙks ij tkus-okyh Vªus ij mUgsa feyw¡A feyk FkkA ns[k Hkj
fy;kA ckrphr gksrh gh D;k!

Jherh js[kkckbZ dh D;k fLFkfr gS\ vkSj vkxs dk dk;ZØe D;k\ D;k gh foosd-cká
¼irrational½ r`"kk gS fd ftu-ftu yksxksa ls vkidks yxko gS mUgsa eSa Hkh tkuw¡-igpkuw¡ vkSj
fudV vkÅ¡A ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr Hkw"k.kth ds çfr fuR; ls vf/kd mRlqd jgrk gw¡A
vktdy dqN mnwZ dfork,¡ eu esa Bgj x;h gSaA mlds dqN 'ksj ---------------
vk;s lnk dj pys
fe;k¡] [kq'k jgks ge nqvk dj pys
o* D;k pht+ ls fny mBkdj pys
gj;d pht+ ls fny mBkdj pys
dksbZ djds fuxkg
lks rqe gels eq¡g Hkh fNikdj pys
fn[kkbZ fn;s ;w¡ fd fd;k
gesa vkils Hkh tqnk dj pys
djrs gh djrs x;h
223
 ge vnk dj pys
dh ;k¡ rd fd ,s cqr rq>s
utj esa lHkksa dh [kqnk dj pys
x;h can
lks bl dks ,slk cM+k dj pys
dgsa D;k tks iwNs dksbZ gels *ehj*
tgk¡ esa rqe vk;s Fks D;k dj pysA

gd+scUnxh vnk djrs gq,]

vkidk lLusg
x-ek-eq-

gekjk n¶rj
30-10-45
fç; usfe ckcw]
lglk vkidh ;kn vk jgh gS] - A tSls
tkx mBk gw¡ viuh leLr psruk ysdjA leLr psruk vius * dhA eu ds os
Kku ds vkSj çse ds f>y-feykrs LoIu] ân; dh vuqHkwfr;ksa ds fodkl ds lzksr {k.k-Hkj
ds fy, tx mBs gSaA vHkh {k.k Hkj ds ckn gh os lks tk;saxs vkSj /kqa/kyh ftanxh dk eVeSyk
Li'kZ mUgsa lqyk nsxk fd lglk vkidk [;ky vk x;kA

;kn gS] vkidh cgqr cM+h ftEesnkjh gSA vkius ,d O;fä ds lkFk uktqd [ksy [ksyk gSA
mls dE;wfuLV cuk;k] * ?k`.kk ds * ls ihfM+r vkSj mldh L=h ds çfr
mldk #[k iyVkA vf/kd lgu'khy Hkkouke; mls cuk;kA ;g dke cgqr cM+k gh ugha]
uktqd Hkh gSA

vkSj bu {k.kksa esa] thou ds fofp= rdZ-çokg ds }kjk] vkt] tcfd {k.kHkj ds fy, gh
lgh] eSa tkxzr gks mBk gw¡ rks lglk ;g okD; fudy vkrk gS - Lo, there is born a man
with a disturbed soul – disturbed with the highest desires of age and the greatest
weaknesses of his times*. gk¡] eSa vius dks ;gh le>rk g¡wA bl fo'kky O;fäokn dh
fo'kkyre tragedy dks 'kCn-c) dj ldw¡ rks esjk thou-dk;Z lekIr gks tk,xkA D;ksafd
u flQZ eSa viuh jkg dks [kkstrk gw¡ cfYd og Hkh eq>s [kkstrh gS] vkSj blh esa lkjh
my>u dh cnek'kh gSA

nSfud thou ds iw.kZ :i ls vkc) dk;ZØe esa vkn'kZokn dh cw rd ugha jgrhA dgha
eu dk foLrkj ugha gks ikrkA vkSj lglk like a flash* ;kn vk x;k fd fookfgr thou
dk vkn'kZokn euq"; dh leLr psruk dks lqykus dk dke djrk gSA bl vkn'kZokn ds
fo#) eSa rdZ ds n~okjk cx+kor ugha dj ikrk] ijarq eSa lksprk gwa fd eu ds lkjs v/kwjsiu]
O;fDrRo ds lkjs ckSusiu dh tM+ ;gha gSA ftanxh ds ,aftu ds fy, yksgs dh iVjh ;kuh
fookfgr thouA fnu-Hkj vf/kd ç;kl dk frustration* vkSj jkr esa cs-vkjke] liuksa esa
VwVrh-tqM+rh ftanxhA vc crykb,] euq"; dk okLofrd lkeF;Z vkSj mldh 'kfä -

224
ftldh deh eSa vius vanj dHkh ugha vuqHko djrk gw¡] ek= lks tkrh gSA 'kjhj vkSj eu -
nksuksa dks pSu dgk¡\

fQj v/;;u vkSj ys[ku dh og fparu'khy ekndrk vkSj jktuhfr dk og mRlkg tSls
dkQwj gks tkrk gSA eu esa ,d }a} gksus yxrk gS - ikfjokfjd Loyalty vkSj vkarfjd
fodkl-cqf) esaA bu nksuksa esa ekuks lkeatL; gksus okyk gh ughaA vkSj eSa vius ls] ftanxh
ls vkSj bl fo'o ls ukjkt gks mBrk gw¡A

fdarq vkt lglk eSa viuh txg vk x;k Fkk] {k.kHkj ds fy, gh lgh] eSa vius ls psru
gks mBkA esjh Kku-r`"kk*] lkSan;Z-Hkfä rFkk eqä ân;-nku rFkk * -
* dk ekuks eq>s] {k.k-Hkj ds fy, gh lgh] cks/k gks x;k ftldh vkx vHkh-vHkh jk[k
gks tk;sxhA ftl ftanxh dks thus dk eq>s vkns'k feyk gS] og dqN nwljh gh FkhA ;g
ughaA ijarq] fQj Hkh] ;gh pkgrk gw¡ fd eSa bl nyny dks Hkh ikj dj tkÅ¡A lpeqp eq>s
ftanxh dh dh cgqr cM+h t:jr gSA

fQj Hkh uSjk'; ds xhr fy[kuk eSaus can-lk dj fn;k gSA vkSj tks Hkh pedhys xhr eSaus
b/kj fy[ks gSa muesa ek= * vkSj dh - * gSaA bu u;s xhrksa ls Hkh
eSa ukjkt gw¡] vkSj vk/kqfudrkokn ds xhrksa esa Hkjh gqbZ lnhZ dh fBBqju ls rks vc Åc mBk
gw¡A

ijarq vkt dh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr ds vkn'kZokn dks lgh le>rs gq, Hkh ckj-ckj yxrk
gS fd tc rd eSa vius dks iw.kZ :i ls Lora= ugha dj ysrk] vkSj viuk ru-eu-/ku
,dkxz ugha dj ysrk rc rd ftanxh x/ks dh pky esa pyrh jgsxhA jgsxh u\
vkidk i= u vkuk ,d foifÙk gh gSA Qqjlr dk vHkko rks ge-vkidks gS ghA ijarq
dHkh-dHkh tc eu cgd tk;] eq>s ;kn dj fy;k djukA tSlk fd eSa vkidks dj fy;k
djrk gw¡A
nsf[k,] eSa u ekywe D;k-D;k dg x;k vkSj eq>s Mj yxus yxk gS fd dgha vkidks eSa lrk
u cSBw¡A irk ugha D;ksa] ij vkils ladksp t:j gksrk gSA tSls lkjh ckrsa dg tkÅ¡ rks
vkids eu ij çfrdwy ifj.kke gksA dHkh-dHkh vfoosdiw.kZ rdZ mBus yxrs gSa vkids ckjs
esaA yxrk gS fd tSls vki [kqyrs gh can gks tkrs gSaA tSls fd ge ,d-nwljs ls >sairs gSa]
f[kaps pys vkrs gSa] ij nwj Hkkxus dh rS;kjh djds] vopsru :i ls fuLlansgA irk ugha
D;k ckr gS! ij vanj dh * ,d nQk fQj [kqy t:j tkrh gS vkSj
eu ds lkjs iki xydj /kqy tkrs gSaA blls vf/kd vkSj D;k dksbZ pkg ldrk gSA

Jhirjk; th dh ckrphr ls irk pyk - eSaus lw¡?kk - fd vki esjs ckjs esa mRlqd - ;fn
dgw¡ fpafrr rks Bhd gksxk - jgrs gSaA ij D;k ;kn gS vkidks fd vkius dksbZ foLr`r fpëh
ugha Hksth gS\

lk¡> gks jgh gSA iqjkus edkuksa dh ohjku Nrksa vkSj mM+s jaxksa dh nhokjksa ls <yrh gqbZA
?kj dh ehBh lqxa/k ;gk¡ rd vk-lh jgh gSA vkSj pkgrk gw¡ fd iSj pyus yxsA

esjk i= vc laiw.kZ gqvk pkgrk gS vk/kh ckr vksBksa esa nckdjA vkSj iwjh ckr ^fQj dHkh*
ds fy, j[ksaA blds igys fd ç.kke d:¡ -
;kn vkrh gS rqEgkjh rSjrh lh]
jkg ls ftl
225
 dHkh dksbZ vk ugha ldrk
u ekrk] iq= ;k iRuh] firkA

esjh cslcz* csdkcw ftanxh tc fdlh dh t:jrean gks mBrh gS rks igys og vkidks
t:j ;kn dj fy;k djrh gS] /;ku u nsrs gq,] ek= vopsru :i lsA

dgrs gSa tks dgrk gS og djrk ugha gS] ;kuh ;s ckrsa dgus dh ughaA ij eu gS fd dj
cSBrk gS] ftanxh gS fd th cSBrh gSA Jh js[kk ckbZ dks ç.kkeA
cl vHkh bruk ghA
lLusg vkidk
x-ek-eq-

vkius eqfäcks/k ds bu i=ksa dks /;ku ls i<+k gksxkA ;s i= fganh ds çfl) dfo xtkuu
ek/ko eqfäcks/k us vius lkFkh dfo vkSj vkykspd usfepaæ tSu dks fy[ks FksA eqfäcks/k us
;s i= Øe'k% 26 vDVwcj] 1945 vkSj 30 vDVwcj] 1945 dks cukjl ls fy[ks FksA i=
mUgksaus ljLorh çsl ds dk;kZy; esa cSB-s cSBs fy[ks FksA
i= esa eqfäcks/k us dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha cuk;hA 'kq#vkr esa usfepaæ tSu }kjk i= u Hkstus
dh f'kdk;r djrs gq, eqfäcks/k us muds çfr vius viuRo Hkko dks çnf'kZr fd;kA ,d
fparu'khy O;fä dh rjg eqfäcks/k us çse vkSj dÙkZO; ds }a} dks lkeus j[kk vkSj Li"V
fd;k fd dÙkZO; gh lc dqN ugha gSA ;gk¡ rd fd mldh vf/kdrk ls euq"; dk ân;
ladqfpr gks tkrk gSA blfy, dÙkZO; ds Hkkj ls dHkh-dHkh eqä gks tkuk pkfg,A
eqfäcks/k ,slh eqfä dh dkeuk djrs gSaA fQj vius ys[ku ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsrs gSa fd
dforkvksa dks lq/kkjus esa mudk cgqr lkjk le; fudy tkrk gSA fQj FkksM+k-lk mikyEHk
nsdj eqfäcks/k usfe ckcw ds fy, viuRo Hkko dks çdV dj nsrs gSaA
os i= esa cukjl NksM+us dh bPNk çdV djrs gSa rkfd dk;Z dh ,djlrk ls eqfä feysA
mUgksaus vius futh thou dh ihM+k dks Hkh vfHkO;ä fd;k gS] tc mUgksaus fy[k fn;k fd
^'kknh* vkSj ^?kj xgLFkh* dk tatky mUgsa fdruk d"Vdj yx jgk gSA ftl ^?kj-x`gLFkh*
dks vf/kdrj yksx vius thou dk vkn'kZ ekurs gSa] ogk¡ efäcks/k ekurs gSa fd blds
dkj.k vkneh ^lksyg-vkuk x/kk gks tkrk gS*A vius Lo;a dh ekufldrk ij Hkh fVIi.kh
djrs gq, ekuks g¡lrs gSa fd vHkh bl ^QylQk* dks iwjk u ekuus ds dkj.k chp-chp esa
eSa foæksg dj cSBrk gw¡A
vius dfork u fy[kus] ;k dfork ys[ku esa dh x;h esgur dk o.kZu djrs gq,
eqfäcks/k vius dfork-laxzg dh Hkwfedk fy[kus dk vuqjks/k Hkh dj nsrs gSaA fQj vius
?kj-ifjokj dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, ,d mnwZ dfork dks m)`r dj i= dks lekIr dj nsrs
gSaA
vxyk i= fQj usfe ckcw dh ;kn esa fy[kk x;k gSA usfepUæ tSu us eqfäcks/k ds thou
esa tks egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mls nksgjkrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk%
*^;kn gS] vkidh cgqr cM+h ftEesnkjh gSA vkius ,d O;fä ds lkFk uktqd
[ksy [ksyk gSA mls dE;qfuLV cuk;k] nq/kZ"kZ ?k`.kk ds mÙkki ls ihfM+r mldh
226 L=h ds çfr mldk #[k iyVkA vf/kd lgu'khy Hkkouke; mls cuk;kA**
;g vkHkkj çdV djus ds ckn eqfäcks/k fQj fparu ds {ks= esa pys x;s vkSj *fookfgr -
thou ds vkn'kZokn* ds fo#) rdZ nsus yxsA blds dkj.k euq"; dh ltZukRed dYiuk
{kh.k gks tkrh gSA bl fparu dks os vius thou dh ihM+k dk fu"d"kZ ekurs gSa vkSj ç;kl
djrs gSa fd blls eqä gksdj thou th ldsaA fQj usfeckcw dh vk jgh ;kn] muds i=
u feyus dh f'kdk;r vkSj vius nq[k-nnZ dks çdV djds os viuk ;g yEck-i= lekIr
dj nsrs gSaA

bu i=ksa dks i<+dj vkius eglwl fd;k gksxk fd eqfäcks/k us ;s i= vius vR;ar vkReh;
vkSj fo'oluh; fe= dks fy[ks gSaA ,slk fe=] ftlds lkeus vius eu dh okLrfod
Hkkoukvksa vkSj thou ds NksV-s eksVs nq[k-nnZ dks vklkuh ls vfHkO;ä fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ys[kd ds eu esa ,slk fo'okl gS fd bu i=ksa ds ek/;e ls dksbZ xyrQgeh ugha gksxh]
ikBd ¼i= çkIrdrkZ usfeckcw½ ys[kd ¼eqfäcks/k½ dks dHkh viekfur ugha djsaxs] mls gs;
–f"V ls ugha ns[ksaxs] ckn esa bUgha ckrksa ds dkj.k O;aX; ugha djsaxAs ys[kd dks ;g fo'okl
gS fd ikBd ¼usfeckcw½ muls vf/kd le>nkj gSaA os mUgsa dqN jkLrk fn[kk ldsaxAs igys
Hkh mUgksaus gh jkLrk fn[kk;k gSA ;g fo'okl vkSj vk'ofLr bu yEcs i=ksa esa >ydrh gSA

i=ksa esa vkerkSj ls dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA mlds ys[ku dh ;g fo'ks"krk gksrh gS fd
mldk vkjaHk gh ^ewy ckr* ls gksrk gSA blds vykok ,d i= esa dbZ ckrsa ,d lkFk gksrh
gSaA ,slk ugha gksrk fd ,d i= esa dsoy ,d gh rjg dh ckrsa fy[kh tk;saA vusd ijLij
vlEc) ckrsa ,d gh i= esa vk ldrh gSaA dHkh ns'k nqfu;k dh fpark] dHkh vius ys[ku
dh leL;k,a vkSj dHkh ikfjokfjd lq[k-nq%[k - lHkh dqN ,d lkFk ,d i= esa 'kkfey
gks ldrk gSA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd bu i=ksa esa Hkh dbZ rjg dh ckrsa ,d lkFk vk x;h
gSaA ,d ls nwljh ckr ij ys[kd vkjke ls pyk tkrk gS vkSj tc eu djrk gS] okfil
igys okyh ckr ij vk tkrk gSA iqujko`fÙk vk jgh gks] rks Hkh i= ys[kd dks dksbZ fpark
ugha gksrhA

tc ys[kd vius fparu ds fu"d"kksaZ dks fuca/k ;k ys[k esa vkSipkfjd :i ls fy[krk gS
rks mlesa ,d rkjrE; gksrk gSA ftl le; efLr"d esa ,sls fopkj iui jgs gksrs gSa] ml
le; Mk;jh] i= vkfn vukSipkfjd x|-fo/kkvksa esa ;s fopkj vifj"—r ,oa ekSfyd :i
esa vfHkO;fä ik ldrs gSaA eqfäcks/k ds fparu ds dqN fcanq lw= :i esa bu i=ksa esa Hkh
çdV gq, gSaA os e/;oxhZ; ^ikfjokfjd vkn'kZokn* dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA

i= esa ys[kd vius fu"d"kZ ugha nsrkA og ,d rdZ nsrk gS] vuqHko dk ,d va'k çLrqr
djrk gSA fQj mldh iqf"V ;k [kaMu pkgrk gS] rkfd mlh ds vuq:i vius fparu dks
lqLi"V dj lds ;k mls O;ofLFkr dj ldsA blfy, mlesa fparu ds dqN d.k vk tkrs
gSaA gkykafd nk'kZfud fparu dks çdV djus ds fy, i= mi;qä fo/kk ugha gSA i= esa rks
futh lq[k-nq[k dh vfHkO;fä gksrh gS] tks fd bu i=ksa esa Hkh gqbZ gSA
vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gksxk fd eqfäcks/k us bu i=ksa esa ^rF;* cgqr de fy[ks gSa - vf/kdrj
viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fparu dks çdV fd;k gSA vkRekfHkO;fä dh cSpsuh vkidks bu i=ksa
esa fn[kh gksxh] tksfd lkfgfR;d i=ksa dh viuh fo'ks"krk gSA
227
 -

eqfäcks/k ds bu i=ksa dh Hkk"kk ij vkius xkSj fd;k\ D;k yxk vkidks \ ;gh u fd
eqfäcks/k us cM+s mUeqä <ax ls i= fy[kk gSA dgha-dgha O;kdj.k ds fu;eksa dh ijokg
ugha dh gSA igys i= dh igyh gh iafä if<+, -- ^vkidk i= ughaA* i= ys[ku esa ys[kd
vDlj okD;ksa dks v/kwjk NksM+ nsrs gSaA i=-ys[kd vkSj ikBd ds chp bruh vPNh le>
gksrh gS fd og lanHkZ ls gh v/kwjs okD; dk vFkZ le> ysrk gSA

i= fy[krs le; eqfäcks/k dHkh dfork rks dHkh dgkuh dh 'kSyh viuk ysrs gSaA dHkh
fuca/k dk Lo:i Hkh lkeus vkrk gSA chp-chp esa laokn Hkh vkrs gSaA ;kuh dgkuh] dfork]
fuca/k] ukVd lc blesa ,d lkFk ?kqys-feys gSaA ^eSa* 'kSyh rks i= dh vge fo'ks"krk gSA
eqfäcks/k us vaxzsth] laL—r ¼rRle½] mnwZ 'kCnksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA dqN ikfjHkkf"kd
'kCn Hkh gSaA bl çdkj eqfäcks/k us bu i=ksa ds tfj, viuk laiw.kZ O;fäRo mM+sy dj j[k
fn;k gSA eu dh ekSt u dsoy i= ds dF; esa ekStwn gS cfYd Hkk"kk Hkh mlh çokg esa
fy[kh xbZ gSA i= dh Hkk"kk dh ftl ^lgtrk* dh ckr geus dh Fkh og ^lgtrk*
eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa esa ekStwn gSA dgha Hkk"kk vLr-O;Lr utj vkrh gS] rks dgha Hkk"kk dk
l/kk :i lkeus vk;k gSA ;gh i= ys[ku dh fo'ks"krk gSA

cks/k ç'u 2
1½ eqfäcks/k us ;g i= fdl ekSle esa fy[kk gS\ ftu iafä;ksa esa ekSle dk mYys[k gS
mUgsa ;gk¡ fyf[k,A
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2½ eqfäcks/k viuh rqyuk x/ks ls D;ksa djrs gSa\
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3½ eqfäcks/k viuh fganh lq/kkjus ds fy, D;k djrs gSa\
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228
4½ eqfäcks/k us vius i= esa fdu-fdu lkfgR;dkjksa dk ukeksYys[k fd;k gS\ -
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5½ vkidk i= u vkuk ,d foifÙk gS* ys[kd ,slk D;ksa dgrk gS\
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6½ ys[ku us fdl dfo dk 'ksj mn~/k`r fd;k gSA
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bl bdkbZ esa vkius lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds :i esa i= dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr

djus ds lkFk-lkFk Jh usfepUæ tSu ds uke fy[ks eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dk okpu vkSj
fo'ys"k.k Hkh fd;kA vc vki ;g le> vkSj tku pqds gSa fd i= fyf[kr laçs"k.k gSA
futrk] vkRekfHkO;fä rkRdkfydrk vkSj lgtrk blds xq.k gSaA eqfäcks/k ds nksuksa i=ksa
esa i= ds xq.k ekStwn gSaA vkRedFkk] laLej.k] Mk;jh vkfn i= ls feyrh-tqyrh x|
fo/kk,¡ gSa ftlesa ys[kd vius dks [kqy dj fuLladksp Hkko ls O;ä djrk gSA ijarq i=
gh ,dek= ,slh fo/kk gS ftlesa ys[kd fdlh [kkl ikBd ds fy, i= fy[krk gS vkSj
tc mls i= dk mÙkj feyrk gS rks og Hkh ikBd cu tkrk gSA bl çdkj i= esa ys[kd
ikBd cu tkrk gS ikBd ys[kd cu tkrk gSA ;g çfØ;k yxkrkj pyrh jgrh gSA

i= vR;ar futh vfHkO;fä gSA ijarq tc dksbZ cM+k lkfgR;dkj] euh"kh] dykdkj]
jktuhfrd usrk fdlh dks i= fy[krk gS rks mlesa lkfgR;] dyk] jktuhfr vkSj iwjs
lekt vkSj thou ls tqM+s cM+s ljksdkj >ydrs gSaA ;gh ljksdkj i= dks ^futiu* ds
nk;js ls ckgj fudkyrs gSa vkSj og i= ekewyh i= u jgdj lkfgR; dk fgLlk cu tkrk
gSA eqfäcks/k ds i=ksa dks i<+dj vkius eglwl fd;k gksxk fd blesa dsoy ys[kd ds
lq[k-nq[k dh vfHkO;fä ugha gS cfYd blesa dfo-lkfgR;] dÙkZO;] thou vkfn vusd
ç'uksa ls tw>rk utj vkrk gSA ;gh cM+s ç'u bu i=ksa dks ^lkfgfR;d* cukrs gSaA budh
'kSyh Hkh ^lkfgfR;d* gSA dHkh dfork vkrh gS rks dHkh ys[kd dgkuh lqukus ds ewM esa
229
 vk tkrk gSA dHkh nk'kZfud vankt viuk ysrk gS rks dHkh gkL; fouksn dk lgkjk ysrk
gSA dqy feykdj bu nksuksa i=ksa esa lkfgfR;d ykfyR; gS ftldk vkLoknu vkius fd;k
gksxkA

varfoZ'o % eu ;k ân; dh nqfu;k

vfXu yrk,¡ % vkx dh yiV
mÙkki % nq%[k] Dys'k
m".k efnj /kkjk % xje enHkjk çokg
deZ.; 'kfä % lfØ;rk] dk;Zfu"Bk]
{kksHk % O;kdqyrk] jks"k
t+cku canh % fy[kk gqvk oäO;
tcha % ekFkk
th.kZ % iqjkuk] ttZj] <grk gqvk
Kku-r`'kk % Kku dh rhoz bPNk
nj % njoktk
nq/kZ"kZ % ftls gjk;k u tk lds
uk mEesnkuk % fujk'kk
i=-laHkkj % i=ksa dk lewg
ijfLr'k % iwtk
Qdhjkuk % Qdhjksa dh rjg
Qu % xq.k] dyk
fQaØs xty % xty dh fpark
cqr % ewfrZ
cs[kqn % tks vius vki esa u gks
cslcz % vlarks"k
fltns % ç.kke] ueLdkj
Lokuqdwy % vius vuqdwy
gdscna xh % vf/kdkj ds lkFk osnuk
Charge : ewY;] nke
Frustration : fujk'kk] {kksHk
Irrational : vlaxr
Lady of the dark : cukZM 'k‚ dk ukVd ^n ysMh v‚Q n lkusV~l*
Like a flah : ped dh rjg
230
'Lo, ... his time : ns[kks] ,d ,slk vkneh Hkh gS ftldh vkRek cspSu gSA og -
vius ;qx dh lcls cM+h egRokdka{kk vkSj vius le; dh
lcls cM+h detksjh ls =Lr gSA
Nonsensical : csgwnk
Petit-bourgeois : fuEu e/; oxZ
Tragedy : =klnh] foifÙk

cks/k ç'u 1
1½ vkSipkfjd i=ksa esa rF;ksa dk laçs"k.k gksrk gSA bldk ,d fuf'pr fo/kku gksrk gSA
vukSipkfjd i= esa ys[kd viuh futh ekufld çfrfØ;k O;ä djrk gSA vkSipkfjd
i= esa O;fä dk futh O;fäRo egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrkA vukSipkfjd i= esa futrk dk
fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA ¼nsf[k, Hkkx 8-2½
2½ [k
3½ ¼d½ fyf[kr laçs"k.k ¼[k½ futrk ¼x½ vkRekfHkO;fä ¼?k½ rkRdkfydrk ¼³½ lgtrk
¼nsf[k, Hkkx 8-3½
4½ vkRedFkk] laLej.k] Mk;jh ¼nsf[k, 8-4½
5½ Mk;jh vkSj i= ds tfj, ys[kd vius eu dh ckrsa lkeus j[krk gSA nksuksa
rkRdkfyd ys[ku gSA nksuksa ,d cSBd esa fy[ks tkrs gSaA ¼nsf[k, 8-4-3½
cks/k ç'u 2
1½ tkM+s dk ekSle( igys i= dk rhljk iSjk /;ku ns if<+,A
2½ eqfäcks/k ?kj-x`gLFkh] fookg] nqfu;knkjh dks cks> ekurs gSaA mUgsa ;s cyk,a yxrh gSaA
mudk ekuuk gS fd fookg djrs gh vkneh 'kfäghu] lkeF;Zghu vkSj csodwQ gks
tkrk gSA blhfy, os fy[krs gSa ^^?kj-fxjLrh Hkh ,d cyk gS] ftlds nks lhax gSa] tks
x/ks ds gksrs gSaA cky-cPpsnkj vkneh lksyg vkuk x/kk gksrk gSA**
3½ fganh lq/kkjus ds fy, eqfäcks/k fganh ds eqgkojs] dgkorsa] fy[kk gqvk oäO; vkfn
uksV dj ysrs gSaA os viuh fganh Hkk"kk dks lqanj cukus dk lk;kl ç;Ru djrs gSaA
os viuh fganh Hkk"kk dks —f=e ugha cfYd lgt cukuk pkgrs gSaA
4½ cukZM 'k‚] vKs;] Hkw"k.k th ¼Hkkjr Hkw"k.k vxzoky½] Jhirjk;
5½ bl iafä ls eqfäcks/k dh usfepUæ tSu ds çfr vkReh;rk vkSj yxko dk irk
pyrk gSA i= 'kwU;rk dks Hkjus] eu dks lqdwu igq¡pkus] viuksa ds ikl igq¡pus dk
thoar ek/;e gSA eqfäcks/k ds i= esa usfe th ds çfr mudk Lusg] yxko vkSj
vkReh;rk dwV-dwV dj Hkjh gqbZ gSA ;g iafä blh vkReh;rk dk çdk'ku gSA
6½ ;g ehj dh xty gSA vafre nks iafä;k¡ ns[ksaA ehj us viuk ukeksYys[k fd;k gSA
mnwZ 'kk;jh esa bls edrk dgrs gSaA bl dfork dks m)`r dj eqfäcks/k us usfe th
ds çfr viuh vkReh;rk trkbZ gSA

231
 bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
9-0 mn~ns';
9-1 çLrkouk
9-2 fjiksrkZt ys[ku dh fo'ks"krk,¡
9-2-1 dFkkRed çLrqfr
9-2-2 ,sfrgkfldrk
9-2-3 fp=kRedrk
9-2-4 fo'oluh;rk
9-2-5 'kSyh
9-3 fjiksrkZt ys[ku esa js.kq dh Hkwfedk
9-4 fjiksrkZt ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* dk iBu
9-5 ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* dk fo'ys"k.k
9-5-1 çfrik|
9-5-2 Hkk"kk-'kSyh
9-6 lkjka'k
9-7 'kCnkoyh
9-8 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

• ;g tku ldsaxs fd fjiksrkZt fdls dgrs gSa(
• blesa fjiksrkZt dh çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ dj ldsaxs(
• fganh esa fy[ks x, fjiksrkZtksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; ns ldsaxs vkSj
• mnkgj.kksa ls bl fjiksrkZt dk jlkLoknu dj ldsaxsA

*fjiksrkZt* ,d fons'kh 'kCn gS ftls Ýsap Hkk"kk ls fganh esa ys fy;k x;k gSA fdlh ?kVuk
dks viuh ekufld Nfo esa <kyrs gq, mls çLrqr dj nsuk ;k ewrZ :i nsuk gh njvly
fjiksrkZt dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA bl çdkj fdlh fjiksVZ dk dykRed vkSj lkfgfR;d :i
gh fjiksrkZt gSA ?kVuk dks T;ksa dk R;ksa çLrqr dj nsuk rks flQZ jiV gSA ysfdu mlh
?kVuk dks tc dksbZ i=dkj ;k lkfgR;dkj viuh Hkkouk esa jaxdj fcac/kehZ Hkk"kk ds
ek/;e ls thoar cukdj çLrqr djrk gS rc mls fjiksrkZt dgrs gSaA bl rjg fjiksrkZt
esa dyk vkSj laosnuk dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA fjiksrkZt fy[kus ds fy, ys[kd dk
vuqHko fl) gksuk t:jh gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ys[kd ds fy, ?kVuk dk
çR;{kn'khZ gksuk vko';d gSA ?kj esa cSBdj dYiuk ds lgkjs fdlh ?kVuk dks çLrqr dj
232
nsuk fjiksrkZt ugha dgk tk ldrkA D;ksafd blesa ys[kd dh çR;{k vuqHkwfr gh
dykRedrk dk vkJ; ysdj O;fä-eu ij viuh Nki NksM+ ldrh gSA
vpkud ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa ds lkFk vFkkZr~ ;wjksi ds ;q) {ks= esa bl fo/kk dk
tUe gqvkA lu~ 1936 ds vkl-ikl bldk çknqHkkZo ekuk tkrk gSA bfy;k ,gjsucxZ ds
lkFk-lkFk vesfjdk ds iSlksl] Ýkal ds vkUæs eSyjht vkSj baXySaM ds fØLVksQj fjiksrkZt
ys[ku ds {ks= esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gSaA :l dh lektoknh Økafr ij t‚u jhM
us ^Vsu Mst nSV 'kqd n oYMZ* uke ls ,d egRoiw.kZ fjiksrkZt fy[kk gSA
fganh es fjiksrkZt ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr 1940 ds vkl-ikl gqbZA rc ls ysdj vkt rd
bldk rsth ls fodkl gqvk gSA jkax;s jk?ko] çdk'k pUæ xqIr] ve`r jk;] çHkkdj ekpos]
Q.kh'oj ukFk js.kq] Bkdqj çlkn flag vkfn us egRoiw.kZ ,oa l'kä fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSaA os
yM+saxs gtkj lky ¼f'ko lkxj feJ½] ;q) ;k=k ¼/keZohj Hkkjrh½] tqywl #dk gS ¼foosdh
jk;½] _.kty /kuty] usikyh Økafr dFkk] Jqr vJqr iwoZ ¼js.kq½ vkfn fo'ks"k :i ls
pfpZr fjiksrkZt gSaA f'ko lkxj feJ ds fjiksrkZt 1965 esa Hkkjr-ikfdLrku dh yM+kbZ ij
vk/kkfjr gSaA /keZohj Hkkjrh us flracj 1971 esa eqfäokfguh ds lkFk ckaXykns'k dh xqIr
;k=k dh FkhA Hkkjrh; lsuk ds lkFk os Hkkjr-ikd ;q) ds ekspsZ ij Hkh x, FksA js.kq dk
usikyh Økafr ls xgjk laca/k jgk gSA foosdh jk; us vktknh ds ckn cnyrs gq, xk¡o dks
utnhd ls ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA

fjiksrkZt eq[;r% jksekapd] vkraddkjh ;k Hkh"k.k ?kVuk] ;q)] vdky] ck<+] lw[kk vkfn ij
vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa blfy, os fujarj ugha fy[ks tkrsA blls feyrh-tqyrh ,d nwljh
fo/kk gS Q+hpjA Q+hpj dHkh Hkh fdlh oLrq ;k le; esa fy[kk tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ fdlh
Hkh O;fä] fLFkfr ;k ?kVuk dks vk/kkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA fjiksrkZt vkSj Q+hpj nksuksa
dk tUe i=dkfjrk dh dks[k ls gqvk gSA fjiksrkZt vkt vius dykRed :i esa gekjs
lkeus gSA vc mls 'kSyh ds :i esa miU;klksa] laLej.kksa vkSj vkRedFkkvksa esa ç;qä fd;k
tkus yxk gSA Q+hpj dh nqfu;k vHkh mruh fodflr ugha gqbZ gS vkSj eq[;r% i=-
if=dkvksa rd gh lhfer gS] tcfd fjiksrkZt dh Lora= igpku ,d x| fo/kk ds :i
esa cu pqdh gSA fjiksrkZt ls esy [kkrh ,d fo/kk gS js[kkfp= tgk¡ ys[kd vius eu ij
iM+s çHkkoksa dks ikBdksa ij de ls de yknrk gSA js[kkfp= vkSj fjiksrkZt esa varj dks
Li"V djrs gq, HkxhjFk feJ us fy[kk gS fd ^fjiksrkZt fdlh LFkku ;k ?kVuk dk ;FkkFkZ]
ltho] eeZLi'khZ vkSj laosnuk dks mHkkjus okyk o.kZu gksrk gSA blesa ?kVuk ;k –';
ç/kku jgrk gS pfj= ;k O;fä ughaA ijarq 'kCn fp= esa ç/kku pfj= vkSj O;fä jgrk gS]
?kVuk vkfn i`"BHkwfe ds fy, xzg.k dh tkrh gSA ;FkkFkZrk dh fo'oluh;rk] oS;fäd
laidZ dh lthork vkSj Å"ek rFkk 'kSyh dh eeZLif'kZrk 'kCn fp= dks yksd ân; ds
laLdkj djus dk vR;ar çHkko'kkyh ek/;e fl) djrh gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gksrk gS fd
ge vius vuqHko ls Vdjk, gq, O;fä;ksa dks blds cgkus vius le{k çLrqr ikrs gSaA*

js[kkfp= ys[kd dh vis{kk fjiksrkZt ys[kd dks vf/kd rVLFk rFkk ekufld :i ls
vf/kd tkx:d jgdj dke djuk iM+rk gSA js[kkfp= esa dYiuk rFkk dykRed
vfHkO;fä ds fy, xqatkb'k vf/kd gksrh gS] vr% mlesa jkxkRedrk dk xq.k LokHkkfod
:i ls vk tkrk gSA js[kkfp= ls gh feyrh-tqyrh fo/kk gS laLej.kA blesa O;fä thou
ds os igyw] lanHkZ vkSj pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,¡ vafdr dh tkrh gSa tks Lej.kdrkZ dks ;kn
jg tkrh gSaA Lej.k ogh jg tkrk gS tks vkerkSj ls fof'k"V] fofp= ;k fç; gksrk gSA
laLej.k esa fo"k; ds lkFk ys[kd Lo;a Hkh vafdr gksrk pyrk gSA blfy, blesa ys[kd
rVLFk ugha jg ikrkA cukjlhnkl prqosZnh ds vuqlkj ^laLej.k] js[kkfp= vkSj vkRepfj= 233
 bu rhuksa dk ,d nwljs ls bruk ?kfu"B laca/k gS fd ,d dh lhek nwljs ls dgk¡ feyrh
gS vkSj dgk¡ vyx gks tkrh gS bldk fu.kZ; djuk dfBu gSA* ftanxh dh fc[kjh gqbZ
tkuh-vutkuh fLFkfr;ksa dks ltho djus dh {kerk js[kkfp=ksa esa vf/kd gSA laLej.kksa dk
laca/k eq[;r% vrhr dh Le`fr;ksa ls gS rks js[kkfp= çk;% orZeku dks ewrZ:i nsrs fn[kkbZ
iM+rs gSaA ;FkkFkZ thou dh /kM+du dks js[kkfp= esa lgh <ax ls idM+k tk ldrk gSA
fjiksrkZt dk laca/k Hkh js[kkfp= dh Hkk¡fr orZeku ls gh gksrk gSA blfy, ;FkkFkZ dh
l'kä vfHkO;fä dh ;gk¡ Hkh iwjh xqatkb'k gksrh gSA

^,dyO; ds uksVl* lksn~ns'; jpuk gS vkSj js.kq ds fjiksrkZtksa esa bldk vxz.kh LFkku gSA
oSls rks ;g ^ijrh ifjdFkk* ds fy, fy[kk x;k uksV~l gS ftlesa xk¡o dh lekt'kkL=h;
fLFkfr dk lw{e C;kSjk is'k fd;k x;k gSA vktknh ds ckn xk¡oksa esa fdl rjg ds cnyko
vk jgs gSa\ os fdrus lkFkZd gSa\ laca/kksa ds Lrj ij xk¡o fdl fLFkfr esa igq¡p x, gSa\ vkSj
mldh vkRek fdl rjg fry-frydj ej jgh gS\ ,sls vusd fcanqvksa vkSj ç'uksa dks
ys[kd us bl fjiksrkZt esa js[kkafdr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA xk¡o ds fo|ky; dh [kLrk
gkyr dks lewps xzkeh.k lekt dh <grh-pjejkrh fLFkfr ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk
gSA tkfrokn] nycanh] Hkz"V jktuhfr] iapk;rh jkt dh /oLr gksrh vo/kkj.kk] lkekftd-
vkfFkZd fo"kerk] lo.kZ-nfyr laca/kksa ds u, vk;ke] nfyr mHkkj] muesa vkRe lEeku dh
Hkkouk dk iSnk gksuk vkSj tkfrxr la?k"kZ bl fjiksrkZt esa cgqr gh vkReh; ,oa fujis{k
<ax ls vfHkO;ä gq, gSaA ekuoh; laca/kksa esa brus O;kid iSekus ij gks jgs cnykoksa dks bl
NksVs ls fjiksrkZt esa çHkko'kkyh <ax ls dg fn;k x;k gSA laiw.kZ jktuhfrd-vkfFkZd
ifjorZuksa ds lanHkZ esa ekuoh; laca/kksa dh lPpkbZ fn[kkuk gh bl fjiksrkZt dk eq[;
mn~ns'; gSA laca/kksa esa bruk cnyko] fd csVk vius cki ij fo'okl djus ds fy, rS;kj
u gks] vk'p;Z esa Mkyus okyk gSA ysfdu ;g lp gSA blesa nfyr leqnk; dh vkarfjd
ihM+k dks lgkuqHkwfriwoZd O;ä fd;k x;k gSA

fjiksrkZt esa ,d ;k mlls vf/kd ?kVukvksa dk fp=.k gksrk gSA ?kVukvksa dks dFkkRed
:i esa çLrqr djuk bl fo/kk dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk ekuh tkrh gSA fjiksrkZt esa dksbZ
u dksbZ dgkuh vo'; gksrh gSA fjiksrkZt dks eeZLi'khZ cukus esa dFkkrRo dk ;ksxnku
egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA /;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd blesa of.kZr dgkuh okLrfod rks gksrh
gS ysfdu og u rks fdlh leL;k dks mBkrh gS vkSj u gh dksbZ lek/kku çLrqr djrh
gSA cfYd og ,d ,slk fp= çLrqr djrh gS ftlds }kjk ikBd thou esa psruk Hkjus
okys ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds laca/k esa fopkj djus yxrk gSA

?kVukvksa dh çLrqfr }kjk vius ;qx ds bfrgkl dks çLrqr djus ds dkj.k fjiksrkZt dk
,sfrgkfld egRo Hkh de ugha gSA blesa fdlh ?kVuk ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd
vk;keksa dks dykRed :i esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA fjiksrkZt esa of.kZr ?kVuk Lo;a ys[kd
}kjk ns[kh xbZ gksrh gS blfy, og ml ?kVuk ds lHkh igyqvksa ls vPNh rjg voxr
gksrk gSA ys[kd ?kVukpØ esa Q¡ls O;fä dh ohjrk] lkgl vkSj ladYi dh ,slh rLohj
çLrqr djrk gS fd ikBd dh laosnuk tkx mBrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk fo'ks"k dk laiw.kZ
234
bfrgkl fjiksrkZt esa fufgr gksrk gS] blhfy, mls vius ;qx dk thoar dykRed bfrgkl
ekuk tkrk gSA

fp=kRedrk fjiksrkZt dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA blh fo'ks"krk ds dkj.k fjiksrkZt

js[kkfp= ds fudV [kM+k gks tkrk gSA çHkkoiw.kZ fp=ksa ds :i esa NksVh-NksVh ?kVuk,¡
vkdkj xzg.k djrh gSa vkSj ikBd ds eu esa fp= vafdr dj nsrh gSaA bl rjg lewph
?kVuk fp=iV dh Hkk¡fr vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kweus yxrh gSA Hkko vkSj laosnuk fp=kRedrk
dks vkSj vf/kd ltho ,oa çHkko'kkyh cuk nsrs gSaA

?kVukvksa dk ys[kd ls lk{kkRdkj gksus ds dkj.k fjiksrkZt esa fo'oluh;rk vf/kd gksrh
gSA bls çlax-fp= Hkh dgrs gSaA fdlh ?kVuk] ;q)] Hkwpky vFkok euksjatd o`Ùkkar dk
fjiksrkZt rS;kj djrs le; ys[kd dk viuk –f"Vdks.k ç/kku jgrk gSA ,d lk/kkj.k
lekpkj dks dykRed :i nsus ls fjiksrkZt dh l`f"V gksrh gS] ;g cgqr gh jkspd rF;
gSA blesa ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ikBd dks jpuk ¼fjiksrkZt½ ls og larqf"V ;k
vkuan feyuk pkfg, ftls ?kVuk dks ns[krs le; ys[kd us [kqn eglwl fd;k gksA ,slh
vuqHkwfr fjiksrkZt dks fo'oluh; cukrh gSA dguk u gksxk fd ys[kd dh lân;rk
fjiksrkZt dks fo'oluh; cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA

?kVuk dh rRdkyhu çfrfØ;k ds :i esa fy[ks tkus ds dkj.k fjiksrkZt dh 'kSyh

lkekU;r% Hkkokos'k ç/kku gksrh gSA blds vykok fjiksrkZt fuca/k 'kSyh vFkok i= ,oa
Mk;jh 'kSfy;ksa esa Hkh fy[ks tkrs gSaA ;g ys[kd ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ftl 'kSyh esa og
vius dks leFkZ :i esa vfHkO;ä dj ikrk gS] mlh dks og viuk ysrk gSA vlyh pht+
gS ?kVuk dh çkekf.kd vkSj vkReh; vfHkO;fäA blds vkdkj dh dksbZ lhek ugha gksrhA
;g x|xhr dh rjg NksVk Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj dgkuh-miU;kl dh rjg cM+k HkhA
ys[kd dh laosnuk dk çlkj gh bldh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA fjiksrkZt esa
vkRedFkk dh Hkk¡fr O;fä ds thou-la?k"kZ dh HkkoukRed çLrqfr ugha feyrhA ;g ,d
cfgeqZ[kh fo/kk gS tks oká ?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA bldh lQyrk ifjfLFkfr ds lw{e
v/;;u ,oa ys[kdh; rYyhurk esa fufgr jgrh gSA

cks/k ç'u 1
1½ ;s fjiksrkZt dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa] budh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A
d½ dFkkRed çLrqfr
[k½ ,sfrgkfldrk
x½ fp=kRedrk
?k½ fo'oluh;rk
2½ fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks iwjk djsaA
d½ fjiksrkZt 'kCn --------------------- ls fganh esa fy;k x;k gSA
235
 [k½ fjiksrkZt esa --------------------- dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
x½ fganh esa fjiksrkZt ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr --------------------- ds vkl-ikl gqbZA
?k½ fjiksrkZt eq[;r% --------------------- vkfn ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA

f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds eycs ls fjiksrkZt dh mRifÙk ekurs gq, Hkkjr ;k;koj us js.kq dks
fganh dk igyk vkSj lcls cM+k fjiksrkZt ys[kd ekuk gSA ysfdu ;g lp ugha gSA js.kq
ds igys Hkh fganh esa fjiksrkZt fy[kus okys ekStwn FksA ;g ckr vyx gS fd js.kq us bl
fo/kk dks vkSj T;knk le`) fd;kA mUgksaus igyk fjiksrkZt ^Mk;u dkslh* lu~ 1947 esa
fy[kk tks jkeo`{k csuhiqjh ds laiknu esa fudyus okys lkIrkfgd ^turk* esa çdkf'kr gqvk
vkSj ckn esa dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa vuwfnr Hkh gqvkA mlds ckn mUgksaus tS xaxk] iqjkuh dgkuh
% u;k ikB] ,dVq vkLrs-vkLrs tSls fjiksrkZt fy[ksA bl çdkj muds fjiksrkZt ys[ku dh
'kq#vkr 1947 esa gqbZ vkSj 1965 ls 1975 ds chp dk le; muds fjiksrkZt ys[ku dk
mRd"kZ dky dgk tk ldrk gSA 1965 esa vKs; ds laiknu esa 'kq: gksus okys ^fnueku*
esa js.kq dks fcgkj dk çfrfuf/k cuk;k x;kA js.kq us bl ek/;e dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k
vkSj lekt dh mFky-iqFky ;k fd cnykoksa dks vius fjiksrkZtksa esa cgqr [kwch ds lkFk
mHkkjkA gM+rky] pquko] xzkenku] rLdjh] ftLe Qjks'kh] vdky vkSj Hkw[k ij js.kq us
tcnZLr fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSaA js.kq ds fjiksrkZt dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;gh gS fd mlesa
fcgkj dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa lkaL—frd psruk iwjh rjg mifLFkr gks xbZ gSA
jktuhfrd usrkvksa dh iru'khyrk dks js.kq us cgqr xgjkbZ ls mHkkjk gSA js.kq dk fjiksrkZt
ys[ku mudh i=dkfjrk dk ,d çeq[k fgLlk Fkk vkSj rc ;g dguk csgn t:jh gks
tkrk gS fd i=dkfjrk js.kq ds fy, ekuoh; ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj mldh laosnuk dks lafpr vkSj
mtkxj djus dk ,d ek/;e FkhA os i=dkfjrk dks tui{k/kjrk ls tksM+dj ns[krs FksA
blfy, muds fjiksrkZtksa esa ikBd dks cspSu djus dh rkdr gSA js.kq us vius lkjs
fjiksrkZt i=-if=dkvksa ds fy, gh fy[ksA muds ftrus fjiksrkZt 'kk;n gh vU; fdlh
ys[kd us fy[ks gksaA ^_.kty /kuty*] ^usikyh Økafr dFkk*] ^,dkadh ds –';* vkSj ^Jqr-
vJqr iwoZ* esa muds vf/kdka'k js[kkfp= laxzghr gSaA

jktuhfr vkSj i=dkfjrk ls js.kq dk laca/k 'kq: ls gh jgk gSA mUgksaus u dsoy ^ubZ fn'kk
u;k dne* dk laiknu fd;k] cfYd nks o"kksaZ rd ^fnueku* ds fcgkj çfrfuf/k Hkh jgsA
i=dkfjrk us mudks fjiksrkZt fy[kus dk ekSdk fn;k vkSj ,d vyx rsoj HkhA js.kq vius
fjiksrkZtksa esa iBuh;rk] #fp vkSj uohurk ds lkFk dkSrwgy dk Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku j[krs FksA
'kk;n blhfy, muds fjiksrkZt lgt gh yksxksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj ysrs gSaA
js.kq mu ckrksa dks fjiksrkZt esa çk;% txg ugha nsrs Fks ftlds ckjs esa yksx igys ls gh cgqr
T;knk tkurs gksrs FksA mUgksaus fjiksrkZt dks bfrgkl] lekt vkSj jktuhfr dk nLrkost
cuk fn;kA ^eu catj /kjrh dks ns[kdj nq[kh gks tkrk gSA* fdlkuksa ds thou-la?k"kZ dks
js.kq bu 'kCnksa esa js[kkafdr djrs gSa%

*[ksrksa esa dke djus okyksa ds gkFk #ds ughaA ,d vkneh gekjs ikl
vk;k] gkFk dh feêh >kM+rk gqvkA gesa ns[kdj eqLdjk;kA fQj iwNk]
^D;k ns[kus vk, gks\ ;g lw[kk\ ,slk dHkh ugha gqvk] ysfdu] ge yksx
yM+ jgs gSaA FkksM+k-lk ikuh iM+k gS vkSj ckdh dwi-dqvk¡ ls] tgk¡ rd gks
236 lds vkneh jgrs rks fgEer ugha gkjsxkA*
Hkkjrh; fdlku esa fodV ftthfo"kk vkSj lgu'khyrk ikbZ tkrh gSA fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa Hkh og /khjt ds lkFk jg ysrk gSA ,sls fdlku ls js.kq iwjh lgkuqHkwfr j[krs gSaA os ,d
i=dkj ds :i esa lkaçnkf;d 'kfä;ksa dks csudkc djus ls ugha fgpdrsA ^;g lgh gS
fd jkT; ljdkj ck<+ ls ysdj Hkw[k rd dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus esa vleFkZ jgh
ysfdu 'kkafriw.kZ vkanksyu dks vkØked :i nsus esa fdlh Hk;kud lqfu;ksftr "kMîa= dh
gh iqf"V gksrh gSA tk¡p ls Hkh ,sls gh rF; lkeus vk, gSa fd blds ihNs ikd ijLrksa vkSj
okeiafFk;ksa dk gh gkFk jgk gSA* bl ckr dh rfud fpark fd, cxSj] fd yksx mUgsa
çfrfØ;koknh dg ldrs gSa] mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd - ^vU; çns'kksa dh rjg fcgkj esa Hkh
fdlh tekus ds dV~Vj yhxh [kíj/kkjh dkaxzsfl;ksa ds :i esa fo|eku gSaA os jk"Vª dk fgr
lkspdj jk"Vªoknh eqlyekuksa dks Hkh cgdkus vkSj cjxykus dh dksf'k'k pksjh fNis djrs
gSaA* rRdkyhu bfrgkl ds egRoiw.kZ {k.kksa dks js.kq us cgqr lQyrkiwoZd ck¡/kus dh
dksf'k'k dh gSA os fu'p; gh vius le; vkSj lekt dh uCt dks igpkurs Fks blhfy,
os dHkh-dHkh bfrgkl ds jpf;rk Hkh yxrs gSaA
js.kq vius fjiksrkZtksa esa fdlh lhek dks ugha LohdkjrsA taxy] igkM+] unh] ?kkVh] eSnku]
fu/kZurk] csdkjh] Hkw[k] chekjh] 'kks"k.k] nklrk] ck<+] vdky] nfyr gR;k,¡] Hkwfe] la?k"kZ]
eg¡xkbZ vkSj tM+rk tSls vusd rRo buds fjiksrkZtksa ds Qyd dks foLrkj nsrs gSaA js.kq
ds fjiksrkZt ek= ifj–'; ugha gSa] viuh lajpuk esa vkSipkfjd ugha gSa vkSj budh lqanjrk
esa jpukRed Lrj ij dksbZ dkS'ky ugha gSA cfYd buds ;gk¡ yksd rRo dh ç/kkurk gS
vFkkZr~ js.kq yksd thou esa lkSan;Z dh [kkst djrs gSa vkSj ogha ls os jl xzg.k djrs gSaA
os euq"; dks mldh okLrfod lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaL—frd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa
ds chp j[kdj ns[krs gSaA ;gha ls os fo"k; dk pquko djrs gSaA dguk u gksxk fd js.kq us
vius fjiksrkZtksa esa brus thou-çlaxksa] lanHkks±] lkfgR; vkSj yksd rRoksa dks lesVk gS fd
mudh ;s jpuk,¡ vius vki thoar] lkFkZd vkSj iBuh; gks tkrh gSaA muesa of.kZr çlax
dgha Hkh Qkyrw ;k fujFkZd ugha yxrs cfYd muesa ,d u;h vFkZoÙkk vkSj dykRedrk
>ydrh gSA bl rjg muds ;gk¡ lc dqN vFkZoku vkSj çklafxd yxrk gSA
js.kq vius fjiksrkZtksa esa brus fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gSa fd mlesa u;s-u;s vk;ke tqM+
tkrs gSaA cks/kx;k esa eafnj vkSj cksf/k dk n'kZu djrs gq, mUgsa viuh xkSjoe;h çkphu
lkaL—frd ijaijk dh ;kn cjcl vk tkrh gS - ^eafnj ds çkax.k es ?kwers gq, eq>s jg-
jg dj fjiqat;] fcafclkj] vtkr'k=q] f'k'kqukx] egkin~e uan] pUæxqIr] v'kksd] 'kwU;-
iqjk.k vkSj dE;qfuLV esfuQsLVksa dh ;kn vkbZA jkgqy th] Hknar vkSj ukxktqZu dh ;kn
vkbZA*

xzke - ijkuiqj
iksLV v‚fQl - ,tu
Fkkuk - Qkjfclxat
ftyk - iwf.kZ;k] fcgkj
dky - flracj] 54
ftys dk ,d cM+k xk¡o A fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds rsjg Vksys gSaA eqlyeku Vksyh NksVh gS]
ipkl ?kj jg x, gSaA vkcknh lkr-vkB gtkj djhcA

237
 i<+-s fy[ks yksx vkB xzstq,V] ,d ,e-,- ¼ikxy gksus ds igys gh ikl fd;k Fkk½] ipkl
eSfVªD;qysV] ,d lkS fefMy iklA Ms<+ ntZu dfo] djhc nks ntZu dFkkdkj] nks
lkfgR;kyadkj vkSj ,d ukVddkjA fiNys lky ,d gfjtu us ch-,- ikl fd;k gS]
lcls igysA yM+fd;k¡ Hkh i<+h fy[kh gSaA ftys dh ,dek= lkIrkfgd if=dk esa ,d
dqekjh dof;=h dh jpuk,¡ ges'kk Nirh gSaA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd yksx rjg-rjg dh ckrsa
djrs gSa mudh jpukvksa ds laca/k esaA
fo|ky; - ,d mPpkaXy gS ¼H-E School, Estd- 1929½A og Fkk rks fefMy Ldwy]
mPpkaXy rks gky esa gh gqvk gS ¼mUuhl lkS pkSarhl esa½A O;aX; djrs le; dgrs gSa -
mPpkaXy] ;ksa ,p-bZ- Ldwy gh dgykrk gSA Ldwy ds fy, iSls ftl o`) nkrk us fn, Fks]
mlds yM+dksa us vius firk ds uke ij Ldwy ds ukedj.k dk fojks/k fd;k Fkk] blfy,
o`) nkrk dh tkfr ds uke ij Ldwy dh ukedj.k fØ;k gqbZ Fkh - czkã.k ,p-bZ- LdwyA
------- xr rhu o"kksaZ ls dksbZ gsMekLVj nks eghus ls T;knk ugha fVd ikrsA ------- tkfr vkSj
iapk;r] xk¡o dh nycanh ds Åij p<+s djsys dh Hkqft;k Ldwy desVh dh dM+kgh esa Hkw¡th
tkrh gS u ---------blhfy,-----------! Ldwy dh voLFkk 'kkspuh; dgh tkrh gSA
iqLrdky; - LFkkiuk 1930] 1944 ls ljdkjh lgk;rk feyrh gSA ik¡p lky igys jsfM;ks
Hkh fn;k x;k - jkT; ljdkj dh vksj lsA vktdy can gSA iqLrdky; ds lnL;ksa dk
dFku gS] *fNÙku ckcw ds cM+s HkkbZ lkgc us gh iqLrdky; ds fy, vius c¡xys dh ,d
dksBjh nh FkhA* pkj eghuk igys dh ckr gS] fNÙku ckcw us lkQ y¶tksa esa dg fn;k -
*;gk¡ ykbczsjh dgk¡ gS\ [kcjnkj! ;fn lh<+h ij fdlh us iSj j[kk rks QkStnkjh gks
tk,xhA------- VªSlikflax dk eqdnek dSlk gksrk gSA fdlh odhy ls tkdj iwNksA* --------
^fNÙku ckcw cM+k vU;k;h gS] lkoZtfud iqLrdky; dks bl rjg gfFk;k ysuk NksVh ckr
ughaA--------- fuank dk çLrko ikl gksuk pkfg,A

fNÙku ckcw dk dFku gS - ^fiNys nl lky ls iqLrdky; okys ljdkj ls ?kj-HkkM+k ds

uke ij pkyhl #i, ekgokj olwyrs gSaA dHkh ,d iSlk Hkh fn;k gS eq>s\-------- pkj-ik¡p
gtkj #i;ksa dh ckr gS] [ksy ughaA ------- dgk¡ x, #i,] dqN fglkc rks gksuk pkfg, -
---------- ljdkjh jsfM;ks] fcdw ckcw dh lqgkxjkr esa ctus ds fy, x;kA mlh jkr ls [kjkc
gksdj muds ;gk¡ iM+k gSA -------------- cSVjh dk iSlk ljdkj ls cjkcj olwyk x;k gSA*
fcdw ckcw vkSj fNÙku ckcw ds >xM+s esa] tkfrokn ds ipM+sA fQj lsØsVjh çsflMsaV dyg
dkaMA------------- blfy,] fNÙku ckcw dk iapo"khZ; iq= ^nhif'k[kk* ds i`"Bksa dks dkV-dkVdj
nhokj ij fpidkrk gS] mls dkSu euk dj ldrk gS\
ukVî'kkyk - LFkkiuk 1929] 1930 esa jktcuSyh paikuxj ds njckj dydÙkk dh yìu
daiuh dks ikuh-ikuh dj fn;k Fkk ijkuiqj ukVd-eaMyh usA pkj lky igys rd ukVd
[ksys x, gSa - fganh ds çfl) ukVddkjksa dh fdrkcksa dks LVst fd;k gSA ¼Mk;ykx ikjlh
vankt esa gh cksyrs gksa] exj LVst t:j djrs FksA½ fiNys lky ,d ckj czkã.k Vksyh
ds feJth dh cSBd esa u;k ,dkadh [ksyk x;k rks Hkwfegkj Vksyh esa nwljk ,dkadh LVst
gqvkA

--------Hkwfegkj iq=ksa us czkã.k lekt ds ,dkadh djus okys ukStokuksa ij mlh le; ls
O;aX; djuk 'kq: fd;k gSA czkã.k Vksyh ds ,dkadh ds ,d ik= dh udy mrkjdj
yxhukflag vkt Hkh crk nsrs gSa - ikjlh daiuh okyksa dh rjg ^ns-,-,-,-oh-oh-n-uw-bZ-
t-n-yh-Å-uh-dk-D;k-vk-ns-l~ gS-,--------------*
238
fQj vkokt iryh cukdj rqjar gh ^mÙkj* tM+ nsrs gSa - ^l-c-··ls-l-gS ¼yach vkg
ysdj!½ lc lsl gS Hkxoku] lc lsl gSA*

nuqtnyuh nsoh dk ikVZ] czkã.k Vksyh esa djus okyk feyk ughaA raf=ek Vksyh ds /kuir
dks jVk;k x;kA /kuir rrek Vksyh dh ^cyokgh eaMyh* ¼ckmylqj esa ukpus-xkusokyh
eaMyh½ dk ^uVqvk* gSA nk<+h-ewaN ugha gSA ^oyxkscuk* gSA vi<+ gS] fdarq ikVZ jVk fn;k
x;k Fkk ,slk fd----------A

czkã.k Vksyh ds vfHkusrkx.k tjk eqLdqjkdj dgrs- ^dgk¡ ls yk, HkkbZ---- lk{kkr~ fQYe
LVkj gS yhyk nsoh*

Hkwfegkj Vksyhokyksa us Økafr dh FkhA---------- eueksgu ckcw okeiaFkh gSaA mUgksaus viuh NksVh
cgu dks i<+k;k-fy[kk;k gSA iVus esa i<+rh gS] eueksgu ckcw ds ekek dkaxzslh ,e-,y-,-
gSaA----------- yhyk fQYeh xhr udy djrh gSA ,dkadh esa mlus vfHku; fd;k FkkA Hkwfegkj
Vksyh ds fdlh ukStoku us vius fojks/kh dSaiokyksa ij jksc xkfyc djrs gq, lquk;k Fkk
- ^,dne fQYe LVkj mrj vkbZ Fkh le>ksA* ----------- blfy, ^lk{kkr fQYe LVkj* dgdj
czkã.k Vksyh okys yM+ds ean-ean eqLdqjkrs gSaA blh ckr dks ysdj ,d fnu ekjihV gks
tkrhA ckr ;g gqbZ fd--------------

;g] fo|kFkhZ ,dyO; ds uksV~l dk ,d va'k gSA ,dyO; tks vius dks
^lekt foKkuh* dgrs gSaA fdlh fo'ofo|ky; ls laca/k ughaA fiNys lky
rd iVus ds ,d lfp= fganh lkIrkfgd ds laiknu esa lgk;rk djrs Fks -
vius ,d ijeiwT; lkIrkfgd laikndth dhA vpkud ,d fnu xk;c gks
x, - tqykbZ 1954 esaA ;kj yksx cgqr-lh ckrsa mM+kus yxsA i= ds laiknd
,dyO;th ds 'kqHkfpard lkfgfR;dth ij vçR;{k :i ls bYtke yxk, x,]
fdarq ,dyO;th us mi;qZä lkIrkfgd if=dk ds dkyeksa ds }kjk vius lHkh
fgr-vfgr] 'kqHk-v'kqHkfpard fe=ksa dks fy[kk % ^,dyO; us vLFkk;h :i ls
i=dkfjrk NksM+dj] iwf.kZ;k ds ,d xk¡o esa i‚yVªh [kksyh gSA ç;ksx dks os iki
ugha le>rsA O;kikj mruk ykHknk;d ugha ftruk fd ^VsDLV cqd-pkch
fuekZ.k!* ------- fdarq] cqjk ughaA tyok;q vPNk gSA ------ i=dkj rFkk lkfgfR;d
ca/kqvksa dks lknj fuea=.kA ------ fgju] lk¡Hkj] cuSys lwvj rFkk uhyxk; ds
f'kdkj dk 'kkSd j[kus okys vius canwd okys fe=ksa dks lkFk yk ldrs gSaA*

iVus ds fofHkUu gksVyksa] jsLrjk¡ rFkk dSaVhuksa esa cSBs gq, ,dyO;th ds fe=ksa us *VscyrksM+*
Bgkds yxk, Fks -^lkyk! lpeqp ikxy gks x;kA*
- i=dkfjrk [ksy ugha cPpw!
- jax mrj jgk Fkk ------ lkyk Hkkjh pkykd gS!
- ,d vkfVZdy ds cy ij ^laikndh* djus vk;k Fkk!

fdarq ,dyO; ds ^laiknd* dks Hkjkslk FkkA ,dyO; dks os *vkVZ* vkSj *fyVsjspj dk
vf/kdkjh ugha rks mÙkjkf/kdkjh t:j ekurs FksA -------- fgekdr! vkSj D;k dgsaxs\
,dyO;th dh ^dqDdqV ikyu lk/kuk* esa Hkh mUgsa lkfgR; vkSj lekt dh le`f) dh
laHkkouk fn[kykbZ iM+rh Fkh!

twu 1955 esa ,dyO;th iVuk ykSV vk, gSa] dkykvktkj rFkk *fMlsaVªh** ysdjA rc ls
iVus ds tsusjy gkfLiVy ds ,d tsusjy okMZ esa HkrhZ gSaA vius laiknd dks mUgksaus
239
 gLrfyf[kr dkxtkr dk cM+k iksFkk lqiqnZ fd;k gSA laikndth ml iksFks ds ckjs esa tc-
tc vius ca/kq-cka/koksa ls dqN dguk pkgrs gSa] yksx ckr dkVdj ,dyO; ds CyMçs'kj
dh fjiksVZ rFkk mlds fnekx dh dq'ky iwNrs gSaA

laikndth us fganh dh fofHkUu i=-if=dkvksa dh lsok esa ^,dyO;* ds uksV~l* ds va'k

çdk'kukFkZ çsf"kr fd,A vf/kdka'k i=ksa us /kU;okniwoZd uksV~l dks okil dj fn;k gSA -
----- cgqrksa us rh[kh-ehBh fVIif.k;ksa ds ^[kjksap* Hkh yxk, gSaA]
ckr ;g gqbZ fd-------A ,d ckr igys dh dg nsuk vPNk gSA----- b/kj dqN fnuksa ls yxrk
gS fd nqfu;k rst j¶rkj ls Hkkxh tk jgh gSA fn'kk Kku dh ckrsa ihNs d:¡xk pky dh
rsth dk vuqHko lHkh dj jgs gSaA ------- mngkj.kkFkZ - ySaM losZ lsVyesaV! tehu dh fQj
ls iSekb'k gks jgh gSA lkB lÙkj lky cknA Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj! c¡VS;knkj* dk tehu ij
lokZf/kdkj gks ldrk gS] ;fn og lkfcr dj ns fd tehu mlh us tksrh-cksbZ gSA------ pkj
vkneh dg nsa] cl gks x;kA fcgkj Vsuslh ,DV dh nQk 40 ds eqrkfcd yxkrkj rhu
lky rd tehu vkckn djus okyksa dks ^vkdksisalh jkbZV* ¼ekS:lh gd½ gkfly gks tkrk
FkkA tehankjh çFkk [kRe djus ds ckn jkT; ljdkj us vuqHko fd;k - iwf.kZ;k ftys esa
,d Økafrdkjh dne mBkus dh vko';drk gSA ------ fganqLrku esa] laHkor% lcls igys
iwf.kZ;k ftys ij gh ^ySaM losZ vkijs'ku* dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ftys esa tehankj
jktkvksa dh tehankfj;ksa dk fouk'k vo'; gqvk] fdarq fganqLrku ds lcls cM+s fdlku ;gha
fuokl djrs gSaA------ xq#oa'kh ckcw tehankj ugha] fdlku gSaA nl gtkj ch?ks tehu gSA nks
gokbZ tgkt j[krs gSaA nwljs gSa Hkksyk ckcwA djhc iaæg-chl gtkj ch?ks tehu gS] lok
ntZu VªSDVj gSaA ij ;g ckr lPph gS fd os tehankj ughaA ------ ik¡p lkS ch?ksokys fdlku
e/;oxhZ; fdlku dgykrs gSaA xk¡o-xk¡o ij bu fdlkuksa dk jkt! Hkwfeghuksa dh fo'kky
tekrA txrh gqbZ psrukA ------ tehankjh çFkk lekIr gksus ds ckn Hkh gj lky Qly
dVus ds le; ,d-Ms<+ lkS yM+kbZ-naxs vkSj pkyhl-ipkl ^ejMj* gksrs jgs rks fQj ls
tehu dh cankscLrh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ,d fo'kky vk¡/kh dh çrh{kk esa ^{kf;".kq*
lekt] lekt ds xk¡o] xk¡o ds yksx [kM+s gSa------------

'kgj ls ¼iVuk ls½ 'k'kkad us fy[kk gS - ^^fganh lkfgR; dh çfl) ^ijlusfyVh* us dgk
gS & ^,dyO; ,d fnu viuh xyrh ij iNrk,xkA---------* xk¡o] vapy] vkapfyd oxSjg-
oxSjg ds xksj[k/ka/ks ls fudkydj mls 'kq) lkfgR; dh jpuk djus dks dgks!**
iDdh ckr gSA eq>s viuh i‚yVªh ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A fctusl bt fctuslA------- exj
;g xkao! 1880 lky esa fe- cqdkuu us viuh ^iwf.kZ;k fjiksVZ* esa bl xk¡o ds ckjs esa tks
fy[kk gS] mldh dqN iafä;ksa dk vuqokn gS % bl bykds ds yksx ijkuiqj dks lkjs vapy
dk ^çk.k* dgrs gSaA v{kj'k% lR; gS mudk dFkuA ------ xk¡o ls ifPNe cgrh gqbZ nqykjh-
nkbZ dh /kkjkA rhu vksj fo'kky çkarjA ftys ds uD'ks ds chpksachp mÙkj ls nfD[ku dh
vksj iM+h gqbZ yk[kksa ,dM+ cknkeh jax dh /kjrh-------ijrh! nqykjh-nkbZ ftldh ifPNeh
js[kk gS] tgk¡ ls gfj;kyh 'kq: gksrh gSA vius nksuksa gkFkksa ls nksuksa dNkj dh /kjrh ij
lq[k-le`f) ck¡Vrh gqbZ nqykjh-nkbZ------ca/;k /kjrh dh leosnuk esa cgrh gqbZ vJq/kkjk
tSlhA ----------- xk¡o ds nfD[ku gtkjksa lsey ds isM+ksa dk ckx gSA lseycuh! ----------- Qwyksa
ds ekSle esa ^yky vkleku* dks eSaus ns[kk gS - viyd us=ksa ls] vjt*-Hkjh fuxkgksa lsA
----------- yky vkleku!

lsey dk ckx vkt Hkh gSA gj ik¡p-lkr lky ds ckn ubZ ikS/k! dgrs gSa] lkr lky igys
,d fn;klykbZ daiuh dk Bsdsnkj vk;k vkSj lsey ftldks ¼ftlds Qy dks½ fxygjh
240
Hkh u [kk,] ftldh ydM+h ls dksbZ eqnkZ Hkh u tyk,] 'kh'ke ds nj fcdus yxkA ysfdu
blh dks dgrs gSa A rdnhj dk [ksy! ou ds ekfyd ds v/kixys ,e-,- ikl iq= us lkQ
tokc ns fn;k - ^,d isM+ Hkh ugha cspwaxkA* lkB gtkj #i;s dh ^vkf[kjh Mkd* nsdj
daiuh dk Bsdsnkj pyk x;kA ---------- gk;-gk; djus ls D;k gksrk gS\ tehankjh pyh xbZ]
lseycuh ij ljdkj dk dCtk gks x;kA ljdkj tks pkgs djsA ------ vc gkbZdksVZ esa vthZ
nh gS - ^lsey ds xkN dk loZuk'k u fd;k tk,A* -------- ikxy vkneh dks dkSu le>k,\
bl rFkkdfFkr v)Z-ikxy ukStoku ls eSa feyk gw¡A lufd;ksa ds dqN y{k.k mlesa vo';
gSaA lsey ckx dks u cspus dk dkj.k iwNus ij fp<+dj mlus dgk Fkk - ^vki ugha
lef>,xk lkgcA-------- vki le> gh ugha ldrs esjh ckr---------*

Qwyksa ds ekSle esa lsey dh uaxh ck¡gsa tc yky-yky Qwyksa ls Hkj xbZa] ,d lqçHkkr ds
vkleku dh fQtk ns[kdj eSaus eu-gh-eu ml v)Z-ikxy ukStoku dks J)kiw.kZ
ueLdkj fd;kA mlus vfr f'k"V ,oa lH; Hkk"kk esa eq>s dM+oh xkfy;k¡ nh FkhaA

esjs I;kjs xSch--------gk¡] ;g esjs eqxZs dk uke gSA jksM~l tkfr dk gSA cM+k vD[kM+] cM+k
yM+kdk esjs I;kjs xSch ij Hkh flanwjh tknw py x;k gS ekuksA vLokHkkfod <ax ls pfdr
gksdj ckj-ckj b/kj-m/kj ns[krk gS] v#.kpwM+k pedkdj ukprk gS] ck¡x nsrk gS -------
tUetkr ^ysf¶VLV* gS esjk xSch! ck¡x tc nsus yxrk gS] rks yxrk gS] dac[r ukjs yxk
jgk gSA --------- ukjs ls csgn fp<+rs gSa dqN yksxA---------- pqi jgks I;kjs! oukZ dHkh ftcg dj
fn, tkvksxs! *--------- vkSj ;s NksVh-NksVh ns'kh eqfxZ;k¡ Hkh fcyk;rh cksy cksyrh gSa tc xSch
ukjk yxkrk gSA---------- xSch dk D;k nks"k\---------- lsey dks Qwyrs ns[kdj gok Hkh ckojh
gks xbZ gSA ------------- pDdh ihlrh gqbZ yM+fd;k¡ xkrh gSa----------

lseyh ds cfx;k vfx;k ykxh--------- jgh!*

xSch us vkleku flj ij mBk fy;k gSA mldk D;k dlwj\ esjh Hkh dfork djus dh
bPNk gks jgh gS -
*yky-yky Qwy ls Hkjs
gtkjks gkFk vkLek¡ esa mBk,
ge [kM+s gSa
dky insZ ds ikj cscl
vks! u, ;qx dh igyh lqcg]
jkr ds fdys esa dSn u, vkQrkc* lquks!
ge rqEgsa vktkn djus vk, gSa!
;g /kU;okniwoZd vLoh—r va'k gS ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* dkA i= ds laiknd
us ,dyO;th ds ije 'kqHkfpard laiknd ls ekSf[kd :i esa dgk - ^csotg
cgqr ^yky-yky* fpYykus dh ps"Vk gSA--------- ^,d fiNM+s gq, ftys ds [kkl
vapy dk ^fMìe* ihVk gSA ---------^dFkk lkfgR;* dks bl ^uksV* ls dksbZ rkyqd
ughaA------------ laikndth us ,dyO; ds uksV~l ls vkSj nks VqdM+s ysdj blesa
tksM+ fn, gSaA

ckSaMksjh! ckSaMjh!! 241

 losZ dk dke 'kq: gks x;k gSA vehuksa dh fo'kky QkSt mrjh gSA--------ckSaMksjh] ckSaMksjh!
ckSaMksjh vFkkZr~ ckmaMªh! losZ dh igyh eafty! vehuksa ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh xk¡o esa u,
'kCn vk, gSa - losZ ls lacfa /kr! cPpk-cPpk cksyrk gSA
losZ dh igyh eafty ckmaMªh! fQj fd'rokj rc eqjCck] [kkukiqjh] ruktk] rlnhd vkSj
nQk rhu----------A
tjhc* dh dM+h] r[rh] jkbVsaxy] xqfu;k¡] daikl vkfn ysdj vehu yksx vius VaMSyks*a
ds lkFk /kjrh ds pIis-pIis ij ?kwe jgs gSaA tjhc dh dM+h [ku[kukrh gqbZ ljd jgh gS
- [ku-[ku [ku!!

losZ ds vehu lkgc dk dguk gS - ^;fn fdlh ^IykV* ij ,d dkSvk vkdj dg ns fd

tehu eSaus tksrh-cksbZ gS] rks mldk uke fy[kus dks ge etcwj gSaA----------- ;gh dkuwu gSA
;g er le>ks fd ^ckSaMksjh* ck¡/k jgk gw¡----------*

eSaus 'k'kkad ds i= dk tokc fn;k gS - ^'k'kkad! ;g er le>ks fd ^ckSaMksjh* ck¡/k jgk

g¡-w ------ pkj] eghus gks jgs gSa] cgqr cM+h-cM+h ckrsa gksrs ns[k jgk gw¡A-------- vc bl vapy dks
D;k d:¡ fd ^tknw-Vksuk* ekjs tk jgk gSA------- eSa cgqr djhc ls ns[k jgk gw¡ bl mFky-
iqFky dksA-------------/kjrh ij vkdk'k dh ijh mrjrh gS] gkSy-s gkSys! gjflaxkj dh Mkfy;ksa
ls tjk-lh pqujh my>h] e`nq >Vds ls tks Qwy >js] 'kjn dh pk¡nuh esa Hkhxh /kjrh ij
iM+r-s >jrs gjflaxkj ds ^ijl* dh [kcj eq>s gks gh tkrh gSA ;qxksa ls innfyr] 'kksf"kr]
HkqD[kM+ Hkwfeghuksa dh Vksyh ;gk¡ gj Vksys esa] fnu-jkr u lqu¡w\-----------D;k dgrk gS - gekjk
çfrf"Br fe=\ dku can dj yw¡\-------------
*/kjrh esa dku yxkdj fnu-jkr lqurk gw¡!-------------------

*D;k lqurk gw¡] ugha lquuk pkgrs rqe u lquksA cgjk dSls gks tkÅ¡ fe=--------! ftys-Hkj
esa fdlkuksa vkSj cstehuksa esa egkHkkjr fNM+k gqvk gSA nq[kju lkg esjs iM+ksl esa jgrs gSa]
NksVh nqdku gSA
ipkl ch?ks tehu gSA Hkksxusokyk dksbZ ughaA--------------mlus lkspk Fkk - ^Hkwnku* esa nks ch?ks
tehu nku nsus ls vM+rkyhl ch?ks rks cp tk,¡xAs gtkj ch?ksokyk Hkh ,d bap tehu
NksM+us dks jkth ugha-------^cksj* er gksuk nksLr! vthc ftyk gS ;g!*

exj] vehu lkgc dgrs gSa] ^vly pht+ gS ckmaMªhA vHkh ftldk uke ntZ gks x;k]
le>ks iRFkj ij js[kk iM+ xbZA* blhfy, tehu okys vkSj cstehu lHkh mUgsa ges'kk ?ksjs
jgrs gSaA u tkus dc dksbZ dkSvk mM+dj vk, vkSj ruktk* ns ns tehu esaA
*ruktk* losZ dh ,d eafty gS!

rukts dk QSlyk dkuwuxks lkgc djsaxsA budks cgqr ^ikoj* gSA vHkh vehu vkSj
lqijokbtj buds vaMj esa jgrs gSaA---------- ik¡p eghus rd ^ruktk* dk QSlyk gksxk!----
----------- lcksa us ikV cspdj iSls tek dj j[ks gSa] D;k tkus dc #i;s dh t:jr iM+
tk,!-------- fnu-jkr dpgjh yxh jgrh gS dkuwuxks lkgc dhA dkuwuxks ds ^pijklhth*
dks bykds ds cM+-s ls-cM+s tehu okys gkFk mBkdj - ^t;fgan* djrs gSa - ^^t;fgan
pijklhth!-----------dfg,] dkuwuxks lkgc dks pkoy ilan vk;k\ vlyh cklerh pkoy
gS] vius [kpZ ds fy, ?kj esa FkkA-------th-th-gk¡A---------?kh vkt vk tk,xkA**
242
dpgjh yxh jgrh gS - ns'klsodksa dhA dkaxzslh] lektoknh] dE;qfuLV lHkh ikVhZokyksa
us vius ckgjh ^ojdj* e¡xk, gSaA xk¡o ds ^ojdjksa* dh ckr muds vius ifjokj ds gh
vU; lnL; ugha ekursA -------------- viuk-viuk HkkX;! viuk-viuk fgLlk!
cgqr ls ^ojdjksa* dk Vªk;y gksus okyk gSA lsodksa dh lsokvksa dh ij[k gks jgh gSA

lHkh ikVhZ ds dk;ZdrkZ lrdZ gSa] lps"V gSaA c¡VkbZnkjh djus okyksa ds uke ipkZ fnyokus
dk O;kikj cM+k Vs<+k gSA
pkSgíh* ds xokgksa dh xokgh cM+h iq[rk le>h tkrh gS - dkuwuxks ds lkeusA------------IykV
uacj 472! blds mÙkj dkSu gS\ 471 esa\ thrw gtjk\ D;ksa th\ thrw gtjk] D;k rqEgsa
ekywe gS fd rqEgkjh tehu ds nfD[ku fdldh tehu gS\ js[kkxf.kr ds lgkjs ckr
vklkuh ls le>h-le>k;h tk ldrh gSA----------D;ksafd] IykV uacj 472 dk ^ruktk* tk¡p
jgs gSa gkfdeA 472 ij nks-nks nkos gSaA tehu ekfyd eksrh felj vkSj c¡VkbZnkj lq[kkuw
jkmr ds vykok vkSj Hkh nks c¡VS;knkjksa ds nkos gSaA lcksa ds nkos gSa fd os gh vly
c¡VS;knkj gSaA-------- 472 ds mÙkj 471 esa thrw gtjk ds cki dk uke iqjkus dkxtkr esa ntZ
gS - dk;eh c¡VkbZnkj dh lwjr lsA--------- ,d ikVhZ us mldks xokg cuk;k gSA nwljh
ikVhZokyk dkxt is'k djrk gS - ^gqtwj ek;-cki! ns[kk tk;A thrw gtjk ds cki us
vaxwBs dk fu'kku yxkdj iPphl lky igys ^lqiqnhZ* fy[kdj nh gS] bl tehu ij
gekjk ;k gekjs okfjlku dk dksbZ gd ugha jgsxkA* ------------js[kkxf.kr ds }kjk gh ;g
lkfcr gksrk gS fd çR;sd IykV ij ik¡p-ik¡p vk/khnkjks*a ds >xM+s gSaA--------- O;fä dh
yM+kbZA----------- dkuwuxks lkgc eqLdjkdj ikVhZ ojdjksa dh vksj ns[krs gSa - ^^vki yksx rks
turk ds usrk gSaA nsf[k,] fdruk >a>V dk dke gSA eSa fdls lp ekuw¡A**

tehu okys QthZ c¡VS;knkj [kM+k dj jgs gSaA---------------tehu cpkus ds fy, os gj rjg ds
dqdeZ dj ldrs gSaA

*exj QthZ c¡VS;knkjksa dh la[;k tksM+dj nsf[k,------------cgqer dh QthZ-------A* dkuwuxks

lkgc fcPNw dh rjg Mad ekjdj g¡lrs gSa] nq"V g¡lh! lHkh ikVhZ okyksa ij muds
fojks/kh ny dk bYtke gS----------------- viuh fdlku lHkk ds esacjksa dks xSj-okftc <ax ls
tehu fnykuk pkgrs gSaA xk¡o esa ^liksVZ* 'kCn [kwc çpfyr gks x;k gSA
*D;ksa jkenSy! rqedks rks nks-nks ikVhZ okys ^liksVZ djrs gSa--------------ipkZ rqEgha dks feysxkA^-
---------- ^^vjs] ugha HkkbZA cM+k ^banjtky* gks jgk gSA dkuwuxks lkgc dh ^blfrjh* dk
^eegj* jkeyxu ckcw dh llqjky ds cxy okys xk¡o esa gSA yxrk gS vkf[kj ^frfj;kpfyÙkj*
dk ^[ksyk* djok,¡xs jkeyxu ckcwA**

fdarq yqÙkks ckcw dh ckr fujkyh gSA 'kkld ikVhZ ds dk;ZdrkZ gSaA losZ ds le; mudh
dher vkSj c<+ jgh gSA cM+s yksxksa dh lsok dHkh fu"Qy ugha tkrhA ik¡p lky rd Fkkuk
desVh ds usrkth dk fcLrj ;ksa gh ugha <ks;k gS------------yqÙkks ckcw usA

^^vjs] lks'kfyLV] dkSefuLV dks dkSu iwNrk gSA tehu ysuh gS rks ^t;* cksyks yqÙkks ckcw
dhA**

lHkh /khjs-/khjs tku x, gSa] lks'kfyLV vkSj dE;qfuLV ikVhZ okys ftudh enn djsax]s mUgsa
tehu gjfxt ugha fey ldrh] czãk-fo".kq-egs'k Hkh mBdj vk,¡ rc Hkh ughaA-------blesa
dqN-dqN Hksn gS-ftls flQZ yqÙkks ckcw gh tkurs gSaA yqÙkksa ckcw ds pj.k xgks----------*A
243
 [ksr-[kfygku] ?kkV-ckV] ckx-cxhps] iks[kj-igkj--------------ij [ku[kukrh gqbZ tjhc dh
dM+h ?klhVh tk jgh gS-------- [ku-[ku-[ku-[kuA
- D;k uD'kk cu jgk gS!
- u;k [kkrk] u;k ipkZ-------------tehu ds u, ekfyd!

ruktk ds ckn rlnhd!* rlnhd djus ds fy, dkuwuxks ls T;knk ^ikoj* okys u,
gkfde lkgc vk, gSaA ,-,l-vks- lkgcA vflLVsaV losZ v‚fQlj------------- gj u;k gkfde
u;k ,yku djrk gSA
^^ckmaMªh-ruktk ge dqN ugha tkurk gSA ge fQj 'kq: ls tk¡p djsxkA--------;gh ljdqyj
vk;k gSA u;k ljdqyjA**

NS eghus esa gh xk¡o dk cPpk-cPpk iDdh xokgh nsuk lh[k x;k gSA

NS eghus esa gh xk¡o ,dne cny x;k gSA cki-csVs esa] HkkbZ-HkkbZ esa] vius gd dks ysdj
,slh yM+kbZ dHkh ugha gqbZA------ vthc-vthc ?kVuk,¡ ?kVrh gSaA ljcu ckcw dh gh ckr
yhft,---------A ljcu ckcw bykds ds ukeh-xjkeh vkneh gSaA xk¡o esa vc Hkh dkQh çfr"Bk
gSA tokj-Hkj dh iapk;rksa esa tkrs gSaA---------- gky esa gh dk'khth ls ^f'kofyax* e¡xokdj
LFkkiuk djokbZA iq.; dk >aMk ygjk jgk gS vkleku esa] f'kokys ds ÅijA-------- muds
NksVs HkkbZ ykypu ckcw dks fdlh us crk;k fd lHkh ipksaZ ij ljcu ckcw vius yM+dksa
ds uke ;k L=h dk uke p<+ok jgs gSaA ykypu ckcw dk uke dgha Hkh ugha - ,d ^IykV*
ij Hkh ughaA ftu ipksaZ ij ljcu ckcw dk uke p<+k gS] ljcu ckcw ds lkFk------- ^cxSjk*
Hkh ugha gS tks dHkh ykypu ckcw nkok dj ldsa-----A ykypu ckcw i<+-s fy[ks ugha gSa rks
D;k gqvk\ bruh-lh ckr Hkh mudh le> esa ugha vk,xh\ muds odhy lkgc us Qhl
ysdj lykg nh gS - vkidks vkxs c<+us dh dksbZ t:jr ugha ¼vkxs c<+us dk eryc ;gk¡
dksVZ-dpgjh djus ls gS½--------- cM+s HkkbZ dks vkxs c<+us nhft,A*
ykypu ckcw us nwljs gh fnu ^ekjs ykBh ds* flj QksM+dj ljcu ckcw dks] ;kuh vius
cM+s HkkbZ lkgc dks vkxs c<+k fn;k gSA

lquk gS] ljcu ckcw us Hkjh dpgjh esa dg fn;k gSA-------- bZeku-/kje [kkdj mUgksaus dg
fn;k gS -^ykypu esjk dksbZ ugha!*
xk¡o dh ^vyh-xyh* vxokj-fiNokM+ dh vksj fudyus okyh ixMafM;k¡ can dh tk jgh
gSaA--------- Mj gS] uD'kk cu tkus dkA [ksr ds chpksa chp ^ixMaMh* ;fn ^uD'ks* esa ntZ gks
xbZ rks gks pqdh [ksrh!

vk¡/kh py jgh gSA nks lky rd yxkrkj pysxh ;g vk¡/khA ckmaMªh ls rlnhd rd ,d
lky] nQk ,d lkS rhu ls ,d lkS ukS rd nwljs lkyA

nhokuh-dpgfj;ksa esa csn[kyh*] QlytCrh*] Vk;fVy-lwV dk cktkj xeZ gSA Byq,

odhyksa dks Hkh nl #i, jkst dh vkenuh gksus yxh gSA-----------

esjh ^i‚yVªh*\--------- ,d [ksos ds pwtksa dks ia[k yx x, gSaA xSch dy ?kk;y gks x;k gSA
ysxgkuZ tkfr ds ukStoku eqxsZ] tqEeu us ?kk;y dj fn;k mls iwjh rjg--------A Hkxoku
u djs esjs xSch dks dqN gks tk,A xSch jg-jgdj ik¡[ksa QM+QM+krk gSA vlá osnuk ls
244
mldh vk¡[kksa dh vkjä iqrfy;k¡ dk¡irh gSaA tqEeu dh vkokt lqudj mBus dh ps"Vk
djrk gSA [kksy nw¡ rks ej feVs vHkhA

cgqr cqjk LoIu ns[kdj mBk-tuojh] 55 dh igyh rkjh[k dksA Hkksj dk liuk] dgrs gSa
lR; gksrk gS!

gtkjksa lsey ds isM+ksa dks dkVrs gq, ns[kk gS - lius esa! Qwyksa ls Hkjh isM+ dh Mkfy;k¡
fNUu-fHkUu gksdj b/kj-m/kj fc[kjh gqbZ-----------A
th ^mpkV* gks x;k gSA--------------- rch;r Hkkjh jgrh gSA

Hkxoku Hkyk djs ^cSdokMZ vkSj f'kMîwYM dkLV* Vksys ds ukStokuksa dk! ukVd LVst
djsaxs ¼vaxzsth ukedj.k Lo;a ^cSdokMZ vkSj f'kMîwYM dkLV* ds ukStokuksa us fd;k gSA--
------ rhu lky igys rd ^xaxksyk* tkfr ds ^yhMj* yksx vius {kf=; ds çek.k esa cgqr
yac-s yacs Hkk"k.k nsrs FksA uke ds var esa ^flag* tksM+rs Fks-------- ljdkj ^cSdokMZ* vkSj
^f'kMîwYM dkLV* ds yM+dksa dks Ldkyjf'ki nsus yxh gS] ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa ^lhVsa*
fjtoZ j[krh gSA-------- eqjyhflag th lo.kZ fganw gSaA lqurs gSa - muds yM+ds us vius dks
^vuqlwfpr tkfr* dh larku crkdj] Ldkyjf'ki ^>hV* fy;k gSA lkB #i, çfreklA½
bl *egkHkkjr* ds chp bu ukStokuksa ds mRlkg dks ns[kdj eu çlUu gks x;kA ukVd
[ksy jgs gSaA
nfyr oxZ dks gj rjg ls efnZr djds j[kk x;k Fkk vc rdA ukVd eaMyh ds fy,
çR;sd o"kZ [kfygku ij pank dkV ysrs gSa - ekfyd yksxA ysfdu] dHkh Hkh }kjiky]
lSfud] vFkok nwr dk ikVZ NksM+dj vPNk ikVZ--------- ekus ^ghjks* dk ikVZ ugha fn;k lo.kZ
Vksyh ds yksxksa usA

bl ckj mu yksxksa us ukVd [ksyus dh rS;kjh dh gSA fiNys lky xk¡o ds ukVddkj Jh
çsedqekj ^nhokuk* th us ,d ukVd fy[kk A ukVd eaMyh ds ,d-,d lnL; dks mUgksaus
lquk;k le>k;k( exj yksxksa us ilan ugha fd;kA
nfyr oxZ ds ukStokuksa us ^nhokuk* th ds ukVd dks dkQh ilan fd;k gSA ukVd dk
uke gS *I;kj dk cktkj*A

nhokuk th us ukVd dh jpuk [kkldj xk¡o dh ukVd ^eaMfy;ksa ds fy,* dh gSA nhokuk
th dh ckr fopkj djds ns[kus dh gSA ukVd eaMyh ds fy, pank lHkh nsrs gSaA vkSj]
ukVd esa jktk] jktk dk csVk] iqjksfgr] ea=h vkfn ftrus Hkh vPNs ikVZ gksrs gSa] Å¡ph
tkfrokyksa dks fn, tkrs gSaA ckdh cps gq, yksxksa dks ^tks vkKk* okyk ikVZ nsdj Vjdk
fn;k tkrk gSA--------- dgsaxs ukVd esa ftruk ikVZ fy[kk gS] mlls T;knk yksxksa dks dSls
fn;k tk,A Hkyk] 'kgj ds ukVd fy[kus okyksa dks D;k ekywe fd xk¡o esa fdrus yksx ;ksa
gh fcuk ikVZ ds jg tkrs gSaA ^I;kj dk cktkj* esa rhl ghjks gSaA vkSjr dk ikVZ dksbZ ysuk
ugha pkgrk] blfy, ,d ?kw¡?kVokyh fgjksbu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS - fdrkc esaA------- xk¡o
esa xk¡o ds ukVddkj dk ukVd ugha LVst djrs---------- ns'k dk dY;k.k djus pys gSaA
- blds ckn ^I;kj ds cktkj* us ,d ^fojkV O;kikj* dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;kA
- nfyr ukVd lekt okys tc lo.kZ Vksyh ls ^inkZ-iks'kkd* ysdj pys x, rks ekywe
gqvk fd vc os ^inkZ-iks'kkd* ykSVkdj ugha nsaxAs --------- iPphl lky ls pank fy;k
245
 tk jgk gS] exj dHkh ^ghjks* dk ikVZ ugha feykA---------- fNÙku ckcw us iqLrdky; dks
^gfFk;k * fy;kA fcdw ckcw ljdkjh jsfM;ks ctkrs gSa- viuh dksBjh esa!--------- inkZ-
iks'kkd ij nfyr ukVd lekt dk dCtk gksuk tk;t gSA
- ns[kuk gS] dkSu ek¡xus vkrk gS inkZ-iks'kkd!
- ,d ew¡N Hkh ugha feysxh!
fdarq lo.kZ Vksyh ij tkfgjk bldh dksbZ Hkh çfrfØ;k ugha gqbZA ukVd 'kq: gksus ds nks
?kaVk igys lo.kZ Vksyh ds yksx Hkh igq¡psA lcksa us feydj LVst dh rkjhQ dh] ltkoV
dks ljkgkA

Vksys esa ,d vHkwriwoZ vkuan dh ygjsa vkbZ gqbZ FkhaA igyh ckj bl Vksys esa LVst cuk FkkA

lo.kZ Vksyhokyksa us viuh xyrh eku yhA ea=hth cksys - *ukVd gh djuk Fkk rks fey
tqydj djrsA*
- ^^nwj-nwj ls yksx ns[kus vk, gSaA D;k dgsaxs yksx\**
- ^^vjs HkkbZ tehu dh yM+kbZ tehu ij] xk¡o dh yM+kbZ xk¡o esaA**
- ^^ukVd eaMyh esa QwV gksus ls rks nqfu;k g¡lsxhA**
- ^^ijkuiqj dh çfr"Bk dk ç'u gS I;kjs Hkkb;ksA**
*nhokuk* th dks le>k fn;k x;k fd ukVd eaMyh us mudh fdrkc dks vLoh—r djds
Hkkjh Hkwy dh gSA fdarq ;g ckr Hkh Bhd gS fd ^nwljs lhu* esa la'kks/ku dh vko';drk
gSA la'kks/ku djrs gh ukVd ped mBsxkA nhokuk th us mRlkg ls gkFk Qsadrs gq, dgk
-^;g rks esjs fy, ck,¡ gkFk dk [ksy gSA ik¡p feuV esa dj ldrk gw¡ - la'kks/ku!*

loZlEefr ls ;g la'kks/ku Hkh Loh—r gks x;k fd lo.kZ vkSj nfyr nksuksa Vksys ds yksx
fey-tqydj ukVd [ksysaxsA lo.kZ Vksyh okys flQZ la'kksf/kr ^lhu* esa mrjsax]s nfyr Vksys
ds ,d Hkh ghjks dks ^Mª‚i* ugha fd;k tk,xkA
gkjeksfu;e ekLVj us tc ^erkj dVkjh efj tkuk* - ctkuk 'kq: fd;k rks fdlh dks Hkh
gks'k ugha jgkA n'kZdksa us rkfy;k¡ ctkdj inkZ mBkus dh mRdaBk çdV dhA

inkZ mBkA çFke –'; esa ukVddkj nhokuk th us iaæg feuV Hkk"k.k nsdj çekf.kr dj
fn;k fd flQZ ukVdksa ls gh xzke lq/kkj laHko gSA 'krZ ;g gS fd xk¡o esa - xk¡o ds ;ksX;
gh ukVd [ksys tk,¡A xk¡o esa c<+rh gqbZ dVqrk ukVd ls gh nwj gks ldrh gS] dqN {k.k
iwoZ dh ?kVuk }kjk] çR;{k çekf.kr djus ds ckn baXySaM] vesfjdk] phu] :l vkfn ns'kksa
ds ukVdksa ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyus esa dkQh le; yx x;kA

nwljs gh lhu esa ¼la'kksf/kr lhu esa½ lo.kZ Vksyh ds chlksa dykdkjksa dks ,d gh lkFk
mrjuk FkkA

lcls igys ,d O;fä gkFk esa ryokj ysdj LVst ij vk;kA-------- nhokuk th insZ dh
vkM+ esa tksj-tksj ls ^çkaifVax* dj jgs FksA fdarq ml ^ghjks* us vius ^Mk;ykx* esa iqdkjk
- ^lkfFk;ks! rS;kj gks\*

vanj ls lfEefyr vkokt vkbZ - *ge rS;kj gSaA*

246
gqDe gqvk - *,d-,d dj ços'k djks!*
chlksa dykdkj fdLe-fdLe dh iks'kkdksa vkSj gfFk;kj ls ySl gksdj vk,A vkB-nl
*uk;dksa* ds flj ij cDls Hkh yns FksA------- nhokukth nkSM+dj LVst ij vk,A mUgksaus dqN
dgus dh ps"Vk dhA
çFke ^ghjks* us gqDe fn;k - ^bl O;fä dks dSn dj yksA* nhokukth dks lcksa us ?ksj
fy;kA mUgksaus cgqr gkFk-iSj ekjus dh ps"Vk dhA bl ?ksj-Hkkx vkSj /kM+-idM+ ls leosr
n'kZd eaMyh csgn [kq'k gqbZ vkSj rkfy;ksa ls bl la'kksf/kr lhu dk Lokxr fd;k x;kA-
----- gkjeksfu;e ekLVj lkgc us yM+kbZ okyh /kqu NsM+ nhA ^ghjks* vkf[kjh Mk;ykx cksyk
- ^fudy iM+ks!* chlksa ^ghjks* lkjs lktks-lkeku rFkk iks'kkd ds lkFk n'kZdksa ds chp mrj
iM+sA

nks uk;dksa us ^ukVddkj* th dks da/ks ij cscl djds yVdk fy;k FkkA çFke ghjks us
nfyr Vksys ds ^iapk;rh isVªkseSDl* dks vkxs c<+kdj xqy dj fn;kA---------- Hkh"k.k dyjo*
vkSj dksykgy esa fdlh dh le> esa dksbZ ckr ugha vkbZ fd D;k gqvkA
- dgrs gSa] V¡xs gq, insZ dh Mksjh rd os dkVdj ys x,!
- ckjg-rsjg O;fä ck¡l ds [kjksap ls ?kk;y gq,A
- Fkkus esa [kcj nh xbZ gSA MdSrh dk vfHk;ksx yxkdj ukfy'k dh xbZ gSA

lc g¡lrs gSaA----------- eSa g¡lus ds ^ewM* esa ugha gw¡A ^iapk;rh isVªkseSDl* xqy gks tk, - ;g
g¡lus dh ckr ughaA
xSch dy ej x;kA
tqEeu mldh yk'k ds ikl ?kaVksa pqi-pki [kM+k jgkA
- i'kq-i{kh dks Hkh 'kksd gksrk gS D;k\

csdkj dh ckrksa esa viuk fnekx [kjkc d:¡] ikxy gks tkÅ¡ 'k‚d ls - ;g esjh O;fäxr
Lok/khurk gS! gekjh ^áweu-fMxfuVh* gS!
[,dyO; ds uksV~l* ds mi;qZä rhu vlayXu [kaMksa dks ,d lkFk fdlh ekfld if=dk
esa çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA ^dFkk-lkfgR; dks ,slh LFkwy phtksa dh vko';drk ugha*]
laikndh; ^uksV* ds lkFk!
------------fdarq lektfoKku ds ,d çksQslj lkgc blds ys[kd ,dyO; ls vLirky esa
feyus vk,A--------- laikndth ls ckrsa djrs le; çksQslj lkgc us ^foyst losZ* ij FkksM+k
çdk'k MkykA ---------- QhYM LVMh] lkbdyksftdy LVMh] LVsfVd rFkk isjkM‚Dl vkfn
'kCnksa ls ç;qä oäO; ds }kjk ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* dh vko';drk crykbZA --------- ^iksFkk*
mUgsa lqiqnZ dj fn;k x;k gS!]

247
 cks/k ç'u 2
1½ bl fjiksrkZt esa dkSu-lh rhu var%dFkk,¡ gSa\
d½ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[k½ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x½ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2½ ;s mfä;k¡ fdlus dgha vkSj dgus okyksa dk earO; D;k gS\

d½ ^tehu ysuh gS rks ^t;* cksyks yqÙkks ckcw dh*
[k½ ^ukVd gh djuk Fkk rks fey tqydj djrs*
x½ ^ljdkjh jsfM;ks fcdw ckcw dh lqgkxjkr esa ctus ds fy, x;k] mlh jkr ls
[kjkc gksdj muds ;gk¡ iM+k gSA ----------- cSVjh dk iSlk ljdkj ls cjkcj
olwyk x;k gSA
?k½ ^lsey ds xkN dk loZuk'k u fd;k tk,A*

,dyO; ds uksV~l ^Jqr vJqriw.kZ* laxzg dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fjiksrkZt gSA okLro esa] ;g
^ijrh ifjdFkk* ds fy, fy[kk x;k uksV~l gSA /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ^ijrh ifjdFkk*
ds dsaæ esa ijkuiqj xk¡o dk gh fp=.k gSA vktknh ds ckn cnyrs gq, xk¡o dh
jktuhfrd-lkekftd fLFkfr dks C;kSjsokj <ax ls blesa çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

ijkuiqj fcgkj ds iwf.kZ;k ftys dk ,d cM+k-lk xk¡o gS ftlesa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds rsjg
Vksys gSaA vkB xzstq,V] ipkl eSfVªD;qysV] ,d lkS fefMy ikl yksxksa ds vykok Ms<+ ntZu
dfo] nks ntZu dFkkdkj] nks lkfgR;dkj vkSj ,d ukVddkjA bl xk¡o dh vkRek dh
/kM+du gSaA nfyrksa ,oa fL=;ksa esa f'k{kk ds çfr c<+rs #>ku dks bafxr djrs gq, js.kq us
fy[kk gS - ^fiNys lky ,d gfjtu us ch-,- ikl fd;k gS] lcls igysA yM+fd;k¡ Hkh
i<+h-fy[kh gSaA ftys dh ,dek= lkfgfR;d if=dk esa ,d dqekjh dof;=h dh jpuk,¡
ges'kk Nirh gSaA ijarq lkFk gh L=h ds çfr iq#"k dh lukru o`fÙk dh vksj b'kkjk djus
ls Hkh js.kq-pwdrs ugha - ^;g vkSj ckr gS fd yksx rjg-rjg dh ckrsa djrs gSa mudh
jpukvksa ds laca/k esaA

f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj tkfrokn dk uewuk gS ijkuiqj dk Ldwy] tgk¡
dh voLFkk csgn fparuh; gks xbZ gSA ^xr rhu o"kksaZ ls dksbZ gsMekLVj nks eghus ls T;knk
ugha fVd ikrsA tkfr vkSj iapk;r] xk¡o dh nycanh ds Åij-p<+s djsys dh Hkqft;k Ldwy
desVh dh dM+kgh esa Hk¡wth tkrh gSA iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1930 esa gqbZ FkhA 1944
ls ljdkjh lgk;rk Hkh feyrh gS ysfdu iqLrdky; fiNys ik¡p o"kksaZ ls can gS vkSj mls
fNÙku ckcw us gM+i fy;k gSA ^ljdkjh jsfM;ks fcdw ckcw dh lqgkxjkr esa ctus ds fy,
x;k] mlh jkr ls [kjkc gksdj muds ;gk¡ iM+k gSA cSVjh dk iSlk ljdkj ls cjkcj
olwyk x;k gSA*

248
vktknh ds ckn iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls xk¡o dk fodkl djus dh tks FkksM+h-cgqr
dksf'k'k 'kq: gqbZ Fkh og Hkh tkfroknh jktuhfr esa Q¡ldj jg xbZA bl flyflys esa
igyh ckr rks ;g gqbZ fd iapk;rksa ij vkerkSj ij iwoZ tehankjksa vFkok /kuh fdlkuksa dk
dCtk dk;e gqvk vkSj nwljs fodkl dk;ksaZ ds fy, feyus okyh lgk;rk jkf'k ljdkjh
vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj iapk;r ç/kkuksa ds isV esa gh HkLe gks xbZA HkwLokfe;ksa us viuh tehusa
cpkus ds fy, gj laHko dksf'k'k dh vkSj QthZ cVkbZnkj [kM+k djds Hkwfedkuwu dk
ljsvke etkd mM+k;kA ,d gh tehu ds dbZ gdnkj fudy vk, vkSj gkfdeksa ds lkeus
jksu-s f?kf?k;kus yxs] - ^gqtwj ek;-ckiA thrw gtjk ds cki us vaxwBs dk fu'kku yxkdkj
iPphl lky igys ^lqiqnhZ* fy[kdj nh gS] bl tehu ij gekjk ;k gekjs okfjlku dk
dksbZ gd ugha jgsxkA*
js.kq us vktknh ds ckn iSnk gksus okys uo/kuk<î* oxZ ds pfj= ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq,
fy[kk gS- ^fdarq yqÙkks ckcw dh ckr fujkyh gSA 'kkld ikVhZ ds dk;ZdrkZ gSaA losZ ds le;
mudh dher vkSj c<+ jgh gSA cM+s yksxksa dh lsok dHkh fu"Qy ugha tkrhA ik¡p lky
rd Fkkuk desVh ds usrkth dk fcLrj ;ksa gh ugha <ks;k gS yqÙkks ckcw usA* vkSj vc gkyr
;g gS fd ^t+ehu ysuh gS rks t; cksyks yqÙkks ckcw dhA* yqÙkks ckcw blh oxZ ds gSaA blesa
os yksx gSa ftUgksaus vktknh ds ckn tehankjksa ds cjkcj viuh gSfl;r dk;e dh vFkkZr~
/kuh fdlku] vkSj os Hkh] tks usrkvksa dh pkiywlh djrs-djrs viuh lkekftd-vkfFkZd
fLFkfr lq–<+ djus esa lQy gks x,A
js.kq us viuh jpukvksa esa tkfrokn vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj buls iSnk gksus okyh fo—fr;ksa dks
vf/kd LFkku fn;k gSA rRdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g LokHkkfod Fkk vkSj ys[kd dh viuh
bZekunkj dksf'k'k FkhA nfyr-psruk ds mHkkj dks Hkh js.kq us viuh jpukvksa esa fo'ks"k egRo
fn;k gSA dguk u gksxk fd ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* nfyrksa esa vkbZ psruk vkSj vf/kdkjksa ds
çfr lrdZ –f"V dk ifjpk;d gSA muesa ;g le> fodflr gqbZ gS fd lo.kZ muds lkFk
HksnHkko djrs gSa blfy, os vc cjkcjh ds fy, la?k"kZ djus dh fLFkfr esa rS;kj fn[krs
gSaA

*nfyr oxZ dks gj rjg ls efnZr djds j[kk x;k Fkk vc rdA ukVd eaMyh ds fy,
çR;sd o"kZ [kfygku ij pank dkV ysrs gSa - ekfyd yksx ysfdu] dHkh }kjiky] lSfud
vFkok nwr dk ikVZ NksM+dj vPNk ikVZ ekus ^ghjks* dk ikVZ ugha fn;k lo.kZ Vksyh ds
yksxksa usA*

vc ;g vyx ckr gS fd vius bl dk;Z ds fy, lo.kksaZ us reke rdZ x<+ j[ks gSaA mudk
,d tcnZLr rdZ ;g gS fd - ^ukVd esa ftruk ikVZ fy[kk gS] mlls T;knk yksxksa dks
dSls fn;kA ysfdu ;gk¡ rks ewy leL;k Hkwfedk ds c¡Vokjs dks ysdj gSA ghjks dk ikVZ
lo.kZ Vksyh ds fgLls gh ges'kk D;ksa jgs\ dHkh og nfyrksa ds fgLls esa D;ksa ugha tkrk\
nfyrksa dks f'kdk;r blh vlkekU; forj.k ;k i{kikr ;k fd Å¡p-uhp ds HksnHkko dks
ysdj gSA fygktk lo.kksaZ }kjk vLohdkj izse dqekj *nhokuk* ds ukVd ^I;kj dk cktkj*
dks eafpr djus ds fy, nfyr vius cy-Hkjksls rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA
nfyr ukVd lekt okys tc lo.kZ Vksyh ls ^inkZ-iks'kkd* ysdj pys x, rks ekywe gqvk
fd vc os ^inkZ-iks'kkd* ykSVkdj ugha nsaxsA iPphl lky ls pank fy;k tk jgk gS] exj
dHkh *ghjks* dk ikVZ ugha feykA fNÙku ckcw us iqLrdky; dks gfFk;k fy;kA fcdw ckcw
ljdkjh jsfM;ks ctkrs gSa - viuh dksBjh esaA inkZ-iks'kkd ij nfyr lekt dk dCtk
gksuk tk;t gSA*
249
 nfyr oxZ esa bl ckr dk tks eyky gS og cgqr gn rd gekjs lkekftd-vkfFkZd
laca/kksa ds dkj.k gh gSA Js"Brk dh Hkkouk ds dkj.k lo.kksaZ us ghjks] ea=h] lsukifr tSlh
Hkwfedk,¡ vius ikl j[k yh vkSj lnk ls lsod dh Hkwfedk esa jgrs vk, nfyrksa dks nwr]
pijklh] dlkbZ] enkjh dk jksy Fkek fn;kA ;g /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ijkuiqj xk¡o
esa ,d nfyr Hkh mPp f'k{kk çkIr gSA rc ;g dgus ds fy, dksbZ txg ugha cp tkrh
fd nfyr vui<+ gSa] blfy, mUgsa ^ghjks* dh Hkwfedk ugha nh tk ldrhA

xk¡o ds thou esa dqN ubZ phtsa vkus ls ikjaifjd lac/a kksa ij Hkh vlj iM+kA bUgha esa ls
,d gS losZA losZ us dqN u, 'kCn fn, - ckSaMksjh] fd'rokj] eqjCck] [kkukiqjh] ruktk]
lVhd vkSj nQkrhu vkfnA xk¡o dk cPpk-cPpk iDdh xokgh nsuk lh[k x;k gSA Ng
eghus esa gh xk¡o ,dne cny x;k gSA cki-csVs esa] HkkbZ-HkkbZ esa] vius gd dks ysdj ,slh
yM+kbZ dHkh ugha gqbZA ^;g lekt dh vkarfjd O;oLFkk esa mFky-iqFky dk urhtk gSA
HkkbZ vius lgksnj dks Hkjh dpgjh esa dg nsrk gS fd og esjk dksbZ ugha gSA cki ij Hkh
yksx fo'okl djus dks rS;kj ugha gSaA firk pw¡fd NksVs HkkbZ dks T;knk I;kj djrs gSa
blfy, gks ldrk gS lkjh moZj Hkwfe mlds uke dj nsaA* js.kq ,sls voljksa ij jktuhfrd
nyksa vkSj usrkvksa dh pqVdh ysus ls ugha pwdrsA

*dpgjh yxh jgrh gS ns'k lsodksa dhA dkaxzslh] lektoknh] dE;qfuLV lHkh ikVhZ okyksa
us vius ckgjh ^ojdj* e¡xk, gSaA xk¡o ds ^ojdjksa* dh ckr vius vius ifjokj ds gh vU;
lnL; ugha ekursA yksxksa ls viuh ckr tcnZLrh euokus ds fy, vk, vijk/khuqek rRoksa
dks ckgjh ^ojdj* uke fn;k x;k gSA js.kq fuf'pr :i ls ;gk¡ jktuhfr ds vijk/khdj.k
dh vksj ladsr djuk pkgrs gSaA bfrgkl esa ;g Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds iru dk le; ekuk
tkrk gSA lewps ewY; vkSj vkn'kZ /oLr gksrs pys x, vkSj çtkra= us ,slk :i xzg.k dj
fy;k ftlesa flQZ ra= cp x;k vkSj çtk fljs ls xk;c gSA

*,dyO; ds uksV~l* ds var esa nfyrksa vkSj lo.kksaZ ds chp gksus okyh d'ked'k ;k }a}
dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA lo.kZ nfyrksa dks iNkM+us ds fy, ,d le>kSrk Hkjh pky
pyrs gSa ftls u rks ukVddkj le> ikrk gS vkSj u gh nfyrA lo.kZ Vksyh us viuh
xyrh ekudj feytqydj dke djus dh bPNk tkfgj dhA bls xk¡o dh çfr"Bk ds ç'u
ls Hkh tksM+k x;k vkSj var esa la'kksf/kr –'; esa ,d lkFk chl lo.kZ dykdkjksa dks mrkjus
dh ;kstuk dks vafre :i ns fn;k x;kA chlksa lo.kZ dykdkjksa dks ukVd ds nwljs –';
esa mrjuk Fkk%

*lcls igys ,d O;fä gkFk esa ryokj ysdj LVst ij vk;kA nhokuk th insZ dh vkM+
esa tksj-tksj ls çkaifVax dj jgs FksA fdarq ml ghjks us vius Mk;ykx esa iqdkjk-^lkfFk;ks]
rS;kj gks\* vanj ls lfEefyr vkokt vkbZ - ^ge rS;kj gSaA*
gqDe gqvk - ^,d-,d dj ços'k djksA* chlksa dykdkj] fdLe-fdLe dh iks'kkdksa vkSj
gfFk;kjksa ls ySl gksdj vk,A vkB-nl uk;dksa ds flj ij cDls Hkh yns FksA
çFke ghjks us gqDe fn;k - ^bl O;fä dks dSn dj yksA* nhokuk th dks lcksa us ?ksj fy;kA
gkjeksfu;e ekLVj lkgc us yM+kbZ okyh /kqu NsM+ nhA ghjks vkf[kjh Mk;y‚x cksyk -
*fudy iM+ksA* chlksa ghjks lkjs lktks-lkeku rFkk iks'kkd ds lkFk n'kZdksa ds chp mrj
iM+sA
X X X
250
nks uk;dksa us ukVddkj th dks da/ks ij cscl djds yVdk fn;k FkkA çFke ghjks us
nfyr Vksys ds iapk;rh isVªkseSDl dks vkxs c<+dj xqy dj fn;kA

fjiksrkZt ds mi;qZä va'kksa esa lo.kksaZ vkSj nfyrksa ds vkilh }a} dks vklkuh ls eglwl
fd;k tk ldrk gSA njvly] vktknh ds ckn nfyrksa esa vkRe-lEeku dh tks Hkkouk
txh vkSj lkFk gh vius vf/kdkjksa ds çfr tkx:drk c<+h] mlls lo.kksaZ esa ,d rjg dh
cspSuh dk Hkko iSnk gqvkA mUgsa yxk fd nfyr muds ijaijkxr opZLo vkSj Js"Brk dks
pqukSrh nsus yxs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa lo.kksaZ us reke rjg dh pkykfd;ksa ls dke ysuk 'kq:
fd;k vkSj dgha-dgha mUgksaus nfyrksa dks iNkM+k HkhA oSls cnyh gbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lo.kZ
nfyrksa dks lh/kh VDdj nsus ds ctk; ihNs ls okj djus esa vius dkS'ky dk ç;ksx djrs
jgs gSaA js.kq us bl fjiksrkZt esa ftl ukVd ds vk;kstu dk ftØ fd;k gS mlesa
lkekftd fo"kerk vkSj }a} dk Li"V ladsr feyrk gSA ij /;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd
bl fjiksrkZt esa ys[kd egt rVLFk æ"Vk dh Hkwfedk esa ugha [kM+k gS cfYd vius
ljksdkj ds lkFk ekStwnxh ntZ djkrk gSA ^iapk;rh isVªkseSDl xqy gks tk, - ;g g¡lus
dh ckr ugh* ds ek/;e ls js.kq dh i{k/kjrk lkeus vk tkrh gSA ;g ,d ys[kd dh
bZekunkjh vkSj cqfu;knh t:jr dk çek.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA ^,dyO; ds uksVl* esa
nfyrksa dh ihM+k vkSj ftthfo"kk lkdkj gks mBh gSA ,slk js.kq dh vfr'k; laosnu'khyrk
vkSj ekuoh; psruk ds dkj.k laHko gks ik;k gSA lekt ds laca/kksa vkSj rukoksa dks bruh
xgjkbZ ls mtkxj djus okyk ;g fjiksrkZt viuk fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA ^bu jiVksa dks
i<+rs gq, js.kq ls ,d vkSj lk{kkRdkj gksrk gS - rktk ljksdkjksa vkSj fparkvksa okys js.kq ls]
/kM+drs vkSj çfrfØ;k djrs js.kq lsA* ¼lqjsUæ pkS/kjh - Q.kh'ojukFk js.kq½
*,dyO; ds uksV~l* esa ,d Hkko/kkjk varfuZfgr gS - og gS eqfä dh vkdka{kkA ukVd dks
vius cycwrs ij eafpr djus dk ladYi nfyrksa dh eqfä dh ladYiuk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
lkekftd nkSM+ esa fiNM+ x, lk/kkj.k yksxksa dh dFkk bl fjiksrkZt esa dgh xbZ gSA js.kq
ds eukstxr esa Økafr dh tks vo/kkj.kk iy jgh FkhA mlesa xk¡o vkSj 'kgj ds Hksn dks
feVkus ds lkFk-lkFk lekt ds nfer-'kksf"kr oxZ dh bPNk-vkdka{kkvksa vkSj liuksa dks
lkdkj djus dh ckr Hkh fufgr FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* esa nfyrksa }kjk
ukVd ds vk;kstu dks lo.kksaZ }kjk fNUu-fHkUu fd, tkus ij js.kq viuh çfrfØ;k O;ä
djus ls ugha pwdrsA dguk u gksxk fd ;g fjiksrkZt nfyr-psruk ds mHkkj ds lkFk-lkFk
mudh vkarfjd ihM+k dks ekfeZd <ax ls mHkkjrk gSA nfyrksa dh bl ihM+k esa js.kq dh
laosnuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA

Q.kh'oj ukFk js.kq Hkk"kk ds dq'ky dkjhxj gSaA vius dF; ds vuq:i os Hkk"kk dks] tSlk
pkgrs gSa] :i nsus esa ekfgj gSaA ^eSyk vk¡py* vkSj ^ijrh ifjdFkk* tSls miU;klksa esa js.kq
us viuh Hkkf"kd {kerk dk Hkjiwj ifjp; fn;k gSA buesa fefFkyk dh vejkb;ksa esa dks;y
dh ehBh rku çk;% lqukbZ iM+ tkrh gSA js.kq dh Hkk"kk esa og lewpk çkarj ¼LFkku fo'ks"k½
cksyrk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS ftls mUgksaus vius dF; dk ek/;e cuk;k gSA vkapfydrk js.kq
dh fo'ks"krk gSA dguk u gksxk fd mudh ;g igpku miU;kl] dgkuh] fjiksrkZt vkSj
;k=k-o`Ùkkar lHkh esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA vU; çknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa esa ys[kdksa us vius-vius
vapy ds thou dks mHkkjus dh dksf'k'k dh gS ysfdu js.kq tSlh thou dh lw{e vfHkO;fä
cgqr de ns[kus dks feyrh gSA js.kq dh fujh{k.k 'kfä bruh rhoz] vkarfjd vkSj xgjh gS
fd lewpk thou {ks= muds }kjk vkRelkr fd;k gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS
251
 mudh jpukvksa esa feêh dh /kM+du cgqr lkQ-lkQ lqukbZ nsrh gSA js.kq us viuh
jpukvksa] [kkl rkSj ls miU;klksa esa xk¡o ds leLr :i] jax] os'k] ifjos'k] leL;k] pky-
pyu] fnup;kZ vkSj yksd laL—fr dk cgqr l/kk vkSj vkReh; ç;ksx fd;k gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa mUgksaus ml {ks= fo'ks"k dh dF; Hkk"kk] xhr] dFkk-dgkuh vkSj eqgkojksa dk
lh/kk ç;ksx fd;k gS ftlls og lewpk vapy thoar gks mBrk gSA

js.kq dh jpukvksa esa ç—fr ftl oSHko ds lkFk fpf=r gqbZ gS mlls ;g dgus esa dksbZ
fgpd ugha gksrh fd os euq"; ds lkFk-lkFk ç—fr ds cgqr fudV ds çseh jgs gSAa
js.kq us LFkkuh; tuHkk"kk dk tedj bLrseky fd;k gSA bl rjg ds ç;ksx ls LFkkuh;
ekufldrk T+;knk Li"V gksdj mHkjrh gSA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds lgt vkSj çHkko'kkyh ç;ksx
us js.kq dh ç[kj çfrHkk dk Hkjiwj ifjp; fn;k gSA

;g vyx ckr gS fd js.kq us viuh dgkfu;ksa vkSj miU;klksa esa tuHkk"kk dk ftruk
bLrseky fd;k gS mruk vU; fo/kkvksa esa ughaA fQj Hkh x| dh vU; fo/kkvksa esa mUgksaus
budh lhekvksa ,oa ç—fr dk [;ky djrs gq, tuHkk"kk ds ek/;e ls çk.k Qwadus dh
dksf'k'k dh gSA ftu 'kCn-foU;klksa] yksdksfä] eqgkojs] nksgs] xhr vkfn dks js.kq us vius
vapy ds tuthou ls mBk;k gS] og mu tSls xgjh vuqHkwfr lEiUu ys[kd ds fy, gh
laHko gSA js.kq thou ls I;kj djrs gSaA os thou ls tqM+s reke i{kksa dks xgjh lgkuqHkwfr
ds lkFk mHkkjrs gSaA bl rjg tu thou ds lkFk js.kq dk laca/k cgqr vkReh; gks x;k
gSA js.kq dh Hkk"kk ,d rjQ thou thus dh mudh viuh fof'k"Vrk ls cuh gS rks nwljh
vksj bykds dh HkkSxksfyd efgek lsA vusd rjg dh dF; Hkk"kk fefFkyk dh ijaijk ls
?kqy feydj ,d ubZ Hkk"kk dk :i xzg.k djrh gSA js.kq Lo;a usikyh] eSfFkyh] ckaXyk]
fganh] laFkkyh vkSj iwf.kZ;k dh dF;-Hkk"kk ij vf/kdkj j[krs FksA vr% muds fy, ik=ksa
dh ekufldrk ds vuq:i Hkk"kk pquus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha FkhA ^;g vkdfLed ugha Fkk
fd js.kq th dh bl lexz ekuoh; –f"V dks vusd tuoknh vkSj çxfr'khy vkykspd
lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA dSlk gS ;g vthc ys[kd tks xjhch dh ;kruk ds Hkhrj
Hkh bruk jl] laxhr] bruk vkuan Nd ldrk gS] lw[kh-ijrh tehu ds mnkl e#LFky
esa lqjksa] jaxksa vkSj xa/kksa dh jklyhyk ns[k ldrk gSA lkSan;Z dks cVksj ldrk gS] vk¡lqvksa
dks ij[krk gS] fdarq mlds Hkhrj ls >k¡drh /kwy-/kwlfjr eqLdku dks ns[kuk ugha Hkwyrk]
,d lkSan;Zoknh dh rjg ugha] tks lqanjrk dks vU; thfor rRoksa ls vyx djds mudk
jlkLoknu djrk gSA* ¼fueZy oekZ½

js.kq ds ys[ku esa ,d vkuUn lek;k gqvk gksrk gSA os :i] jl] xa/k] Li'kZ vkSj y; dks
ck¡/krs gSa - thou dh y; esaA js.kq Hkk"kk ds ikj[kh FksA mudk lewpk lkfgR; bldk çek.k
gSA os ,slh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gSa fd lkjs çlax thoar gks mBrs gSaA muesa ,d rUe;rk
gS - dchj] ehjk] t;nso] fo|kifr dh rjgA jkx-fcjkx dk iwjk vkfRed lalkj gSA
*,dyO; ds uksV~l* esa ^çkaifVax*] ^Mª‚i*] ^Mk;ykx*] ^lhu*] ^áweu fMfXuVh* tSls vaxzsth
ds 'kCn Hkh ç;ksx esa yk, x, gSaA bu 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fjiksrkZt ds vafre va'k esa gqvk
gS tgk¡ ys[kd us nhokuk th ds ukVd ^I;kj dk cktkj* dks eafpr djus dh rS;kjh dk
ftØ fd;k gSA

xk¡o okyksa dk ,d-nwljs ij O;aX; djus dk fp= [khaprs gq, js.kq us v{kjksa ds chp dkQh
txg nh gS rkfd ;g Li"V gks lds fd bu 'kCnksa dks [khapdj cksyk x;k gSA

252
*Hkwfegkj iq=ksa us czkã.k lekt ds ,dkadh djus okys ukStokuksa ij mlh le; ls O;aX;
djuk 'kq: fd;k gSA czkã.k Vksyh ds ,dkadh ds ,d ik= dh udy mrkjdj yxhuk
flag vkt Hkh crkrs gSa - ikjlh daiuh okyksa dh rjg - ^nks-,-,-,-oh-oh-n-uw-bZ-t-yh-
Å-uh-dk-D;k-vk-vk-ns-l~-gS-,A* fQj vkokt iryh cukdj rqjar gh ^mÙkj* tM+ nsrs gSa
- ^l-c-··ls-l-gS ¼yEch vkg ysdj½A*

js.kq Hkk"kk dks turk dh lqfo/kk ds vuq:i <ky nsrs gSaA xk¡o dh lkekU; vf'kf{kr turk
vxj ^ckmaMªh* dk mPpkj.k ^ckSaMksjh* ds :i esa djrh gS rks js.kq dks bl ij dksbZ vkifÙk
ugha gSA pfj= dk pfjÙkj vFkok pfyÙkj Hkh gks tk;s rks mUgsa dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha gSA os
tkurs gSa fd xk¡o dk vui<+ vkneh ^Jo.k* dks ljou gh dgsxkA ysfdu ç—fr ds ckjs
esa crkrs gq, js.kq dgha-dgha rRle 'kCnkoyh dk euksje ç;ksx djus ls Hkh ckt ugha
vkrsA mnkgj.k ds fy, - *v{kj'k% lR; gS mudk dFkuA*
*,d fo'kky vk¡/kh dh çrh{kk esa {kf;".kq lekt] lekt ds xk¡o] xk¡o ds yksx [kM+s gSaA*
*mlds eu-ljksoj esa rSjrk gqvk gal vkt Hkh eksrh pqxrk gSA
js.kq dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os çlaxkuqdwy Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA vui<+ksa ds chp
cksypky dh Hkk"kk vkSj f'kf{krksa ds chp rRle ç/kku Hkk"kk dk çk;% bLrseky muds ;gk¡
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gkL;-O;aX; js.kq ds ys[ku dk vfHkUu vax gSA blds ek/;e ls os
yksd#fp dks vfHkO;ä djrs gSaA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa dks mUgksaus FkksM+s-cgqr ifjorZu
ds lkFk fganh esa çpfyr dj fn;k gSA blls fganh le`) gh gqbZ gSA ysfdu mUgksaus ftu
'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS mUgsa vkapfydrk ds jax esa Mqcks fn;k gSA ukeksa ds O;ogkj esa
Hkh os blh rjg dF; Hkk"kk ;k vkapfydrk ds Lo:i dks cuk, j[krs gSa] gkyk¡fd
fjiksrkZtksa esa bl rjg ds ç;ksx de feyrs gSaA ij bruk t:j gS fd js.kq us ,sls 'kCnksa
dk ç;ksx bykds dh fof'k"Vrk vkSj tuthou dh uSlfxZd ço`fÙk dks js[kkafdr djus ds
fy, gh fd;k gSA

*,dyO; ds uksV~l* esa yksdthou dh ,d Nfo ns[kus ;ksX; gS - ^lsey ds Qwy dks
ns[kdj gok Hkh ckojh gks xbZ gSA pDdh ihlrh gqbZ yM+fd;k¡ xkrh gSa - lseyh ds cfx;k
vfx;k ykxh jghA

dguk u gksxk fd js.kq us vius fjiksrkZtksa esa ftruh xaHkhjrk vkSj rYyhurk dk ifjp;
fn;k gS og vU;= nqyZHk gSA os tu] vapy ds lkFk-lkFk Hkk"kk dks Hkh I;kj djrs jgs]
muls vkReh;rk LFkkfir djrs gSaA os yksd jl dks dgha Hkh Hkax ugha gksus nsrsA yksd ls
lEi`fä ;k tqM+ko gh mudh Hkk"kk dk çk.k gSA

cks/k ç'u 3
1½ fjiksrkZt ys[ku esa js.kq dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij vius er O;ä dhft,A
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253
 *,dyO; ds uksV~l* js.kq dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkjxfHkZr fjiksrkZt gSA blesa mUgksaus lfn;ksa
ls 'kksf"kr ihfM+r nfyr leqnk; dh jktuhfrd-lkekftd psruk dks O;ä djus dk
ç;kl fd;k gSA ;gh ugha] bl fjiksrkZt esa js.kq us ;g Hkh fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd
nfyr esa vk jgh LokfHkeku dh Hkkouk ,oa vfLrRo vkSj igpku ds fy, fujarj
ç;Ru'khy jgus ds dkj.k lo.kZ lekt esa ,d rjg dh cspSuh dk Hkko fn[kkbZ nsus yxk
gSA ftl ij lo.kksaZ dk ijaijk ls çkIr vf/kdkj cuk gqvk Fkk] vktknh ds ckn] muij
nfyrksa dh c<+rh nkosnkjh lo.kksaZ dh cspSuh dk çeq[k dkj.k gSA f'k{kk] jktuhfr ,oa
ç'kklu esa Å¡ph tkfr;ksa dk tks opZLo cuk gqvk gS] mls nfyrksa us dM+h pqukSrh nsuh 'kq:
dj nh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] nfyr leqnk; ds yksxksa us bu oftZr {ks=ksa esa tSl-s tSls ?kqliSB
djuk 'kq: fd;k oSls-oSls lo.kZ tkfr;ksa ds lkFk mudk Vdjko Hkh c<+k gSA bl çdkj
lo.kksaZ ds ,dkf/kdkj vkSj çHkqRo dks nfyrksa dh rjQ ls tks pqukSrh fey jgh gS mlls
bu nksuksa lektksa ds chp jktuhfrd Lrj ij nwfj;k¡ Hkh c<+h gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g
gS fd tgk¡ ,d rjQ nfyrksa esa viuh vfLerk vkSj vf/kdkj dks ysdj tkx:drk vkbZ
gS ogha nwljh rjQ lo.kZ vius ,dkf/kdkj vkSj çHkqRo dks ysdj fpafrr vkSj cspSu gSaA
opZLo dh bl yM+kbZ ds lw= ^,dyO; ds uksV~l* esa fufgr gSaA js.kq nfyrksa] misf{krksa vkSj
fL=;ksa ds çfr csgn laosnu'khy ys[kd gSaA

bl fjiksrkZt dk nwljk dFkk lw= gS lekt ds /kuh] laiUu oxksaZ] vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk
jktusrkvksa }kjk lekt dk 'kks"k.kA bl 'kks"k.k esa lcdh feyhHkxr gSA fo|ky;]
iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj Hkwnku tSls lekt dY;k.k dh ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u
esa loZ= Hkz"Vkpkj dk çdksi gSA js.kq th bls fp=kRed <ax ls ik=ksa vkSj laoknksa ds
ek/;e ls mtkxj djrs gSaA

fjiksrkZt dk rhljk dFkk lw= gS lsey ou vkSj ,dyO; th dk eqxhZ ikyuA js.kq th dh
i;kZoj.k laca/kh fpark] ys[kdh; o`fÙk dh fujFkZdrk] lkE;okn dk foLrkj vkfn bl
çdj.k esa ukVdh; :i ls mHkjs gSaA

bl fjiksrkZt ds vafre fgLls esa js.kq dk ekuoh; :i rsth ls mHkjrk gS vkSj dqN nsj
Bgj dj ikBd dks gj leL;k ij lkspus ds fy, foo'k djrk gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha
fd js.kq dk ;g fjiksrkZt mudh Js"B jpukvksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj çHkko ,oa mn~ns'; dh
–f"V ls iwjh rjg lQy çrhr gksrk gSA

ftthfo"kk % thus dh bPNk

dqDdqV % eqxhZ
fMlsaVªh % isfp'k
c¡VS;knkj % og O;fä ftls c¡VkbZ esa tehu feyh gksA c¡VS;knkj [ksrh
dj ekfyd dks yxku nsrk gSA
vjt % ;kpuk] feUur
ftcg gksuk % dkVk tkuk
254
ckojh % nhokuh
vkQ+rkc % lwjt
t+jhc % t+ehu ukius dh tathj ^djhc 55 ehVj yach nwjh ,d t+jhc
gS*
VaMSy % dkexkj etnwj
ruktk % >xM+k] fojks/kh nkok
pkSgíh % Hkwfe ds pkjksa rjQ ¼gn½ okys
iq[rk % Bksl] iDdh
xgks % idM+ks
rlnhd % iqf"V] çek.k
csn[kyh % fudky ckgj djuk] tehu ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr djuk
QlytCrh % Qly dks tCr dj ysuk
ik¡[ksa % ia[k
dyjo % 'kksj
uo/kuk<î % u;h vehjh okys

cks/k ç'u 1
1½ fjiksrkZt dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
d½ fjiksrkZt dks eeZLi'khZ cukus esa dFkkrRo dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA
[k½ blesa fdlh ?kVuk ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd vk;keksa dks dykRed
:i esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
x½ NksVh-NksVh ?kVuk,¡ egRoiw.kZ fp=ksa dk :i xzg.k djrh gSaA
?k½ ?kVukvksa dk ys[kd ls lk{kkRdkj gksus ds dkj.k fjiksrkZt esa fo'oluh;rk
vf/kd gksrh gSA
2½ d½ Ýsap
[k½ dyk vkSj laosnuk
x½ 1936
?k½ jksekapd] vkraddkjh ;k Hkh"k.k ?kVuk] ;q)] vdky] ck<+] lw[kk vkfnA
cks/k ç'u 2
1½ d½ ukVd ds eapu esa mPp oxZ vkSj nfyr oxZ dk la?k"kZ
[k½ fcgkj esa tehu dh pdcanh
x½ lsey ou vkSj eqxkZ ikyu 255
 2½ d½ ;g mfä turk esa fdlh O;fä dh gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd tks O;fä 'kkld
ikVhZ ls gSa] gj dke ¼xyr ;k lgh½ djok ldrs gSaA ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
fu;e lc csekuh gSaA
[k½ ;g czkã.k Vksyh ds ea=h th dk dFku gS] tks nfyr oxZ ds ukVddkjksa dks
lacksf/kr gSA bl dFku esa Ny gS D;ksafd mPp oxZ ds yksx nfyrksa ds ukVd
esa ?kqldj mls fNUu-fHkUu djuk pkgrs gSaA
x½ ;g fNÙku ckcw dk dFku gS] tks fcdw ckcw ds f[kykQ gSA Lo;a fNÙku ckcw
iqLrdky; dks gM+idj cSBs gSaA bl mfä esa ys[kd ;g çdV djrk gS fd
lekt ds egkjFkh ywVikV esa 'kkfey gSa] ysfdu viuk nks"k fNikus ds fy,
nwljksa ij vkjksi e<+ nsrs gSaA
?k½ ,e-,- ikl ukStoku us lsey ds isM+ m|ksx dks u cspus dk bjknk crkrs gq,
gkbZdksVZ esa ;g vthZ nh gSA bl mfä esa ys[kd dh i;kZoj.k laca/kh fpark
Li"V gks jgh gSA
cks/k ç'u 3
bl fjiksrkZt dh rhu çeq[k var%dFkkvksa ds lanHkZ esa oLrq dh –f"V ls fuEufyf[kr dh
ppkZ dhft,
lekt dh mFky-iqFky dk fp=.kA oxZ foHksn ds çfr foæksg
Hkkjrh; fdlku dh ftthfo"kk vkSj lgu'khyrk
yksdra= dh ç/kkurk
jktuhfrd usrkvksa dh iru'khyrk
i;kZoj.k ds çfr ltxrk
bldh Hkk"kk-'kSyh dh ppkZ dhft,A
dqy mÙkj ,d i`"B esa gks] iwjh bdkbZ ij vk/kkfjr gksA

256
 -

10-0 mn~ns';
10-1 çLrkouk
10-2 çeq[k ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
10-3 ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh fo'ks"krk,¡
10-4 ;k=k-o`Ùkkar vkSj vU; fo/kk,¡
10-4-1 laLej.k vkSj fjiksrkZt
10-4-2 ;k=k-o`Ùkkar vkSj fjiksrkZt
10-5 ;k=k-o`Ùkkar-ys[ku esa jkgqy lka—R;k;u dk LFkku
10-6 jkgqy th ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk iBu
10-7 frCcr % Ygklk ls mÙkj dh vksj % fo'ys"k.k
10-7-1 çfrik|
10-7-2 Hkk"kk-'kSyh
10-8 lkjka'k
10-9 'kCnkoyh
10-10 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki%

• ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxs(
• ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsax(s
• ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh vU; fo/kkvksa ls fHkUurk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsaxs(
• jkgqy lka—R;k;u dh jsfM³~ dh ;k=k ds o.kZu dk vkLoknu dj ldsaxs vkSj
• çLrqr ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ds ek/;e ls ys[kd ds lkgl vkSj ftKklk dk vuqeku yxk
ldsaxsA

;k=k-lkfgR; euq"; ds Kku esa o`f) djrk gSA ys[kd viuh ;k=k-—fr;ksa }kjk ns'k-
fons'k ds –';ksa vkSj jhfr-fjoktksa vkfn ls xgjk ifjp; djokrk gSA lkFk gh blls
euksjatu Hkh gksrk gSA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar euksjatu vkSj KkuktZu ds vfrfjä ;qokvksa dks ;k=k
ds fy, çsfjr Hkh djrk gSA njvly] vusd ,sls lkalkfjd vuqHko gSa tks fcuk ;k=k ds
vftZr ugha fd, tk ldrsA blfy, ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa dks fy[kus dh ijaijk py iM+h gSA
buds v/;;u ls ikBd ?kj cSBs ys[kd ds vftZr Kku dk vuqHko djrk gSA bl rjg
257
 bfrgkl vkSj Hkwxksy ds fo"k; esa tgk¡ mlds Kku dk foLrkj gksrk gS ogha mldh #fp
Hkh ifj"—r gksrh gSA

jkgqy lka—R;k;u dh frCcr laca/kh ;k=kvksa dk mn~ns'; ogk¡ dh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh dh

[kkst ,oa ckS) xzaFkksa dk v/;;u gSA frCcr ;k=k dk mn~ns'; ogk¡ ds lkfgR; ds xaHkhj
v/;;u rFkk mlls Hkkjrh; ,oa ckS) /keZ laca/kh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh ,d= djuk gSA
viuh Ygklk ;k=k dk egRo crkrs gq, jkgqy lka—R;k;u us fy[kk gS fd] ^^150 ds
yxHkx fp=iV rFkk frCcr] eaxksfy;k] lk;csfj;k rd esa Nih vkSj fy[kh iqLrdksa dk
laxzg fd;kA** bl rjg frCcr laca/kh ;k=kvksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; ckS) /keZ laca/kh iqLrdksa
dk laxzg djuk FkkA blds vykok jkgqy us viuh ;k=kvksa ds nkSjku iqjkrkfRod egRo
dh lkexzh dh [kkst ij Hkh /;ku dsafær fd;kA

euq"; us vfHkO;fä ds fy, u,-u, :iksa dh ryk'k dhA :i dh blh ryk'k vkSj ç;ksx
ls vk/kqfud x| dh vusd fo/kkvksa dk tUe gqvkA dgkuh] miU;kl] fuca/k] ukVd ds
vykok vkRedFkk] thouh] Mk;jh] laLej.k] fjiksrkZt HksV-okrkZ O;aX; tSlh vusd fo/kkvksa
dk fodkl gqvkA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar Hkh bUgha esa ls ,d gS ftlesa euq"; ds Hkksxs gq, ;k=k ds
vuqHko dks dykRed :i esa vfHkO;ä fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ dYiuk ds fy, T;knk
xqatkb'k ugha gksrhA blesa chrs gq, ;FkkFkZ dk o.kZu gksrk gSA ;k=k ds nkSjku ftu
O;fä;ksa ls eqykdkr gksrh gS mudk fp=.k LokHkkfod :i esa gksrk gSA ;k=k esa LFkku
cnyus dh fØ;k egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;k=k ds vusd dkj.k gks ldrs gSAa dHkh thfodksiktZu
ds fy, rks dHkh 'kS{kf.kd –f"V ls] Kku-foKku dh uohure miyfC/k;ksa ls voxr gksus
ds fy, O;fä ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku dk pDdj yxkrk jgrk gSA ç—fr ds lqanj
euksgjh :i us Hkh euq"; dks viuh vksj [khapkA Qyr% mlus ufn;ksa] igkM+ksa vkSj taxyksa
dh vksj #[k fd;kA ç—fr ls tqM+uk Hkh euq"; dh ftKklk dk ifj.kke gSA ç—fr dh
lqanj Nfo dks fugkjus ds fy, og nqxZe LFkyksa dh ;k=k ij fudy iM+kA thou ds
cnyrs Lo:i us Hkh ;k=k dks c<+kok fn;kA lkaL—frd vknku-çnku vkSj jktuhfrd
dk;ksaZ ds fy, euq"; dks b/kj-m/kj tkuk iM+kA le; ds lkFk-lkFk ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa Hkh
ifjorZu gqvkA 'kq: esa bls lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr djus fy, dkQh
la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA ysfdu vkt ;g lkfgR; dh egRoiw.kZ fo/kk cu xbZ gS vkSj vkykspdksa
dk /;ku [khapus esa Hkh lQy fl) gqbZ gSA

;wa rks euq"; vukfn dky ls ;k=k djrk vk jgk gSA vius laidZ esa vkus okyksa dks og
bu ;k=kvksa ds ckjs esa fuf'pr :i ls lqukrk jgk gksxk fdarq Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa ;k=k-
o`Ùkkar fy[kus dh dksbZ lqnh?kZ ijaijk ugha feyrhA vk/kqfud lkfgR; esa gh bldk lw=ikr
gqvk fganh esa ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fy[kus dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjrsanq ;qx ls ekuh tk ldrh gSA ^lj;w
ikj dh ;k=k^] ^esgnkoy dh ;k=k^] ^y[kuÅ dh ;k=k* vkfn 'kh"kZdksa ls fy[ks x, ;k=k-
o`Ùkkarksa esa Hkkjrsanq us cgqr gh ltho vkSj jkspd o.kZu fd;k gSA rc vkykspdksa us bu
;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa dks fuca/k ds vanj lekfo"V dj fy;k Fkk D;ksafd ;k=k-lkfgR; ds :i esa
dksbZ Lora= fo/kk fo|eku ugha Fkh ysfdu Hkkjrsanq ds ckn ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh v[kaM ijaijk
py iM+h vkSj vkt ;g ,d le`) x|-fo/kk ds :i esa fn[kkbZ iM+ jgh gSA

-
Hkkjrsanqdkyhu ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa eq[;r% ftudk mYys[k gksrk gS muds uke gSa - ia- nkeksnj
'kkL=h dk ^esjh iwoZ fnX;k=k* ¼1885½] nsoh çlkn [k=h dk ^jkes'oj ;k=k* ¼1893½ vkSj
258
^cnfjdkJe ;k=k* ¼1900½] f'ko çlkn xqIr dk ^i`fFkoh çnf{k.kk* ¼1914½] Lokeh lR;nso -
ifjozktd dk ^esjh dSyk'k ;k=k* ¼1915½ vkSj ^esjh teZu ;k=k* ¼1926½] dUgS;kyky feJ
dk ^gekjh tkiku ;k=k* ¼1931½ vkSj iafMr jkeukjk;.k feJ dk ^;wjksi ;k=k esa N% ekl*
¼1932½A bu ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa ds ek/;e ls fganh esa clus okyh fo'kky turk ds fodflr
gksrs gq, ekufld f{kfrt dh lwpuk feyrh gSA e/;dkyhu :f<+;ksa ,oa jhfr;ksa ls
çHkkfor iafMr eaMyh dk leqæikjh; fojks/k txtkfgj gS fdarq bu laLdkjksa ls eqä gksdj
ftu fo}ku ;k;kojksa us ;wjksi lesr vU; ns'kksa dh ;k=k,¡ dha] og fuf'pr :i ls mudh
mnkjrk] deZBrk vkSj Kku ds çfr lgt yyd dk ifjpk;d gSA f'k{kk ds fodkl vkSj
;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa esa o`f) ds lkFk-lkFk ;k=k ds çfr yksxksa dk #>ku Hkh c<+rk x;kA
fganh ds dqN ys[kdksa esa ,sls Hkh uke 'kkfey gSa ftUgsa tUetkr lSykuh ç—fr ds ;k;koj
dgk tkrk gSA jkgqy lka—R;k;u] jkeo`{k csuhiqjh] ;'kiky] vKs;] Hkxor'kj.k mik/;k;]
fnudj] ukxktqZu vkSj HknUr vkuan dkS'kY;k;u tSls uke ;k;kojh ds {ks= esa dkQh
e'kgwj gSaA bUgksaus ;k=k-lkfgR; dks le`) djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
esjh frCcr ;k=k] esjh yík[k ;k=k] fdUuj ns'k esa] :l esa 25 ekl ¼jkgqy lka—R;k;u½]
iSjksa esa ia[k cka/kdj] mM+r-s mM+rs pyks ¼jkeo`{k csuhiqjh½] yksgs dh nhokj ds nksuksa vksj
¼;'kiky½] vjs ;k;koj jgsxk ;kn] ,d cw¡n lglk mNyh ¼vKs;½] dydÙkk ls isfdax]
lkxj dh ygjksa ij ¼Hkxor'kj.k mik/;k;½] ns'k-fons'k ¼fnudj½] xksjh utjksa esa ge
¼çHkkdj ekpos½ ;k=k-lkfgR; dh egRoiw.kZ Ñfr;k¡ gSaA ijorhZ ys[kdksa esa eksgu jkds'k
Ñr ^vkf[kjh pêku rd*] cztfd'kksj ukjk;.k —r ^uanu ls yanu*] çHkkdj f}osnh —r
^ikj mrfj dg¡ tbgSa*] M‚å j?kqoa'k —r ^gjh ?kkVh* rFkk /keZohj Hkkjrh fyf[kr ^;knsa
;wjksi dh* vkfn jpuk,¡ dkQh pfpZr jgh gSaA 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa ;k=k-o`Ùkkar LoHkkor%
ifjp;kRed vkSj LFkwy o.kZu ç/kku FksA fons'k tkus okys ;k=h ikuh ds tgkt dk ,slk
o.kZu djrs Fks] ekuks fdlh jktçlkn dk gky crk jgs gksaA muds o.kZu esa vkerkSj ls
cky lqyHk mYykl vkSj mRlkg jgrk Fkk] QyLo:i mudh –f"V vkdkjksa ij bruh
vf/kd Fkh fd varjax çk;% misf{kr gks tkrk FkkA Hkkjrsanq us vius ;k=k laLej.k cgqr gh
jkspd 'kSyh esa fy[ks ysfdu mUgsa fuca/k ds :i esa gh ekU;rk çkIr gqbZA ekSyoh egs'k
çlkn dk xzaFk ^esjh bZjku ;k=k* ljy Hkk"kk vkSj vkReh; 'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ gSA 'kq: ds
ys[kdksa esa fo"k; dk eksg vkSj egRo vf/kd FkkA fons'k ;k=k,¡ çk;% ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk
vk/kkj curh FkhaA Hkxokunhu nqcs us ljLorh esa dbZ ,sls ;k=k-o`Ùk çdkf'kr fd,A
fganh ys[kdksa esa jkgqy lka—R;k;u us ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] lekt ,oa
laL—fr dh van:uh rgksa rd igq¡pus dh dksf'k'k dh gS] gkyk¡fd mudh 'kSyh esa
bfro`ÙkkRedrk vf/kd gSA njvly] ;k=k-o`Ùkksa esa ge –';ksa] fLFkfr;ksa vkSj muds
vuqdwy-çfrdwy ys[kd dh ekufld çfØ;kvksa ds lkFk-lkFk ifjfpr gksrs pyrs gSaA
blfy, ys[kd dh #fp] laLdkj] laosnu'khyrk vkSj ekufldrk ds vuq:i ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa
dk Lo:i Hkh vyx-vyx <y tkrk gSA

fiNys iPphl-rhl o"kksaZ esa fganh dk ;k=k-lkfgR; dkQh le`) gqvk gSA gekjs ;gk¡ ds
lkfgR;dkjksa dks tSls-tSls fons'k ;k=k dk vf/kd ls vf/kd ekSdk feyk gS] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
esa mlh vuqikr esa o`f) gksrh xbZ gSA cyjkt lkguh] deys'oj] fo".kq çHkkdj vkSj
jkenj'k feJ ds uke ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ds lanHkZ esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA :lh lQjukek ¼cyjkt
lkguh½] [kafMr ;k=k,a ¼deys'oj½] T;ksfriqat fgeky; ¼fo".kq çHkkdj½ vkSj ruk gqvk
baæ/kuq"k ¼jkenj'k feJ½ vkfn bl fo/kk dh egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;k¡ ekuh tk ldrh gSaA

259
 ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ys[kd ds lkFk lg;k=k djrs gq, ikBd dgha dfork] dgha laLej.k] dgha
dgkuh rks dgha fp=-n'kZu dk vuqHko djrk pyrk gSA deys'oj] fo".kq çHkkdj vkSj
jkenj'k feJ ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa dFkk jl dk iwjk vkuan feyrk gSA vkt ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
esa oLrq o.kZu] –';kadu] fcacfo/kku vkSj eu%fLFkfr js[kkadu dh {kerk c<+ xbZ gSA ns'k-
fons'k dh lkaL—frd miyfC/k;ksa dk lk{kkRdkj buds ek/;e ls vklkuh ls fd;k tk
ldrk gSA

cks/k ç'u 1
1½ jkgqy lka—R;k;u ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa ds uke crkb,A
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2½ tgk¡ 'kq# ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkar -------------------- Fks] vktdy ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa ys[kd dh---
------------- dk çeq[k mn~ns'; gSA

-
lkfgR; dks fdlh c¡/ks-c¡/kk, lk¡ps esa rks ugha ck¡/kk tk ldrk fQj Hkh mldh çR;sd
fo/kk dh viuh dqN [kkl fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa tks mUgsa ,d-nwljs ls vyx djrh gSa vkSj
mUgsa ,d fo'ks"k igpku nsrh gSaA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa LFkku vkSj rF;ksa ds lkFk-lkFk vkReh;rk]
oS;fädrk] dYiuk'khyrk vkSj jkspdrk dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA
LFkkuh;rk
;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ys[kd dk mn~ns'; LFkku-fo'ks"k ds laiw.kZ oSHko] ç—fr] jLeks-a fjokt] jgu-
lgu] vkpkj-fopkj] euksjatu ds rjhds rFkk thou ds çfr –f"Vdks.k dk fp=.k djuk
gksrk gSA ;g ys[kd ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og buesa ls fdl rRo dks T;knk çeq[krk
nsrk gSA fdlh çns'k-fo'ks"k dh ;k=k esa mls tks pht+ lcls T;knk çHkkfor djrh gS]
vkerkSj ls ml rRo dks og ç/kkurk nsrk gSA blfy, mlds fp=.k esa dgha fooj.k rks
dgha Hkkoksa dh ç/kkurk gksrh gSA dHkh-dHkh og rqyukRed i)fr dk lgkjk Hkh ysrk gSA
ç—fr-lkSan;Z ds fp=.k esa mldh 'kSyh HkkokRed gks mBrh gSA ;fn og LFkku-fo'ks"k dks
tYnh esa ns[krk gS rks mldh 'kSyh o.kZukRed gks tkrh gSA vius ns'k ;k çkar dh vU;
çkar ;k fons'k ls rqyuk djrs le; ys[kd rqyukRed 'kSyh dk lgkjk ysrk gSA

rF;kRedrk
;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ys[kd dh dksf'k'k gksrh gS fd ;k=k ds nkSjku mlus tks dqN ns[kk gS
mlls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dk foospu dj nsA ysfdu ,slk djrs le; og Hkwxksy vkSj
bfrgkl-ys[ku dh 'kSyh dk lgkjk u ysdj dFkk-lkfgR; dh lgt] ljy Hkk"kk 'kSyh dks
viukrk gS ftlls o`Ùkkar esa jkspdrk cuh jgsA

vkReh;rk
;krk-oÙkkar esa vkReh;rk dk Hkko gksuk t:jh gSA ;k=k ds nkSjku ys[kd LFkkuksa] Lekjdksa]
–';ksa vkfn dks bfrgkl vkSj Hkwxksy ds :i esa ugha ns[krk] cfYd og muls vkReh;
laca/k LFkkfir djrk gS rkfd ikBd dks i<+rs le; viukiu vkSj lPpkbZ dh vuqHkwfr
gks ldsA blesa ys[kd ;FkkrF; o.kZu ls cpus dh yxkrkj dksf'k'k djrk gS rkfd o`Ùkkar]
mckÅ] uhjl vkSj bfrgkl u cuus ik,A n`';ksa vFkok fLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk vkReh; fj'rk
260
gh ikBd dks o`Ùkkar ls tksM+us esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrk gSA vkReh;rk gh mls xkbM -
cuus ls jksdrh gSA

oS;fädrk
;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa oS;fädrk dh t:jr vU; fo/kkvksa dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk eglwl dh
tkrh gSA [kku-iku] os'k-Hkw"kk] ikfjokfjd lq[k-lqfo/kk dk vglkl ;k=k ds nkSjku dqN
T;knk gh gksrk gS D;ksafd O;fä ml le; vius vkReh; tuksa ls nwj gksrk gSA ;k=k ds
nkSjku vkneh vifjfpr yksxksa ds chp jgrk gS tgk¡ mldh 'kfä vkSj çfrHkk ls yksx
okfdQ ugha gksrs] ,sls esa ys[kd dks vius O;fDrRo ls nwljksa dks ifjfpr ,oa çHkkfor
djuk gksrk gSA blfy, ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ys[kd ds O;fäRo dh çHkko'kkyh Nki ekStwn
jgrh gSA

jkspdrk

;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk lcls vfuok;Z xq.k jkspdrk gSA ;g ikBd dks i<+us ds fy, çsfjr djrk
gSA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa jkspdrk ykus ds fy, ys[kd fdlh LFkku ls tqM+h yksd-dFkk] nar-
dFkk vkfn dk mYys[k djrk gSA dHkh-dHkh og vpkud gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu
djrk gS rks dHkh jkspd 'kh"kZd ds lekos'k ls o`Ùkkar dh vksj ikBd dk /;ku vk—"V
djrk gSA ;kuh jkspdrk dks ys[kd ,d rduhd ds rkSj ij bLrseky djrk gSA blesa
feFkdksa] çrhdksa] vyadkjksa vkSj eqgkojksa dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fp=kRed o.kZu Hkh
bl fo/kk dh ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk gSA laosnu'khyrk u dsoy LokHkkfod cukrh gS cfYd
bls ,d lkfgfR;d —fr dk :i Hkh nsrh gSA

bl çdkj] ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa ns'k-fons'k ds çk—frd-–';ksa dh je.kh;rk] uj-ukfj;ksa ds

fofo/k thou lanHkZ] çkphu ,oa uohu lkSan;Z-psruk dh çrhd dyk—fr;ksa dh HkO;rk
rFkk ekuoh; lH;rk ds fodkl ds |ksrd vusd oLrq-fp= ;k;koj ys[kd ds ekul esa
:ikf;r gksdj oS;fäd jkxkRed Å"ek ls nhIr gks tkrs gSaA ys[kd viuh fcacfo/kkf;uh
dYiuk-'kfä ls mUgsa iqu% ewrZ djds ikBdksa dh ftKklk-o`fÙk dks rq"V dj nsrk gSA*
¼fganh dk x| lkfgR;] jkepaæ frokjh½

dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;k=k ds le; ;k;koj dk lkgl] mldh la?k"kZ'khyrk]

LoPNanrk vkSj vpkud vkus okyh çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus dh {kerk mls ,d
ohj uk;d dh-lh xfjek çnku djrh gS vkSj ikBd mls I;kj djus yxrk gSA

laLej.k vkSj fjiksrkZt ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ls feyrh-tqyrh fo/kk ekuh tkrh gSA dHkh-dHkh bu
rhuksa dks ,d gh eku fy;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;gk¡ budk varj Li"V djuk t:jh yxrk
gSA laLej.k esa tgk¡ LFkk;h vFkok vfeV Le`fr;ksa dk vkdyu gksrk gS] ogk¡ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar
esa lkef;d Le`fr;ksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa of.kZr LFkku dh HkkSxksfyd]
,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaL—frd i`"BHkwfe fo|eku gksrh gS tcfd laLej.k esa blds fcuk Hkh
dke py tkrk gSA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa LFkkuh;rk] rF;kRedrk vkSj o.kZu dkS'ky dh çeq[krk
gksrh gS tcfd laLej.k esa ,slh vfuok;Zrk ugha gksrhA
261
 -

tgk¡ rd ;k=k-o`Ùkkar vkSj fjiksrkZt esa fHkUurk dk ç'u gS rks fjiksrkZt ys[kd dks Hkh
?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, ;k=k djuh iM+rh gS ysfdu mldk mn~ns'; ;k=k-oÙkkar
dh rjg lkSan;Zijd vkSj mUeqDr laosnuk dh vfHkO;fä ugha gksrkA fjiksrkZt tgk¡
?kVukvksa dk fooj.k çLrqr djrk gS ogka ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fLFkfr vkSj lkSan;Zijd jpuk ds
:i esa gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA fjiksrkZt çk;% vdky] ck<+] ;q)] naxs vkfn vkdfLed ;k
egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk dks iwjh laosnuk ds lkFk lkeus ykrs gSaA bu ?kVukvksa vkSj muls tqM+s
rF;ksa dks ,d= djus ds fy, gh fjiksrkZt ys[kd ?kVuk LFky dh ;k=k djrk gSA ;kuh
mldh ;k=k lk/ku gS] lk/; ughaA blds foijhr ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ys[kd dh ;k=k mlds
fy, lk/; gksrh gS lk/ku ughaA blds dsaæ esa ;k=k gksrh gS] LFkku fo'ks"k dk oSHko gksrk
gS ys[kd dh ç—fr fo|eku jgrh gSA bl rjg ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh jpuk O;fä ;k ys[kd
dh çÑfr vkSj ço`fÙk ij cgqr gn rd fuHkZj djrh gSA

cks/k ç'u 2
1½ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh rhu çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk la{ksi esa mYys[k dhft,A
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2½ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fdu-fdu mn~ns';ksa ls fy[ks tk ldrs gSa\
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3½ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar vkSj fjiksrkZt esa lekurk vkSj varj crkb,A
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-
;g dguk 'kk;n xyr ugha gksxk fd fganh ys[kdksa esa jkgqy lka—R;k;u us ftruh ;k=k,¡
dh gSa mruh fdlh vU; us ughaA mUgksaus ;k=k-o`Ùkkar Hkh dkQh fy[ks gSaA
/;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd jkgqy dh ;k=k,¡ euksjatu ds fy, ugha gksrh Fkha cfYd
muds ihNs ,d egr~ n'kZu fNik gksrk FkkA lu~ 1926 esa mUgksaus igyh yík[k ;k=k dh
FkhA bl laca/k esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS - ^^esjh yík[k ;k=k uke ls lu~ 1939 esa çdkf'kr ;g
o`Ùkkar igy dneh dk vk[;ku ugha vkSj u fdlh ç—fr-fugkjd dfo dk ok;oh
nkLrku] cfYd esjB ls eqYrku] Msjk xkth [kku] iq.kN fj;klr] d'ehj tkstyk njkZ gksrs
gq, yík[k ekxZ dh ,d fotqvy fjiksVZA** jkgqy dk ;g ;k=k-o`Ùkkar fganh lkfgR; esa
viuk vuwBk lEeku j[krk gS vkSj blesa –';ksa dk ltho fp=.k Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls
vuqie vkuan dh l`f"V djrk gSA
262
;k;kojh jkgqy ds thou dk ,d fe'ku FkkA blds ihNs mudh ftKklk o`fÙk FkhA muds -
;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa ml ns'k ;k LFkku ds bfrgkl-Hkwxksy dh lE;d tkudkjh feyrh gSA
lkFk gh yksdthou ds vkReh; fp= Hkh muds ;gk¡ vklkuh ls fey tkrs gSaA jkgqy ds
;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa lkekU; tu] muds jhfr-fjokt] /keZ vkfn dk csckd o.kZu feyrk gSA
muesa lgt Hkk"kk] eqgkojs vkSj js[kkfp= dh eksgdrk ds lkFk ml {ks= ds thou] ifjos'k
;kuh vkfFkZd-lkekftd-lkaLdfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mtkxj djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk gSA
jkgqy lka—R;k;u tUetkr ?kqeDdM+ Fks vkSj os vkthou ?kqeDdM+ cus jgsA yxHkx 40
o"kksaZ rd mUgksaus fujarj ;k=k,¡ dhA frCcr] :l vkSj fgeky; mudh ;k=kvksa ds
vkd"kZ.k-dsaæ FksA ;k=kvksa us gh mUgsa ,d ys[kd ds :i esa igpku nhA mudk dguk gS
fd] ^^dye ds njokts dks [kksyus dk dke esjs fy, ;k=kvksa us gh fd;k] blfy, eSa
budk cgqr —rK gw¡A** mUgksaus viuh ;k=kvksa ds fofo/k] fofp= o jkspd vuqHko ;k=k-
o`Ùkkarksa esa fijks, gSaA muds çeq[k ;k=k-o`Ùkkar gSa - frCcr esa lok o"kZ] esjh ;wjksi-;k=k] esjh
frCcr ;k=k] esjh yík[k ;k=k] fdUuj ns'k esa] :l esa iPphl ekl] ,f'k;k ds nqxZe
Hkw[kaMksa esa] yadk] phu esa D;k ns[kk] fgeky;-ifjp;] tkiku] nkftZfyax-ifjp; vkfnA
M‚å j?kqoa'k ds vuqlkj - ^^jkgqy th us ;k=k-lkfgR; ds fy, fofHkUu ek/;e viuk, gSa]
'kk;n muls vf/kd bl fo"k; ij brus fofo/k :iksa ij fdlh us ugha fy[kk gSA** nwljs
LFkku ij mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd] ^^;k=k dk cgqr cM+k vkd"kZ.k ç—fr dh iqdkj esa gSA
;k;koj ogh gS tks pyrk pyk tk,] dgha #ds ugha] dksbZ ca/ku mls dls ugha vkSj og
tks n'kZuh; gS] xzg.kh; gS] je.kh; gS vFkok laosnuh; gS] mldk laxzg djrk pysA**

dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa jpukRedrk dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA jkgqy ds

;k=k-o`Ùkkar i<+rs gq, bldk Hkjiwj vuqHko gksrk gSA jkgqy lka—R;k;u dk ;k=k-lkfgR;
xq.k ,oa ifjek.k ¼la[;k½ nksuksa –f"V;ksa ls çpqj ,oa mPpdksfV dk gSA nsoh'kj.k jLrksxh
us fy[kk gS fd] ^^;k=k-o.kZu fy[kus okys lkfgfR;dksa esa jkgqy dk uke lcls vkxs vkrk
gSA ns'k-fons'k ds vuqHkoksa dk tc og o.kZu djrs gSa rks mudh 'kSyh vkSj vf/kd jlkRed
gks tkrh gSA okLro esa bl jlkRedrk dk vk/kkj mudk vuqHko jgrk gSA** bl çdkj
jkgqy lka—R;k;u dk ;k=k-lkfgR; ,d cM+s mn~ns'; dks ysdj fy[kk x;k gS ftlesa
of.kZr HkwHkkx dk bfrgkl-Hkwxksy] laL—fr] /keZ] n'kZu] lkfgR;] Kku foKku lHkh dk
fofo/kvk;keh fp=.k feyrk gSA

;k=k-o`Ùkkar o.kZu ç/kku ,oa ç—frijd x|-fo/kk gSA ç—fr o.kZu rks vkerkSj ls lHkh
fo/kkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gS ysfdu ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk ewy <k¡pk gh bl ij [kM+k gksrk gSA blesa
dFkkrRo yxHkx u ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ;k=k Kku vkSj f'k{kk dk çeq[k lk/ku gSA blls
euq"; dh cqf) dk foLrkj gksrk gSA mldk vuqHko lalkj le`) gksrk gSA ?kqeDdM+h ds
ckn'kkg ekus-tkus okys jkgqy lka—R;k;u ds vuqlkj - ^esjh le> esa nqfu;k dh loZJs"B
oLrq gS ?kqeDdM+hA ?kqeDdM+h ls c<+dj O;fä vkSj lekt ds fy, dksbZ fgrdkjh ugha gks
ldrkA D;ksafd ys[kd ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa of.kZr vius vuqHkoksa ls yksxksa dks Kku-foKku dh
,d –f"V çnku djrk gS vkSj bl rjg lkfgR; vkSj lekt ds fy, mldk ys[ku
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lkfcr gksrk gSA
lkfgR; esa mUgha dks ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dk ntkZ fn;k tk ldrk gS ftuesa ys[kd dh viuh
ç—fr Hkh çfrfcafcr gksrh gksA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ys[kd dh QDdM+rk] ?kqeDdM+h o`fÙk]
mYykl] lkSan;Zcks/k vkSj KkuktZu dh mRdV-vfHkyk"kk ifjyf{kr gksuh pkfg,A ys[kd ds
eu ij cká txr dh tks Hkh çfrfØ;k gksrh gS] tks Hkkouk,¡ eu esa mBrh gSa] mls og
xgjkbZ ds lkFk O;ä djrk gSA blhfy, ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa laosnuk vkSj vfHkO;fä dk ,d 263
 dykRed larqyu ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blesa lkSan;Z Hkkouk ds lkFk-lkFk fdlh oLrq ds
vanj rd ços'k djus dh tks cspSuh gksrh gS] ogh ys[kd dks lQy ;k=k-o`Ùkkardkj
cukrh gS vFkkZr~ ftKklk vkSj 'kks/ko`fÙk dk ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA

-
vc rd vkius ;k=k-o`Ùkkar dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa i<+kA bl bdkbZ esa ge Ygklk ls
js-fM³~ dh mudh ;k=k ds mn~ns'; vkSj vuqHkoksa ds ckjs esa i<+saxsA os dqN vewY;
gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh [kkst esa frCcr dh ;k=k ij fudys gSaA muds vuqHkoksa vkSj ;k=k
ds ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa i<+saxsA vkb,] ge ewy ikB dk v/;;u djsaA

fç; vkuUnth]
Ygklk
30-7-34

ekywe gqvk fd b/kj nloha ls rsgjoha 'krkCnh rd ds fdrus gh fogkj gSa] ftuesa js-fM³~
esa tks fuf'pr gh FkksM+h-lh rkyi= dh iqLrdksa ds gksus dh ckr crykbZ xbZ gS] vkSj
laHkkouk vkSjksa esa Hkh gSA oLrqr% ;gh dkj.k gS b/kj vkus dkA

tc iqLrd ds fy, vkuk Fkk] rks mlds fy, fo'ks"k rS;kjh djuh t:jh FkhA ;|fi lHkh
iqjkus eBksa ds fy, iqLrdsa fn[kkus vkfn ds fy, HkksV-ljdkj ls fpëh feyus okyh gS]
fdarq vHkh mlesa dqN nsj Fkh] blhfy, ;g nks lIrkg dh ;k=k mlds fcuk gh djuh iM+
jgh gSA gk¡] HkksV ds orZeku jktk jsfM~--fjEiks-Ns us ,d i= vius js-fMM~] uV ds fy, ns
fn;k gS vkSj f'kde dh egkjkuh ds HkkbZ j-d-lk dq'kks us rx~-yq³~ ds fy, fpëh nh gSA
blh rjg nks-rhu vkSj fpfë;k¡ fey xbZ gSaA fpfV~B;ksa ds ckn nwljk ç'u Fkk lkFkh lokjh
dkA dq-flu~-'kj ds Lokeh lkgq iw.kZeku us vius Ng [kPpjksa rFkk [kPpj okys dks ns
fn;kA lokjh dk ç'u rks bl çdkj gy gks x;kA jgk lkfFk;ksa dk - xs-'ks ds flok ,d
QksVksxzkQj dh Hkh vko';drk FkhA gekjk jksyS¶ySDl dSejk iqLrdsa Nkius ls budkj
djrk gSA lkSHkkX; ls Ygklk ds QksVksxzkQj Jh y{ehjRu us pyuk Lohdkj dj fy;kA
fdarq vHkh ,d vkSj lkFkh dks tSls cus t:j gh ys tkuk Fkk] D;ksafd ge ,sls çns'k esa
tk jgs gSa] tgk¡ la[;k vkSj fiLrkSy-canwd gh gekjh j{kk dj ldrh gSA gekjs [kPpjksa ds
ljnkj lks-ue~-X;y~-Nu~ ¼iq.;-/ot½ [kke~ ¼iwohZ-frCcr½ ds gSa] tgk¡ dh dgkor gS - rqe
vius gh Hkjksls ij th ldrs gksA mu ij iwjk Hkjkslk gSA vius jke rks gfFk;kj ck¡/k gh
ugha ldrsA gk¡] rks pkSFks lkFkh tks feys] mudk tUe ve~-nks dk gS] tgk¡ ij xksyh-xëk
ysdj uCcs-lkS vkneh fey dj gh eafty rS dj ldrs gSa] fdarq os Hkh ryokj ds /kuh ugha
gSaA xsu~-nqu~-Nks-a Qsy~ ¼la?k /keZo/kZu½ ;gh mudk uke gS - vPNs fp=dkj gSa rFkk bfrgkl
vkSj U;k;'kkL= esa vPNk ços'k j[krs gSaA dg-lqudj muds da/ks ls Hkh ,d lkr xksyh
dk fiLrkSy ,oa dkjrwlksa dh ekyk yVdkbZ xbZA Jh y{ehjRu dks yksx ukrh-yk ds uke
ls tkurs gSaA mudh ukuh bUgsa ukrh dgk djrh Fkha] Ygklk ig¡pus ij Qfj'rksa us bl
uke dks ;gk¡ igq¡pk fn;k] fQj yk ¼-th½ tksM+dj HkksVokfl;ksa us mUgsa ukrh-yk cuk
fn;kA cq<+kis rd vc mUgsa ukrh-yk gh jguk gSA gk¡] rks ukrh-yk dks cgqr ,rjkt Fkk
- ^gekjh Nkrh ij cjkcj fe-fV-dq ¼X;kjgoha 'krkCnh ds vkpk;Z Le`fr KkudhfrZ ds uke

264
ls QthZ cuokbZ feêh dh NksVh ewfrZ½ jgrh gSA gekjs Åij xksyh ugha yx ldrh!* dgus -
ij mUgksaus fiLrkSy }kjk ijh{kk djkus ls badkj dj fn;kA [kSj fdlh rjg os Hkh fiLrkSy
yVdkus dks jkth gq,A

lks-ue~-X;y~-Nu~ ¼mPpkj.k lksue~ X;at½ us dgk] fd NBs ekl dh 18oha frfFk ¼30
tqykbZ½ gh dks pyuk vPNk gS] chl dks Fke~-o ¼'kwU;½ vk tk,xk] vkSj vkxs Hkh lkbr*
vPNh ughaA bl çdkj rS;kjh djrs-djrs vkt lk<+s vkB cts Ygklk ls fudysA lkFk
esa QsEcks esa pjkbZ ds fy, dqflu~-'kj~ ds ckdh Ng [kPpj rFkk mudk nwljk vkneh FkkA

Ygklk ds ckn igyk ?kj rc~-ph dk vk;kA ;gha HkksV-ljdkj dh Vdlky rFkk lSfud
dk;kZy; gSA igys flikgh Hkh Fks] fdarq b/kj vuko';d gksus ls mUgsa Nqêh fey xbZ gSA
rc~-ph ls vkxs igkM+ dh tM+ esa gjs-Hkjs [ksrksa ds chp ,d ?kj feykA fQj nkfguh vksj
dh dksus okyh miR;dk esa lglzkas gjs-Hkjs [ksrksa dh lhf<+;ksa dks NksM+rs] ge ckbZa vksj unh
ikj gks gYdh p<+kbZ p<+us yxsA ,d Qyghu fdarq lqanj ckx vk;k vkSj rc~-ph ls rhu
ehy vkus ij fctyh-cÙkh dh ek ¼yksd~-'kqb-vk-ek½ gesa feyhA ,d ekewyh-ls ?kj esa ikuh
}kjk ifg;k ?kwe jgk gS] vkSj fctyh iSnk gks jgh gSA ikuh rks bruk dkQh gS] fd mlls
lkjs Ygklk dks jks'ku djds Hkh fctyh cp jg ldrh gSA mlls tjk gh Åij ikuh ikj
dj dqN u,] fdarq VwV-s QwVs edku feysA ekywe gqvk] fctyh nsoh ds fy, igys vPNs-
vPNs edku cus Fks] fdarq mUgsa os ilan u gq, vkSj os u"V gks x,] vc muds fy, VwVh
e¡M+b;k feyh gSA vly esa rks pkfg, Fkk T;ksfr"kh dks Qk¡lh ns nsuk] D;ksafd mlus ,slh
cqjh lkbr crkbZA dqN nwj vkSj Åij p<us ij ,d o`{k-jfgr vkf[kjh xk¡o feyk] vkSj
fQj xks-tksr ¼xks-yk½] mlls pkj-ik¡p ehy bl ikj ,d Hkh xk¡o ugha gSA vc p<+kbZ Hkh
dqN dfBu Fkh vkSj Å¡pkbZ ds dkj.k gok ds irysiu ls tkuojksa dk ne Hkh vf/kd Qwy
jgk FkkA miR;dk,¡ vkSj mudh csVh-iksfr;k¡ lHkh ?ku-uhy-olu* Fkha] flQZ ,d vksj
csjkLrs pyrh ipkl-lkB pefj;k¡ ¼;kd½ dkyk nkx-lk cu jgh FkhaA ;|fi nwj-nwj ij
lQsn HksM+ksa ds >qaM pj jgs Fks] fdarq u fgyus-Mqyus ds dkj.k os tgk¡-rgk¡ iM+s iRFkj gh
tku iM+rs FksA fiNys nykbZ ykek QsEcks i/kkjs Fks] blfy, jkLrk cuk;k x;k Fkk - cfYd
gekjs nksLr dkfnj HkkbZ ds dgus ds eqrkfcd rks ml ij eksVj py ldrh gSA vkidks
'kk;n Ygklk esa nykbZ ykek ds fy, rhu eksVjksa dk vkuk ekywe gSA mlh vi'kdqu ls
- dqN yksx dgrs gSa - nykbZ ykek dks 'kjhj-R;kx djuk iM+k] vkSj muds —ikik= dqe~-
Hks-yk dks] tks fctyh-eksVj tSlh [kqjkQkrsa lkspk djrs Fks] loZLo ls gkFk /kks ,d dksus
esa fuokZflr gksuk iM+kA

jkLrk dqN rks vPNk t:j gSA xks-yk ¼;gh bl tksr dk uke gS½ ds Åij p<+ dj ihNs
dh vksj eqM+ dj ns[kus ij Ygklk uxjh lqnwj fn[kkbZ iM+hA nwjchu ls ns[kus ij og dqN
vkSj Li"V gqbZ] fdarq mlls Hkh fofp=] nwj] f{kfrt ds var rd] lglzksa ioZr-f'k[kj Fks]
tks frCcr ns'k dks lglz'kh"kkZ iq#"k cuk jgs FksA nwljh vksj ns[kus ij uhps dh miR;dk
esa vufxur [ksr cryk jgs Fks fd Qu~-;y~ oLrqr% ^fgr dk ns'k* gSA

vc gjh mrjkbZ 'kq: gqbZA tksr ij ge Ms<+ cts igq¡ps Fks] rc ls lk<+s pkj cts rd
mrjkbZ gh mrjkbZ jghA fcuk o`{kksa ds dqN ?kj NksM+ dj ge vkSj mrjs] vkSj ik-;k igq¡p
x,A gekjs lkFkh la?k-/keZo/kZu rHkh ls fnekx yM+k jgs gSa] fd ik-;k dk vFkZ D;k gSA fdarq
gekjk dguk gS] ik-;k dk vFkZ ik;k gh gS - bruh esgur ls ik;k] vkSj fcuk pksjksa dh
xksyh dk f'kdkj gq, ik;kA
265
 ukyUnk ¼frCcr½
31-7-34
ik-;k ls lk<+s vkB cts jokuk gq,A vc gekjs gh Ng [kPpj lkFk FksA ,d yky igkM+h
ds ikj djrs gh fdrus Lrwiksa ls ;qä yM~--FkM~- ¼cSyksa dk eSnku½ fogkj fn[kkbZ iM+kA ik-
;k ls ;g LFkku nks ehy ls vf/kd u gksxkA geesa ls fdlh dks ;g ckr ekywe u Fkh]
vU;Fkk dy ;gha vkdj Bgjs gksrsA frCcr ds çkphu eBksa ds vuqlkj ;g eB igkM+ ds
Åij u gksdj eSnku esa gSA gekjs nhiadj JhKku ¼982-1054 bZå½ ds çf'k";* iks-rks-ik-
fju~-Nu~-Xly~ ¼1027-1104 bZ0½ ds f'k"; y³~-Fk³~-ik-nksZ-tsZ-ls³~-xs ¼ctzflag½ us bl
fogkj dks cuok;k FkkA y³~-Fk³~-ik cMk gh xaHkhj FkkA mlds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS] fd
mls tUeHkj esa flQZ rhu ckj g¡lh vkbZ FkhA lalkj ds nq%[k dks og gj oä vuqHko
djrk Fkk] mlds fy, g¡luk gjke FkkA rhu ckj esa nks ckj dh gh ckr gesa ekywe gks ldh
- ¼1½ ,d NksVk cPpk ,d xsg¡w ds nkus dks mBkdj [kkuk pkgrk FkkA ç;Ru djus ij Hkh
og mls ugha mBk ldrk FkkA mlh le; mldh ukd dk iksVk cg dj nkus ls yxkA
nwljs gh {k.k lk¡l ds lkFk nkuk cPps ds eq¡g ij vk x;k og cM+k çlUu gks x;kA ;g
ns[krs gh yM~--FkM~--ik dks Hkh g¡lh vkbZA ¼2½ fdlh eafnj dh iwtk esa ,d cM+k Qhjkstk
p<+k gqvk FkkA ,d pwgk mls pqjkdj vius fcy esa ys tkuk pkgrk Fkk] ysfdu og mBkus
esa lQy u gksrk FkkA pwgk tkdj vius nwljs lkFkh dks cqyk yk;kA fQj igys pwgs us
vius iSjksa ls Qhjksts dks Nkrh esa nck;kA lkFkh us mldh iw¡N dks eq¡g ls [khap dj enn
nhA vkSj bl çdkj Qhjkstk ysdj os vius fcy esa pys x,A pwgs dh bl lQyrk dks
ns[kdj yM~--FkM~--ik dks Hkh g¡lh vk xbZA
iqjkus fogkjksa dh tSlh nqjoLFkk vkerkSj ls frCcr esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] oSlh gh bldh Hkh
gSA tc gekjs [kPpj vk¡xu esa x,] rks geus le>k] 'kk;n og Bgjko gksxkA fdarq ckn
esa ekywe gqvk fd ;gh yM~--FkM~- dk cuok;k fogkj gSA ckjgnjh esa ?kqlrs gh nhokj ij
fy[kk dj-Nx ¼chtd½ fn[kkbZ iM+kA fQj ge eafnj ds Hkhrj x,A vLrO;Lr cgqr-lh
ewfrZ;k¡ j[kh gqbZ gSaA lkeus fiNyh nhokj rFkk ckbZa vksj dh nhokjksa esa Øe'k% eS=s; vkSj
cq) dh ihry dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA nksuksa ewfrZ;ksa ds 'kjhj-eaMy lqanj vkSj iqjkus gSaA eS=s; dh
ckbZa vksj ,d fofp=-lh Hkkjrh; ykek dh ewfrZ ns[khA iwNus ij ekywe gqvk] ;g Hkkjrh;
fl) Q-ne~-ik-lM~- l~-X;sl~ ¼lfIrrk cq)] e`R;q 1118 bZå½ gSaA cgqr th.kZ-'kh.kZ ewfrZ gSA
lkeus uhps dqN vkSj Hkh NksVh-cM+h ihry dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSa] ftuesa vf/kdka'k Hkkjr ls ykbZ
xbZ gSaA ;g mudh ukd] HkkSag] de pkSM+k eq¡g] lqanj Nkrh vkSj dej cryk jgh gSA <w¡<+us
ij Hkh mu ij v{kj ugha feysA ,d vksj cgqr-lh iqjkuh] HkksV-v{kj esa fy[kh gqbZ iqLrdsa
cs ijokg ls j[kh gqbZ gSaA ihNs ds cus nsoky;ksa rFkk iqjkus Lrwiksa dks ns[kdj ge ykSV
vk,A /keZo/kZu us chtd ls [kkl-[kkl ckrksa dk uksV ysuk 'kq: fd;kA ukrh-yk us QksVks
fy;sA vHkh eafnj ds va/ksjs esa iM+h fl) Q~-ne~-ik dh ewfrZ dk Hkh QksVks ysuk FkkA
fdV~lu-ySai ds lgkjs mldk Hkh QksVks fy;k x;kA ckgj ds Lrwiksa vkSj lkjs fogkj ds Hkh
QksVks fy;sA blh oä fdlh vkneh us tkdj xk¡o ds tehankj ls - oLrqr% rks ;gk¡ dk
tehankj HkksV-ljdkj dk gS] vkSj [ksrh dk dke mldh vksj ls dksbZ ukSdj djokrk gS -
dg fn;kA tokc ryc fd;k x;kA gekjs lkFkh us tkdj HkksVjkt js-fMM~- fjEiks-Ns dh
yky yk[k dh eqgj ls vafdr fpëh fn[kyk nhA ekeyk ogha lekIr gks x;kA

e/;kg~u ds Hkkstu ds ckn gekjk dkfQyk ukyUnk ds fy, jokuk gqvkA Hkkjr ds ukyUnk
ds uke ij tgk¡ yadk esa ,d ukyUnk gS] ogk¡ frCcr Hkh mlls oafpr ugha gSA çk;% nks
?kaVk pyus ij ge ukyUnk ig¡qpsA ;|fi LFkku fupys eSnku ls dqN Åij p<+dj gS]
266
fdarq ;gk¡ Hkh eSnku-lk gh gSA mlds fupys Hkkx ij cgqr-ls ifjR;ä [ksr gSaA dqN -
[kaMgj Hkh dgha-dgha [kM+s gSaA ukyUnk cgqr gh lqanj txg ij gS] vkSj vktdy fiNys
igkM+ksa ds gfjr-olu gks tkus ls rks og vkSj Hkh vuqie gks xbZ gSA ;g fogkj 15oha
'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa gh cu x;k FkkA fuekZrk jksM~--rkau~ 'kD;-X;Zy~-Nu~ vius le; ds
vPNs nk'kZfud Fks vkSj pksM~--[k-ik ¼1357-1419 bZ0½ ds fo}ku~ f'k"; E[kl~-xzqc ¼1385-
1432 bZå½ ds çfr}a}h FksA fdlh le; ukyUnk frCcr dh ukyUnk FkhA pksM~+--[k-ik ds
vuq;kf;;ksa ds Ms-iqM~- vkfn fogkjksa dh Hkk¡fr ;g ,d vPNk fo|k-dsaæ FkkA çns'kksa ds Øe
ls dbZ [ke~-tu~ vkSj Nk=kokl Hkh gSaA <kbZ gtkj ds jgus yk;d ?kjksa esa ik¡p lkS gh fHk{kq
jgrs gSa] ftuesa Hkh i<+us okys ipkl ls vf/kd ughaA igys ge Cpq-cn~-y-czM~- x;sA ;gk¡
,d cM+k yEck-pkSM+k chtd yxk gqvk gS] ftlds lkeus ls j{kk ds lkFk Hkh fudyuk
vklku dke ugha gSA iwNus ij cryk;k x;k] ENkax~-Lizqy-fjEiks-Ns ls rkyi= dh iqLrdksa
ds ckjs esa iwNsaA vkus ij ns[kk] ykek çk;% nks ntZu fHk{kqvksa dks fou; i<+k jgs gSaA iwNus
ij lân;rkiwoZd cryk;k] ;gk¡ rkyi= dh iqLrdsa ugha gSaA gk¡] l-NsDdqu-n~x-l~f´M~-
-iks ¼1098-1158 bZ0 ds le; dk cuk ,d fp=iV gSA fp=iV ds fudkyus esa vHkh nsj
Fkh] blfy, ge iqjkru eafnj pw-yk-[kM~- ¼fogkj½ ns[kus x;sA iqtkjh tjk nsj esa vk,A
Hkhrj cq) dh fo'kky ewfrZ gS] ftlds lkeus jksM~--Lrksu~ dh çfrek gSA QksVks fy;kA ckgj
vkSj dqN Nk=koklksa dks ns[krs lkjs fogkj ds QksVks ds fy, cxy dh igkM+h ij p<+ pysA
cgqr djus ij Hkh lkjk fogkj ,d fQYe esa u vk ldkA ykSVus ij pkj ct x, FksA vHkh
iqjkus fp=iV dk Hkh QksVks ysuk Fkk] blfy, vkt ukyUnk gh esa jkf=okl dks BgjsA
QksVks ys ysus ij jgus ds fy, vPNs LFkku dk çca/k gh gks x;kA mä ykek dk - tks
fd Lo;a vorkj gSa - cM+k çseiw.kZ crkZo FkkA
'kke dks dqN feuVksa ds fy, 'kkL=kFkZ okys cxhps ¼Nksl~-jk½ esa Hkh gks vk,A chl-iphl
vkneh dqyA [kwc rkyh ihVrs] 'kksjxqy djrs 'kkL=kFkZ gks jgk FkkA ;gk¡ rkyi= dh
iqLrdsa rks ugha ns[kus esa vkbZa] fdarq ukyUnk dk n'kZu vkSj jkf=okl vo'; gh larks"k dk
fo"k; gSA
X;-Yg-[kM~-
1-8-34
ukyUnk ls losjs fcnkbZ yhA ckny Fks] fdarq cw¡nkck¡nh ugha FkhA ,d NksVh-lh tksr ikj
dj fQj [ksrksa ds ikl vk x,A ukyUnk esa cryk;k x;k Fkk] fd ik-Nc~ nks ?kaVs dk gh
jkLrk gS] fdarq gesa pyrs-pyrs pkj ?kaVs yx x,A ekxZ vBkjg ehy ls de dk u gksxkA
gekjk jkLrk vf/kdka'k if'pe dh vksj Fkk] ftlls ckny QkM+ dj le;-le; ij vkrh
lw;Z dh rh{.k fdj.ksa d"V ugha nsrh FkhaA ckjg cts ge ik-Nc~-yks-p-o-f´-e-xzxLdh
¼t0 1055 bZ0½ dh lekf/k ij igq¡psA ;g yks-p-o frCcr ds rhu lcls cM+s fo}ku~
vuqokndksa esa gSA vk'kk Fkh] fd 'kk;n ;gk¡ dksbZ rkyi= gh iqLrd gks] fdarq ;gk¡ rks ,d
ekewyh Lrwi gS] ftlds Hkhrj dgk tkrk gS] egku~ vuqoknd dk 'kjhj gSA ikl esa eB
gS] ftlesa ckbZl-pkSchl fHk{kqf.k;k¡ okl djrh gSaA
ik-Nc~ esa cgqr Bgjuk ugha iM+kA dqN gh feuVksa ckn ge fQj py iM+s] vkSj Ms<-+ nks ehy
ckn ioZr ds dksus esa fNik X;-Yg-[kM~- ¼Hkkjrh; nsoky;½ vk x;kA le~-;s dh rjg Lrwiksa
dks] tks Hkkjr esa vkBoha 'krkCnh ds vklikl gh curs FksA ns[k dj gh ekywe gksus yxk
fd ;g rks vkBoha-uoha 'krkCnh ds ckn dk fogkj ugha gks ldrkA eS=s; nsoky; ds lkeus
nksZ-fjM~- ¼egkLrEHk½ vkSj mlds ys[k dks ns[kdj vkSj Hkh fo'okl gks pyk fd ;g fogkj
- ;k de-ls-de mldk dqN Hkkx lzksM~--pu~-xEcks ds le; dk cuk gSA vkt ikl ds 267
 xk¡o esa ?kqM+nkSM+ FkhA eB ds lHkh fHk{kq rek'kk ns[kus x, FksA lkeku ckgj gh j[k fn;kA
rc rd geus nksZ-fjM~- ds ys[k dh Nki ysuh pkghA jk; lkgc euksjatu ?kks"k us iVuk
esa Nkis dk lkeku ck¡/k fn;k Fkk] fdarq vHkh rd Nki ysus dk ekSdk ugha vk;k FkkA igys
ç;Ru esa tSlh Nki vkbZ] ml ij gh larks"k djuk pkfg,A ;|fi ys[k esa fy[kus okys dk
uke ugha gS] fdarq Ygklk esa ,sls nksZ-fjM~- iqjkus jktkvksa ds gh gSa] blls vuqeku gS] ;g
LrEHk Hkh frCcr ds fdlh jktk dk gh gSA ikl dk eS=s; nsoky; 'kM`-l¥-ue~-nksZ-tsZ-
}M~--¶;qx~ us cuk;k Fkk] tks vkpk;Z 'kkarjf{kr ds f'k"; lezkV~ f[k-lzksM~--Yns-Cpu~ ¼802-
845 bZ0½ dk ledkyhu FkkA ik"kk.k-LrEHk* ij pkgs fdlh dk ys[k gks] mlesa fy[kus
okys us ckS)tuksa dks nl vPNh ckrksa dk mins'k fn;k gS] ftuesa eq[; cq) esa ,dkar
fu"Bk j[kuk] /keZ dk eu esa [;ky j[kuk] ewy–f"V ¼vukReokn vkfn½ dks fpÙk esa j[kuk
vkfn gSaA FkksM+h nsj ckn eS=s; nsoky; dk iqtkjh vk x;kA vkt mlh ds ;gk¡ jgus dk
fu'p; gqvkA jgus ds fy, fo'kky lHkkeaMi feykA eafnj esa eS=s; dh fo'kky ewfrZ gSA
dgrs gSa] rqdksaZ ds ;q) ds le; eafnj esa vkx yxk nh xbZ FkhA le> esa ugha vkrk] rqdZ
dc b/kj vk;sA eafnj esa gLrfyf[kr rhu du~-tqj vkSj rhu ru~-tqj gSa] tks ,d ds Åij
,d NYyh ck¡/kdj j[ks gq, gSaA eafnj ds ,d dksus esa f}Hkqt] yksds'oj cq) vkSj
,dkn'keq[k ykds'oj dh ik"kk.k-ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA ik"kk.k dh ewfrZ;k¡ HkksV ns'k esa vfr nqyZHk gSaA
;s ewfrZ;k¡ Hkkjrh; ekywe gksrh gSaA eS=s; ds n'kZu ds ckn ge ç/kku eB dks ns[kus x,A
iqLrdksa] ewfrZ;ksa vkSj de[kkc dh Nrksa ls ekywe gksrk gS] fd fdlh le; og fogkj cgqr
jkSud ij FkkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds jgus ds fy, cgqr ls edku gSaA Lrksn~] Len~-nks-M-lM~-
¼egkfo|ky½ rFkk 'kkL=kFkZ dh cxhph ds gksrs gq, Hkh fogkj vc Jhghu gSA fHk{kq 180 ds
djhc cryk, tkrs gSaA ,d vorkjh ykek vkSj nks e[ku~-iks ¼vkpk;Z½ Hkh gSaA ge fey
vk,] fdarq fujk'k gksuk iM+kA rhu iqjkus fp=iV ns[ks ftUgsa fju~ Nksu~-cle~-xzqc us
cuok;k FkkA Hkkjr ls vkbZ dqN ewfrZ;k¡ ;gk¡ ds fogkj esa gSaA laHko gS] dqN vkSj Hkh
egRoiw.kZ oLrq,¡ gksa] fdarq mlds fy, vf/kd fnu vkSj vf/kd ifjp; dh vko';drk gSA

dy dksbZ fo'ks"k ckr u Fkh] blhfy, fy[kus dh bPNk u gqbZA es?k ds fjef>ekrs gh esa
ge yksx X;-Yg-[kM~- ls py fn,A gk¡] ogk¡ dwM+s esa ls dqN gLrfyf[kr iqLrdksa ds iUus
fy;sA muesa ,d iksFkh 'krlgflzdk dh ckjg iksfFk;ksa esa ls FkhA nks NksVh-NksVh tksrsa ikj
djuh iM+ha] fQj dqN nwj rd tkS-xsgw¡ ds gjs [ksrksa esa ls pyuk iM+kA ekewyh <yqvk p<+kbZ
FkksM+h-lh ¼çk;% lok ehy½] ckn 'ku~-cqe~-ik eB esa igq¡psA nhiadj ds f'k"; Mkse~-rksu~ ds
çf'k"; 'k-j-ck dk ;g fuoklLFkku FkkA ,d ?ksjs esa cgqr ls Lrwi gSa] ftuesa ls ,d 'k-
j-ck dk 'kjhj Hkh gSA blh dh cxy esa ,d NksVk-lk Lrwi gS ftlds egRo ds ckjs esa
dgk tkrk gS fd lalkj esa pkgs fge-çy; gks tk;] fdarq bl Lrwi ij cQZ ugha iM+sxhA
,d vkSj lEesyu ?kj gS] fdarq ogk¡ Hkh dksbZ fo'ks"k oLrq ugha feyhA vktdy ;g fogkj
fHk{kqf.k;ksa ¼\½ dk gS] ftudh la[;k iwNus ij ,d o`)k fHk{kq.kh us dgk - rhu-chl]
lksyg-l=g vFkkZr~ 76-77A geus vk'kk dh Fkh] 'kk;n ;gk¡ gekjs dke dh dksbZ pht+ gksA
<kbZ cts ge yksx fQj jokuk gq,A p<+kbZ Fkh vkSj ,d NksVh tksrA ;gha nwljh vksj ds
igkM+ ij geus ukrh-yk dks ,d nqn~-eks-ux~-eks ¼dkyh Hkwruh½ fn[kykbZA geus dgk]
ns[kks - ¼1½ blds oL= fcYdqy dkys gSa] tSls bl eqYd ds L=h-iq#"kksa ds ugha gqvk djrs]
¼2½ bldk vkdkj vf/kd yEck-pkSM+k gS] ¼3½ blds ikl HksM+sa ;k pefj;k¡ ugha gSa vkSj ¼4½
u vklikl gjh ?kkl gSA ysfdu ukrh-yk Hkh vc gekjh Hkk"kk dks le>us yxs gSaA ik¡p
cts ds djhc ge js-fMM~- vFkok du~-lw vkSj eaxksfy;k ds jkLrs ij ig¡qp x,A ,d xk¡o
esa jgus dk LFkku u feyus ij vxys xk¡o esa ,d xjhc ds ?kj esa txg feyhA xk¡o dk
uke Qu~-nk gSA ^;Fkk uke rFkk xq.k* rks ugha ekywe gksrkA
268
iks-rks nhiadj ds çf'k"; iks-rks-ik dk fuokl ;gk¡ ls rhu-pkj ehy ls vf/kd ugha gS] -
fdarq jkLrk vyx gksus ls tkus dh lykg ugha gqbZA vkt ikSus ukS cts pysA FkksM+h nwj
ij igkM+ ds fdukjs lkr Lrwi dqN NksVs Lrwiksa ds lkFk fn[kkbZ iM+sA ;g Hkh nhiadj dh
ijaijk ds ,d fo}ku dk gS - uke gS LusM~--lj~ LrwiA b/kj ds igkM+ksa ij dqN >kfM+;k¡
fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSa] tks ;gk¡ ds fy, ubZ pht+ gSA >kfM+;k¡ vf/kdrj taxyh xqykc dh gSaA
rhu-pkj ehy pyus ds ckn ekuo-cLrh [kre gks xbZA gk¡] pefj;k¡ rks tksr ds ikl rd
feyhaA jkLrs esa ,d txg vius ck,¡] igkM+ ij ,d dLrwjh e`x dks Hkkxrs ns[kkA Bhd
e/;kg~u esa ge tksr ds Åij igq¡psA bl tksr ij Mkdqvksa dk Hk; cgqr vf/kd jgrk gS]
fdarq gekjs lkfFk;ksa ds ikl nks fiLrkSysa vkSj ,d canwd Hkh gSaA mrjkbZ esa ge iSny pyuk
vf/kd ilan djrs gSa] blls [kPpj dh ihB dVus dk Mj Hkh de jgrk gSA nks cts rd
ge mrjrs gh x,A fQj ckbZa vksj dh igkM+h jh<+ dks ikj dj ysus ij Lrx~-yq³~dh unh
vk xbZA eB vHkh Ms<+ ehy ij FkkA jkLrk mrjkbZ dk FkkA lc yksx iSny pyus yxsA
la?k /keZo/kZu ds [kPpj dh yxke mlds iSj esa vk xbZA gekjs [kPpj oky lks-ue~-X;ats
dks xqLlk gks vk;k /keZo/kZu ij] fdarq mls fudkyk mlus [kpjh ijA igys ls Hkh lks ue~-
X;ats dks f'kdk;r Fkh] fd /keZo/kZu D;ksa ugha dke djrs] fdarq cpiu ls gh vH;kl u
gksus ds dkj.k os esgur djus esa vleFkZ gSaA eB ds ikl igq¡pus ij ge yksx mls /kkj
ds bl ikj NksM+ ykek ds ikl x,A f'kde dh egkjkuh ds HkkbZ j-d-l dq'kks dk i=
gksus ij Hkh ,d cgqr gh nfjæ txg gesa crykbZ xbZA bls ge viuk vieku le> jgs
Fks blh le; [;ky gqvk - [kPpjksa ds vkus esa nsj D;ksa gks jgh gS\ FkksM+h nsj esa lks-ue~-
X;ats vk;k] cksyk - eSa lkFk ugha pyw¡xk] eSa Ygklk ykSVwaxkA geus Hkh le>k;k fdarq og
ugha ekukA ,d [kPpj ysdj py fn;kA ihNs ekywe gqvk] og Ygklk dh vksj u tkdj
vius tUe-LFkku [ke~ dh vksj tk jgk gSA bl çdkj Mkdqvksa ls Hkjs bl çns'k esa ik¡p
[kPpjksa dks gekjs eRFks ekj og pyrk cukA vkt [kPpjksa dks ck¡/kus vkSj f[kykus dk dke
ukrh-yk vkSj /keZo/kZu ij iM+kA ;k=k esa Hkh dqN deh djuh iM+sxhA ;gk¡ ls js-mM~- ds
fy, nks vkneh feyus okys gSaA ns[kks] dy D;k gksrk gSA
mä ?kVuk us dqN fpafrr cuk fn;k FkkA ,sls gh le; fogkj-n'kZu dks x,A ç/kku fogkj
1180 bZ0 esa Lrx~-yqM~--FkM~--ik-nksZ-fXyM~--jl~-ik us cuok;k FkkA ,d vk¡xu ds fxnZ
fo'kkydk; cq)-ewfrZ;ksa ds x`g gSaA ewfrZ;k¡ lqanj gSaA vusd dUtwj] rUtwj dh lqanj
gLrfyf[kr iqLrdsa bZaVksa dh NYyh dh rjg j[kh gSAa tc i<+uk ugha] rks nwljh rjg j[kus
dh vko';drk D;k\ vkf[kj dqN le; ckn th.kZ eafnj ds fxjus ij ;s iqLrdsa Hkh u"V
gks tk,¡xh] fdarq D;k nke ls Hkh ;g yksx ,d-nks çfr;k¡ ns ldsax\s
Yg-[kM~--xqnksM~-
4-8-34
vkt tc lks;s iM+s Fks vkSj ?kj esa Hkh v¡/ksjk Fkk] rHkh lks-ue~-X;ats vk igq¡pkA iwNus ij
cryk;k] fd mlds lkeku dks jkLrs esa ls dksbZ mBk ys x;k] tc fd mls Qsaddj ihNs
dh vksj Hkkxrs [kPpj dks idM+us ykSVkA ;g Hkh dgk fd jkr dks og igkM+ esa lks;k FkkA
mldh bu ckrksa ij fo'okl u gksrk Fkk] cfYd vkSj lansg c<+rk tkrk Fkk] fd dgha ekj
dj lkeku ywVus ds fy, rks ugha vk;k gSA gekjs ikl ik¡p lkS #i, ds iSls Hkh gSa] vkSj
dqN nwljs lkeku HkhA ,slk lansg djus dk dkj.k Fkk - lks-ue~-X;ats ds tUe-LFkku ds
yksxksa dk ;gh LoHkkoA mlds ns'k esa ywV-ekj yksxksa dk is'kk gSA ;|fi lks-ue~-X;ats dk
pkj-ik¡p o"kZ dk fjdkMZ cgqr vPNk jgk gS] rks Hkh ge mls v/kZfof{kIr le>rs FksA og
dgrk Hkh Fkk - eSa rks unh esa Nyk¡x ekj dj tku ns nw¡xkA bl çdkj vkt jkLrsHkj ge
269
 yksx 'kafdr vkSj ltx gh pyrs jgsA

Lrx~-yqM~- eB ls çk;% Ms<+ ehy rd lk/kkj.k <kyw Hkwfe ij pydj] :[ks iRFkjksa dks tksM+
dj cuk, ,d iqy ls ge /kkj ds ck,¡ gks fy;sA jkLrs esa igkM+ ds o{k esa <ds ,d eB
dk QksVks fy;kA ftl txg ge py jgs Fks] og Ygklk ¼12]000 QqV½ ls vf/kd BaMk gS]
rks Hkh vkt ds igkM+ taxyh xqykc vkSj djkSans dh >kfM+;ksa ls [kwc <ads FksA NksVh-NksVh
?kkl rks o"kkZ ds dkj.k gksxh] fdarq fcPNw-?kkl rks ckjgeklh gS] ftldh ;gk¡ cgqrk;r gSA
pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh dh vn~Hkqr 'kksHkk gSA gekjs dkfQys esa nks ukSdjksa dh c<+rh gqbZA mUgsa
geus ikSus rhu lkM~- ¼çk;% 9 vkus½ jkst ij j[kk gSA
12 cts ge yksx Qqu-nks esa] czãiq= dh ml 'kk[kk ds rV ij igq¡ps] tks Ygklk gksdj
xqtjh gSA ;gk¡ vknfe;ksa ds fy, yksgs ds lk¡dy ij peM+s ls c¡/kh ydfM+;ksa dk >wyk gSA
lkeku ds fy, peM+s dh uko ¼Dok½ gS] tkuojksa dks rSj dj ikj gksuk iM+rk gSA ge yksx
nks ?kaVs ds bartkj ds ckn Dok ls mrj ldsA eaxksfy;k vkSj du~-lw ¼phu½ dh vksj dk
;g ç/kku jkLrk gSA ;gk¡ Hkh ydM+h dh uko dk bart+ke djuk pkfg, FkkA

N-yk ikj djus ds ckn gh iq#"kksa ds ckyksa esa Hksn fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA ;g yksx [kke~ okyksa
dh Hkk¡fr lkeus ds ckyksa dks dSaph ls dVokrs gSaA tgk¡ ls bl i= dks fy[k jgk gw¡] ogk¡
ls vk/ks fnu ds jkLrs ij yk-x~f´l ¼tksr-;qxy½ gS] ftlds ikj gksrs gh ge gksj-çkar esa
igq¡p tkrs gSa] HkksV ns'k ds gksrs gq, Hkh ogk¡ ds L=h-iq#"kksa dh iks'kkd esa cgqr QdZ gSA

lok nks cts jokuk gq,A vc ge Ygklk okyh unh dh ckbZa 'kk[kk ds nkfgus ls py jgs
FksA ;g /kkj fiNyh /kkj ls cgqr cM+h gSA [kSfj;r ;gh gS] fd bls gesa ikj ugha djuk
gksxkA b/kj ds igkM+ksa ij rks vkSj Hkh vf/kd >kfM+;k¡ vkSj gfj;kyh gSaA [ksrh ds yk;d
tehu gksus ij Hkh [ksr ns[kus esa ugha vkrsA unh ds ikj ,dk/k txg ljlksa ds ihys Qwy
fn[kykbZ iM+rs FksA gk¡] txg-txg igkM+ksa ij pjrh-pefj;ksa ds pyk;eku dkys nkx
t:j FksA nks-,d txg ifjR;ä Å¡ps ?kjksa dh iRFkj dh nhokjsa cryk jgh Fkha] fd fdlh
le; b/kj vc ls vf/kd cLrh FkhA unh dh miR;dk dkQh pkSM+h gSA nks-rhu txg gesa
gksj-çkar okys eD[ku-foØsrkvksa dh ynh pefj;k¡ feyhaA nks-rhu txg rhFkkZVd*
fHk[keaxs Hkh feysA gksj dh nks-rhu rhFkkZfVdkvks*a ds QksVks ysus dk Hkh geus ç;Ru fd;kA

ik¡p cts ge ml LFkku ij igq¡ps] tgk¡ js-fMM~- dk jkLrk eaxksfy;k ds jkLrs ls vyx
gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ,d eafnj gS] ftls fjXl~-Xlqe~-Lxksu~-iks dk Yg-[kM~- ¼nsoky;½ dgk tkrk
gSA yksx dgrs gSa] bls lzksM~--Opu~ Lxe~-iks us cuok;k FkkA LFkku rks egRoiw.kZ t:j gS]
rks Hkh nsoky; mruk iqjkuk ugha gksxkA gk¡] ;g X;kjgoha-ckjgoha 'krkCnh ls b/kj dk Hkh
ugha gks ldrkA eafnj ds Hkhrj cq) dh nks lqanj ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA dqN vkSj ewfrZ;ksa ds vfrfjä
,d ,dkn'keq[k* voyksfdrs'oj dh Hkh ewfrZ gSA Yg-[kM~- ¼nsoky;½ igkM+ ds ml dksus
ij gS] tgk¡ ls eaxksfy;k dk jkLrk eqM+rk gSA cxy ds x`gifr us LokxriwoZd gesa viuk
lcls vPNk dejk fn;kA bl dejs esa vklu vkSj pk; dh pkSfd;ksa ds vfrfjä nhokjksa
ij fdrus gh fp=iV vkSj ,d dksus esa ltk dj j[kh in~elaHko* dh ewfrZA fdV~lu~-
ySEi ds lgkjs geus ,d QksVks ysus dk ç;Ru fd;kA vk tk,] rc gSA

;gk¡ ls js-fMM~- ik¡p ehy ds djhc gSA dy losjs gh ogk¡ igq¡p tk,¡xAs
js-fMM~-
5-8-34
270
gekjh ?kM+h ls lk<+s lkr cts vkSj ukrh-yk dh ?kM+h ls ikSus vkB cts ge yksx jokuk -
gq,A vkdk'k es?kkPNUu FkkA NksVh-NksVh Qqgkjsa iM+ jgh FkhaA yk-x~f´l dh vksj ls vkus
okyh /kkj dks ikj dj ge cM+h /kkj dh nkfguh vksj ls Åij dh vksj p<+us yxsA vkt
dk Hkh igkM+ >kfM+;ksa vkSj ?kkl ls <dk FkkA unh dh nwljh vksj pejh pjkus okys Mksd~-
ik yksxksa ds rEcqvksa ls /kqvk¡ fudy jgk FkkA jkLrs esa nks-pkj tkS ds [ksr Hkh ns[ksA iqjkus
ifjR;ä* [ksrksa dh esM+ksa ls ekywe gksrk Fkk] fd fdlh le; b/kj vf/kd [ksr FksA çk;%
rhu ehy pyus ds ckn nsonkj ds ,d-vk/k NksVs o`{k fn[kkbZ iM+us yxsA ehyHkj jgus
ij rks igkM+ esa gtkjksa gjs-gjs nsonkj FksA b/kj nsonkj dkVus dh l[r eukgh gS]
blhfy, ;gk¡ brus o`{k fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA lnhZ ds ckjs esa iwNus ij ekywe gqvk] fd ;gk¡
dh ;g cM+h unh Hkh Åij ls te tkrh gS] vkSj vkneh rFkk tkuoj bl ikj ls ml ikj
vklkuh ls tk ldrs gSaA ml oä nsonkj dh gfj;kyh dks NksM+ dj vkSj dgha gfj;kyh
ns[kus esa ugha vkrhA Ygklk ls ;g LFkku vf/kd Å¡pk gS] blesa rks lansg ugha] ysfdu
vk'p;Z ;g gS fd ;gk¡ ds igkM+ksa ij ftruh gfj;kyh fn[kykbZ iM+rh gS] mruh Ygklk
okys igkM+ksa ij ughaA
geus ,d ekuh ikj dh] fQj ns[kk] gekjs lkFkh rks ,d NksVh pêku ij iRFkj ds VqdM+kas
dks ekj jgs gSa] vkSj lkFk gh dgrs tk jgs gSa -- ^^pk-Qq]ek-Qq** ¼pk; çnku djks] eD[ku
çnku djks½A ekywe gksrk gS] lHkh J)kyq ;k=h ;gk¡ ij pk-Qq] ek-Qq dgrs gSa] rHkh rks
bl NksVh lh pêku ij ipklksa xksy-xksy xïs gks x, gSaA igys rks xksy xM~<ksa dks
ns[kdj esjk ekFkk Budk - dgha Ygklk ds iqjkru ys[k okys f'kyk-LrEHk dh Hkkafr ;gk¡
Hkh rks fdlh iqjkus ys[k dks dwVk ugha tk jgk gS] ysfdu ihNs ;g ns[kdj larks"k gqvk
fd bl pêku ij ys[k ugha gSA ,d ?kqeko dks ikj djrs gh nsonkj ds ?kus taxy esa
jsfMM~- xqEck lkeus vk xbZA
gekjs lkfFk;ksa us viuh fiLrkSy vkSj canwd gkFk esa ys yh] D;ksafd gfFk;kj dks fcuk gkFk
esa fy, bl xqEck ds Hkhrj tkuk fuf"k)* gSA if'pe okys fo'kkydk; LraHk ds ikl igq¡p
dj geus js-fMM~- fjEiks-Ns dh fpëh Hkhrj xqEck ds vQlj ns-N³~ ds ikl HksthA FkksM+h
nsj esa cqykok vk;k] vkSj y-czM~- c~y-e·-Qks-czM~- ¼ykek dk egy½ ds ,d dejs esa jgus
ds fy, LFkku feykA

vc gesa lcls igys ml dke dh fQØ gqbZ ftl dke ds fy, bruh nwj] bruh ijs'kkuh
ds lkFk vk, gSaA /keZo/kZu us tkdj iwNk] rks ekywe gqvk fd js-fMM~- fjEiks-Ns us i= esa
flQZ Bgjus ds fy, vPNk LFkku nsus dks fy[kk gSA eq>s rks bl ckr ij igys fo'okl
u gksrk FkkA vkSj fo'okl djus dks th D;ksa pkgrk\ bruh rdyhQ >sydj] in-in ij
pksjksa ds [krjs okys bl çns'k esa rks blfy, vk, Fks] fd js-fMM-~ esa gesa nhiadj JhKku
ds gkFk ds rky ds iÙks ns[kus dks feysaxAs ns[kus dks gh ugha] cfYd ge rks QksVks ysus
ds lkjs lkeku ds lkFk vk, FksA D;k gekjk ;g lkjk ç;Ru O;FkZ tkus dks gS\ ml fpëh
ds Hkhrj ,d nwljs vQlj ds fy, Hkh fpëh Fkh] tks ,d fnu iwoZ Ygklk pyk x;kA
lkfFk;ksa dks [;ky gqvk] 'kk;n mlesa dqN gksA mifLFkr vQlj nwljs dh fpëh dks
QkM+us ls Mjrk Fkk] fdarq ge yksx le>rs Fks] mlesa Hkh gekjs gh ckjs esa dqN fy[kk gksxkA
fjEiks-Ns egk'k; us gesa flQZ i=okgd FkksM+s gh cuk;k gksxkA vkf[kj mls Hkh [kksyk x;k]
ij mlesa gekjs ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha FkkA og mudk O;fäxr i= FkkA okLro esa eq>s rks
nwljs i= ds [kksy fy, tkus ij ekywe gqvk] fd ;gk¡ ds vQlj dks ,d vyx Hkh i=
FkkA ;fn ;g igys ekywe gqvk gksrk] rks eSa nwljs i= dks [kksyus dh lykg u nsrkA vc
tjk i= dk bfrgkl lqu yksA fiNyh ;k=k esa tc js-fMM~- fjEiks-Ns ls-jk fogkj esa i<+rs
271
 Fks] rHkh mUgksaus eq>ls dgk Fkk] fd muds eB esa nhiadj ds gkFk dh dqN iqLrdsa gSa] js-
fMM~- pyus ij os mUgsa fn[kk,¡xsA ml le; js-fMM~- fjEiks-Ns frCcr ds jktk ugha gq, FksA
vcdh ckj tc muls feyk] rc ;g fpëh feyhA vkSj ml fpëh esa iqLrd dk ftØ ughaA
;fn eq>ls ;g ckr Ygklk esa gh dg nh xbZ gksrh] rks 'kk;n eSa ,slh [krjukd ;k=k dks
u djds ml le; dks fdlh nwljs eB esa yxkrkA blls rks gtkj xquk vPNk gksrk] ;fn
eSa fjEiks-Ns ds i= dks u yk;k gksrkA laHko gS] ml le; ,slk vPNk Bgjus dk LFkku
u feyrk] fdarq mlls ykHk gksrkA

js-fMM~- fogkj dks vkpk;Z nhiadj ds f'k"; czkse~-Lrksu~-ik ¼1003-64 bZ0½ us vkpk;Z ds
nsgkar ¼1054 bZ0½ ds ckn cuk;k FkkA czkes ~-Lrksu~-ik fHk{kq u gksrs gq, Hkh vkpk;Z dk
ç/kku f'k"; Fkk] vkSj frCcr esa muds igq¡pus ds oä ls gh og Nk;k dh Hkk¡fr cjkcj lkFk
jgkA mlds cuk, fogkj esa vkpk;Z dh phtksa dk gksuk t:jh gh BgjkA bu phtksa esa
Åij dgha ,d rkyi= dh iqLrd dk cLrk gS] ftldk vk/kk Hkkx ty x;k cryk;k
tkrk gSA blds vfrfjä dqN iqjkus fp=iV gSa] ftuesa nks os gSa] ftudks fp=dkj us
nhiadj dks ns[kdj cuk;k Fkk] vkSj ftudk o.kZu nhiadj ds iqjkus thou-pfj= esa Hkh
vkrk gSA vQlj fHk{kq us nwljh fpëh ds [kksyus ls igys dgk Fkk] fd lksus dk p<+kok
p<+kus ls nhiadj okys nksuksa fp=iV ckgj yk, tk ldrs gSa] ml oä QksVks ys ysuk] ij
nwljh fpëh esa dqN u ns[kdj geus fQj fp=iV dh ckr NksM+ nhA
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ds ckn ,d iFk-çn'kZd ds lkFk ge fHkUu-fHkUu eafnjksa ds n'kZu ds fy,
py iM+sA igys if'pe Hkkx ds Xj~-cqe~ eafnj esa x,A eafnj NksVk gS] ftlesa nhiadj] czkse~-
l~-rksu~-ik vkfn dh NksVh-NksVh ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA xqEck esa fHk{kqvksa dh jftLVMZ la[;k rks 370
crykbZ tkrh gS] fdarq dqÙkksa dh la[;k Hkh dkQh gSA Xlsj~-cqe~ ¼yk[k lqo.kZ½ eafnj esa lksuk
rks ugha fn[kykbZ iM+k] ij Bhd }kj ij gh ,d dqÙkk ejk iM+k Fkk] ftls gVkus dh
t:jr vHkh yksx vuqHko ugha dj jgs FksA ogk¡ ls ifjØek esa gksrs ge Lxkse~-i-Yg-[kM~-
esa igq¡psA l~xkse~-iM~-czkse~-l~-rksu~-i dk ¼e`- 1064 bZ0½ çf'k"; rFkk 'k-j-ck dk f'k"; Fkk]
le; ckjgoha lnhA eafnj ds Hkhrj cgqr-lh ewfrZ;k¡ gSa] vkSj nhokjksa ij cgqr ls fp=iV
yVd jgs gSaA nhokjksa ij ds iqjkus fp=ksa dk HkksV ns'k esa feyuk eqf'dy gS] D;ksafd yksx-
le; ij fp=ksa dks u;k djrs jgrs gSa fdarq fp=iVksa esa gesa iqjkus fey ldrs gSaA frCcr
esa vkus ds ckn vkt gh gesa Hkkjrh; fp=iV fn[kykbZ iM+sA dqN ,sls fp=iV bl eafnj
esa Hkh gSaA blds ikl gh re~-pu~ dk ifo= nsonkj gS] ftlds Åij HkksV dk egku~ nsork
fuokl djrk gSA J)kyq ukrh-yk us bl nsork ds Åij ,d pk¡nh dk Vdk* p<+k;kA
vc ge pydj iwohZ fdukjs ij vk x,A rqedks ;g Hkh ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd ;gk¡ ds
fdrus gh nsonkjksa ds uke iqjkus xzaFkksa rd esa ntZ gks x, gSaA if'pe fn'kk esa pUnu-n~dj~-
iks ¼'osr pan½ vkSj pUnu-n~ej-iks ¼jä pUnu½ ge ns[k pqds FksA vc iwoZ vkSj xqc~-fly~
vkSj ;ksu~-ru~ ¼xq.k½ ds nks nsonkjksa dks ns[kkA bu iqjkus nsonkjksa esa fdrus vc lw[k x,
gSa] ij Hkh mudks dk;e j[kk x;k gSA vc ge ç/kku nsoky; ¼x~ pqx~-Cyx~-[kM~-½ dh vksj
pysA jkLrs esa Åij dh vksj ,d rYys dh cgqr-lh ?kjkSans tSlh vLrO;Lr dksBfj;k¡ gSaA
bUgha esa ;gk¡ ds fHk{kq jgrs gSaA

ç/kku nsoky; ;gk¡ dk Hkh Lrx~-yq³~ ds ç/kku nsoky; dh rjg Hkhrjh vk¡xu okyk gSA
gk¡ bldh nhokjsa mruh Åaph ugha gSaA ;g vk¡xu Hkh ihNs ls tksM+k ekywe gksrk gS] D;ksafd
czkse~-Lrksu~ ¼Mkse~-rksu~½ dk cuk;k NksVk eafnj vk¡xu ds iwoksZÙkj dksus ij gSA nfD[ku dk
Hkkx [kEHkksa ds ojkaMs esa gS] ftlds if'peh Hkkxksa esa pkSjklh fl)ksa ds fp= Hkhr ij mdsjs
gq, gSaA fp= cgqr iqjkus ugha gSa] rks Hkh muesa fdruh gh iqjkuh ijaijk gSA if'peh ojkaMs
272
;k ckjknjh ls gksrs gq, ge mÙkj Hkkx ds if'pe okys nsoky; esa ?kqlsA VkpZ gekjs gkFk -
esa FkhA Hkhrj nks Lrwi vkSj cq) rFkk eS=s; dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA nhokjsa rsbZl-pkSchl gkFk ls de
Å¡ph u gksaxh] vkSj muds lgkjs du~-tqj~-ru~-tqj~ dh iqLrdsa Nr rd pquh gqbZ gSaA ;g
lHkh iqLrdsa gkFk ls lqanj v{kjksa esa fy[kh gSaA buesa ls fdruh gh lkr lkS o"kZ dh gksaxhA
fdUgha-fdUgha ij igys ds ekfydksa ds uke Hkh gSaA xzc~-Qw-ik uke ds fdlh fo}ku dk uke
cgqr-lh iqLrdksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bl nsoky; ds ikl iwoZ dh vksj nwljk nsoky; gSA
blesa Hkh Lrwiksa vkSj ewfrZ;ksa ds vfrfjä oSlh gh iqLrdksa dh NfYy;k¡ nhokj ds lgkjs
[kM+h gSaA dqN iqLrdksa ds iUus rks dhM+s [kk Hkh jgs gSa] ij [kkdj [kRe djus esa dhM+ksa dks
vHkh 'krkfCn;k¡ yxsaxhA bl le; dhMksa ds Hk{; gksus ds flok budk dksbZ ç;kstu Hkh
ugha ekywe gksrkA ;g bl rjg ugha j[kh xbZ gSa] fd buesa ls dksbZ iqLrd fudkyh tk
ldsA eSa lksp jgk Fkk] fd HkksV ns'k ds iqjkus eBksa esa dSn bu iqLrdksa dk dHkh m)kj
gksxk\ lkspus ls rks ;gh ekywe gksrk gS] fd fdlh eqgEen fcu~-c[kfr;kj dk iSnk gksuk
vlaHko gksus ls 'kk;n le;-le; ij eafnjksa dks rckg djus okys vfXunso gh budk
m)kj djsa] vFkok 'kk;n fdlh le; KkuiwoZd ;k {kseiwoZd gh budk m)kj gksA rhljh
ckr vf/kd t¡prh gS] fdarq vHkh rks mlds fy, cgqr-{kh.k-lh ^ykyh* iwoZ dh vksj fn[kkbZ
iM+rh gSA fQj lkspus yxk] D;k ukyUnk vkSj foØef'kyk esa Hkh 'krkfCn;ksa ls ,d= rky
dh iksfFk;ksa dks blh çdkj j[kk gksxk] tcfd eqgEen fcu~-cf[kr;kj dh QkSt vkx vkSj
ryokj ysdj muds }kj ij igq¡ph\ ij ,slh NYyh cukus esa rky dh iqLrdksa dk vkdkj
ck/kd FkkA

vUr esa lcls dksus okys iqjkus eafnj esa x,A ;g vkSjksa dh Hkk¡fr fo'kky ugha gS- ij Mkse~-
rksu~ dk cuok;k gksus ls ;g ije ifo= gSA blds Hkhrj eatqotz dh ,d NksVh-lh ihry
dh ewfrZ gSA ;g ewfrZ [kks-Qq-yks-p-o ¼tUe 1173 bZ-½ ds ikl FkhA ;gh og yks-p-o gS]
tks lu~ 1200 esa foØef'kyk ds ç/kku vkpk;Z 'kkD; JhHkæ dks usiky ls HkksV ys vk;k
FkkA if'pe vksj dh nhokj ij çk;% ik¡p-Ng gkFk Åij dk¡p yxs nks cDlksa ds Hkhrj
nhiadj JhKku ds os nks fp= gSa] ftUgsa fp=dkj us mUgsa ns[kdj cuk;k FkkA nf{k.k vksj
ds fp=iV esa vkpk;Z ds ck,¡ gkFk esa ,d rkyi= dh iqLrd gS] vkSj nkfguk gkFk mins'k-
eqæk esa gSA psgjs ij cq<+kik rFkk [kksiM+h vkSj eq¡g dk yEckiu Hkh crykrs gSa] fd mä
ijaijk esa dqN lR; dk va'k gSA oSlk rks rqe tkurs gh gks] fd lHkh /keZ ds njckj esaA
/keZ oLrqr% >wB dh vk;q dks yEck djus esa cM+k lgk;d gksrk gSA bl efUnj esa Hkh >wB
dk ,d cM+k Hkkjh b'rgkj gS orZeku js-fMM~- ykek ds ¼ftudh vk;q bl le; ckbZl o"kZ
dh gS½ iSj dk ,d dkys iRFkj dk fu'kku] tks dk¡p ds Hkhrj j[kk gqvk gSA J)kyq Hkäksa
ls dgk tkrk gS] fd cpiu esa ykek fjEiks-Ns us iSj dks lgt LoHkko ls iRFkj ij j[k
fn;k Fkk vkSj mlij ;g fu'kku mrj vk;kA ;fn leUrdwV vkSj ueZnk unh dh igkM+h
ij cq) ds cM+-s cM+s in-fpà mrj ldrs gSa] rks ;gk¡ ,d vorkjh ykek ds NksVs-ls in-
fpà ds mrjus esa dkSu-lh vlaHko ckr gks ldrh gS\ ;fn cq) vius Hkäksa ds >wB ds bl
rwQkus-cnrehth dks ns[krs] rks D;k dgrs\
vc ge nwljs uEcj okys efUnj ds }kj ds LrEHkkxkj esa vk,A js-fMM~- ds iqjkus fp=iV
vktdy ;gha Vk¡xs x, gSaA bu fp=iVksa dh la[;k ntZu ls vf/kd gSA lHkh fp= vtUrk
dh fp=dyk ls vfHkUu gSaA eq>s rks vk'kk u Fkh] fd vtUrk ls bruh lekurk j[kus okys
fp=iV ;gk¡ gks ldrs gSaA nks esa rks vtUrk ds çfl) cksf/klRo tSlh [kM+h rLohj gS -
ogh vkHkw"k.k] ogh cafde Bofu] oSls gh de vkSj lqUnj vkHkw"k.k] oSlh gh fo'kky Hkqtk,¡
vkSj o{k] oSlk gh mnj-çns'kA QksVks ysus dh vuqefr u gksus ls eSa mudh udy Hkkjr
ugha yk ldrk] bldk cM+k vQlksl jgkA
273
 LFkku ij ykSV dj eSaus /keZo/kZu dks ,d fp=iV dh udy djus ds fy, HkstkA mUgksaus
vHkh f'kj dks Hkh iwjk ugha mrkjk Fkk] fd gqDe vk;k-js-fMM~--fjEiks-Ns ds i= esa vuqefr
ugha gS] blfy, udy ugha dj ldrsA vkt ds crkZo ls fpÙk dks vR;Ur {kksHk gqvkA
js-fMM~- ds fy, cgqr [ksn gqvkA ;fn mUgsa eatwj u Fkk] rks Ygklk esa gh D;ksa ugha dg
fn;k\ gk¡- dg dj oSlk i= fy[kuk dHkh Hkæksfpr ugha dgk tk ldrkA bl eB esa ,d
ckj vkx yxh Fkh] ftlesa ;s fp=iV cky-cky cps gSaA ugha dgk tk ldrk] fd Hkkjrh;
dyk dh vewY; fuf/k vkSj nhiadj ds gkFk dh ;g ifo= iqLrd ¼ftlesa 'kk;n mudh
fganh esa jfpr otzklu-otzxhfr Hkh gks½ u tkus dc bu uknku j{kdksa ds gkFk ls loZnk
ds fy, u"V gks tk;A tc nwljh vksj [;ky djrk gw¡] rks eq>s ,sls {kksHk dk dkj.k Hkh
ugha ekywe gksrkA çHkqrk ikdj ,slk Hkko gksuk lalkj esa loZ= ns[kk tkrk gSA ifo= le>h
tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds lkFk Hkh ,slk crkZo gksrk gh gSA eqag ij vçhfrdj ckr u djuk
Hkh euq"; dk LoHkko gSA f[kykM+h lHkh ckft;k¡ ugha thrk djrs] rks eq>s bl vlQyrk
ij {kksHk D;ksa\

czx~-X;Zc~
7-8-34

js-fMM~- ls pyrs oä vkdk'k es?kkPNUu FkkA vkxs pyus ij cwankckanh Hkh 'kq: gqbZA jkLrs
esa ,d-vk/k txg pejh ds gyksa ls [ksr tksrs ns[ks] ;g 'kk;n gekjs ;gk¡ ds ek?k-iwl dh
tqrkbZ dh Hkk¡fr [ksr dks vf/kd mitkÅ cukus ds fy, gksxkA ckjg cts ge fQj-nks ds
?kkV ij igq¡psA mrjus esa cgqr nsj u yxhA ml fnu Qqu~-nks gh esa jguk FkkA

lrx~-yqM~- ls fy, nksuksa vknfe;ksa dks NksM+uk Fkk] blfy, ,d vkneh dh t:jr FkhA
xanu~-Nksl~ dksj ds fy, lk<+s ukS lkM~- ¼nks #i;s nl vkus½ r; gqvkA lh/ks tkus ls nks
fnu dk gh jkLrk gSA vkt yEch eafty Fkh vkSj N-yk dh cM+h tksr dks ikj djuk Fkk]
blfy, lkr cts gh jokuk gq,A vkf[kjh ik¡p ehy ds jkLrs dks NksM+ ckdh igys gh okyk
jkLrk FkkA u;s jkLrs esa fju~ Nsu~-czx~ ¼jRuf'kyk½ eB feykA gekjk u;k ukSdj tYnh
xanu~-Nks-dksj~ igq¡p dj ykSVuk pkgrk Fkk] blfy, og ukd dh lh/k ij vkxs-vkxs
[kPpj ys tk jgk FkkA lkeus ,d igkM+ ij dqN Lrwiksa lfgr ,d eB ns[kkA mlus
le>k] ;gh iksrks gS] vkSj gesa ysdj rhu cts ;gk¡ igq¡p x;kA iwNus ij ekywe gqvk] ;g
rks czx~-X;Zc~ ¼i`"Bf'kyk½ fogkj gSA ml eB dk laLFkkid czx~-X;Zc~ Mkse~-rksu~ ds f'k"; iks-
rks-i ¼1027-1104 bZ-½ dk ledkyhu FkkA bl çdkj eB dh çFke LFkkiuk X;kjgoha lnh
esa gqbZ Fkh] ij ml le; dk eB dqN uhps FkkA vktdy bl eB esa ,d vorkjh ykek
jgrk gSA blls igys dk rhljk ykek cM+k fl) le>k tkrk FkkA mlh dh lekf/k okys
?kj esa ge yksxksa dk vklu yxkA lekf/k ugha] ,d NksVs ls Lrwi ds vUnj ykek dk e`r
'kjhj gh in~ekluklhu j[kk gqvk gSA bl çdkj ds lqjf{kr j[ks e`r 'kjhj dks ;gk¡ okys
ej~-nksM~- dgrs gSaA ej tkus ij 'kjhj dks ued ds Hkhrj j[k fn;k tkrk gSA nks eghus
esa 'kjhj lw[k tkrk gSA fQj 'kjhj ij ,d çdkj dk ysi djds Lrwi esa j[k fn;k tkrk
gSA fdUgha-fdUgha Lrwiksa esa NksVs fNæ j[krs gSa] ftlls yksxksa dks ykek dk n'kZu gksrk gSA
gekjs ikl ds e`r ykek ds Lrwi dk fNæ dkQh cM+k gSA geus ySEi dh jks'kuh esa QksVks
ysus dh dksf'k'k dh] lQyrk gks rcA

Ygklk
10-8-34
274
ijlksa 'kke dks eq>s Ygklk ykSV vkuk iM+kA eSaus ,d lIrkg vkSj ckgj gh jgus dk fopkj -
fd;k FkkA iks-rks] xanu~-Nks-dksj~] js-ok tSls eB rFkk HkksV-lezkVksa ds le; ds nks ik"kk.k-
LrEHkksa dks ns[kuk t:jh Fkk] fdUrq ijlksa losjs gekjs lks-ue~-X;ats ij fQj ikxyiu vk
x;kA mlus vkSj txg tkus ls bUdkj gh ugha dj fn;k] cfYd og viuh yEch ryokj
ij gkFk j[kus yxkA HkksV esa oSls Hkh euq"; dk çk.k cgqr ewY; ugha j[krk] vkSj ;g
vkneh rks eu~-[ke~ çns'k dk jgus okyk gS] tgk¡ ij yksx e`R;q ls [ksy djrs gSaA bUgha
dkj.kksa ls nh?kZ vkSj dfBu p<+kbZ p<+ dj] çk;% rhl-cÙkhl ehy dh nkSM+ yxk] 8 vxLr
dks eSa Ygklk pyk vk;kA
rqEgkjk - jkgqy lka—R;k;u
cks/k ç'u 3
1½ bl ;k=k-o`Ùkkar ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
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2½ jkgqy lka—R;k;u th dgk¡ dh ;k=k ij fudys gSa\
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3½ mudh ;k=k dk mn~ns'; D;k gS\
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4½ jsfM³~ igq¡pus ij mUgsa fdl rjg dk lnek igq¡pkA
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5½ bl ;k=k ds {ks= esa mUgsa fdl ckr dk vQlksl gqvkA
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;g ;k=k-o`Ùkkar jkgqy lka—R;k;u dh çfl) iqLrd ^,f'k;k ds nqxZe Hkw[kaMksa esa* dk ,d

NksVk-lk va'k gSA jkgqy dh nqxZe ,oa chgM+ çns'kksa dh ;k=k,¡ blh Js.kh ds varxZr vkrh
gSaA ,f'k;k ds nqxZe Hkw[kaMksa esa] lkgfld ;k=kvksa dk fooj.k gSA ;s ;k=k,¡ lkgfld ,oa
euksjatd gSaA

jkgqy lkaL—R;k;u Ygklk esa nks eghus X;kjg fnu jgs tgk¡ fou;-fiVd dk vuqokn rFkk
foKfIr ds dqN fgLls dk laL—r esa vuqokn djus ds vykok mUgksaus nks egRoiw.kZ
laL—r xzaFkksa vfHkle;kyadkj Vhdk vkSj oknU;k; Vhdk dks <w¡< fudkykA frCcr esa
fp=dyk ij ,d ys[k fy[kk rFkk ogk¡ ds fHk{kqvksa ,oa x`gLFkksa ds vusd çdkj ds vkHkw"k.k
Hkh mUgksaus laxzghr fd,A QsEcks uked LFkku dh ;k=k dk mn~ns'; crkrs gq, jkgqy us
fy[kk gS %

275
 *^ekywe gqvk fd b/kj nloha ls rsjgoha 'krkCnh rd ds fdrus gh
fogkj gSa] ftuesa jsfM³~ esa rks fuf'pr gh FkksM+h-lh rky i= ds
iqLrdksa ds gksus dh ckr crykbZ xbZ gS vkSj laHkkouk vkSjksa esa Hkh
gSA oLrqr% ;gh dkj.k gS b/kj vkus dkA**
jkgqy us viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku gksus okyh dfBukb;ksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gSA
fogkjksa esa iM+s çkphu xzaFkksa ds v/;;u ,oa laxzg ds fy, ogk¡ dh ljdkj dh vuqefr ysuh
iM+h Fkh fQj Hkh dgha-dgha eBk/kh'k yksx jksd-Vksd djrs gh jgrs FksA chgM+ LFkkuksa dh
;k=k djuk vklku dke ugha gksrkA HkkSxksfyd dfBukbZ ds lkFk-lkFk yqVsjksa vkSj pksj
cnek'kksa dk [krjk cuk jgrk gS blfy, jkgqy us ;k=k dks lqpk: :i ls lEiUu djus
ds fy, lkjk bartke fd;k FkkA
^^vHkh ,d vkSj lkFkh dks tSls cus ¼bu~-phfeu~-ph½ t:j gh ys tkuk Fkk]
D;ksafd ge ,sls çns'k esa tk jgs gSa] tgk¡ la[;k vkSj fiLrkSy-canwd gh gekjh
j{kk dj ldrh gSA**

jkgqy us frCcfr;ksa esa O;kIr ?kksj va/kfo'okl dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, fy[kk gS%

^^ukrh-yk dks cgqr ,rjkt Fkk - gekjh Nkrh ij cjkcj fe-fV-dq

¼X;kjgoha 'krkCnh ds vkpk;Z Le`fr Kku dhfrZ ds uke ls QthZ cuokbZ
feêh dh NksVh ewfrZ½ jgrh gSA gekjs Åij xksyh ugha yx ldrhA dgus
ij mUgksaus fiLrkSy }kjk ijh{kk djkus ls badkj dj fn;kA**
X X X

^^fiNys nykbZ ykek QsEcks i/kkjs Fks] blfy, jkLrk cuk;k x;k Fkk -
cfYd gekjs nksLr dkfnj HkkbZ ds dgus ds eqrkfcd rks ml ij eksVj
py ldrh gSA vkidks 'kk;n Ygklk esa nykbZ ykek ds fy, rhu eksVjksa
dk vkuk ekywe gSA mlh vi'kdqu ls - dqN yksx dgrs gSa - nykbZ
ykek dks 'kjhj R;kx djuk iM+k gS vkSj muds —ik ik= dqHk~-es-ykdks]
tks fctyh-eksVj tSlh [kqjkQkrsa lkspk djrs Fks] loZLo ls gkFk /kks ,d
dksus esa fuokZflr gksuk iM+kA**

X X X

^^,d ?ksjs esa cgqr ls Lrwi gSa] ftuesa ls ,d 'k-j-ck dk 'kjhj Hkh gSA
blh dh cxy esa ,d NksVk-lk Lrwi gS] ftlds egRo ds ckjs esa dgk
tkrk gS fd lalkj esa pkgs fge çy; gks tk;] fdarq bl Lrwi ij cQZ
ugha iM+sxhA**

mi;qZDr m)j.kksa ls gesa ;g le>us esa dfBukbZ ugha gksuh pkfg, fd frCcr dk lekt
cgqr gh ikjEifjd vkSj :f<+oknh lekt FkkA frCcrh vius /kkfeZd jhfr-fjoktksa dk
dBksjrk ls ikyu djrs FksA Kku-foKku ds çfr muesa dksbZ vkxzg ugha Fkk 'kk;n
blhfy, iqjkus fogkjksa dh rjg gh ogk¡ lafpr iqjkus xzaFk Hkh cqjh voLFkk esa iM+s FksA buds
v/;;u vkSj laj{k.k dh dksbZ mfpr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA

276
 ^^iqLrdksa dh NfYy;k¡ nhokj ds lgkjs [kM+h gSaA dqN iqLrdksa ds iUus -
rks dhM+s [kk Hkh jgs gSa] ij dhM+ksa dks [kkdj [kRe djus esa vHkh
'krkfCn;k¡ yxsaxhA bl le; dhM+ksa dk Hk{; gksus ds flok budk dksbZ
ç;kstu Hkh ugha ekywe gksrkA ;g bl rjg ugha j[kh xbZ gSa fd buesa
ls dksbZ iqLrd fudkyh tk ldsA eSa lksp jgk Fkk fd HkksV ns'k ds
iqjkus eBksa esa dSn bu iqLrdksa dk dc m)kj gksxkA**
J)kyqvksa ds ckjs esa jkgqy us bl ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa fy[kk%
^^geus ,d ekuh ikj dh] fQj ns[kk] gekjs lkFkh rks ,d NksVh pêku
ij iRFkj ds VqdM+ksa dks ekj jgs gSa vkSj lkFk gh dgrs tk jgs gSa -
pk-Qq-ek-Qq ¼pk; çnku djks] eD[ku çnku djks½A ekywe gksrk gS]
lHkh J)kyq ;gk¡ ij pk-Qq-ek-Qq dgrs gSa] rHkh rks bl NksVh-lh
pêku ij ipklksa xksy-xksy xM~<s gks x, gSaA**
viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku jkgqy us frCcrokfl;ksa ds jgu-lgu dks Hkh cgqr djhc ls tkuus
dh dksf'k'k dhA rHkh rks mUgksaus fy[kk fd] ^^N-yk ikj djus ds ckn gh iq#"kksa ds ckyksa
esa Hksn fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA ;g yksx [kke~ okyksa dh Hkk¡fr lkeus ds ckyksa dks dSaph ls
dVokrs gSaA tgk¡ ls bl i= dks fy[k jgk gw¡ ogk¡ ls vk/ks fnu ds jkLrs ij yk-x~f¥l
¼tksr-;qxy½ gS] ftlds ikj gksrs gh ge gksj~-çkar esa igq¡p tkrs gSaA HkksV ns'k ds gksrs gq,
Hkh ogk¡ ds L=h-iq#"kksa dh iks'kkd esa cgqr QdZ gSA ;g ogk¡ ds lekt esa LFkkuh; çHkko
dk fp=.k gSA dgha-dgha jkgqy dks ywV-ikV djus okyksa dk Hkh Hk; lrkus yxrk gSA
mUgksaus fy[kk gS%
^^mudh bu ckrksa ij fo'okl u gksrk Fkk] cfYd vkSj lansg c<+rk
tkrk Fkk fd dgha ekj dj lkeku ywVus ds fy, rks ugha vk;k gSA
gekjs ikl lkS #i, ds iSls Hkh gSa vkSj dqN nwljs lkeku HkhA ,slk
lansg djus dk dkj.k Fkk - lks-ue~-X;ats ds tUe-LFkku ds yksxksa dk
;gh LoHkko gSA muds ns'k esa ywVekj yksxksa dk is'kk gSA*
bl o.kZu ls u dsoy LFkku fo'ks"k dh LokHkkfod o`fÙk dk irk pyrk gS cfYd ;k=k
djus okys dh ekufld fLFkfr ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh gkfly gksrh gSA og gj iy ,d
ruko ls Hkh xqtjrk gS D;ksafd vkxs mls vius y{; dks ikus dh rhoz mRdaBk gksrh gSA
jkgqy us frCcr ds LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa ds LoHkko dk fp=.k djrs le; dgha iwoZxzg dk
ifjp; ugha fn;k gS cfYd dfBukb;k¡ vkSj LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa ds pfj=kadu esa ,d
larqyu cuk, j[kus dh iwjh dksf'k'k dh gSA
jkgqy us vius bl ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ç—fr dk lkFk dgha ugha NksM+kA >jus] unh] igkM+]
taxy->kM+ lHkh esa os jers gq, vkxs c<+rs gSaA
^^miR;dk,¡ vkSj mudh csVh-iksfr;k¡ lHkh ?ku-uhy-oluk Fkha] flQZ
,d vksj csjkLrs pyrh ipkl-lkB pefj;k¡ ¼;kd½ dkyk nkx-lk
cu jgh FkhaA ;|fi nwj-nwj ij lQsn HksM+ksa ds >aqM pj jgs Fks fdarq
u fgyus-Mqyus ds dkj.k os tgk¡-rgk¡ iM+s iRFkj gh tku iM+rs FksA**
^^js-fMM~- ls pyrs oä vkdk'k es?kkPNUu FkkA vkxs pyus ij cw¡nk-
ck¡nh Hkh 'kq: gqbZA jkLrs esa ,dk/k txg pejh ds gyksa ls [ksr tksrs
ns[ks] ;g 'kk;n gekjs ;gka ds ek?k-iwl dh tqrkbZ dh Hkk¡fr [ksr dks
vf/kd mitkÅ cukus ds fy, gksxkA** 277
 jkgqy ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa euq"; vkSj ç—fr dk vVwV fj'rk fpf=r gqvk gSA dgha-dgha
mUgsa fp=dyk ds vn~Hkqr uewus viuh rjQ [khaprs gSa - ^^eq>s rks vk'kk u Fkh fd vtark
ls bruh lekurk j[kus okys fp=iV ;gk¡ gks ldrs gSaA nks esa rks vtark ds cksf/klRo
tSlh [kM+h rLohj gS ogh vkHkw"k.k] ogh cafde Bofu] oSls gh de vkSj lqanj vkHkw"k.k] oSlh
gh fo'kky Hkqtk,¡ vkSj o{k] oSlk gh mnj çns'kA QksVks ysus dh vuqefr u gksus ls eSa
mudh udy Hkkjr ugha yk ldrk] bldk cM+k vQlksl gSA**

tSlk fd ;k=kvksa esa vkerkSj ls ;g laHkkouk cuh jgrh gS] frCcr ds chgM+ksa esa ;k=k djrs
gq, jkgqy dks vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA dHkh 'kklura= dh rjQ ls
ck/kk,¡ vkbZa rks dHkh eBk/kh'kksa us v/;;u o laxzg esa #dkoVsa [kM+h dhaA LFkkuh;
fuokfl;ksa dh vksj ls Hkh os ges'kk l'kafdr cus jgsA HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr us vyx ls ijs'kku
fd;k fdarq jkgqy vius y{; dh vksj ges'kk c<+rs jgs] mUgksaus dHkh gkj u ekuhA fLFkfr;ksa
dks vius vuqdwy cukrs gq, mUgksaus lkfgR;] /keZ o n'kZu dh vçkI; iqLrdksa dk laxzg
fd;kA frCcr dh ;k=k esa çk.kksa dks gFksyh ij j[kdj pyuk iM+rk FkkA jkgqy us fy[kk
gS %
^^iks-rks] xanu~-Nks-dksj] ;sj-ok tSls eB rFkk HkksV lezkVksa ds
le; ds nks ik"kk.k-LraHkksa dks ns[kuk t:jh Fkk] fdarq ijlksa lcsjs
gekjs lk-ue~-X;ats ij fQj ikxyiu vk x;kA mlus vkSj txg
tkus ls badkj gh ugha dj fn;k] cfYd og fQj viuh yEch
ryokj ij gkFk j[kus yxkA HkksV esa oSls Hkh euq"; dk çk.k cgqr
ewY; ugha j[krk] vkSj ;g vkneh rks eu~-[ke~ çns'k dk jgus
okyk gS] tgk¡ ij yksx e`R;q ls [ksy djrs gSaA bUgha dkj.kksa ls
nh?kZ vkSj dfBu p<+kbZ p<dj çk;% rhl-cÙkhl ehy dh nkSM+
yxkdj 8 vxLr dks eSa Ygklk pyk vk;kA**
jkgqy dh frCcr-;k=k dk o`Ùkkar gesa ogk¡ ds bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt ls ifjfpr
djokrk gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa us nqxZe çns'kksa dk oLrqfu"B Hkwxksy
fy[kus esa dkQh enn dhA jkgqy us frCcrh lekt ds ckjs esa fy[krs gq, cgqr la;e ls
dke fy;k gS 'kk;n blhfy, muds ys[ku esa ;FkkFkZ T;knk fo'oluh; :i esa vafdr
gqvk gSA muds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa esa fujis{k –f"V] vkReh;rk ,oa LoPNanrk ds xq.k fo|eku gSaA
O;fä fp=ksa ds lkFk eafnjksa] eBksa vkSj Lekjdksa ds fp= muds ;gk¡ Hkjiwj gSaA os oLrq ,oa
–'; o.kZu esa dsoy mlds orZeku Lo:i dk gh ifjp; ugha nsrs] cfYd mldh
,sfrgkfld lPpkbZ dks Hkh [kkstus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA LFkku fo'ks"k ds ,sfrgkfld egRo
dks js[kkafdr djus esa os ugha pwdrs gSaA M‚å j?kqoa'k ds vuqlkj] ^^mPpdksfV ds ;k=k-
lkfgR; esa –';-lkSan;Z] thou dk :i] bfrgkl] iqjkrRo] vFkZuhfr lc feydj ,d jl
gks tkrs gSaA** frCcr dh ;k=kvksa esa eBksa ds o.kZu ds çlax esa Hkh jkgqy dh ,sfrgkfld
çfrHkk ns[kus gh ;ksX; gSA muds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk dh vksj /;ku
vkdf"kZr djuk t:jh yxrk gSA os LFkkuksa dh ,sfrgkfld lEink ds o.kZu ds lkFk iqjkuh
nardFkkvksa] tuJqfr;ksa ,oa dgkorksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSaA blls ;k=k-o.kZu esa ljlrk
vkSj jkspdrk dk lekos'k gksrk gSA blesa dksbZ nks er ugha gS fd jkgqy ds ;k=k-o.kZuksa
ds chp-chp esa vkus okyh yksd-dFkkvksa us muds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa dh jkspdrk c<+kbZ gSA
jkgqy ds bl ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa mudh ,sfrgkfld] oSKkfud ,oa ekuoh; –f"V dk ifjp;
feyrk gSA

278
 - -

Hkk"kk fopkjksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dks çdV djus dk ek/;e gS vkSj 'kSyh mldk ,d rjhdkA
Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh lkfgfR;d jpuk dh 'kfä gksrh gSA Hkkoksa dks çdV djus dh iw.kZ {kerk
gh Hkk"kk dk lcls cM+k xq.k gSA Hkk"kk esa LokHkkfod çokg] ljyrk] e`nqyrk] yksp vkSj
xaHkhjrk tSls xq.k gksus pkfg,A [kM+h cksyh fganh dks le`) djus esa ftu ys[kdksa dk
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS] jkgqy lka—R;k;u muesa ls ,d gSaA os dbZ Hkk"kkvksa ds tkudkj FksA
laL—r] ikfy] çk—r] Hkkstiqjh esa rks mUgksaus fy[kk gh gS] blds vykok :lh] flagyh]
vaxzsth vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ij mudk vf/kdkj FkkA jkgqy fganh lkfgR; dks cgqvk;keh cukuk
pkgrs FksA ;k=k-o`Ùkkar tSlh ubZ fo/kk dks lkfgfR;d çfr"Bk fnykus esa jkgqy us egRoiw.kZ
;ksxnku fd;kA

jkgqy dh jpukvksa esa laL—rfu"B fganh dk HkO; ç;ksx feyrk gSA miU;kl] dgkuh]
;k=k-o`Ùkkar] vkRedFkk ,oa fuca/k tSlh fo/kkvksa esa mUgksaus laL—rfu"B fganh dk lgt
ç;ksx fd;k gSA nk'kZfud fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fä] xw<+ Hkkoksa ds fun'kZu ,oa O;fä fp=
çLrqr djus esa mUgksaus çk;% ,slh gh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fd;k gSA vius thou ds vuqHkoksa
dks fy[krs le; jkgqy us ljy fganh dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k gSA blds vykok mUgksaus
vaxzsth] vjch] Qkjlh] frCcrh] :lh] Ýsap vkSj phuh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dk bLrseky Hkk"kk dks
laçs"k.kh; ,oa le`) cukus ds fy, fd;k gSA os LFkkuh; cksfy;ksa ds izcy leFkZd FksA
Hkkstiqjh esa mUgksaus vkB ukVd fy[ks! jkgqy dh Hkk"kk eqgkojksa] yksdksfä;ksa] lwfDr;ksa ds
esy ls cgqr çHkko'kkyh cu xbZ gSA vfHkO;fä ds fy, t:jr iM+us ij os u, 'kCn Hkh
x<+ ysrs FksA

ik=] fLFkfr ,oa Hkko ds vuqdwy jkgqy lka—R;k;u Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA ^,f'k;k ds
nqxZe Hkw[kaMksa esa* esa mUgksaus laL—rfu"V vkSj lgt lkekU; nksuksa rjg dh Hkk"kk dk
mi;ksx fd;k gSA elyu%
^*miR;dk,¡ vkSj mudh csVh iksfr;k¡ lHkh /ku-uhy-oluk FkhaA**

X X X

^^iqjkus fogkjksa dh tSlh nqjoLFkk vkerkSj ls frCcr esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] oSlh
gh bldh Hkh gSA**

X X X

^^ogh vkHkw"k.k ogh cafde Bofu] oSls gh de vkSj lqanj vkHkw"k.k] oSlh gh
fo'kky Hkqtk,¡ vkSj o{k] oSlk gh mnj-çns'kA**
mi;qZä m)j.kksa esa ge jkgqy dh laL—rfu"B Hkk"kk vkSj vkyadkfjdrk ds çHkko dks
vklkuh ls ns[k ldrs gSaA nwljh vksj ljy-lkekU; Hkk"kk dk çokg Hkh ns[kus gh ;ksX;
gS%
^^ugha dgk tk ldrk fd Hkkjrh; dyk dh vewY; fuf/k vkSj
nhiadj ds gkFk dh ;g ifo= iqLrd ¼ftlesa 'kk;n mudh fganh esa
jfpr otzklu-otzxhfr Hkh gks½ u tkus dc bu uknku j{kdksa ds
gkFk ls loZnk ds fy, u"V gks tk,A**
279
 tgk¡ rd 'kSyh dk ç'u gS jkgqy us vkerkSj ls o.kZukRed ,oa fooj.kkRed 'kSyh dk
ç;ksx fd;k gSA ;k=k-lkfgR; Hkh bUgha 'kSfy;ksa esa fy[kk x;k gSA D;ksafd ys[kd dk ewy
mn~ns'; ;gk¡ LFkku-fo'ks"k dk o.kZu djuk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN va'k çLrqr gSa%
^^vktdy o"kkZ _rq gSA Hkwy-s HkVds fdrus gh ckny fgeky; ds bl
ikj Hkh vk igq¡prs gSa vkSj eSnku vkSj igkM+ ft/kj ns[kks m/kj gh gjh
e[keyh NksVh-NksVh ?kkl fcNh gqbZ gSA**
*frCcr Ygklk ls mÙkj dh vksj tks ^,f'k;k ds nqxZe Hkw[kaMksa esa* dk gh ,d va'k gS] i=
'kSyh esa fy[kk x;k gS %

^^fç; vkuan th]

------------ LFkku ij ykSV dj eSaus /keZo/kZu dks ,d fp=iV dh udy djus ds fy,
HkstkA mUgksaus vHkh f'kj dks Hkh iwjk ugha mrkjk Fkk fd gqDe vk;k - js-fMM~--fjEiks-Ns ds
i= esa vuqefr ugha gS] blfy, udy ugha dj ldrsA vkt ds crkZo ls fpÙk dks vR;ar
{kksHk gqvkA
rqEgkjk
- jkgqy lka—R;k;u**

;gk¡ ys[kd us LFkku-fo'ks"k dk o.kZu djrs gq, viuh vkReh;rk] oS;fädrk vkSj Hkkouk
dk Hkh çn'kZu fd;k gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bl 'kSyh esa jkgqy us LFkku-laca/kh
o`Ùkkar çLrqr djus ds lkFk-lkFk viuh çfrfØ;k,¡ Hkh O;ä dh gSaA blesa ;k=k dk
mn~ns'; Hkh Li"V gks x;k gSA bl 'kSyh esa fy[ks x, jkgqy th ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkar jkspd]
O;kogkfjd ,oa jpukRed gSa rFkk muesa lgtrk] ljlrk vkSj vkReh;rk dk xq.k fo|eku
gSA
cks/k ç'u 4
1½ ys[kd dh ;k=k ds o.kZu dh O;k[;k dhft,A
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*,f'k;k ds nqxZe Hkw[kaMksa esa* ys[kd dh 1933 ls 1937 rd dh dqN ;k=kvksa dk ladyu
gSA bl iqLrd esa jkgqy th dh pkj ;k=k,¡ gSaA igyh yík[k] nwljh frCcr] rhljh bZjku
vkSj pkSFkh vQxkfuLrku ls lacaf/kr gSA frCcr ;k=k esa Ygklk] pkM~] lD;] ´ue~ rFkk
usiky dk o.kZu gSA ;g ys[kd dh lu~ 1934 esa dh xbZ frCcr dh nwljh ;k=k gS ftlesa
i=-'kSyh dk lqanj ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

280
frCcr-;k=k ds nkSjku jkgqy dks ftu dfBukb;ksa ls xqtjuk iM+k Fkk] mu lkjs vuqHkoksa -
dks mUgksaus cgqr gh vkReh;rk vkSj rVLFkrk ds lkFk js[kkafdr fd;k gSA bl ;k=k esa
mudk T;knk tksj bl ckr ij Fkk fd ogk¡ dh ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd vkSj nk'kZfud iqLrdksa
dk vf/kd ls vf/kd v/;;u o laxzg dj fy;k tk,A blfy, jkgqy ds fy, ;k=k
fe'ku dh rjg gksrh FkhA bl ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa frCcr dk lekt] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy]
laL—fr] /keZ o n'kZu vfHkO;fä ik lds gSaA jkgqy us ogk¡ dh lkekftd-/kkfeZd :f<+;ksa]
fo'oklksa ,oa ijaijkvksa ij LFkku-LFkku ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA Kku-foKku dk vHkko vkSj
dwieaMwdrk ogk¡ ds lekt esa cgqr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ,d rjg ls dgk tk, rks] ogk¡ ds
lekt ds fo"k; esa ^ydhj ds Qdhj* okyh mfä pfjrkFkZ gksrh gSA KkuktZu ds çfr dksbZ
yyd ogk¡ ds yksxksa esa ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA egRoiw.kZ xzaFk lkexzh eBksa esa j[kh gqbZ u"V gks
jgh gSA ;g lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk çek.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ywVikV vkSj gR;k
Hkh frCcr lekt dk vge fgLlk gS] jkgqy ds ys[ku ls rks ,slk gh çrhr gksrk gSA
vfHkO;fä dk ;g çHkko gh jkgqy ds ;k=k-o`Ùkkarksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA dgha-dgha ç—fr dk
js[kkadu Hkh eksfgr djrk gSA Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh ljy] lgt vkSj çokgiw.kZ gSA blfy,
jkspdrk cuh jgrh gSA var esa] ;g dguk xyr u gksxk fd jkgqy lka—R;k;u ds ;k=k-
o`Ùkkarksa esa ,d ;k;koj dh HkVdu gh ugha gS cfYd ,d [kksth O;fä dh mRdaBk] yxu
vkSj leiZ.k Hkh gSA fganh esa ,slk cgqr de ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

lkbr % le;] eqgwrZ

miR;dk % rjkbZ] ?kkVh
?ku uhy olu % uhys diM+s okyh
çf'k"; % ç/kku f'k";
ik"kk.k LrEHk % iRFkj dk [kaHkk
de[kkc % js'keh diM+k
pejh % ;kd- eknk
rhFkkZVd % rhFkZ ;k=h
rhFkkZfVdk % efgyk rhFkZ ;k=h
,dkn'keq[k % X;kjg eq¡g okys
in~elaHko % Hkxoku cq)
ifjR;ä % tks NksM+ nh xbZ gks
fuf"kn~/k % oftZr] euk
Vdk % #i;k

cks/k ç'u -1
1½ esjh frCcr ;k=k] esjh yn~nk[k ;k=k] fdUuj ns'k esa
2½ LFkwy o.kZu ç/kku] eu%fLFkfr] js[kkadu
281
 cks/k ç'u 2
d½ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa ys[kd dk mn~ns'; LFkku fo'ks"k ds vkpkj-fopkj] euksjatu rFkk
thou ds çfr –f"Vdks.k dk fp=.k djuk gksrk gSA
[k½ ;k=k ds nkSjku ys[kd ftu LFkkuksa] Lekjdksa] –';ksa dks ns[krk gS] muls og vkReh;
laca/k LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA
x½ ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa jkspdrk ykus ds fy, ys[kd LFkku fo'ks"k ls tqM+h yksd-dFkk] ;k jSr
dFkk vkfn dk mYys[k djrk gSA
2½ d½ ç—fr dk vkuan mBkus ds fy,
[k½ ,sfrgkfld Kku vftZr djus ds fy,
x½ lkekftd-lkaL—frd #fp;ksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dks le>us ds fy,
3½ nksuksa esa ;k=k gksrh gSA fjiksrkZt esa ;k=k lk/ku gS] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar esa lk/; gSA
cks/k ç'u 3
1½ jkgqy lka—R;k;u th
2½ jsfM³~ fogkj ¼frCcr½
3½ os ckS) /keZ ds gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa dh ryk'k esa x, gSaA
4½ os ftu xzaFkksa dh ryk'k esa vk, Fks] mudh çfr;k¡ ugha yk ldsA
5½ mUgsa bl ckr dk vQlksl gqvk fd eBksa esa xzaFk u"V gks jgs gSa] ysfdu mUgsa xzaFkksa
dks cpkus dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha fey jgk gSA
cks/k ç'u 4
1½ bl ç'u ds mÙkj esa mudh ;k=k ds vuqHko dh ppkZ dhft,A O;fä;ksa vkSj
?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa muds ltho fp=.k dh ppkZ dhft,A bl fp=.k esa mudh Hkk"kk
'kSyh dk Hkh mYys[k dhft,A
vkidk mÙkj iwjh bdkbZ ij vk/kkfjr gksA yxHkx ,d i`"B dk gksA

282
 -

11-0 mn~ns';
11-1 çLrkouk
11-2 thouh vkSj vU; x| fo/kk,¡
11-3 thouh dh lajpuk vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡
11-4 thouh ys[kd jkefoykl 'kekZ
11-5 ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* dk iBu
11-6 ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* dk fo'ys"k.k
11-6-1 çfrik|
11-6-2 Hkk"kk-'kSyh
11-7 lkjka'k
11-8 'kCnkoyh
11-9 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

;g fujkyk th dh thouh dk ,d va'k gSA bl thouh ds ys[kd gSa jkefoykl 'kekZA

bl ikB esa ys[kd us fujkyk th ds thou ds mu egRoiw.kZ çlaxksa ij çdk'k Mkyk gS]
ftuls ,d vD[kM+ xzkeh.k ;qod ls ,d fo[;kr dfo ds :i esa fujkyk th ds mn;
dh ;k=k dh >yd feyrh gSA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki%
lkfgfR;d fo/kk thouh dh jpuk ds rRoksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs(
x| lkfgR; esa thouh ds LFkku dh ppkZ dj ldsaxs(
bl thouh ds va'k ls fujkyk ds pfj= dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs(
jkefoykl 'kekZ —r bl thouh dk vkLoknu vkSj ewY;kadu dj ldsaxs vkSj
thouh ys[ku dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks igpkudj mlesa ço`Ùk gks ldsaxsA

fganh lkfgR; esa x| dk vkfoHkkZo mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa gqvkA çFke Lok/khurk
laxzke ds Øwj neu ds ckn] fganh çns'k esa] oSpkfjd vfHkO;fä ds lk/kuksa dh [kkst ds
Øe esa gh x| ds vusd :i lkeus vk,A oSpkfjd fookn vkSj la?k"kZ ds fy, x| ds
fofHkUu :iksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k gh HkkjrsUnq ;qx dks x| dky Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Lok/khurk ds fy, yM+h tkus okyh yM+kbZ ds nkSj esa ns'kh-fons'kh egkiq#"kksa dk Lej.k bl
yM+kbZ ds ,d vfuok;Z dk;ZHkkj ds nkSj esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA R;kx] cfynku vkSj
rstfLork bl Lej.k ds çeq[k ?kVd cudj mifLFkr gq,A fczfV'k lkezkT;okn dh QwV
Mkyus vkSj jkt djus dh uhfr ds fo#) lkEçnkf;d ln~Hkko dks c<+kok nsus okys rRoksa
dks Hkh bl dk;ZHkkj esa 'kkfey djds pyus dh ço`fÙk bl dky esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA 283
 vius laf{kIr thou-dky esa Lo;a Hkkjrsanq gfj'paæ us vusd egkiq#"kksa ds laf{kIr thou-
o`Ùk fy[ksA ,d vksj mUgksaus foØe] dkfynkl] jkekuqtkpk;Z] 'kadjkpk;Z] oYyHkkpk;Z vkSj
egkdfo lwjnkl vkfn ds thou-o`Ùk fy[ks] ogha mUgksaus lqdjkr] usiksfy;u r`rh; vkSj
ykMZ E;ks vkfn ds thou pfj= Hkh fy[ksA vius le; esa çpfyr eqfLye-fojks/kh
fopkj/kkjk ds fo#) Hkh os lfØ; gLr{ksi djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vk;Z lekt }kjk çsfjr
vkSj lapkfyr 'kqf) vkanksyu* ds çHkko ls os vius dks eqä j[krs gSa ftlds çHkko esa rc
ckcw nsodh uanu [k=h lfgr dbZ egRoiw.kZ ys[kd FksA bldk çek.k os dqjku 'kjhQ dk
lkj-la{ksi fganh esa çLrqr djds nsrs gSaA bl rjg thouh lkfgR; dks fczfV'k lkezkT;okn
ds fo#) yM+h tk jgh yM+kbZ esa ,d mi;ksxh vL= dh rjg bLrseky djus dh ço`fÙk
cgqr eq[kj Hkys gh u gks] mlds fy, O;aX; vkSj migkl dh oSlh 'kSyh Hkh fodflr gksrh
ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA fQj Hkh ,d uo çLQqfVr x|-fo/kk ds :i esa thouh dks xaHkhjrk
ls fy, tkus dk ladsr vo'; nsrk gSA pwafd thouh dk fodkl vius le; lanHkks± dh
vko';drk ds chp gqvk Fkk] mlds çsjd vkSj mn~cks/kd Lo:i ds çfr mldh fpark
LokHkkfod gSA

oSls rks lkjs lkfgR; vkSj dykvksa dk ewy lzksr thou gh gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh dqN lkfgR;-
:i bl ^thou* dk mi;ksx cgqr lh/ks vkSj çR;{k :i esa djrs gSaA thouh ds lkFk bl
rjg ds vU; lkfgR;-:i vkRedFkk] laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp= vkfn gSaA lkfgR; esa thouh
ls cgqr feyrk-tqyrk :i vkRedFkk dk gSA thouh vkSj vkRedFkk nksuksa esa gh
lkekU;r% fdlh egRoiw.kZ vkSj vius {ks= esa mYys[kuh; O;fä ds laiw.kZ thou dks gh
jpuk dk vk/kkj cuk;k tkrk gSA ^thouh* esa thou dh bl vk/kkj-lkexzh dks dksbZ nwljk
O;fä çLrqr djrk gS tcfd vkRedFkk esa ^dFkk* thouh dk i;kZ; gksus ij Hkh ewy cy
^vkRe* ij gksrk gS vkSj mlesa thou dk çLrqfrdj.k ogh O;fä djrk gS ftldk og
thou gksrk gSA bu nksuksa gh lkfgR; :iksa esa lkekU;r% laiw.kZ thou dks gh vk/kkj lkexzh
ds :i esa mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA fganh esa ,d vksj ;fn jkgqy lka—R;k;u vkSj cPpu
dh vkRedFkk,¡ dFkk ds :i esa mYys[kuh; gSa ogha ve`rjk; dh ^çsepan dye dk
flikgh*] jkefoykl 'kekZ —r ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* vkSj fo".kq çHkkdj }kjk
fyf[kr 'kjr pan dh thouh ^vkokjk elhgk* vkfn dqN fof'k"V vkSj mYys[kuh;
thofu;ksa ds :i esa Loh—r gSaA dHkh-dHkh fdlh O;fä ds thou dks gh vkRedFkk ds :i
esa çLrqr fd, tkus ds mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gSaA fo".kqpæa 'kekZ us eqfäcks/k dh thouh dks
^eqfäcks/k dh vkRedFkk* ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k gSA

nks mYys[kuh; thofu;k¡ - ^vfXu lsrq* vkSj ^le; lkE;oknh* - esa Øe'k% ckaxyk dfo
dkth ut#y bLyke vkSj jkgqy lka—R;k;u ds thou-o`Ùk dks thouh ds Loh—r :i
esa gh çLrqr fd;k gSA thouh viuh çkekf.kdrk vkSj fo'oluh;rk ds rF;ksa ds vkos"k.k
vkSj çLrqfrdj.k ij cy nsrh gS tcfd vkRedFkk Lo;a vius ckjs esa rF;ksa ds fueZe vkSj
lkgfld mn~?kkVu ds dkj.k gh mYys[kuh; ekuh tkrh gSA fganh esa ik.Ms; cspu 'kekZ
^mxz* dh vis{kk—r laf{kIr vkRedFkk] vkRedFkk ds :i esa Loh—r jgh gSA thouh esa
çLrqr rF; gh mls çkekf.kd vkSj fo'oluh; cukrs gSa] ysfdu dnkfpr~ ,slh thouh
vlaHko gS ftlesa ys[kd dYiuk dk mi;ksx u djrk gksA ftl thou dks og çLrqr
djrk gS og lkekU;r% dkQh igys chr pqdk gksrk gSA ml thou ds iqulZtZu ds fy,
mls cgq/kk gh viuh ltZukRed dYiuk dk lgkjk ysuk gksrk gSA ysfdu og dkYifud
iqulZtZu Hkh vfuok;Zr% vU; nwljs lzksrksa ls çekf.kr gksuk pkfg,A jkaxs; jk?ko us —".k]
284
cq) vkSj xksj[kukFk lfgr vusd e/;dkyhu larksa vkSj dfo;ksa ds thou ij vk/kkfjr tks
miU;kl fy[ks gSa mUgsa lkekU;r% thou pfj= ds miU;kl ds :i esa gh Loh—fr feyh
gSA bldk vk/kkjHkwr dkj.k ;gh gS fd thouh dh vis{kk muesa dYiuk dk mi;ksx
vf/kd gqvk gSA bl iqulZtZu dh ,sfrgkfld çkekf.kdrk ;gk¡ Hkh cuh jgrh gS ysfdu
thou ds C;kSjksa vkSj ?kVuk-çlaxksa dh çLrqfr esa ;gk¡ i;kZIr Lora= jgus dh NwV yh tk
ldrh gSA thouh esa ,slh dksbZ NwV ,d lhfer ek=k esa gh laHko gksrh gSA

nwljs lkfgR; :iksa esa thouh ds fudV vkus okyh fo/kkvksa esa js[kkfp= vkSj laLej.k eq[;
gSaA js[kkfp= ds fy, ml O;fä dk cgqr çfl) ;k lkaL—frd –f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gksuk
vfuok;Z ugha gSA egknsoh oekZ ds ^vrhr ds py fp=* vkSj jkeo`{k csuhiqjh ds ^ekVh dh
ewjrsa* esa ftu O;fä;ksa ds js[kkfp= gSa] thou vkSj lekt esa os yksx lkekU;r% gkf'k, ds
yksx gSaA fQj Hkh muds thou dks bu nksuksa gh jpukdkjksa us xgjh laosnuk vkSj gkfnZdrk
ds lkFk O;ä fd;k gSA ;gk¡ thou ds dqN i{k mruh vkReh;rk ds lkFk çLrqr fd,
x, gSa fd os laiw.kZ misf{kr vkSj oafpr oxZ ds çfrfuf/k cudj gekjh lgkuqHkwfr ds ik=
cu tkrs gSaA ogk¡ mudk iwjk thou gekjs lkeus ugha gksrk ysfdu muds thou ds dqN
çlax ;k fQj mu çlaxksa dh Hkwfe gh mUgsa ,d ,slk vkfRed laLi'kZ nsrh gS ftlds dkj.k
muds çfr d#.kk dk mæsd gq, fcuk ugha jgrkA lkekU; vkSj misf{krksa ds çfr bl
ekuoh; d#.kk esa gh bu ys[kdksa dh lQyrk fufgr gSA oSls miU;kl] dgkuh] thouh
lkfgR; esa Hkh js[kkfp= dh dykxr fof'k"Vrkvksa dk mi;ksx gks ldrk gS] gksrk Hkh gS]
ysfdu ,d fo/kk ds :i esa js[kkfp= misf{krksa ds çfr viuh vkReh;rk vkSj d#.kk ds
chp ls gh viuh igpku cukrk gSA

laLej.k esa lkekU;r% ml O;fä dk Lej.k gksrk gS tks lkekftd lkaL—frd thou esa
vius mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA blesa thouh vkSj js[kkfp= ds rRoksa
dk çpqj ek=k esa mi;ksx gksus ij Hkh eq[; cy ml lac) O;fä ls ys[kd ds futh
laca/k vkSj laidZ ij gh gksrk gSA vius lEidZ ds vk/kkj ij gh ys[kd ml O;fä ds
thou ds fdlh fof'k"V igyw dk vkdyu vkSj iqulZtZu djrk gSA dHkh-dHkh ;g
vkdyu erHksn vkSj fookn dk dkj.k Hkh cu ldrk gS D;ksafd ys[kd viuh –f"V ls gh
ml O;fä fo'ks"k dks çLrqr djrk gSA v'd dk ^eaVks % esjk nq'eu^ bl rjg ds
fooknkLin laLej.kksa dk ,d lgt lqyHk mnkgj.k ekuk tkrk jgk gSA ;gk¡ dnkfpr
ys[kd ds bl –f"Vdks.k dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vius
ledkyhu ys[kdksa ij fy[ks x, laLej.kksa esa egknsoh oekZ ds ^iFk ds lkFkh* vkSj vKs;
ds ^Le`fr ys[kk* ls ysdj dk'khukFk flag] nw/kukFk flag vkSj johUnz dkfy;k lfgr vusd
ys[kdksa ds laLej.k ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ;s laLej.k thouh dh rjg u rks O;ofLFkr gksrs
gSa vkSj u gh laiw.kZ] fQj Hkh os lac) O;fä ds thou dks gh çLrqr djrs gSaA

thouh 'kCn thou ls cuk gS( blesa fdlh O;fä ds thouo`Ùk dk o.kZu gksrk gSA vaxzsth
'kCn Biography Hkh ;gh vFkZ nsrk gS - Bio thou Graphy o.kZuA thou pfjr esa ,d
vksj thou dh LFkwy cká ?kVuk,¡ gSa - dqN jkspd] dqN foLe;dkjhA nwljh vksj fdlh
O;fä ds pfj= dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa tks ikBd ds fy, çsj.kknk;h cu ldrh gSaA thouh
esa thou dh çeq[k ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e ls O;fä ds vkarfjd ekufld fodkl dk fp=.k
fd;k tkrk gSA thouh esa cká vkSj vkarfjd dk lkeatL;iw.kZ fp=.k gksrk gSA

285
 thouh dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa %

d½ thouh mlh O;fä dh fy[kh tkrh gS ftlesa pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,¡

gksa vkSj yksx ml O;fä ds thou ls çsj.kk xzg.k dj ldsaA bl –f"V ls vke rkSj
ij bfrgkl esa çfl) vkSj vius {ks= esa [;kfr çkIr O;fä;ksa dh gh thouh fy[kh
tkrh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa bl utfj, esa dqN ifjorZu vk;k gSA vc lkfgR; esa
vke vkneh }kjk vke vkneh ds fy, fy[kus ij cy gSA u, ;qx esa mu yksxksa dh
thouh Hkh fy[kh tkrh gS] tks [;kruke ugha gSaA

[k½ thouh dk mn~ns'; rHkh iwjk gksxk tc rF; vkSj ?kVukØe

çkekf.kd gksaA vU;Fkk og dFkk lkfgR; gksxk] ftlesa vkn'kZ pfj= ;k dFkkuk;d
dh l`f"V dh tkrh gSA thouh dFkk lkfgR; ugha gS] blfy, tc rd og çkekf.kd
u gks] yksx mls çsj.kkLin ugha ekusaxsA ;g ckr ys[kd dh fo'oluh;rk ls Hkh
tqM+rh gSA ys[kd dks pkfg, fd og thouh ds uk;d ¼;k ukf;dk½ ds i=] Mk;jh]
muij fy[ks x, nwljksa ds laLej.k] futh laca/kksa dh ;knsa] laHko gks rks ml O;fä
ls fy, x, HksaV-okrkZyki vkfn dk mi;ksx djsaA
x½ thouh esa uk;d ¼;k ukf;dk½ ds çfr ys[kd esa vknj] J)k
vkSj xoZ dk Hkko gksuk pkfg,] ftlls og vkn'kZ pfj= dh çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dks
mtkxj dj ldsA ys[kd dk dke bruk gh ugha gS fd og ,sfrgkfld Øe ls
?kVukvksa dk çLrqfrdj.k dj nsA og vkn'kZ pfj= dh mu fo'ks"krkvksa dks <wa<
fudkyrk gS] tks igyh utj esa lkeus ugha vkrsA laosnuk vkSj vkn'kZ pfj= ds
lkFk laca/kksa ds vk/kkj ij dbZ rjg dh thofu;k¡ gksrh gSaA ;s gSa& vkReh; thouh]
yksdfç; thouh] dykRed thouh vkSj euksoSKkfud thouhA

?k½ pkgs ys[kd vkn'kZ pfj= ds fdrus gh fudV D;ksa u gks]

fdrus gh J)kyq D;ksa u gksa] mudk fp=.k rVLFk vkSj fu"i{k gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa
viuh rjQ ls dqN fNikuk ;k c<+kuk ugha pkfg,( mUgsa viuh vksj ls lans'k nsuk
;k fu"d"kZ fudkyuk ugha pkfg,A
M½ o.kZu dh rVLFkrk ds ckotwn fp=.k likV u gks vkSj u gh
o.kZu mckÅ gksA thoar fp=.k vkSj vkd"kZd 'kSyh lkfgfR;d thofu;ksa dk ije
xq.k gSA

cks/k ç'u 1
1½ thouh dh pkj çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
d½ ------------------------------------------------------------------ [k½ ----------------------------------------------------------------
x½ ------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k½ ----------------------------------------------------------------
2½ thouh vkSj js[kkfp= esa çeq[k varj D;k gS\
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286
jkefoykl 'kekZ us fujkyk laca/kh viuh vR;ar egRokdka{kh ;kstuk ds varxZr] tks
^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* uke ls rhu [k.Mksa esa lEiUu gS] ^fujkyk dh lkfgR;
lk/kuk* Hkkx-1 ds :i esa fujkyk dh lqfoLr`r thouh çLrqr dhA bldk çdk'ku 1969
esa gqvkA jkefoykl 'kekZ Hkys gh fujkyk dh ;g thouh fy[kdj fganh esa thouh ys[kdksa
dh çFke iafä esa vk x, gksa] ysfdu ewyr% os vkykspd vkSj dfo gSaA os viuh lkfgR;]
laL—fr vkSj Hkk"kk laca/kh uhfr;ksa ds fy, i;kZIr fooknkLin Hkh jgsA vKs; }kjk laikfnr
^rkj lIrd* ¼1943½ esa ,d dfo ds :i esa 'kkfey fd, x,A muds vkykspukRed
fuca/kksa dk çdk'ku muds v/;;u dky esa] rhl ds n'kd esa gh gksus yxk FkkA oLrqr%
blh nkSj esa os y[kuÅ esa gh fujkyk ds vkReh; vkSj ?kfu"B laidZ esa vk, vkSj ,d yacs
vjls rd fujkyk ds fudV laidZ esa jgsA y[kuÅ esa vius v/;;u dky esa dkQh le;
os nksuksa ,d lkFk jgsA rhu [k.Mksa esa lekIr fujkyk laca/kh bl c`gn~ vkSj egRokdka{kh
jpuk esa M‚- 'kekZ us fujkyk ds O;fäRo] thou pfj= vkSj dyk ds lkFk gh muds vkSj
mUgsa fy[ks x, i=ksa dk ladyu Hkh çLrqr fd;k gSA vk/kqfud dfo;ksa esa fujkyk M‚- 'kekZ
dh igyh ilan jgs gSaA blds iwoZ lu 1946 esa Hkh fujkyk ij mudh ,d iqLrd Ni
pqdh Fkh tks vius ijorhZ :i esa] vusd la'kks/kuksa vkSj ifjo/kZuksa ds lkFk] fujkyk-lkfgR;
ds ewY;kadu dh –f"V ls ,d mYys[kuh; —fr ekuh tkrh jgh gSA ysfdu ^fujkyk dh
lkfgR; lk/kuk* viuh ç—fr y{; esa ,d fHkUu] vf/kd vFkZiw.kZ vkSj laiw.kZ jpuk gSA
blds igys [k.M ds çdk'ku ds vxys o"kZ] lu~ 1970 esa] bl ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh
dk iqjLdkj çkIr gqvkA

*fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* ds çFke [k.M esa fujkyk dk thou pfj= gSA bldh Hkwfedk
esa ys[kd us bl jpuk ds vius mn~ns'; vkSj bldh ç—fr dh vksj ladsr djrs gq,
fy[kk gS] ^bls fy[krs le; esjk /;ku muds O;fäRo ds v/;;u dh vksj jgk gSA iUæg
v/;k;ksa esa muds O;fäRo dk fo'ys"k.k gS ;g lkfgR;dkj dk thou-pfjr gS] blfy,
blesa fdlh gn rd muds lkfgR; dk ewY;kadu Hkh 'kkfey gS ij ;g iqLrd muds
lkfgR; dh vkykspuk ugha gSA fujkyk ds ikfjokfjd] lkekftd ifjos'k ls] ml ;qx dh
lkaL—frd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls muds thou ds cká :iksa ds lkFk muds vartZxr ls ikBdksa
dks ifjfpr djkuk esjk mn~ns'; gSA* viuh blh Hkwfedk esa ys[kd us bl vksj Hkh ladsr
fd;k gS fd rF; laxzg vkSj fo'ys"k.k nksuksa –f"V;ksa ls mldh ;g iqLrd fujkyk
laca/kh mldh igyh iqLrd ls ewyr% vkSj rRor% fHkUu gSA blh iqLrd dk igyk v/;k;
^lqtZdqekj frokjh* gekjs v/;;u dk fo"k; gSA vkb,] igys ge thouh ds va'k dk iBu
djsaA

ek?k 'kqDy 11] laor~ 1955] rn~uqlkj 29 Qjojh] 1899 dks jkelgk; rsokjh ds ?kj iq=
tUe gqvkA ml fnu eaxy Fkk( bZ'oj us viuh iwtk ds gh fnu jkelgk; dks iq= dk eq¡g
fn[kk;kA njokts ij ckts cts( ukbZ] /kksch] Mkse oxSjg usx ek¡xus vk,A efg"kkny esa
vo/k ds vkSj ifjokj Hkh jgrs Fks] dbZ ?kj cSlokM+s ds gh yksxksa ds FksA bu lcls fL=;k¡
vkb±( lksgj gksus yxsA FkksM+h nsj ds fy, jkelgk; dks yxk fd og x<+kdksyk esa gh
mRlo euk jgs gSaA [kSj] vHkh u lgh] tSls gh ekSdk feyk] og iqj[kksa dh nsgjh Nqykus
cPps dks xk¡o t:j ys tk,axAs iafMr us dgk - yM+dk gS cM+k HkkX;oku] cM+k uke djsxkA
bldk uke j[kks - lqtZdqekjA 287
 lqtZdqekj vc vkB lky ds gks x, FksA yksxksa ls lqurs fd tusÅ gks tkus ds ckn yM+ds
gj fdlh ds gkFk dk Nqvk [kk-ih ugha ldrsA lqtZdqekj lksprs] vkf[kj tusÅ iguus
ls ,slk D;k gks tk,xk fd eSa nwljs dk Nqvk [kk u ldw¡xkA irqfj;k* ds yM+dksa ls nksLrh
FkhA mlds ;gk¡ vkuk tkuk can djuk iM+sxkA vc rkYyqdnkj Hkxokunhu nqcs ugha FksA
lekt esa bl ifjokj dk eku ?kV x;k FkkA tc rkYyqdnkj us cM+s yM+ds 'ke'ksj cgknqj
dk tusÅ fd;k Fkk] rc czãHkkst esa lc ckEgu 'kkfey gq, FksA ij vc bUgha yksxksa us
muds ;gk¡ [kkuk-ihuk can dj fn;k FkkA irqfj;k ds NksVs yM+ds Qrgcgknqj us
lqtZdqekj ls dgk] ^vHkh rqe gekjs ;gk¡ [kkrs gks] tc tusÅ gks tk,xk] u [kkvksxsA* mUgsa
;g Hkh ;kn fnyk;k fd muds rkYyqdnkj firk us lqtZdqekj ds cM+s pkpk dks tehu
ekQh nh FkhA Qrgcgknqj dh cgu ijkxk us dgk] ^cnyw lqdqy ds ;gk¡ egq, dh yIlh
[kkvksxs] gekjs ;gk¡ gyqvk ughaA* lqtZdqekj us r; fd;k fd tusÅ ds ckn Hkh buds ;gk¡
[kk,¡-ih,¡x]s ns[ksa dksbZ D;k dj ysrk gSA
HkS;kpkj vk,A ;Kksiohr* laLdkj iwjk gqvkA çFkk ds vuqlkj lqtZdqekj us gB fd;k fd
fo|k i<+us tk,¡x(s ek¡ dh txg dkdh us eukrs gq, dgk] csVk eku tkvks] ?kj NksM+dj
er tkvksA iafMrth us ea= i<+sA lqtZdqekj us tusÅ iguk] vc og ckdk;nk f}t gq,A
firk us lko/kku fd;k] ^vc vkt ls] [kcjnkj] irqfj;k ds ?kj dk dqN [kkuk-ihuk erA*
lqtZdqekj dks ;kn vk;k fd irqfj;k eqlyeku gS] mlds yM+ds vius dks iafMr le>rs
gSa] blfy, ek¡ gksus ij Hkh mls Hkkstu nwj ls nsrs gSaA firk ls cksys] ^irqfj;k dk Nqvk rks
mlds yM+ds Hkh ugha [kkrs-ihrsA* jkelgk; us dgk] ^muds gkFk dk Hkh er [kkukA* ij
lqtZdqekj us gqTtr dh ^tc rkYyqdnkj Fks] rc vki yksx mudk Nqvk [kkrs Fks\* bl
ij jkelgk; us Mk¡Vdj dgk] ^ge tSlk dgrs gSa djA*

,d fnu irqfj;k-iq= Qrgcgknqj dq,¡ ij ugk jgs Fks fd m/kj lqtZdqekj fudysA bUgsa
ns[kdj Qrgcgknqj O;aX; ls eqLdjk,A eryc ;g fd vc rqEgkjh fgEer ugha fd gekjs
;gk¡ [kkvks-fi;ksA lqtZdqekj us eryc le>dj dgk] ^HkS;k] ikuh fiyk nhft,A*
Qrgcgknqj us çlUu gksdj ikuh fiyk;k] xk¡o ds tks czkã.k mUgsa viekfur djrs Fks]
muls mUgksaus bl rjg cnyk fy;kA czkã.kksa dks ekywe gqvkA mUgksaus tkdj jkelgk;
ls f'kdk;r dh - ^vkidk yM+dk lcds lkeus irqfj;k ds NksVs yM+ds dk Hkjk ikuh mUgha
ds yksVs ls ih jgk FkkA vHkh uknku gS] blfy, bl nQk ekQ fd, nsrs gSa( fQj vxj
gjdr djrs ns[kk x;k] rks gesa ykpkj gksdj vkils O;ogkj rksM+uk gksxkA* f'kdk;r
lqudj jkelgk; rsokjh dks cM+k Øks/k vk;k] lqtZdqekj dh vPNh rjg ejEer dj
MkyhA ij blls irqfj;k-ifjokj ls lqtZdqekj dk Lusg-laca/k VwVk ughaA dqN fnu ckn
mUgksaus fQj oSlh gh gjdr dhA vkSj ;g pksjh-fNis ugha oju~ [kqydj] ftlls nEHkh
foçoxZ* dks lc-dqN ekywe gks tk,A xk¡o ds eqf[k;k us jkelgk; ls dgk] ^D;k rqe
nwljksa dk /keZ ysuk pkgrs gks\ vkt rqEgkjk yM+dk irqfj;k ds yM+ds ls ys-ysdj Hkqus pus
pck jgk FkkA vkt ls xk¡o ds czkã.kksa esa rqEgkjk O;ogkj can gSA*

jkelgk; rsokjh ds LoHkko esa Øks/k vkSj LokfHkeku dh ek=k cjkcj FkhA blds flok og
lqtZdekj dks I;kj Hkh djrs Fks( Øks/k esa vkdj tc-rc gkFk NksM+ cSBrs Fks ij ;g vkos'k
{kf.kd gksrk FkkA tkfr-fcjknjh dh e;kZnk ds fy, og vius I;kjs iq= dh fQj BqdkbZ
djsa] ;g vlaHko FkkA bl ckj mudk lkjk Øks/k eqf[k;k ij cjl iM+kA mUgksaus Mk¡Vdj
dgk] ^rw gekjk ikuh can djsxk\ 'kgj esa gksrs rks ns[krs ge] fdrus vknfe;ksa dk cEcs
dk ikuh vkSj MkDVj dh nok NqM+krs gksA ;gk¡ D;k uke djus dks dkSu-lk dke vkSj xkus
dks Nhrk gjuA* eqf[k;k ls dqN tckc nsrs u cukA viuk-lk eq¡g ysdj pys x,A
288 jkelgk; us csVs dk i{k gh ugha fy;k] eqf[k;k ds fo#) mlh dk fn;k gqvk rdZ Hkh
bLrseky fd;kA lqtZdqekj us gh muls iwNk Fkk] ^tc rkYyqdsnkj Fks] rc vki yksx
mudk Nqvk [kkrs Fks\ jkelgk; us iq= dks Mk¡V fn;k Fkk] ij eu esa mldh rdZ-cqf) ds
dk;y FksA

tusÅ ds ckn lc yksx efg"kkny vk,A jkelgk; us vc lqtZdqekj dh i<+kbZ dh vksj

/;ku fn;kA efg"kkny esa gkbZ Ldwy Fkk ghA mUgksaus lqtZdqekj dks mlh esa HkrhZ djkus dk
fopkj fd;kA 13 flrEcj 1907 dks efg"kkny Ldwy dh d{kk 8 lsD'ku-ch ¼vc ds
fglkc ls rhljh d{kk½ esa lqtZdqekj dk uke fy[kk fn;kA firk vkSj xkftZ;u -
jkelgk; rsokjh( fuokl LFkku - x<+kdksyk] mUuko( is'kk - ukSdjh( ^fjekDlZ* ds [kkus esa
gsMekLVj ts-,u-dqathyky us fy[kk - ^,sMfe'ku Ýh*A jktdeZpkjh dk yM+dk Fkk] HkrhZ
gksus dh Qhl ugha yh xbZA mez nks lky c<+kdj fy[kkbZ xbZ - nl lky vkB eghusA
lqtZdqekj dh Dykl ds nwljs yM+ds T;ksrh"kpUæ] foHkwfrHkw"k.k vkfn pkSngosa] iUægosa lky
esa Fks( lqtZdqekj dk vHkh uok¡ gh py jgk FkkA dn esa yEcs gksus ij Hkh og viuh d{kk
esa lcls de mez okys yM+dksa esa FksA vc rd ?kj esa dksbZ fu;fer i<+kbZ Hkh u gqbZ Fkh]
blfy, ntsZ esa mudk detksj jguk vfuok;Z FkkA

Ldwy esa i<+rs gq, lqtZdqekj rsokjh jktk] vaxzst] teknkj - bu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ le>us
yxsA x<+kdksyk ls efg"kkny fdruk fHkUu gS! dgk¡ og NksVh-lh yksu unh] dgk¡ ;g
fo'kky un :iukjk;.k! gj rjQ ikuh-gh-ikuh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS( ufn;k¡] ukys] rkyksa dh
rks fxurh ughaA mitkÅ /kjrh] gj rjQ o`{k] yrk,¡] ?kkl] Qwy vkSj dk¡Vs] lc csl¡Hkky
c<+r-s QSyrs gq,( f{kfrt rd QSys gq, lqugys /kku ds [ksr] chp esa [ksrksa dks phjrh gqbZ
lM+d] vkl-ikl vkSj f{kfrt ij xgjs gjs jax ds o`{kksa dh ik¡frA n`'; laqnj fdarq
eysfj;k dk çdksi] lkjk {ks= fo"kSys lk¡iksa ls Hkjk gqvkA

jktegy ds pkjksa vksj ç'kLr* m|kuHkwfe] gjh nwc okys cM+-s cM+s ikdZ] ikuh ls Hkjh gqbZ
ifj[kk esa dey] cM+s-cM+s yky xqykcksa ls Hkjk gqvk iwjk ,d eSnku( csyk] tqgh] gjflaxkj]
cdqy] pEik ds _rq-vuqlkj Qwy( vke] tkequ] yhph] Qkyls] vukj] dVgy ds o`{k(
txg-txg ck¡lksa ds >kM+( ukfj;y ds isM+ gj rjQA lqtZdqekj us firk ds lkFk mu
dejksa dh >yd Hkh ns[kh ftuesa tjh ds dke okys oL=] tokgjkr] lksus ds vkHkw"k.k]
dherh crZu j[ks tkrs FksA cM+-s cM+s lanwdksa esa jktdks"k ;gk¡ j[kk jgrk gS] bldk vkHkkl
Hkh mUgsa FkkA egy ds gj fudkl ij igjk jgrk gS] ;g Hkh mUgsa ekywe FkkA pkS/kjh
Hkxokunhu nqcs x<+kdksyk esa rkYyqdsnkj dgykrs Fks( efg"kkny esa mudh gSfl;r ,d
ekewyh ukSdj ls T+;knk u gksrhA efg"kkny jkT; yxHkx pkj lkS oxZehy dk {ks= ?ksjs
gq, Fkk] lkykuk vkenuh ckjg yk[k FkhA rhu yk[k NÙkhl gtkj rks ljdkjh ekyxqtkjh
nsuh gksrh FkhA

,d fnu lqtZdqekj us firk ls dgk] ^rqEgkjs ekrgr** brus flikgh gSa] rqe bl jktk dks
ywV D;ksa ugha ysrs\* jkelgk; dks 'kd gqvk fd muds csVs dks fdlh nq'eu us cjxyk;k
gSA mUgksaus iwNk - fdlus fl[kk;k gS\ lqtZdqekj us ftruk gh badkj fd;k] mruk gh
mudk 'kd iDdk gksrk x;kA mUgksaus yM+ds dks cgqr ekjk] bruk ekjk fd lqtZdqekj
csgks'k gks x,A jktk bZ'ojçlkn us jkelgk; dks vius ;gk¡ ukSdj j[kk Fkk] muds iq=
lrhçlkn ij jkelgk; dh lgt eerk FkhA vc og lkB ds utnhd igq¡p jgs FksA bl
mez esa jktk ds f[kykQ cxkor\ iq= ij Øks/k djuk LokHkkfod FkkA fQj jktk {kf=;
u gksdj czkã.k FksA vycÙkk dkU;dqCt u Fks] lj;wikjh.k gh Fks] ij Fks rks czkã.kA iNk¡g
ls mudk laca/k FkkA ?kj ds yksx lkQ fganh cksyrs FksA gj –f"V ls lqtZdqekj dk lq>ko
mUgsa fdlh 'k=q dk jpk gqvk "kMîa= gh yxkA 289
 lqtZdqekj dks jkg ij ykus ds fy, mUgksaus ,d dke vkSj fd;kA vius xq#th ds ikl
ys tkdj mUgsa xq#ea= fnyk yk,] lqtZdqekj vkSj vius Hkrhts cnywçlkn dk Hkfo";
lq[kh cukus ds fy, mUgksaus x<+kdksyk okyk ?kj u;s fljs ls cuok;kA u;k ?kj Hkh dPpk
Fkk] ij cM+k Fkk vkSj ifjokj ds jgus yk;d FkkA

lqtZdqekj ds fnu ets esa dV jgs FksA Ldwy esa HkrhZ gksus ls muds [ksydwn esa dksbZ
rCnhyh u gqbZ FkhA eqgYys esa yM+fd;k¡ gSa] mUgsa ns[kuk vPNk yxrk gS] lqtZdqekj ;g
le>us yxs FksA dkslZ dh fdrkcsa vPNh u yxrh Fkha ij baætky dh iksFkh i<+dj ekj.k]
eksgu] mPpkVu] o'khdj.k ds ckjs esa og cgqr dqN tku x, FksA ,d fnu bUætky dh
iksFkh ds vuqlkj mUgksaus ea= fl) djus dk fopkj fd;kA jkr ds ukS cts gksaxAs og HkkHkh
dh dksBjh esa Fks fd NNw¡nj fn[kkbZ nhA mUgksaus mBdj rqjar fdokM+ can fd,] fQj /kksrh
mrkjdj Qsad nh] gkFk esa twrk ysdj NNw¡nj ds ihNs nkSM+us yxsA mYVs twrs ls NNw¡nj
ekjuh FkhA cM+h eqf'dy ls ekj ik,A fQj gk¡Mh esa Hkjdj mls ckgj xkM+ vk,A ykSVdj
/kksrh iguhA

fL=;ksa esa ppkZ gksus yxh fd lqtZdqekj dks ea=-fl) gS] mudh >kM+-Qwad ls jksxh vPNs
gks tkrs gSaA iM+ksl esa lqdqykbu uke dh ;qorh dks ;g lc <ksax ekywe gqvkA mUgksaus
viuh 'kadk lqtZdekj dh HkkHkh ds lkeus çdV dhA HkkHkh us lqtZdqekj dks yydkjk -
^yksx dgrs gSa] rq>s ta=-ea= dqN ugha vkrk] rw <ksax djrk gSA* lqtZdqekj us fl) iq#"k
dh rjg vkRefo'okl ls tokc fn;k] ^ftldks fo'okl u gks] vktek ysA HkkHkh us dgk
fd lqdqykbu dks viuh djkekr fn[kkvksA lqtZdqekj ,d dusj dk Qwy rksM+ yk, vkSj
cksys - ^eSa ea= i<+dj ;g nwaxkA bls ysuk gksxkA cl] blds ckn eSa fl) gw¡ ;k ugha] ns[k
ysukA* HkkHkh Qwy ysus ls Mjh] lqdqykbu ls dgk] Qwy ys yksA og cksyha] ^Qwy ysus ls
D;k gksxk\* lqtZdqekj us tokc fn;k] ^ea= ds tksj ls ges'kk esjs ihNs yxs jguk gksxkA
eSa tgk¡-tgk¡ tkÅ¡xk] ihNs-ihNs tkuk gksxkA* lqdqykbu dh fgEer iLr gks xbZA HkkHkh
ls cksyh] ^HkbZ] eSa cgu gw¡] eSa dSls Qwy ys yw¡\ rqe HkkHkh gks] rqedks mruk nks"k ughaA* bl
rjg dusj dk Qwy fn[kkus ls gh lqtZdqekj bl ekj.k-mPpkVu ;q) esa fot;h gq,A

jkelgk; rd ;s ckrsa igq¡ph gksa pkgs ugha] dqyjhfr ds vuqlkj iq= dk C;kg dj nsuk
t:jh FkkA vHkh mez ckjg ds vkl-ikl Fkh] C;kg dh dksbZ tYnh u Fkh] ij xk¡o esa
yM+dksa dk C;kg bl mez rd dj fn;k tkrk FkkA MyeÅ esa jke-n;ky f}osnh ds ;gk¡
ckr iDdh gqbZ yM+dh dh mez djhc X;kjg lkyA

jkelgk; xk¡o vk, vkSj lqtZdqekj ds C;kg dh rS;kjh 'kq: gks xbZA lkr lqgkfxuksa us ,d
lkFk ewly idM+dj /kku dwVs] ,d lkFk njsrh dk [kwVk idM+dj mM+n nysA mM+n dh
nky fHkxksbZ xbZA jkelgk; dks cw<+h HkkStkbZ ds lkFk pkSds ij fcBk;k x;kA nksuksa dh xk¡B
tksM+h xbZ vkSj nksuksa us nky ihlus dh jLe iwjh dhA fQj mM+n dh /kksbZ nky ds cM+s
rys x;sA xs: ls njokts ij ek¡bZ cukbZ xbZa] mUgsa cM+h-Hkkr f[kyk;k x;kA gj jkst
<ksyd ctrh] xhr gksrsA ukbu lqtZdqekj ds mcVu yxkrhA vkf[kj fudklh dk fnu
vk;kA lqtZdqekj dks gkFk-iSjksa esa dM+s iguk;s x;s] xys esa daBk] ihyh /kksrh] ihyk tkek]
ihyh ixM+h igukbZ xbZA flj ij ekSj j[kk x;kA >S;e->S;e djrs cjkr x<+kdksyk ls
jokuk gqbZA
MyeÅ igq¡pus ij cjkfr;ksa dks fepZoku fiykbZ xbZ] fQj uk'rs ds fy, iwfM+;k¡ vkb±A
cjkfr;ksa us gkFk-eq¡g /kks;k] uk'rk fd;k] diM+s cnysA vxokuh gqbZA g¡lh-etkd djrs
yksx fQj tuokls ykSV vk,A dqN nsj ckn Hkk¡ojksa ds fy, cqykok vk;kA eaMi ds uhps
290
iafMr us ea= i<+s] lqtZdqekj vkSj euksgjknsoh dh xk¡B tksMh xbZA nksuksa us Hkk¡ojsa ?kwehA
fQj nsorkvksa ds lkeus oj-o/kw us ,d-nwljs dks ngh-crk'ks f[kyk,A euksgjknsoh ?kw¡?kV
ekjs Fkha] lqtZdqekj mudk eq¡g ns[kus esa vlQy jgsA nwljs fnu Hkkr ds le; lqtZdekj
us fL=;ksa dks xkfy;k¡ xkrs lqukA 'kke dks NksVh c<+kj vkSj rhljs fnu cM+h c<+kj ds le;
Hkh ;g flyflyk tkjh jgkA C;kg gks x;k ij cgw vius ek;ds gh jghA lqtZdqekj firk
vkSj cjkfr;ksa ds lkFk x<+kdksyk okil vk,A ogk¡ dqN fnu jgus ds ckn lc yksx fQj
efg"kkny vk x,A

lqtZdqekj efg"kkny esa fQj igys tSlk thou fcrkus yxsA [ksy-dwn esa T;knk le;
igys gh tkrk Fkk] vc i<+us esa eu vkSj Hkh de yxrk! vc og QqVcky ds vPNs
f[kykM+h gks x;sA rSjus esa dq'ky FksA ukVd ns[kus esa mUgsa fo'ks"k vkuan vkrk FkkA egy
ds ikl gh ukVî'kkyk Fkh tgk¡ jktk lrhçlkn tc-rc ukVd djkrs FksA c¡xyk ukVd
^r#ckyk* esa lqtZdqekj us ,d ^fganqLrkuh* dk ikVZ fd;kA dqN fnu ckn ogk¡ LVkj
fFk;sVj vk;kA mlds jaxeap dh ped-ned] vfHkusrkvksa vkSj vfHkusf=;ksa ds BkV-ckV
ns[kdj lqtZdqekj dks yxk - lcls cf<+;k thou bUgha dk gSA ukVd] [ksy dwn ds lkFk
lqtZdqekj us vius 'kjhj dks lq–<+ vkSj lqanj cukus dh vksj /;ku fn;kA efg"kkny dk
okrkoj.k gh ,slk FkkA gj flikgh FkksM+h-cgqr MaM-cSBd djrk FkkA nwljs jktk-jbZlksa dh
rjg egkjkt lrhçlkn xxZ ds ;gk¡ Hkh vPNs-vPNs igyoku FksA Lo;a egkjkt lrhçlkn
vius ijkØe ds fy, çfl) FksA
lqtZdqekj dljr djrs] cknke Nkurs] jkek;.k i<+rs vkSj fe=ksa ls xi yM+krsA jktegy
ds lkeus tks cM+h ugj Fkh] ml ij dydÙkk tkus okys LVhej ns[krs] fdf'r;ksa esa yksx
eky <ksdj ykrs] NksVk-lk cktkj] tSlk mUgksaus vius xk¡o ls dqN nwj iqjok esa ns[kk Fkk]
Ldwy ds ikl rky ds fdukjs cSBdj fe=ksa ls lqurs] dSls blh fenukiqj ftys esa çfl)
miU;kldkj cafdepUæ ljdkjh vQlj Fks vkSj ;gk¡ vius ,d-nks miU;kl Hkh mUgksaus
fy[ks FksA caxkyh tkfr egku~ gS] c¡xyk Hkk"kk ds leku Hkkjr dh dksbZ Hkk"kk ugha gS]
johUæukFk lalkj ds loZJs"B dfo gSa] lqtZdqekj caxkyh ugha ^fganqLrkuh* gSa] ;g lc Kku
,aVªsUl ijh{kk nsus ls igys gh fe=ksa us mUgsa djk fn;kA lqtZdqekj c¡xyk dh vis{kk fganh
gh T;knk tkurs FksA mudk eu Hkfä-lkfgR; vkSj Ük`axkj-jl dh dfork] nksuksa esa gh
jerk FkkA mUgksaus cztHkk"kk dh dkQh dfork i<+ Mkyh FkhA in~ekdj muds fç; dfo FksA
mudh lkuqçkl 'kCnkoyh] Ük`axkj-o.kZu esa Hkh vkstxq.k dk iqV] lqtZdqekj dks fo'ks"k ilan
FkkA in~ekdj ds Ük`axkj-o.kZu dh fp=e;rk mudk eu eksg ysrh FkhA Lej.k-'kfä vPNh
Fkh] fo'ks"kdj tgk¡ 'kCn ;kstuk lqanj gks vkSj Ük`axkj ds fp= [khaps x;s gksaA lqanj dfo
us jktk dh yM+dh fo|k ls çse fd;k] jktk us mls çk.knaM fn;kA tc çgjh mls lwyh
nsus ys tk jgs Fks rc og vius vkSj fo|k ds çse lac/a k ij Nan i<+rk gqvk jktçklkn
ds lkeus ls fudykA muesa ,d Nan ;g Fkk%

jktk us Nanksa ij eqX/k gksdj çk.knaM dh vkKk jí dj nhA lqtZdqekj dks ^fo|k lqanj*
dh dgkuh cgqr ilan vkbZA ^pkSj iapkf'kdk* dk mi;qZä Nan og [kwc jl ysdj
xquxqukrs jgrsA
291
 C;kg gq, nks o"kZ chr x;s FksA lksyg ds utnhd igq¡p jgs FksA yksx dgrs Fks] daB QwV
vk;k] elsa Hkhxus yxha] cxysa fudy vkbZa] vc xkSuk dj nsuk pkfg,A lqtZdqekj viuh
jkus ns[krs] cksry tSlh <yh gqbZ yxrhaA dej ckfy'r Hkj] lhuk [kwc pkSM+k] flj ij ?kus
dkys cky]xksjk jax] enHkjh vk¡[ksa] lqtZdqekj viuh gh Nfo ij eqX/k gks tkrsA lkFk gh
dudpEidnkexkSjh fo|k dk fp= Hkh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kwe tkrkA jkelgk; rsokjh us
rS fd;k fd yM+ds dk xkSuk dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj cgw dks efg"kkny ys vkuk pkfg,A

i= dks ysdj jkelgk; x<+kdksyk ig¡ps] ogk¡ ls xkSuk ysus MyeÅ x,A lqtZdqekj dh
llqjky esa bl ckr dh cM+h ppkZ Fkh fd xkSus ds ckn fcfV;k ijnsl cM+h nwj caxky -
pyh tk,xhA oj-o/kw dh xk¡B tksM+dj muls tc iwtk djkbZ tk jgh Fkh] rc ?kj dh
,d o`)k us dgk] nkekn toku] fcfV;k toku] ijnsl ys tkrs gSa rks ys tkus nksA* yksx
mUgsa toku le>rs gSa ;g tkudj lqtZdqekj dks fo'ks"k çlUurk gqbZA xkSuk gqvkA cgw
dks fcnk djkds jkelgk; xk¡o vk;sA nqHkkZX; ls ogk¡ mu fnuksa Iysx dh chekjh QSyh gqbZ
FkhA yksx ?kjksa ls fudydj ckx esa >ksaiM+s Mkydj jgrs FksA egq, ds isM+ ds uhps ,d
>ksaiM+s esa lqtZdqekj dk fcLrj yxk;k x;kA thou esa igyh ckj mUgsa ukjh-nsg ds Li'kZ
dk lq[kn vuqHko gqvkA euksgjknsoh dqy rsjg lky dh FkhA
xkSuk ysdj vk;s vHkh pkj-ik¡p fnu gh chrs Fks fd lqtZdqekj ds llqj viuh fcfV;k
fcnk djkus vk igq¡psA xk¡o esa chekjh QSyh gS ;g mUgsa ekywe FkkA csVh dks cgqr I;kj
djrs Fks] Mj Fkk fd egkekjh esa mls dqN gks u tk;sA yM+dh ds ;gk¡ yksx [kkrs ugha gSa]
jken;ky nqcs us x<+kdksyk esa ikuh Hkh u fi;kA fcnk ds fy, tYnh dhA jkelgk; dks
cgqr cqjk yxkA caxky ls bruk #i;k [kpZ djds vk;s gSa] yM+dk ik¡p fnu Hkh cgw ds
lkFk u jg ik;kA nqcs yM+dh ds LokLF; dh fpark ds dkj.k bruh tYnh vk;s gSa] ;g
lkspdj mUgsa vkSj Hkh Øks/k vk;kA vkf[kj egkekjh dk Mj muds csVs ds fy, Hkh gSA
fcfV;k ds fy, cM+k Mj yxk] nkekn ds ckjs esa dqN u lkspkA Øks/kh LoHkko ds Fks ghA
cksys - ys tkvks viuh fcfV;k] ge yM+ds dk nwljk C;kg dj ysaxAs nqcsth dqN Å¡pk
lqurs FksA le/kh dh iwjh ckr le>s fcuk fcfV;k dks fcnk djkds py fn;sA ij fcfV;k
us lkjh ckr lquh vkSj le> yh FkhA

euksgjknsoh ls mudh ek¡ ikoZrhnsoh us lc gky lquk rks cgqr ijs'kku gqbZA esjh nks nk¡r
dh yM+dh] mlds lkeus nwljs C;kg dh ckr! mUgksaus iafMr jkelgk; ds uke fpëh
fHktokbZ] dlwj ds fy, ekQh ek¡xh] nkekn dks xogha nsus ds fy, fueaf=r fd;kA xkSuk
gks tkus ds ckn xogha dh jLe gksrh gSA oj llqjky tkdj dqN g¶rs ;k eghus ogk¡
jgrk gSA fQj cgw dks fcnk djkds vius ?kj vkrk gSA

jkelgk; dks çLrko ilan vk;kA yM+ds ls llqjky tkus dks dgkA le/kh ls cnyk ysus
ds fy, rkdhn dj nh] ;gk¡ ls frxquk [kkukA lqtZdqekj llqjky tkus dks rS;kj cSBs FksA
firk dh vkKk rqjar Lohdkj dj yhA dgk fd ?kh vkSj cknke dh ek=k frxquh dj nsax!s
vQlksl bl ckr dk fd;k fd ogk¡ csnkuk feyrk ugha] oukZ 'kjcr esa gh jkst rhu #i;s
[kpZ djk nsrsA jkelgk; us lq>k;k] :g dh ekfy'k djkuk jkst] gks'k nq#Lr gks tk,axsA
cki-csVs ?kqy-?kqydj cfr;kus yxs] jken;ky nqcs dks dSls Ndk;sa] bl ckjs esa nksuksa us
"kMîa=dkfj;ksa dh rjg ;kstuk cukbZA bl le; mUgsa ns[kdj dksbZ ;g u dgrk fd
bUgha jkelgk; us dHkh csVs dh ejEer Hkh dh gksxhA

xogha dh rS;kjh gqbZA cDls esa /kjkÅ diM+ksa ds vykok ,d tksM+h twrs Hkh j[k fy;sA
cSlokM+s dh /kwy esa twrs csvkc gks tkrs] llqjky esa iguus yk;d u jgrsA MyeÅ
292
dydÙkk u Fkk ij x<+kdksyk dks ns[krs rks dLck FkkA lqtZdqekj dks viuh ukxfjd
lH;rk ls llqjky okyksa dks çHkkfor djuk Fkk] og cSlokM+s ds dksbZ ,sls oSls nsgkrh gwl
ugha gSa] ;g crkuk FkkA caxkyh <ax ls dherh 'kkafriqjh /kksrh ck¡/kh] ml ij deht iguh]
Nkrk fy;k vkSj LVs'ku ds fy, jokuk gq,A xkM+h 'kke ds pkj cts vkrh Fkh ij LVs'ku
nwj Fkk] blfy, <kbZ cts ?kj ls fudysA cSyxkM+h dk bartke u Fkk] iSny gh LVs'ku
pysA pfUædk yks/k dks f[knerxkj cukdj igys gh lkeku ds lkFk LVs'ku Hkst fn;k
FkkA

lwjt Mwcrs MyeÅ LVs'ku vk;kA pfUædk ls lkeku mBokdj pys rks xsV ij fVdV
DysDVj ds ikl ,d ukStoku us iwNk] dgk¡ tkb,xk\ 'ksjanktiqj dk uke lqudj mlus
dgk] vkb;s gekjk bDdk gSA fdlds ;gk¡ tkuk gS] ;g Hkh mlus ekywe dj fy;kA
lqtZdqekj us ns[kk] fpdukbZ tqYQksa ij nqify;k Vksih yxk;s] ewaNs ,saBs] fpdu ds dqrsZ ij
okLdV igus] gkFk esa csar fy;s xk¡o dk NSyk tSlk yxrk gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh uksV fd;k
fd og Hkh dkyh e[keyh fdukjs dh dydfr;k /kksrh igus gSA iSjksa esa esjBh twrs gSaA bl
O;fä dk uke iFkokjhnhu Hkê mQZ dqYyh HkkV FkkA
lqtZdqekj fdlds bDds ij cSBdj vk;s gSa] ;g lekpkj muds llqjky igq¡pus ds lkFk
lkFk-lkl dks fey x;kA xyhpk-fcNs iy¡x ij cSBs gh Fks fd mUgksaus iwNk] D;ksa Hkb;k
rqe dqYyh ds ,Dds ij vk;s gks\ mUgha ds bDds ij vk;s gSa] ckr iDdh gksus ij lkl
us yEch lk¡l yhA lqtZdqekj ds yEcs ygjkrs cky vkSj dksaNnkj /kksrh ns[kdj cSlokM+s
ds yksx ;gh dgrs - tukuk gSA ogh Hkko lkl dk FkkA 'kjcr-ikuh ds ckn mUgksaus
jkelgk; dh rh[kh vkykspuk dh] vxj mUgksaus lqtZdqekj dk nwljk C;kg dj fn;k rks
blls firk-iq= dh tks nqxZfr gksxh - bl tUe esa vkSj mlds ckn - mldk ltho fp=
[khap fn;kA lkFk gh mUgksaus viuh iq=h ds :i xq.k dh ç'kalk Hkh dkQh dhA nkekn dks
i<+krs gq, dgk - eSaus rqEgkjk gh eq¡g ns[kdj C;kg fd;k gS] rqEgkjs firk dh rksan ns[kdj
ughaA

lqtZdqekj vkKkdkjh nkekn dh rjg lc-dqN lqurs jgsA firk dk i{k ysdj mUgksaus
yM+kbZ djuk mfpr u le>kA firk us nwljs C;kg dh /kedh nsdj Bhd fd;k gS] ,slk
–<+ fo'okl Hkh mUgsa ugha FkkA jkr esa iRuh ds vkus ij fn;s ds çdk'k esa igyh ckj
mUgksaus euksgjknsoh dh Nfo ns[khA ij ek¡ dh rjg csVh us Hkh loky fd;k] ^rqe dqYyh
ds ,Dds ij vk;s gks\*

lcsjk gksrs gh dqYyh vkdj lqtZdqekj dks iwN x;sA vHkh og lks jgs FksA lkl us nkekn
dks psrkouh nh] muds lkFk jgus ij rqEgkjh cnukeh gks ldrh gSA blls feyks] mlls
u feyks - ;g lc lqtZdqekj dks vPNk u yxrk FkkA x<+kdksyk esa cki dgrs Fks] irqfj;k
ds yM+dksa ls u feyk djks] ;gk¡ lkl dgrh gSa] dqYyh ls u feyA ij ,sls yksxksa ls feyus
esa gh mUgsa fo'ks"k vkuan vkrk FkkA dqYyh vk;s] MyeÅ ds bfrgkl ds ckjs esa ckr dhaA
'kke dks xaxk dk ?kkV] iqjkuk fdyk oxSjg fn[kkus dks dgkA lkl us euk fd;k ij
bUgksaus ftn dhA lkl us pfUædk dks lkFk Hkst fn;kA

dqYyh us b'kkjk fd;k pfUædk dks fcnk dj nsuk pkfg,A lqtZdqekj us mls :g [kjhnus
Hkst fn;kA fdys esa ,d LFkku mUgsa cgqr ilan vk;kA dkQh Å¡pkbZ ij ckjgnjh cuh Fkh
vkSj uhps xaxk cgrh FkhA uhps mrjus ds fy, lhf<+;k¡ cukbZ xbZ Fkha ftuesa dqN vc Hkh
cph gqbZ FkhaA dqYyh us lqtZdqekj ls xkus dks dgkA xys dh rkjhQ dhA ^^iku Hkh D;k
[kwclwjr cukrk gS rqEgsa! rqEgkjs gksaB Hkh xtc ds gSaA iku dh ckjhd ydhj] D;k dgw¡]
293
 'ke'ksj cu tkrh gSA** dqYyh ds ç'kalk-okD; lqudj lqtZdqekj çlUu eu ?kj ykSVsA
jkLrs esa pfUædk dks le>k fn;k] rqEgkjh ukuh iwNs rks dguk] ge lkFk FksA

lkl dks ;g irk yxkrs nsj u gqbZ fd lqtZdekj fdyk ns[kus x, rc pfUædk lkFk u
FkkA mUgksaus M.Mk mBkdj pfUædk ls dgk] ^^ns[k] nfgtkj yks/k! Hkys vkneh dh rjg
Bhd-Bhd crk] ugha rks og M.Mk fn;k fd eq¡g Vs<+k gks x;kA**
pfUædk vius ekfyd lqtZdqekj dks idM+dj jksus yxkA cksyk - ^ckck] eSa u jgw¡xkA iwNus
ij ekywe gqvk fd pfUædk dks :g ysus ds cgkus vyx djus dk jkt lkl dks ekywe
gks pqdk gSA lqtZdqekj us rS fd;k] ncuk ugha gSA pfUædk ls :g dh ekfy'k djus dks
dgkA pfUædk tc - lqtZdqekj ds lhus ij :g ey jgk Fkk] rHkh llqj jken;ky nqcs
[kq'kcw ds lgkjs vk igq¡ps vkSj cksys] ^^vj?kkusa mB jgh gSa cPpk! bruk b=-Qqyy s u
yxk;k djksA** lkl us vkdj iwNk] :g dh ekfy'k ls D;k gksrk gS\ nkekn us tokc
fn;k] lhuk rxM+k gksrk gSA bl ij mUgksaus cM+k Vs<+k loky fd;k] ^^rqEgkjs firkth
ru[okg fdruh ikrs gSa\** ru[okg bruh de Fkh fd lqtZdqekj lgh ckr dgus esa
'kjek;sA dwVuhfr dk lgkjk ysdj cksys] ^^firkth dh vkenuh dh fdruh lwjrsa gSa D;k
dgw¡! mudh vkenuh dc fdruh gks tk,xh] dgk¡ ls] dSls] fdlls] ;g ogh ugha crk
ldrsA** bl ij lkl jksus yxhaA jkelgk; :g ls csVs dh ekfy'k djk;sa ij mudh csVh
ds fy, p<+kok ,slk ekewyh yk,! ,sls ?kj esa csVh C;kgus ij [kqn gh iNrkus yxha - ^^vjs
jke js! eq>s D;k gks x;k] tks eSaus 'kknh dh!**
jkr dks iRuh us fojks/k fd;kA b=-Qqyy s yxkuk fdlku ifjokjksa esa vPNk u le>k
tkrk FkkA euksgjknsoh us dgk] b= dh bruh rst [kq'kcw gS fd 'kk;n vkt vk¡[k u
yxsxhA lqtZdqekj us pqVdqyk lquk;kA ,d eNqvkbu dks unh ls ykSVrs nsj gks xbZ] jkLrs
esa jktk dh Qqyokjh iM+rh Fkh] mlh esa lks jgh] ij Qwyksa dh egd ls uhan u vkbZA
eNyh okyh Vksdjh fljgkus j[kh] rc uhan vkbZA iRuh us fcxM+dj dgk] ^^rks eSa
eNqvkbu gw¡\ eSa eNyh-dfy;k [kkrh gw¡\** lqtZdqekj us tokc fn;k] ^^vius cky lw¡?kks]
rsy dh ,slh phdV vkSj cncw gS fd dHkh-dHkh ekywe nsrk gS fd rqEgkjs eq¡g ij dS dj
nw¡A** euksgjknsoh us vkSj rst gksdj dgk] ^^rks D;k eSa j.Mh gw¡ tks gj oä cuko-flaxkj
ds ihNs iM+h jgw¡\** vkSj og mBdj py nhaA
lqtZdqekj us xk¡o esa irqfj;k dk Ük`axkj ns[kk FkkA ;|fi og mez esa cgqr cM+h Fkh vkSj
mlds yM+ds Hkh lqtZdqekj ls cM+s Fks] fQj Hkh Fkh rks og irqfj;kA og xk¡o dh fL=;ksa
ls vyx fu[kj-l¡oj dj jgrh FkhA mlds vykok efg"kkny esa xkf;dkvksa] lqanj fL=;ksa
dh deh u Fkh] mudh çlk/ku-dyk dks xk¡o dh fL=;k¡ dgk¡ ikrha\ euksgjknsoh us vius
ifr dh #fp Hkk¡idj gh ekuks dgk Fkk] rks D;k eSa j.Mh gw¡ tks cuko-flaxkj ds ihNs iM+h
jgwa\
lqtZdqekj dks yx jgk Fkk] iRuh muds vf/kdkj esa iwjh rjg ugha vk jghA ,d fnu
mudk xkuk lquk] yksxksa dks muds xkus dh ç'kalk djrs lqukA ftls ns[kks ogh
euksgjknsoh dh ppkZ dj jgk Fkk] ekuks lqtZdqekj ml ?kj esa gksa gh ughaA euksgjknsoh us
Hktu xk;k%

rqylhnkl dh 'kCn-;kstuk bruh lqanj gS] lqtZdqekj ds /;ku esa ;g ckr igys u vkbZ
294 FkhA tc euksgjknsoh us xk;k%
 rc lqtZdqekj dks yxk] xys esa e`nax ct jgk gSA

euksgjknsoh ds daB ls rqylhnkl dk ;g Nan lqudj lqtZdqekj ds u tkus dkSu-ls lksrs

laLdkj tkx mBsA lkfgR; bruk lqanj gS] laxhr bruk vkd"kZd gS] mudh vk¡[kksa us tSls
u;k lalkj ns[kk] dkuksa us ,slk laxhr lquk tks ekuks bl i`Foh ij nwj fdlh yksd ls
vkrk gksA viuh bl foy{k.k vuqHkwfr ij og Lo;a pfdr jg x,A vius lkSan;Z ij tks
vfHkeku Fkk] og pwj-pwj gks x;kA ,slk gh dqN xk;sa] ,slk dqN jpdj fn[kk;sa] rc thou
lkFkZd gksA ij ;gk¡ fof/kor~ u lkfgR; dh f'k{kk feyh] u laxhr dhA

lqtZdqekj dks i<+kbZ dk /;ku vk;kA fcnk djkds xk¡o vk,] xk¡o ls efg"kknyA Ldwy
tkus dk Øe fQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ,d dfBukbZ vkSj gks xbZ Fkh] fdrkc ysdj cSBrs rks
i`"Bksa ls v{kj xk;c gks tkrs vkSj mudh txg euksgjknsoh dh Nfo rSjus yxrhA
in~ekdj ds dfoÙkksa dk vFkZ vc vkSj Hkh vPNh rjg le> esa vkus yxkA ,UVªsal ijh{kk
ds fnu utnhd vk,A ijh{kk esa ikl u gks ik;sax]s lqtZdqekj dks fu'p; gks x;k FkkA
xf.kr ds fnu og dkih esa in~ekdj ds Ük`axkj jl okys dfoÙk fy[kdj ?kj pys vk;sA

tSl-s tSls ijh{kkQy fudyus ds fnu ikl vkus yxs] oSls-oSls lqtZdqekj ds eu esa Ük`axkj
ds cnys oSjkX; ds Hkko mn; gksus yxsA jkek;.k dk ikB og vkSj Hkh euks;ksx ls djus
yxsA ij blls dksbZ ykHk u gqvkA lQy fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dgha mudk uke u FkkA jkelgk;
rsokjh us le> fy;k] yM+dk vkokjk gks x;k] ltk fn, fcuk dke u pysxkA cqykdj
dgk] tks dqN i<+uk Fkk] i<+ pqds] geus viuk QtZ iwjk fd;k] vc viuh esgfj;k laHkkyks
vkSj dekvks-[kkvksA
mUgksaus cgw dk lkjk xguk j[kok fy;k] lqtZdqekj ds /kjkÅ diM+s j[kok fy;sA HkkX; ds
lgkjs dekus-[kkus ds fy, ?kj ls ckgj dj fn;kA lqtZdqekj ds eu dks ,d pksV yxh
ijh{kk esa Qsy gksus dhA [kSj] ikl gksus dh rks oSls Hkh cgqr vk'kk u FkhA nwljh pksV vc
;g ?kj ls fudkys tkus dh] og Hkh vdsys ugha] iRuh ds lkFkA dgk¡ tk,¡] fdlls ukSdjh
ek¡xsa\ efg"kkny NksM+ vHkh nwljh txg fo'ks"k ifjp; u FkkA dydÙks esa b/kj-m/kj
HkVdus ij dqN-u-dqN dke fey tkrk ij iRuh dks fy;s-fy;s dgk¡ ?kwea\s ,d gh jkLrk
FkkA fdlh rjg llqjky igq¡pdj ogha 'kj.k ysaA lqtZdekj nq[kh eu ls iRuh dks fy;s
MyeÅ igq¡psA lkl us lkjk gky lquk] lgkuqHkwfr çdV dhA jkelgk; ds O;ogkj ls og
igys gh ukjkt Fkha] og taxyh gwl gSa] bl ?kVuk ls mudh ;g jk; vkSj Hkh iDdh gks
xbZA lqtZdqekj firk dh vkykspuk lqudj pqi jgsA ftl ?kj esa :g dh ekfy'k djkds
mUgksaus viuh ukxfjd lH;rk dk ifjp; fn;k Fkk] mlh esa nhu-eyhu os'k esa fuBYys
nkekn dh rjg mUgsa vkJ; ysuk iM+kA vc muls dgus dh t:jr u Fkh] dqYyh ds ;gk¡
er tkukA dqYyh dk lkFk djds og lkl dks ukjkt u djuk pkgrs FksA ikoZrh nsoh
dkQh lgkuqHkwfr ls is'k vkb±A csVh ds fy, u, fljs ls xgus vkSj nkekn ds fy, diM+s
cuok,] vkSj ckrsa nj-fdukj] dLcs esa [kqn viuh bTtr dk loky FkkA
lqtZdqekj Hkfo"; dh fpark djuk NksM+dj iRuh ds lkFk lq[k ls fnu fcrkus yxsA vc
mUgsa muds ckyksa ;k os'kHkw"kk ls dksbZ f'kdk;r u jghA mudh iRuh fdruh deZB gS vkSj
og Lo;a fdrus fudEes gSa] bldk cks/k mUgsa gksus yxkA Ng eghus chr x,A cki-csVk
nksuksa ftíhA vkf[kj jkelgk; rsokjh gh >qdsA [kqn MyeÅ vk, vkSj csVs-cgw dks xk¡o
fyok yk,A
295
 euksgjknsoh lk/oh efgyk FkhaA mudh ek¡ yEcs dn] xkSjo.kZ dh lrst O;fäRo okyh nsoh
FkhaA ek¡ ds leku euksgjknsoh lqanj FkhaA ij og viuk le; Ük`axkj-çlk/ku esa u [kpZ
djrh FkhaA ml le; rd xk¡o esa Øhe-ikmMj dh igq¡p u gqbZ FkhA euksgjknsoh jksVh
cukrha] crZu ek¡trha] Vksyk iM+ksl ds yksxksa ds fy, fpëh fy[krhaA bu fpëh fy[kkus
okyksa esa ,d lk¡oyk pekj ;qod Fkk - prqjhA og ngyht+ esa cSBdj jkek;.k i<+rha] ckgj
pcwrjs ij lqtZdqekj ds dkdk jkeyky cSBdj lquk djrsA dHkh-dHkh og Hktu xkrha
vkSj prqjh Hkh exu eu lqurk jgrkA

lqtZdqekj dks ,d fnDdr FkhA euksgjknsoh 'kkdkgkjh Fkha vkSj lqtZdqekj dks xks'r [kkus
dk 'kkSd FkkA oSls og xq#eq[k gks pqds Fks ij ykM+-I;kj esa iys csVs us eu dh bPNkvksa
dk neu djuk u lh[kk FkkA euksgjknsoh us dgk - ^^foJke-lkxj esa fy[kk gS fd ek¡l
[kkus ls cM+k iki gksrk gS] rqe ekal [kkuk NksM+ nksA** muds dgus ls lqtZdqekj us ekal
[kkuk NksM+ fn;kA ekal NksM+us ds dkj.k gks vFkok iRuh ds lkFk jgus ls gks] lqtZdqekj
cgqr nqcys gks x,A ,d fnu m?kkjs cnu tc ugkus tk jgs Fks] rc xk¡o ds ,d cw<+s
iafMrth us bUgsa ns[kdj rkTtqc ls dgk -^^rqe D;k gks x,\* lqtZdqekj us tokc fn;k]
ekal NksM+ fn;k] blfy, nqcyk gks x;k gw¡A* mUgksaus iwNk] ^^rks ekal D;ksa NksM+k\ bUgksaus
crk;k foJkelkxj esa fy[kk gS] cM+k iki gksrk gS] ejus ij ekalkgkjh dks ;e ds nwr cM+k
n.M nsrs gSaA* iafMrth us iwNk] ^^rqeus viuh bPNk ls NksM+k ;k fdlh ds dgus ij]
lqtZdqekj us crk;k fd iRuh ds mins'k ls ,slk fd;k gSA iafMr th us dgk] ^^rks fQj
rqe [kkvksA duoft;ks dks iki ugha gksrkA mudks ojnku gSA** bUgksaus ftKklk dh] dgha
fy[kk Hkh gS\** iafMrth us fo'oklioZd dgk] ^^gk¡] gS D;ksa ugha\ oa'kkoyh esa fy[kk gSA**

lqtZdqekj fpdos ds ;gk¡ x, vkSj vk/kk lsj ekal ys vk,A :eky esa [kwu ds /kCcs ns[kdj
euksgjknsoh us iwNk] ^^;g D;k gS\** mÙkj feyk] ^^ekalA** mUgksaus iwNk] rks fQj [kkvksxs\**
lqtZdqekj us dgk] ^^gk¡] gesa ojnku gSA oa'kkoyh esa fy[kk gSA** euksgjknsoh us dgk] ^^vius
ekal okys cjru vyx dj yksA ftl fnu ekal [kkvks] ml fnu u eq>s Nqvks vkSj u ?kj
ds vkSj cjruA rhu fnu rd dPps ?kM+s u Nw ikvksxAs ** lqtZdqekj us dgk] ^^bl le;
rks jkst [kkus dk fopkj gS D;ksafd fiNyh dlj iwjh djuh gSA** euksgjknsoh us dgk] ^^rks
eq>s esjs ek;ds NksM+ vkvksA** lqtZdqekj us tokc fn;k ^^fy[k nks dksbZ ys tk,] ugha rks
ukbZ Hkst nks] fdlh dks cqyk yk,A eSa tgk¡ ekal idkrk gw¡ ogk¡ nks jksfV;k¡ Hkh Bksad yw¡xkA**
euksgjknsoh ek;ds pyh xbZaA

lu~ 14 dh yM+kbZ 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA ns'k esa eg¡xkbZ c<+ jgh FkhA jkelgk; cq<+k jgs Fks
ij lqtZdqekj dks vHkh ?kj dk Hkkj mBkus dh dksbZ fQØ u FkhA blh lky dq¡okj ds
eghus esa euksgjknsoh us ek;ds esa gh iq= dks tUe fn;kA jkelgk; vc ckck gq,A iksrs
ds tUe ij mUgksaus /kwe/kke ls mRlo fd;kA lqtZdqekj dh ftEesnkjh c<+ xbZA ysfdu
tc rd jkelgk; ft,] bUgksaus ?kj-x`gLFkh dh dksbZ fpark u dhA vc Ldwy tkuk Hkh
can FkkA dljr] [ksydwn] lSj-likVk] LosPNkuqlkj v/;;u - ;gh thou-Øe FkkA
jkelgk; dk 'kjhj f'kfFky gks jgk Fkk] isV c<+ x;k FkkA M‚DVjksa us dgk] gfuZ;k gSA
efg"kkny ds vLirky esa mudk vkijs'ku gqvkA vkijs'ku lQy gqvk ij jkelgk; iwjh
rjg LoLFk fQj Hkh ugha gq,A og xk¡o pys vk;sA lysFkw ftyk mUuko dh ,d L=h]
ftldk ifjokj efg"kkny esa Fkk] xkSjh dh ek¡ ds uke ls çfl)] x<+kdksyk esa mudh
ns[kHkky djrh jghaA lu 17 esa euksgjknsoh us nwljh larku] dU;k ljkst dks tUe fn;kA
mlh o"kZ jkelgk; rsokjh dk nsgkar gqvkA
296
lqtZdqekj dks vc vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dk cks/k gqvkA mez mUuhl lky] nks cPpksa ds cki]
firk vc ugha gSa] mUgsa vc nwljksa ds lgkjs thus dk vf/kdj ugha gS - ;g lc mudh
le> esa vius-vki vk x;kA blds flok firk ds u jgus ij mUgsa Kkr gqvk fd cq<+Å
mUgsa fdruk I;kj djrs Fks! ek¡ ds u jgus ij ek¡-cki og nksuksa FksA tks dqN dek;k Fkk]
og lc lqtZdqekj ds fy,A xk¡o ls bruh nwj ijnsl esa vkSj fdlds fy, ej-[ki jgs Fks\
Øks/k vkus ij dbZ ckj mUgksaus ekjk Hkh Fkk] ij ;g Hkh lqtZdqekj ds Hkys ds fy,A mUgksaus
ykM+-I;kj Hkh de u fd;k FkkA ns'kh fj;klr esa flikfg;ksa ds ekewyh teknkj dh gSfl;r
gh D;k\ ij mUgksaus lqtZdqekj dks jktdqekjksa dh rjg j[kkA dkSu tusÅ] C;kg] xkSus ds
fy, caxky ls cSlokM+s ds nfjæ xk¡o esa vkdj bruk iSlk [kpZ djrk gS\ xk¡o esa fdl
ukStoku dks 'kkafriqjh /kksrh vkSj iEi'kw iguus dk lkSHkkX; feyrk gS\ cknke vkSj csnkuk
fdruksa dks e;Llj gksrk gS\ ml ij b=-Qqyy s ] ukVd-rek'ks] lSj-likVk! ;g lc
jkelgk; rsokjh dh cnkSyrA vc og lk;k mB x;k FkkA

cki dh lsokvksa dk fopkj djds jktk lrhçlkn xxZ us lqtZdqekj dks vius ;gk¡ ukSdj
j[k fy;kA flikgh ds csVs dks mUgksaus flikfg;ksa esa HkrhZ ugha fd;kA lqtZdqekj cki ls
T;knk i<+s fy[ks FksA mUgsa fpëh-i=h] rglhy-olwyh] dpgjh vnkyr ls lacaf/kr dke
fey x;kA ru[kkg ekewyh Fkh] ij ppsjs HkkbZ cnywçlkn Hkh ;gha ukSdj Fks] [kpZ py
tkrk FkkA lqtZdqekj vc jktk ds vkSj fudV lEidZ esa vk;sA ,d ukVd esa lqtZdqekj
dks laL—r 'yksd i<+us dk NksVk-lk ikVZ fn;k x;kA jktk dks budk 'yksd-ikB ilan
vk;kA mUgksaus vius ;gk¡ ds ,d jkt-deZpkjh dks vkKk nh fd og lqtZdqekj dks xkuk
fl[kk;k djsaA lqtZdqekj us Hkh vc jktk dks fudV ls ns[kkA dn esa lqtZdqekj ls dbZ
bap NksVs gSaA jax gYdk lk¡oyk gS] gksaB eksVs gSa] uhps dk gksaB vkxs dks dqN fudyk gqvk
gSA lqtZdekj ls T;knk lqanj ugha gSa ij psgjs ls rst >ydrk gS] vkSj gkFk-iSj Hkh
QkSykn ds gSaA jktk czkã.k gSa] ukSdj-pkdj fjvk;k-vklkeh tehu esa ysVdj muds
pj.kksa esa ekFkk VSddj] lk"Vkax n.Mor~ djrs gSa - mUgksaus ns[kkA gqtwj dgs fcuk muls
ckr djuk xqLrk[kh esa 'kkfey gSA ukSdjh vkSj vkRe-lEeku esa ijLij D;k laca/k gS]
lqtZdqekj dks ekywe gksus yxkA
,d fnu lqtZdqekj dks rkj feyk - rqEgkjh L=h l[r chekj gS] QkSju vkvksA lqtZdqekj
us rqjar MyeÅ ds fy, dwp fd;kA jke-jke djrs tc llqjky igq¡ps] rc ekywe gqvk]
euksgjknsoh igys ls fprk esa ty pqdh gSaA QsQM+s dQ ls tdM+ x;s FksA M‚DVj us ikuh
dh txg ;[kuh fiykus dks dgk FkkA ij ;[kuh ihuk-rks nwj] euksgjknsoh us vaxzsth nok
ihus ls Hkh badkj dj fn;kA dgk - nl ckj ugha ejuk gS] dkSu /kje fcxkM+s\

pkj lky ds jke—".k] lky-Hkj dh ljkst - nksuksa larkuksa dks ogha mudh ukuh ds ikl
NksM+dj lqtZdqekj vius xk¡o pysA vHkh xk¡o igq¡ps u Fks fd ns[kk] yksx cM+s HkkbZ cnyw
dh yk'k fy;s tk jgs gSaA lqtZdqekj dks pDdj vk x;kA jkg esa ogha flj idM+dj cSB
x;sA fdlh rjg igq¡ps rks ns[kk] HkkStkbZ chekj gSaA mUgksaus iwNk] ^^rqEgkjs nknk dks fdruh
nwj ys x;s gksax\s ** lqtZdqekj ls dqN tokc nsrs u cu iM+kA dkdk jkeyky Hkh chekj
Fks Hkrhts dks ns[kdj cksys] ^^rw ;gk¡ D;ksa vk;k\** lqtZdqekj us dgk] ^^vki vPNs gks tk,¡
rks lcdks ysdj caxky pyw¡A**
cnywçlkn ds ikap cPps Fks - pkj yM+ds vkSj ,d nw/k-ihrh cPph cM+k yM+dk efg"kkny
esa lqtZdqekj ds lkFk jgrk Fkk] ckdh rhu xkao esa FksA cM+s HkkbZ ds nsgkar ds rhljs fnu
HkkHkh Hkh xqtj xbZA nw/k-ihrh cPph vdsyh jg xbZA lqtZdqekj jkr dks mls vius ikl
fyVkdj lks;sA ?kj esa fcYyh mNy-dwn epk;s FkhA lqtZdekj dks uhan u vkbZA lcsjs 297
 mBdj ns[kk rks [kkV ij ysVh cPph dk 'kjhj BaMk FkkA lqtZdqekj us cPph dk 'ko
mBk;kA mls unh fdukjs ys x;sA xM~<k [kksn dj mls xkM+k] fQj ?kj ykSVsA blds ckn
dkdk jkeyky dk nsgkar gvkA cnywçlkn ds yM+ds chekj gq, ij lkSHkkX; ls vPNs gks
x,A e`R;q-yhyk lekIr gqbZA ifjokj esa jg x, lqtZdqekj vkSj muds ppsjs Hkrhts] iq=
vkSj dU;k ufugky esa FksA

ft+anxh dk ;g nkSj ,d Hk;kud lius tSlk FkkA lkjk dquck gh mtM+ x;kA vc lj
ij fdlh dk lk;k ughaA jkelgk;-jkeyky dh ih<+h rks [kRe gks gh xbZ] cnyw-
lqtZdqekj dh ih<+h esa Hkh vdsys lqtZdqekj jg x;sA ,d vkneh dh dekbZ ls brus cPpksa
dk [kpZ dSls pysxk\ bruh ekSrsa ,d lkFk ns[kdj dksbZ vius vkSlku* dSls dk;e j[ks\
dksbZ ,slh ikB'kkyk ugha tgk¡ ,slh ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk djus dh f'k{kk vkneh dks igys
ls nh tk ldsA fQj lqtZdekj ds fnu ykM+ I;kj esa chrs FksA ftanxh ds chl lky
fuf'par fcrkus ds ckn lj ij ;g vkQr dk igkM+ gh VwV iM+kA

lcls cM+k /kDdk yxk] euksgjknsoh ds xqtj tkus dkA muds fookfgr thou dh 'kq#vkr
vc gksuh pkfg, Fkh ij 'kq: gksus ds cnys mldk var gks x;kA euksgjknsoh ds thfor
jgrs mUgksaus mudh dæ u dhA xogha ds fnuksa muds ckyksa dks ysdj rkus dlsA xks'r
[kkus ds ihNs x<+kdksyk esa vius lkFk jguk nwHkj* dj fn;kA vius fuBYysiu ds dkj.k
,UVªsal ijh{kk ikl u dj ik,] blls vius lkFk mUgsa Hkh viekfur djkds ?kj ls fudysA
ij og fdruh mnkj FkhaA dHkh ifr ;k llqj ds :[ks O;ogkj dh f'kdk;r u dhA
fdruh de mez esa lalkj NksM+ xbZA vHkh vBkjg dh Hkh rks u FkhA dSlk lqanj daB] dSlk
e`nqy LoHkko] dSlk lkfRod lkSan;Z] lqtZdqekj us ns[kk] muds ân; esa iRuh ds fy,
vxk/k I;kj gSA ;g I;kj vc rd D;ksa u fn[kkbZ fn;k Fkk\ fdl eksg us mudh vk¡[kksa
ij inkZ Mky fn;k Fkk\ D;k e`R;q gh ;g inkZ mBk ldrh Fkh fd og euksgjknsoh dh
okLrfod Nfo ns[ksa\

lqtZdqekj x<+kdksyk ls MyeÅ x,A xaxk ds fdukjs jkr-jkr Hkj og 'ke'kku esa ?kwek
djrs tgk¡ euksgjknsoh dh fprk tyh FkhA fnu esa og vo/kwr Vhys ij cSB tkrs vkSj xaxk
esa cgrh gqbZ yk'ksa ns[kk djrsA iRuh vkSj HkkbZ ds fu/ku ds ckn vc e`R;q dk ,slk dksbZ
–'; u Fkk ftls lqtZdekj dks Hk; gksrkA thou esa tks lcls ohHkRl vkSj Hk;kud gS]
mls Hkj vk¡[kksa ns[kuk og lh[k x, FksA

,d fnu og vo/kwr Vhys ij cSBs Fks] rHkh dqYyh us vkdj dgk] eSa tkurk gw¡] vki
euksgjk dks cgqr pkgrs FksA bZ'oj pkg dh txg ekj nsrk gS] gks'k djkus ds fy,A**

lqtZdqekj dks czãKku feykA og vHkh rd csgks'k FksA u vius dks le>rs Fks] u euksgjk
dks] u lalkj dksA nq[k ds vadq'k }kjk vc czã us mUgsa viuk vkSj lalkj dk Kku
djk;kA

fdruk lqanj Hktu! nk#.k Hko Hk; dks gjus okyk ogh ,d gS jkeA jke NksM+ dkSu ,sls
le; eu dks 'kkafr ns ldrk gSA
lu~ 20 esa xk¡/kh th us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh eS=h
ds vHkwriwoZ –'; ns[ks x,A nwj-nwj nsgkr rd pj[ks dk çpkj gksus yxkA c¡xyk i=ksa esa
lqtZdqekj :lh ØkfUr vkSj ogk¡ ,d u;s lekt dh jpuk dk gky i<+rsA efg"kkny ds
298 vklikl ds xk¡oksa esa tkrs( fe=ksa ds lkFk ogk¡ fdlkuksa] tqykgksa vkfn dk laxBu djrs]
mUgsa Lons'kh dk egRo le>krsA gj txg jk"Vªh; xhrksa dh /kwe FkhA lqtZdqekj cM+s çse
ls ;s xhr i<+rs vkSj xkrsA mUgsa f}tsUæiky jk; ds xkus fo'ks"k :i ls ilUn FksA mUgksaus
Lo;a jk"Vªh; xhr fy[kus dk fopkj fd;kA lu~ 20 ds olUr esa lqtZdqekj us tUeHkwfe
ij ,d xhr fy[kk%

lqtZdqekj dk u;k thou vkjEHk gqvk - dfo dk thouA ij mUgsa viuk uke lqtZdqekj
rsokjh tjk Hkh dfoRoiw.kZ u yxrk FkkA bls 'kq) djds ;fn lw;Z dqekj rsokjh dj fn;k
tk;] rc Hkh fxjh'kpUæ ?kks"k] f}tsUæyky jk;] cafdepUæ pêksik/;k; vFkok johæukFk
Bkdqj ds ukeksa ds eqdkcys otu esa dqN gYdk cSBrk FkkA cgqr lksp-fopkj ds ckn
mUgksaus viuk u;k uke j[kk lw;ZdkUr f=ikBhA lw;Zdqekj ls lw;ZdkUr uke lquus esa vkSj
vFkZ ds fopkj ls Hkh T;knk vPNk yxkA cgqr-ls rsokjh vius dks f=ikBh fy[kus yxs FksA
vc dqN lkfgR;dkj viuk uke 'kq) :i esa fy[krs Fks tSls egkohjçlkn nqcs vius dks
egkohjçlkn f}osnh fy[krs FksA tUeHkwfe dh oUnuk ls jkelgk; rsokjh ds iq= lw;ZdkUr
f=ikBh us viuh lkfgR;-lk/kuk vkjEHk dhA
cks/k ç'u 2
1½ lw;Zdkar f=ikBh ^fujkyk* dk tUe gqvk Fkk\

d½ bykgkckn

[k½ efg"kkny

x½ x<+dksyk

?k½ dydÙkk
299
 2½ fujkykth us ;g dFku fdlls dgk Fkk % ^rqEgkjs ekrgr brus flikgh gSa] rqe bl
jktk dks ywV D;ksa ugha ysrs\*
d½ fe= ls
[k½ firk ls
x½ iM+kslh ls
?k½ csVs ls
3½ euksgjk nsoh ls fujkyk dks fdl ckr dh çsj.kk feyh\ rhu-pkj iafä;ksa esa mÙkj
nhft,A
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4½ lw;Zdkar f=ikBh ^fujkyk* ds fç; dfo Fks%
d½ in~ekdj vkSj rqylhnkl
[k½ ?kukuan vkSj fcgkjh
x½ HkkjrsUnq vkSj t;'kadj çlkn
?k½ egknsoh vkSj lqfe=kuanu iar
5½ fujkyk dh csVh dk uke D;k Fkk\
d½ euksgjk nsoh
[k½ ljkst
x½ ikoZrh nsoh
?k½ pfUædk
6½ mUgksaus lkfgR; l`tu ds fy, viuk uke D;ksa cnyk Fkk\
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;gk¡ ge thouh ds mä va'k dk oLrq vkSj f'kYi dh –f"V ls ewY;kadu djsaxsA fujkyk
th cpiu ls gh foæksgh vkSj vD[kM+ LoHkko ds FksA os vius okrkoj.k ds çHkko ds dkj.k
ltZu dh vis{kk ltus ij vf/kd cy nsrs FksA iRuh ds LoHkko vkSj R;kx us mUgsa mnkÙk
Hkkoukvksa dh vksj eksM+kA bl ;k=kØe dks jkefoykl 'kekZ us cM+s gh lqanj <ax ls fpf=r
fd;k gSA
300
*fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* esa jkefoykl 'kekZ us egkdfo fujkyk dk laiw.kZ thou-pfj=
çLrqr fd;k gSA fujkyk ds iqj[kksa dh nsgjh okys {ks= vo/k esa x<+kdksyk - dks igyh ckj
ns[kdj lqtZdqekj dh euksn'kk dk o.kZu ys[kd us foLrkjiwoZd fd;k gSA caxky dh 'kL;
';keyk /kjrh ij fcrk, cpiu ds ckn igyh ckj lqtZdqekj csj vkSj ccwy ds taxy]
cM+s-cM+s Ålj vkSj xk¡o ds fdukjs cgrh {kh.k-lh yksu unh dks ns[krk gSA caxky dh rjg
;gk¡ Hkh vkeksa ds ckx Fks] ysfdu oSlh l?ku gfj;kyh ugha FkhA efg"kkny ds jkt njckj
esa vkSj ml lekt esa Å¡p-uhp dk tks Hksn-Hkko mlus ns[kk vkSj vuqHko fd;k Fkk] og
tSls ;gk¡ vkSj –<+ gksrk gSA mldk viuk ?kj ;gk¡ Hkh oSlk gh VwVk-QwVk vkSj dPpk Fkk
tcfd tehankj Hkxokunhu nqcs dk edku iDdk vkSj cM+k Fkk ;|fi efg"kkny esa jktk
ds egy dh rqyuk esa og fcYdqy VqPpk FkkA blh çdkj lqtZdqekj bl ckr dks ugha
le> ikrk fd tehankj nqcs dh eqlyeku irqfj;k-iRuh ds mls vPNh yxus ij Hkh
mlds ikl D;ksa ugha tkuk pkfg, vkSj mldh NqbZ gqbZ phtsa D;ksa ugha [kkuk pkfg,A
lqtZdqekj us ;g Hkh ns[kk Fkk fd irqfj;k eqlyeku gS vkSj mlds yM+ds vius dks iafMr
le>us ds dkj.k] ek¡ gksus ij Hkh] mls Hkkstu nwj ls nsrs gSaA

efg"kkny esa ,d lk/kkj.k teknkj firk ds iq= gksus dk ghurk cks/k lqtZdqekj dks
ijs'kku djrk gSA bl NksVs exj le`) jkT; esa jke lgk; frokjh dh gSfl;r flQZ ,d
oQknkj flikgh dh Fkh - tks ekfyd dk ued [kkdj mldk gd vnk djus esa fo'okl
j[krk FkkA ysfdu firk dh dn-dkBh vkSj vkd"kZd O;fäRo ns[kdj mls LokHkkfod :i
ls xoZ gksrk gSA caxky ds xouZj lj Ýkafll Mîwd tc efg"kkny vk, rks njckj dk
,d lkewfgd fp= muds lkFk f[kapkA ml fp= esa jke lgk; frokjh Hkh gSa - ^ihNs ,d
pijklh 'ks"k flikgh gkFk esa ryokjsa [khaps [kM+s gq,A bl ykbu esa xouZj dh ckbZa vksj
,dne fljs ij jke lgk; frokjh [kM+s gq, ^ykbu esa [kM+s gq, yksxksa esa og lcls yacs FksA
flj ij dkenkj xksyh Vksih xys esa lksus dk daBk] HkO; nk<+h] ewaNs yach ukd] cM+h vka[ksa]
fcftZl ij QkSth dksV] vk¡[kksa esa Fkdu gkFk esa uaxh ryokj] c<+rs gq, isV dks isVh ls
dls gq, ---------* ykV lkgc ds lkFk firk dk ;g fp= lqtZdqekj ds eu esa tSls vkRe
xkSjo dk cks/k txkrk gSA viuh {kqæ fLFkfr esa Hkh tSls xoZ djus dks dqN mlds ikl
gSA yach vkSj vkd"kZd dn-dkVh fujkyk dks tSls fojklr esa feyh FkhA fujkyk laca/kh
vius laLej.kksa esa jkefoykl 'kekZ us fy[kk gS fd dydÙkk esa QqVcky dk eSp ns[kus okys
n'kZdksa ds chp vius yacs] vkSjksa ls ,d eqV~Bh maps dn ds dkj.k gh ml HkhM+ esa b/kj-
m/kj gks tkus ij fujkyk dks vklkuh ls <w¡<k tk ldrk FkkA ckn esa viuh nsg dks
ikyus-ikslus dk 'kkSd 'kk;n fujkyk ds blh vkRe cks/k dk ,d vax FkkA viuh nsg dh
bl iwath ds dkj.k gh Ldwy esa lqtZdqekj vius lkfFk;ksa dk usrk FkkA i<+us dh deh dks
og tSls [ksy-dwn dh <ky ij lgus->syus dh rS;kjh esa yxk FkkA QqVcky esa og mEnk
f[kykM+h Fkk vkSj rSjus esa dq'kyA igyh ckj llqjky vkus ij yacs ckyksa ds dkj.k mls
'kadk dh –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA cuko-Ük`axkj ds çfr vkd"kZ.k vkSj iguus vks<+us dk
'kkSd 'kk;n mldh {kfriwfrZ dk gh ,d :i FkkA vius 'kjhj dks lqn`<+ vkSj lqanj cukdj
tSls og i<+kbZ-fy[kkbZ esa vius fiNM+siu dh HkjikbZ djuk pkgrk gSA

lqtZdqekj dh lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaL—frd vfHk#fp;ksa dk fodkl Hkh gqvkA egy ds ikl
gh ukVî'kkyk Fkh tgk¡ jktk lrh çlkn tc-rc ukVd djrs FksA ogha lqtZdqekj us
ckaXyk ukVd ^r#ckyk* esa ,d ^fganqLrkuh* dk ikVZ fd;k FkkA ckn esa vk, LVkj fFk;sVj
ds jaxeap vkSj mlds vfHkusrkvksa dh ped-ned us mls dgha xgjs esa vfHkHkwr fd;k FkkA
301
 mUgsa ns[kdj mls ;g yxs fcuk ugha jgk fd lcls cf<+;k thou bUgha yksxksa dk gSA
ckaXyk miU;kldkj cafdepaæ ljdkjh vQlj dh gSfl;r ls fefnukiqj esa jgs FksA Ldwy
ds ikl] rky ds fdukjs cSBdj] mlus nksLrksa ls ;g Hkh lquk Fkk fd ;gk¡ jgus ij
cafdepaæ us ,d-nks miU;kl Hkh fy[ks FksA vius caxkyh lkfFk;ksa dh ckrphr esa ;g
cks/k Hkh tc-rc mls djk;k tkrk Fkk fd caxkyh tkfr egku~ gS] ckaXyk Hkk"kk lalkj dh
loZJs"B Hkk"kk gS vkSj johUæukFk lalkj ds loZJs"B dfo gSAa ;g Hkh lqtZdqekj Lo;a caxkyh
ugha] ^fganqLrkuh* gSaA ?kj ds ifjos'k vkSj laLdkjo'k lqtZdqekj ckaXyk dh vis{kk fganh gh
vf/kd tkurk FkkA Hkfä vkSj Ük`axkj-jl nksuksa gh çdkj dh dforkvksa esa mldk eu [kwc
jerk FkkA cztHkk"kk dh dkQh dfork mlus i<+ j[kh FkhA in~ekdj mlds fç; dfo FksA
mudh lkuqçkl 'kCnkoyh] Ük`axkj o.kZu esa Hkh vkstxq.k dk iqV mls fo'ks"k fç; FkkA
in~ekdj ds dkO; dh fp=e;rk mls vk—"V djrh FkhA Lej.k-'kfä vPNh gksus ls
mlds vusd Nan mls daBLFk gks x, FksA rqylhnkl ls og iwoZ ifjfpr FkkA ysfdu
fookg ds ckn iRuh euksgjk nsoh ds daB ls muds Nan vkSj Hktu lqudj mlus tSls ,d
u, :i esa mUgsa ik;k vkSj vkRelkr fd;kA lkfgR; vkSj laxhr esa bruk vkd"kZ.k blds
iwoZ mls dHkh vuqHko ugha gqvk FkkA in~ekdj ds dfoÙkksa dk vFkZ Hkh tSls vc vkSj Li"V
gksus yxsA jkepfjr ekul dk ikB vkSj Hkh euks;ksx ls djus yxkA iRuh ds ek;ds esa
gksus ij i<+us ij i`"Bksa ds v{kj xk;c gks tkrs vkSj mudh txg euksgjk nsoh dh Nfo
rSjus yxhA ,aVªsal dh ijh{kk esa] xf.kr ds ipsZ esa] in~ekdj ds Ük`axkjh in dkih esa
fy[kdj og ?kj pyk vk;k FkkA

llqjky-çokl esa lqtZdqekj dh ,saB] otZukvksa ds çfr rh[ks fojks/k dh ço`fÙk vkSj iRuh
ds vkd"kZ.k ds ckotwn vusd ckrksa dks ysdj mlls gq, erHksn vkSj ruk-ruh dk fp=.k
ys[kd us cgqr lgt vkSj vkd"kZd :i esa fd;k gSA vius xk¡o esa tSls irqfj;k ds gkFk
[kkuk euk Fkk ;gk¡ dqYyh HkkV dks ysdj Hkh oSlh gh eukgh FkhA ysfdu dHkh >wB cksydj
vkSj dHkh eq¡g tksjh ls lqtZdqekj us bldk fojks/k fd;kA euksgjknsoh }kjk rqylhnkl dk
Hktu xkus ij mls yxrk gS tSls xys esa e`nax ct jgk gSA bl Hktu dks lqudj
lqtZdqekj ds u tkus dkSu ls lksrs laLdkj tkx mBsA lkfgR; vkSj laxhr brus lqanj gSa
bldk cks/k tSls mls vc gqvkA dkuksa dks og laxhr fdlh nwljs yksd ls vk;k tku
iM+kA vius lkSan;Z dk vfHkeku tSls pwj-pwj gks x;kA mls yxk fd ,slk gh dqN xkus
vkSj dj fn[kkus esa thou dh lkFkZdrk gSA

fujkyk ds tUe ls ysdj mudh chl o"kZ dh vk;q rd dk vkjafHkd thou thouh ds ml
çFke v/;k; esa vafdr gSA blesa ys[kd us muds ekufld fodkl vkSj dfo-deZ dh
rS;kjh dks i;kZIr çek.k nsdj vafdr fd;k gSA blh v/;k; esa fujkyk ds fookg vkSj
laf{kIr nkEiR;thou dk Hkh cgqr laosnukiw.kZ vadu fd;k x;k gSA blh çlax esa viuh
dU;k ds fy, ekrk dh fpark] fujkyk ds firk ia- jke lgk; frokjh dk NksVh-NksVh ckrksa
ij :luk- :Buk vkSj vusd lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa vkSj tkfrxr naHk ds ladsr Hkh thouh
esa cgqr dq'kyrkiwoZd xwaFks x, gSaA ckaxyk Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dh lqxaHkhj tkudkjh ds
ckotwn fujkyk fganh ds i{k esa [kM+s gksrs gSaA viuh i| vkSj x| jpukvksa ds }kjk bl
vkjafHkd nkSj esa gh os viuh laHkkoukvksa dks çdV dj ikus esa lQy gksrs gSaA

fdlh Hkh jpuk ds fuekZ.k esa Hkk"kk ,d vfuok;Z vkSj egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA ys[kd ds
çfrik| dk laizs"k.k Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gh gksrk gS vkSj Hkk"kk gh jpuk ds çHkko dks c<+krh
302
;k ?kVkrh gSA cM+s vkdkj vkSj Qyd okyh jpuk esa] tSlh fujkyk dh ;g thouh vius
ewy :i esa gS] Hkk"kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z mldh iBuh;rk dks cuk, j[kuk Hkh gSA
jkefoykl 'kekZ ljy vkSj çokgiw.kZ Hkk"kk esa cSlokM+h dh NkSad] eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfä;ksa
ds lkFk thouh esa ?kfVr çlaxksa dk o.kZu djrs gSA fujkyk ds tUe dk o.kZu djrs gq,
os fy[krs gSa - ^ml fnu eaxy Fkk] egkohj Lokeh us viuh iwtk ds gh fnu jke lgk;
dks iq= dk eqag fn[kk;kA njokts ij ckts cts] ukbZ] /kksch] Mkse oxSjg usx ekaxus vk;sA
efg"kkny esa vo/k ds vkSj ifjokj Hkh jgrs Fks] dbZ ?kj oSlokM+s ds gh yksxksa ds FksA bu
lcls fL=;k¡ vkb±] lksgj gksus yxsA FkksM+h nsj dks jke lgk; dks yxk fd og x<+kdksyk
esa gh mRlo euk jgs gSaA [kSj vHkh u lgh] tSls gh] ekSdk feyk] og iqj[kksa dh nsgjh
Nqykus cPps dks xk¡o t:j ys tk;saxs---------*

jke lgk; frokjh vius ?kj ls lSdM+kas ehy nwj ijnsl esa iM+s FksA 'kknh-fookg ds fy,
os vius ?kj x<+kdksyk vkrs FksA vius iqj[kksa dh /kjrh ds çfr mudk vkReh; yxko]
mRlo-ioksaZ esa ogk¡ ds yksdkpkj vkSj jhfr-fjoktksa ds çfr vkxzg vkSj vius cSlokM+h
lekt ls tqM+us dh mudh yyd vkfn dks ;g Hkk"kk xgjh ikjnf'kZrk ds lkFk mn~?kkfVr
djus esa l{ke gSA blh ds rRdky ckn] tc vius jax-:i ds dkj.k cPpk - iafMr us
ftldk ukedj.k lqtZdekj fd;k Fkk - iM+ksl dh fL=;ksa dk f[kykSuk gks tkrk gS rks os
cSlokM+h 'kCnks esa gh vius mn~xkj çdV djrh gSa - egrkjh] csVok vkfn 'kCn blds
mnkgj.k gSaA
jkefoykl 'kekZ viuh Hkk"kk esa eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfä;ksa dk Hkjiwj ç;ksx djrs gSa D;ksafd
os bls vPNh rjg tkurs gSa fd Hkk"kk turk dh Fkkrh gS vkSj blh turk }kjk cksys x,
'kCn vkSj eqgkojs 'kjhj esa LoLFk 'kq) jä dh rjg Hkk"kk dks fu[kkjrs gSaA bl thouh esa
ç;qä dqN eqgkojksa dks mnkgj.k Lo:i ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gkFk NksM+ cSBuk] ikuh can
djuk] daBQwV vkuk] elsa Hkhxuk] cxysa fudyuk vkSj nks nkar dh yM+dh vkfn blh
çdkj ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa tks ikBîØe esa fu/kkZfjr va'k ls gh cgqr lgt :i esa tqVk,
x, gSaA bu eqgkojksa dk vFkZ le>dj Hkk"kk dh O;atuk-'kfä dh lkeF;Z dks vklkuh ls
le>k tk ldrk gS%
gkFk NksM+ cSBuk % Øks/kkos'k esa ekj cSBuk
ikuh can djuk % lekt vkSj fcjknjh ls ckgj dj nsuk
daB QwV vkuk % elsa Hkhxuk vkSj cxysa fudyuk
;s lkjs ç;ksx ;kSoukxe ds ladsr gSaA daB esa xêk fudyuk vkSj vkokt esa Hkkjhiu dk
vk tkuk] ewaNksa ds LFkku ij ckyksa dh js[k nh[kus yxuk vkSj cxyksa esa cky fudyuk
vkfn lkjs fpà ckyd ls ;qok gks tkus ds fpà gSaA ys[kd bUgsa fujkyk ds çlax esa ç;qä
djds muds xkSus dh Hkwfedk cukrk gS vFkkZr~ vc mez ds fglkc ls os bl yk;d gSa fd
mudk xkSuk fd;k tk ldsA
nks nkar dh yM+dh % de mez dh yM+dh] nqfu;knkjh ls vutku vkSj Hkksyh-HkkyhA
jkefoykl 'kekZ çlaxkuqlkj thou ds fofo/k vkSj fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds 'kCnksa ls viuh Hkk"kk
dks lgt] ljy vkSj LokHkkfod cukrs gSaA xk¡o-tokj] dksVZ-dpgjh] yxku-olwyh]
lkfgR;-laL—fr vkSj çk—frd lkSan;Z ds o.kZu esa mudh Hkk"kk ds cnyrs gq, rsoj vkSj
Nfo;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
fujkyk dh thouh dk tks va'k gekjs lkeus gS mlesa vo/k vkSj caxky dh ifjos'kxr
fof'k"Vrkvksa vkSj çkÑfrd NVkvksa esa miyC/k HkkSxksfyd varj ds C;kSjs cgqr çkekf.kd ,oa
303
 fo'oluh; :i esa çLrqr fd, x, gSaA ys[kd dk eq[; dke vius pfjr uk;d ds
pkfjf=d vkSj lkaL—frd fodkl ij dsafær gksus ij Hkh mlds laidZ ds vU; çeq[k
O;fä;ksa ds pfj= ij Hkh ys[kd cgqr ltx n`f"V j[krk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jke lgk;
frokjh dk Øks/kh vkSj oRly LoHkko] LokfHkeku vkSj LokfeHkfä dk }a}] iq=h ds Hkfo";
ds çfr euksgjk nsoh dh ek¡ dh lgt fpark }kjk ys[kd vius bu vis{kk—r xkS.k ik=ksa
dks Hkh cgqr fo'oluh; :i esa çLrqr dj ikus esa lQy gqvk gSA NksVs-NksVs çlaxksa }kjk
ys[kd us euksgjknsoh dk pfj= xgjh laosnu'khyrk ls vafdr fd;k gSA fujkyk ds ;qok
eu ij muds xgjs çHkko dh –f"V ls ;g t:jh FkkA igyh ckj llqjky tkus ij firk
dh lykg ij fujkyk viuh 'kku vkSj ,saB dk >wBk çn'kZu djrs gSaA :gh dh ekfy'k
blh dk ,d fgLlk gSA firk-iq= nksuksa ds eu esa ;gh Hkko gS fd blls llqjky okyksa
ij jksc rks iM+sxk gh] [kpZ Hkh [kwc gksxk vkSj os yksx viuh gkj eku ysaxsA ysfdu gqvk
bldk mYVk ghA fujkyk dh lklw th bl ij rkuk ekjrh gSa - ^^vius csVs dh ekfy'k
:g ls djk;sa vkSj mudh csVh ds fy, p<+kok bruk ekewyh**! jkr dks iRuh euksgjknsoh
fujkyk dks le>krh gSa - ^b=-Qqyy s yxkuk fdlku ifjokj esa 'kksHkk ugha nsrkA vkSj tc
ckr c<+us yxrh gS] fujkyk mUgsa eNqvkbu dk fdLlk lqukus yxrs gSa rks og fcxM+ tkrh
gSA og dejs ls mBdj py nsrh gSA bl vkjafHkd HksaV esa gh fujkyk dks yxrk gS fd
iRuh tSls mudh idM+ ds ckgj gSA mldk rstLoh vkSj ?kj-x`gLFkh ds dke esa dq'ky
:i mUgsa xgjs esa dgha çHkkfor Hkh djrk gSA muds daB ls rqylh dk Hktu lqudj rks
mUgsa yxrk gS tSls xys esa e`nax gh ct jgk gSA oLrqr% iRuh dks bl :i esa ns[kdj gh
fujkyk ds] lksrs laLdkj tSls tkx mBrs gSaA lkfgR; vkSj laxhr ds çfr mudk vkd"kZ.k
tSls Lo;a mUgsa gh ,d u, :i esa fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA euksgjknsoh ds bl :i dks
ns[kdj gh vius lkSan;Z dk mudk vfHkeku pwj-pwj gks tkrk gSA muds eu esa ;g Hkko
cgqr mRdVrk ls tkxrk gS fd os ,slk dqN djsa ftlls ;g thou lkFkZd gks tk,A iRuh
dh rqyuk esa viuk fudEekiu muds vkxs Li"V gksus yxrk gSA ?kj-ifjokj dh gh ugha]
iM+ksfl;ksa dh Hkh lsok vkSj lgk;rk dk mudk LoHkko fujkyk dks xgjkbZ ls çHkkfor
djrk gSA iRuh dk pfj= gh tSls ifr dk çsj.kk-lzksr cu tkrk gSA
miU;kl dh rjg thouh Hkh vius pfjr uk;d lesr vusd O;fä;ksa dk ,d thfor
lalkj vius esa lek;s jgrh gSA ik=ksa ds chp gksus okys laokn mlh :i esa ?kfVr gksus
dk dksbZ çek.k ugha gksrk gSA mudh lgtrk vkSj fo'oluh;rk gh mudh lQyrk dh
dlkSVh gksrh gSA miU;kl dh rjg thouh esa Hkh ;s laokn dFkk ds fodkl esa lgk;d
gksrs gSa vkSj ik=ksa ds pfj= dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gSaA bl thouh esa Hkh
vusd ,sls çlax gSa ftuesa laoknksa dh ;g lgtrk vkSj fo'oluh;rk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
bu laoknksa esa Hkh fujkyk vkSj euksgjknsoh ds chp ds laokn dnkfpr thouh ds lQyre
laokn gSaA tSlk fd crk;k tkrk jgk gS bu laoknksa ds ek/;e ls gh euksgjk nsoh dk
rstLoh vkSj LokfHkekuh :i cgqr lgt :i esa lkeus vkrk gS vkSj viuh lgtrk esa gh
og :i fujkyk dks vfHkHkwr djrk gSA lknxh vkSj lgtrk dk çHkko gh lcls xgjk
gksrk gS vkSj ogh fujkyk ds thou dh n'kk cnyrk gSA
cks/k ç'u 3
1½ ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* 'kh"kZd thouh ds va'k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
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304
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vkius bl bdkbZ esa jkefoykl 'kekZ th }kjk fyf[kr ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk* uked
thouh dk ,d va'k i<+kA
fujkyk th fganh ds egku dfo gSaA ysfdu mudh ;g egkurk mudk vftZr xq.k gSA
cpiu esa vius vD[kM+iu vkSj foæksgh LoHkko ds dkj.k os vius —R;ksa ls lalkj ls
cxkor djrs FksA i<+kbZ NksM+ mudk eu ltus-laojus esa T;knk yxrk FkkA muds thou
ds bl çlax dks ys[kd us fcuk fNik, fu"i{k :i esa çLrqr fd;k gSA iRuh dh e`R;q ds
ckn i'pkrki dh vfXu esa ridj vkSj iRuh ds xk;u ls çsj.kk ikdj mudh l`tukRed
çfrHkk QwV iM+rh gSA ys[kd us fujkyk th dh dfoRo 'kfä ds bl çdj.k dks cM+s gh
ekfeZd <ax ls çLrqr fd;k gSA

çkekf.kd thouo`Ùk gksus ds ckotwn ;g va'k dkO; dk vkLoknu fy, gq, gS] ys[kd us
?kVukvksa ds lqanj fp=.k [khaps gSa vkSj laokn dks vkstiw.kZ cuk;k gSA bl –f"V ls ;g va'k
u dsoy mn~ns';ksa ds laçs"k.k esa lQy gS] cfYd vfrjkspd Hkh gSA

irqfj;k % os';k] dqyVk

;Kksiohr % tsuÅ
foçoxZ % czkã.k oxZ
ç'kLr % fo'kky] pkSM+k
ekrgr % v/khu
ea=-fl) % ea= muds o'k esa gS
:g % b=
vkSlku % gks'k-gokl
nwHkj % eqf'dy 305
 nk#.k % Hkh"k.k] Hk;adj
Hko % lalkj

cks/k ç'u 1
1½ ¼d½ vkn'kZ pfj= ¼[k½ çkekf.kd rF; ¼x½ laons uk ¼?k½ rVLFk o.kZu
2½ js[kkfp= fdlh Hkh O;fä ij fy[kk tkrk gS( thouh dk ç/kku pfj= vkn'kZ gks]
çeq[k gks] fo[;kr gksA js[kkfp= esa ys[kd ds Hkko egRoiw.kZ gSa( thouh esa pfj=
uk;d ¼;k ukf;d½ ç/kku gSA
cks/k ç'u -2
1½ [k½
2½ [k½
3½ lgu 'kfä] lsok Hkko] Hkfä Hkko dh ppkZ dhft,A
4½ i)
5½ ii)
6½ vkstLoh yxs] vkd"kZd gksA
cks/k ç'u -3
1½ iwjh bdkbZ ds vk/kkj ij ,d i`"B esa mÙkj fyf[k,A oLrq] f'kYi nksuksa ij fopkj
çdV dhft,A vki ij fdldk çHkko iM+k - fujkyk th ds O;fäRo dk ;k
jkefoykl 'kekZ th ds ys[ku dk\

306
12-0 mn~ns';
12-1 çLrkouk
12-2 laLej.k % ,d lkfgfR;d fo/kk
12-3 laLej.k vkSj vU; fo/kk,a
12-4 ^iFk ds lkFkh* laLej.k dk iBu
12-5 laLej.k dk lkj
12-6 laLej.k dh varoZLrq
12-7 laLej.k dh Hkk"kk-'kSyh
12-8 lkjka'k
12-9 'kCnkoyh
12-10 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

^fganh lkfgR; % fofo/k fo/kk,¡* ikB~;Øe dh ;g vafre bdkbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa vki
egknsoh oekZ }kjk fganh dof;=h lqHkækdqekjh pkSgku ds ckjs esa fy[kk laLej.k ^iFk ds
lkFkh* dk v/;;u djsaxsA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
laLej.k dh ç—fr vkSj fof'k"Vrk dk mYys[k dj ldsaxs(
laLej.k vkSj vU; lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds ikjLifjd laca/kksa dks crk ldsaxs(
^iFk ds lkFkh* laLej.k dh varoZLrq lac/a kh fo'ks"krk,a crk ldsaxs vkSj
mä laLej.k dh Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks crk ldsaxsA

Hkk"kk laca/kh bl ikB~;Øe esa vki lkfgR; dh fofo/k fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u dj jgs gSaA bl
[kaM esa vc rd vkius Mk;jh] i=] fjiksrkZt] ;k=k-o`Ùkkar vkSj thouh fo/kkvksa dk
v/;;u fd;k gSA ;g bl [kaM dh vafre bdkbZ vkSj ikBîØe dh 12oha bdkbZ gSA bl
bdkbZ esa vki laLej.k fo/kk dk v/;;u djsaxsA

vk/kqfud x| fo/kkvksa esa laLej.k dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA laLej.k dk vFkZ gS chrs
gq, dks ;kn djukA tc ge fdlh ,sls O;fä dks ;kn djrs gSa] ftlds lkFk geus vius
thou ds dqN vge {k.k fcrk, Fks vkSj bu {k.kksa dks tc nwljksa ds lkFk ckaVuk pkgrs
gSa rks ge laLej.k fy[kus dh vksj ço`Ùk gksrs gSaA fganh esa laLej.k fy[kus dh ijaijk cgqr
iqjkuh ugha gSA x| lkfgR; ds lkFk gh laLej.k fy[kus dh vksj Hkh ys[kdksa dh ço`fÙk
gqbZA buesa egknsoh oekZ dk ;ksxnku lcls vf/kd gSA js[kkfp= vkSj laLej.k fo/kk dks
ftruk egknsoh oekZ us le`) fd;k gS fdlh vkSj us ughaA egknsoh oekZ ewyr% dfo gSa
vkSj Nk;koknh dkO; dks le`) djus esa mudk ;ksxnku vçfre gSA
307
 fganh esa laLej.k-lkfgR; ds lanHkZ esa egknsoh oekZ }kjk fyf[kr ^iFk ds lkFkh* esa ladfyr
muds ledkyhu lkfgR;dkjksa ds laLej.kksa dh ç—fr vkSj i`"BHkwfe dk fo'ys"k.k djuk
bl bdkbZ dk mn~ns'; gSA bu laLej.kksa esa ls ,d - ^lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku*- gekjs bl
v/;;u dk eq[; vk/kkj gSA vr% mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k bl bdkbZ dk eq[;
vfHkçsr gSA bl çfØ;k esa laLej.k dh ç—fr dks le>rs gq, vU; x| fo/kkvksa ls mlds
varj dks Hkh Li"V fd;k tk,xkA ikBîØe esa fu/kkZfjr laLej.k ds fo'ys"k.k ds varxZr
laLej.k dh Hkk"kk] f'kYi dk v/;;u Hkh gekjk vfHkçsr gSA

laLej.k ,d varfoZjks/kh ç—fr okyk lkfgR; :i gSA mlds fy[ks tkus ds fy, ifjp;
dk foLrkj cfgeqZ[krk dh ek¡x djrk gS] tcfd mldk dykRed jpko gkfnZdrk ,oa
vareqZ[krk dh vis{kk j[krk gSA ,d lhek rd gh bu nksuksa dks lk/k ikuk laHko gksrk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd vPNs vkSj mYys[kuh; laLej.k fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa cgqr vf/kd ugha
gksrsA ys[kd dh LoHkkoxr ladksph o`fÙk] ;k=k-Hkh#rk vkSj fe= cukus dh dyk dk
vHkko dqN ,sls dkjd gSa tks laLej.k-ys[ku ds fojks/k esa tkrs gSaA varjaxrk laLej.k dh
f'kjkvksa esa çokfgr jä dh rjg gS tks mlds LokLF; esa ,d [kkl rjg dh ped iSnk
djrh gSA blds vHkko esa laLej.k ds uke ij fy[kh tkus okyh dksbZ Hkh jpuk jä
'kwU;rk dh f'kdkj gks ldrh gSA vkSipkfjdrk vkSj vfo'oluh;rk tSls rRo laLej.k ds
lcls cM+s 'k=q gSaA blhfy, lkekU;r% laLej.k ifjp; dh ek¡x djrk gSA ftl O;fä ds
laLej.k fy[ks tk jgs gSa mldh jpuk-–f"V] lkekftd nkf;Ro vkSj fofHkUu eqíksa ij çdV
fd, x, fopkj iwjh fo'oluh;rk vkSj çkekf.kdrk ds lkFk muesa vkus pkfg,A viuh
ç—fr esa laLej.k vkxs-ihNs nksuksa vksj yxs 'kh'ks dh rjg gksrk gS ftlesa nh[kus okys ds
lkFk fn[kkus okyk Hkh dgha u dgha çfrfcafcr gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd laLej.k dsoy
mls gh vkyksfdr ugha djrk ftl ij og fy[kk x;k gSA ,d lhek rd og vius
jpf;rk dk Hkh ifjp; nsrk gSA jktsæ ;kno tSls ys[kd tc vius laLej.kksa dks ladfyr
djrs gq, ^vkSjksa ds cgkus* 'kh"kZd nsrs gSa rks mlls ;gh /ofur gksrk gS fd vkSjksa ds cgkus
budk jpf;rk vius ckjs esa Hkh cgqr dqN dgrk gSA vius ,d O;aX;-ys[k esa gfj'kadj
ijlkbZ us mu laLej.k ys[kdksa dk etkd mM+k;k gS tks laLej.k fy[krs le; nwljksa ls
vf/kd vius ckjs esa fy[krs gSaA ,sls laLej.k vius fo"k; dks xkS.k ekudj jpf;rk dks
gh eq[;r% dsaæ esa j[krs gSaA ,d vPNk vkSj çkekf.kd laLej.k ogh gksrk gS ftlesa ys[kd
vius dks i`"BHkwfe esa j[kdj vius fo"k; ds fofo/k i{kksa dks leknj] vkReh;rk vkSj
fouezrk ds lkFk /kS;ZiwoZd [kksyrk pyrk gSA laLej.k dk fo"k; vFkkZr~ og O;fä ftl
ij laLej.k fy[kk tk jgk gS] viuh lkjh fof'k"Vrkvksa ds lkFk nwljksa dh rjg ,d
lkekU; euq"; gh gksrk gSA vr% ;g t:jh gS fd mls gkM+-ekal ds ,d euq"; dh Hkkafr
gh çLrqr fd;k tk,A fdlh Hkh çdkj dh O;fä-iwtk dk Hkko laLej.k ys[ku dh
ç—fr ls esy ugha [kkrkA ftl O;fä dks laLej.k ds fy, pquk x;k gS] mlds bl pquko
esa gh ;g fufgr gS fd og jpf;rk dk fç; vkSj vknj.kh; gSA ,sls O;fä dk tks çHkko
ys[kd ij iM+k gS mldk vkdyu gh og vius laLej.k esa djrk gSA vkn'kZ laLej.k ogh
gS ftlesa ys[kd vius fo"k; ds çfr lkjs leknj ds lkFk fdlh çdkj dh ,dkafxrk ls
cpdj pyrk gSA vius laLej.k ds fy, pqus x, O;fä dks laiw.kZ vkSj fo'oluh; :i
esa çLrqr djus dh –f"V ls Hkh ;g t:jh gS fd laLej.k esa larqyu vkSj oLrqijdrk ds
egRo dks le>k tk,A ,d vPNk laLej.k vius fo"k; ds çfr vkR;afrd fouezrk vkSj
oLrqijdrk ds ;ksx ls gh laHko gksrk gSA
308
ifjp; ds l?ku o`Ùk esa vkus okys fdlh Hkh O;fä dks dsaæ esa j[kdj fy[kk tk ldrk
gS ysfdu vkerkSj ij lkfgfR;d O;fä;ksa ds laLej.k gh vf/kd çfl) gq, gSaA ftl
O;fä dks dsaæ esa j[kdj laLej.k fy[kk tkrk gS] laLej.k ys[kd ml O;fä ds thou
ds fdlh fo'ks"k dky vFkok [kaM dks gh vius fy, pqurk gSA ml lac) nkSj esa ml
O;fä ds vusd i{kksa dh tkudkjh ml laLej.k ls feyrh gSA ysfdu fdlh Hkh O;fä dk
dksbZ dky [kaM mldk laiw.kZ thou ugha gksrkA Hkys gh laLej.k ls ;g vis{kk u dh
tkrh gks fd og ml O;fä dks laiw.kZrk esa çLrqr djsxk] ysfdu fQj Hkh ,d vPNk
laLej.k ,dkafxrk vkSj iwoZxzgksa ls vius dks cpkrk gSA blhfy, laLej.k ys[kd ds fy,
;g t:jh gksrk gS fd vU; miyC/k lzksrksa ls gh og vius fo"k; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr
djs vkSj mlds fiNys thou vkSj mlds fofHkUu i{kksa dh lkis{krk esa viuk i{k çLrqr
djsA laLej.k cgqr dqN ys[kd ij iM+s ml O;fä ds futh çHkko dk gh vkdyu gksrk
gSA ysfdu bl çHkko dk vkdyu lac) O;fä dh laiw.kZrk esa gh vf/kd fo'oluh; vkSj
xzká gksxkA laLej.k ys[kd dk ;g dke mls ,d thouhdkj ds fudV ys vkrk gSA
thouh ys[kd dh rjg vius fo"k; ds ckjs esa visf{kr i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djds gh dksbZ
laLej.k ys[kd vius laidZ-dky dks vf/kd iw.kZ vkSj xzká cuk ldrk gSA

laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp=

vius ewy :i esa ^js[kkfp=* Hkys gh fp=dyk dh nqfu;k ls vk;k 'kCn gks] ysfdu lkfgR;
esa x| dh ,d fo/kk fo'ks"k ds :i esa Hkh og Lohdk;Z ekuk tkdj viuh fof'k"V igpku
cuk pqdk gSA lkekU; vFkZ esa js[kkfp= O;fä ds cká :i dk fp= gksrk gS ftlds }kjk
mlds O;fäRo dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSA mlds 'kjhj vkSj fofHkUu vaxksa dh cukoV]
mlds O;fäRo dks oSf'k"V~; nsusokys dqN dkjd] mldk igukok vkSj ckrphr ds chp
mlds fØ;k dyki vkfn dk fp=.k mldk ,d ,slk js[kkfp= çLrqr djrk gS tks mlds
lh/kh-lknh iks'kkd vkSj ckrphr esa tksjnkj Bgkds mudh ,d LFkk;h igpku cu pqds
gSaA ftl O;fä ls vius laidZ dk fp= dksbZ laLej.k ys[kd nsrk gS rks og vko';d
rkSj ij ;g crkrk gS fd mlls gqbZ HksaV ds le; og O;fä D;k igus Fkk] dSls vkSj fdl
ifjos'k esa ;g HksaV gqbZ Fkh vkSj gksus okyh ckrphr ds chp og dSlk O;ogkj dj jgk FkkA
lac) O;fä dk ;g js[kkfp= mldh ,d fof'k"V igpku cukdj ikBd rFkk ys[kd ds
chp fo'okl vkSj laokn dh fLFkfr dks iDdk djrh gSA

laLej.k] i= vkSj lk{kkRdkj

laLej.k esa nks O;fä;ksa ds chp gksus okys laokn vkSj vusd eqíksa ij gksus okyh ckrphr
dh Hkh ,d fof'k"V Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;g laokn gh oLrqr% fdlh laLej.k dks lk{kkRdkj
ds fudV ykrk gSA laLej.k dh vis{kk lk{kkRdkj vf/kd vkSipkfjd fo/kk gS ftlesa
ifjp; dk l?ku o`Ùk mruk t:jh ugha gksrk ftruk og laLej.k esa gksrk gSA ysfdu fQj
Hkh laLej.k esa ls lk{kkRdkj ds rRo dks fu"dkflr dj ikuk dfBu gSA ftl O;fä ds
laca/k esa laLej.k fy[kk tkrk gS mldk laLej.k ys[kd ls iwoZ vkSj nh?kZ ifjp; Hkh gks
ldrk gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd bl dkykof/k esa ml O;fä us laLej.k ys[kd dks i=
fy[ks gksaA vr% vius laLej.k esa og mu i=ksa dk miHkksx Hkh djrk gSA i=ksa dk ,slk dksbZ
mi;ksx ml laLej.k dks çkekf.kdrk nsrk gSA ;g lkjs midj.k ml dsaæh; O;fä dks
vis{kk—r vf/kd iw.kZ vkSj fo'oluh; :i esa gekjs lkeus ykus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
309
 cks/k ç'u 1
1½ tSls 'kjhj esa jä çokfgr gksrk gS] mlh çdkj laLej.k esa %
d½ vkSipkfjdrk
[k½ varjaxrk
x½ vfo'oluh;rk
?k½ mi;qZä rhuksa ¼ ½
2½ js[kkfp= dk vFkZ D;k gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3½ thouh vkSj laLej.k esa ewy varj D;k gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

gekjs 'kS'kodkyhu vrhr vkSj çR;{k orZeku ds chp esa le;-çokg dk ikB T;ks-a T;ksa
pkSM+k gksrk tkrk gS R;ksa-R;ksa gekjh Le`fr esa vutkus gh ,d ifjorZu yf{kr gksus yxrk
gSA 'kS'ko dh fp='kkyk ds ftu fp=ksa ls gekjk jkxkRed laca/k xgjk gksrk gS] mudh
js[kk;sa vkSj jax brus Li"V vkSj pVdhys gksrs pyrs gSa fd ge ok/kZD; dh /kqa/kyh vk¡[kksa
ls Hkh mUgsa çR;{k ns[krs jg ldrs gSaA ij ftuls ,slk laca/k ugha gksrk os Qhds gksr-s gksrs
bl çdkj Le`fr ls /kqy tkrs gSa fd nwljksa ds Lej.k fnykus ij Hkh mudk Lej.k dfBu
gks tkrk gSA

esjs vrhr dh fp='kkyk esa cfgu lqHkæk ls esjs l[; dk fp=] igyh dksfV esa gh j[kk
tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd brus o"kksaZ ds mijkUr Hkh mudh lc jax-js[kk;sa viuh lthork esa
Li"V gSaA
,d lkroha d{kk dh fo|kfFkZuh] ,d ik¡poha d{kk dh fo|kfFkZuh ls ç'u djrh gS] D;k
rqe dfork fy[krh gks\* nwljh us flj fgyk dj ,slh vLoh—fr nh ftlesa gk¡ vkSj ugha
rjy gks dj ,d gks x;s FksA ç'u djus okyh us bl Loh—fr-vLoh—fr dh laf/k ls [kh>
dj dgk] rqEgkjh Dykl dh yM+fd;k¡ rks dgrh gSa fd rqe xf.kr dh dkih rd esa dfork
fy[krh gks! fn[kkvks viuh dkih vkSj mÙkj dh çrh{kk esa le; u"V u dj og dfork
fy[kus dh vijkf/kuh dks gkFk idM+ dj [khaprh gqbZ mlds dejs esa MsLd ds ikl ys
xbZA fuR; O;ogkj esa vkus okyh xf.kr dh dkih dks fNikuk laHko ugha Fkk] vr% mlds
lkFk vadksa ds chp esa vuf/kdkj fldqM+ dj cSBh gqbZ rqdcafn;k¡ vuk;kl idM+ esa vk
xbZaA bruk naM gh i;kZIr FkkA ij blls larq"V u gksdj vijk/k dh vUosf"kdk us ,d
gkFk esa og fp=-fofp= dkih Fkkeh vkSj nwljs esa vfHk;qäk dh m¡xfy;k¡ dl dj idMha
vkSj og gj dejs esa tk-tkdj bl vijk/k dh lkoZtfud ?kks"k.kk djus yxhA

ml ;qx esa dfork jpuk vijk/kksa dh lwph esa FkhA dksbZ rqd tksM+rk gS] ;g lqudj gh
lquus okyksa ds eq[k dh js[kk;sa bl çdkj oØdqafpr gks tkrh Fkha ekuksa mUgsa dksbZ dVq-
frä is; ihuk iM+k gksA

,slh fLFkfr esa xf.kr tSls xEHkhj egRoiw.kZ fo"k; ds fy, fuf'pr i`"Bksa ij rqd tksM+uk
v{kE; vijk/k FkkA blls c<+dj dkxt dk nq#i;ksx vkSj fo"k; dk fujknj vkSj gks gh
310
D;k ldrk FkkA fQj ftl fo|kFkhZ dh cqf) vadksa ds chgM+ ou esa ix-ix ij my>rh
gS mlls rks xq# ;gh vk'kk j[krk gS fd og gj lk¡l dks vad tksM+u-s ?kVkus dh fØ;k
cuk jgk gksxkA ;fn og lkjh /kjrh dks dkxt cuk dj ç'uksa dks gy djus ds ç;kl
ls ugha Hkj ldrk rks mls de ls de lkS-ipkl i`"B] lgh u lgh rks xyr ç'u-mÙkjksa
ls Hkj ysuk pkfg,A rc mldh HkzkUr cqf) dks ç—frnÙk eku dj mls {kek nku dk ik=
le>k tk ldrk gS] ij tks rqdcUnh tSls dk;Z ls cqf) dh /kkj xksafBy dj jgk gS og
rks iwjh 'kfä ls nqcZy gksus dh ew[kZrk djrk gS] vr% mlds fy, u lgkuqHkwfr dk ç'u
mBrk gS u {kek dkA

eSaus gksaB Hkhap dj u jksus dk tks fu'p; fd;k og u VwVk rks u VwVkA vUr esa eq>s 'kfä
ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ ns[k lqHkæk th us mRQqYy Hkko ls dgk] ^vPNh rks fy[krh gksA Hkyk
loky gy djus esa ,d nks rhu tksM+ ysuk dksbZ cM+k dke gSA* esjh pksV vHkh nq[k jgh
Fkh] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj vkReh; Hkko dk ifjp; ikdj vk¡[ksa lty gks vkbZaA ^rqeus lc dks
D;ksa crk;k dk lgkl mÙkj feyk ^gesa Hkh rks ;g lguk iM+rk gSA vPNk gqvk vc nks
lkFkh gks x,A*

cfgu lqHkæk dk fp= cukuk dqN lgt ugha gS D;ksafd fp= dh lk/kkj.k tku iM+us okyh
çR;sd js[kk ds fy, mudh Hkkouk dh nhfIr ^lapkfj.kh nhif'k[kso* cudj mls vlk/kkj.k
dj nsrh gSA ,d-,d dj ds ns[kus ls dqN Hkh fo'ks"k ugha dgk tk,xk] ijUrq lc dh
lexzrk esa tks mn~Hkkflr gksrk Fkk] mls –f"V ls vf/kd ân; xzg.k djrk FkkA
e>ksys dn rFkk ml le; dh —’k nsg;f"V esa ,slk dqN mxz ;k jkSæ ugha Fkk ftldh
ge ohjxhrksa dh dof;=h esa dYiuk djrs gSaA dqN xksy eq[k] pkSM+k ekFkk] ljy Hk`dqfV;k¡]
cM+h vkSj HkkoLukr vk¡[ksa] NksVh lqMkSy ukfldk] g¡lh dks tek dj x<+s gq, ls vksB vkSj
–<+rk lwpd BqM~<h-------- lc dqN feyk dj ,d vR;ar fu'Ny] dksey] mnkj O;fäRo
okyh Hkkjrh; ukjh dk gh irk nsrs FksA ij ml O;fäRo ds Hkhrj tks fctyh dk NUn
Fkk] mldk irk rks rc feyrk Fkk] tc muds vkSj muds fuf'pr y{; ds chp esa dksbZ
ck/kk vk mifLFkr gksrh FkhA ^eSaus g¡luk lh[kk gS eSa ugha tkurh jksuk* dgus okyh dh
g¡lh fu'p; gh vlk/kkj.k FkhA ekrk dh xksn esa nw/k ihrk ckyd tc vpkud g¡l iM+rk
gS] rc mldh nw/k ls /kqyh g¡lh esa tSlh fuf'pUr r`fIr vkSj ljy fo'okl jgrk gS] cgqr
dqN oSlk gh Hkko lqHkæk th dh g¡lh esa feyrk FkkA og laØked Hkh de ugha Fkha D;ksafd
nwljs Hkh muds lkeus ckr djus ls vf/kd g¡lus dks egRo nsus yxrs FksA
os vius cpiu dh ,d ?kVuk lqukrh FkhaA —".k vkSj xksfi;ksa dh dFkk lqudj ,d fnu
ckfydk lqHkæk us fu'p; fd;k fd og xksih cu dj Xokyksa ds lkFk —".k dks <w¡<us
tk;xhA
nwljs fnu og ydqVh ysdj xk;ksa vkSj Xokyksa ds >qaM ds lkFk dhdj vkSj ccwy ls Hkjs
taxy esa igq¡p xbZaA xks/kwyh osyk esa pjokgs vkSj xk;sa rks ?kj dh vksj ykSV x,] ij xksih
cuus dh lk/kokyh ckfydk —".k dks [kkstrh gh jg xbZA mlds iSjksa esa dk¡Vs pqHk x,]
d¡Vhyh >kfM+;ksa esa diM+s my> dj QV x,] I;kl ls daB lw[k x;k vkSj ilhus ij
/kwy dh irZ te xbZ] ij og /kquokyh ckfydk ykSVus dks çLrqr ugha gqbZA jkr gksrs ns[k
?kj okyksa us mUgsa [kkstuk vkjEHk fd;k vkSj Xokyksa ls iwNrs-iwNrs v¡/ksjs djhy-ou esa mUgsa
ik;kA
vius fuf'pr y{;-iFk ij vfMx jguk vkSj lc-dqN g¡lrs-g¡lrs lguk mudk
LoHkkotkr xq.k FkkA ØkLFkosV xYlZ d‚yst esa tc os vkBoha d{kk dh fo|kfFkZuh Fkha] rHkh
311
 mudk fookg gqvk vkSj mUgksaus ifrx`g ds fy, çLFkku fd;kA LorU=rk ds ;q) ds fy,
lUu) lsukuh ifr dks os fookg ls igys ns[k Hkh pqdh Fkha vkSj muds fopkjksa ls Hkh
ifjfpr FkhaA muls ;g fNik ugha Fkk fd uoo/kw ds :i esa mudk tks çkI; gS mls nsus
dk u ifr dks vodk'k gS u ysus dk mUgsaA oLrqr% ftl fookg esa eaxy-dad.k gh j.k-
dad.k cu x;k] mldh x`gLFkh Hkh dkjkxkj esa gh clkbZ tk ldrh FkhA vkSj mUgksaus
clkbZ Hkh oghaA ij bl lk/kuk dh eeZO;Fkk dks ogh ukjh tku ldrh gS ftlus viuh
nsgyh ij [kM+s gksdj Hkhrj ds eaxy pkSd ij j[ks eaxy dy'k] rqylh pkSjs ij tyrs
gq, ?kh ds nhid vkSj gj dksus ls LusgHkjh ckgsa QSyk, gq, vius ?kj ij –f"V Mkyh gks
vkSj fQj ckgj ds va/kdkj] vk¡/kh vkSj rwQku dks rkSyk gks vkSj rc ?kj dh lqjf{kr lhek
ikj dj mlds lqUnj e/kqj vkºoku dh vksj ls ihB Qsj dj v¡/ksjs jkLrs ij dk¡Vksa ls
my>rh py iM+h gksA mUgksaus g¡lrs-g¡lrs gh crk;k Fkk fd tsy tkrs le; mUgsa bruh
vf/kd Qwy-ekyk;sa fey tkrh Fkha fd os mUgha dk rfd;k cuk ysrh Fkha vkSj ysVdj
iq"i'kS¸;k ds lq[k dk vuqHko djrh FkhaA

,d ckj HkkbZ y{e.kflag th us eq> ls lqHkæk th dh LusgHkjh f'kdk;r dh] ^bUgksaus eq>
ls dHkh dqN ugha ek¡xkA* lqHkæk th us vFkZ Hkjh g¡lh esa mÙkj fn;k Fkk] ^bUgksaus igys gh
fnu eq>ls dqN ek¡xus dk vf/kdkj ek¡x fy;k Fkk egknsoh! ;g ,sls gh gksf'k;kj gSa]
ek¡xrh rks opu-Hkax dk nks"k esjs lj iM+rk] ugha ek¡xk rks buds vgadkj dks Bsl yxrh
gSA
?kj vkSj dkjkxkj ds chp esa thou dk tks Øe fookg ds lkFk vkjEHk gqvk Fkk og var
rd pyrk gh jgkA NksVs cPpksa dks tsy ds Hkhrj vkSj cM+ksa dks ckgj j[kdj os vius eu
dks dSls la;r j[k ikrh Fkha ;g lkspdj foLe; gksrk gSA dkjkxkj esa tks lEiUu ifjokjksa
dh lR;kxzgh ekrk Fkha] muds cPpksa ds fy, ckgj ls u tkus fdruk esok-fe"BkUu vkrk
jgrk FkkA lqHkæk th dh vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tsy-thou dk , vkSj lh Dykl leku
gh FkkA ,d ckj tc Hkw[k ls jksrh ckfydk dks cgykus ds fy, dqN ugha fey ldk rc
mUgksaus vjgj nyus okyh efgyk-dSfn;ksa ls FkksM+h-lh vjgj dh nky yh vkSj mls ros
ij Hkwu dj ckfydk dks f[kyk;kA ?kj vkus ij Hkh mudh n'kk æks.kkpk;Z tSlh gks tkrh
Fkh] ftUgsa nw/k ds fy, epyrs gq, ckyd v'oRFkkek dks pkoy ds ?kksy ls lQsn ikuh
nsdj cgykuk iM+k FkkA ij bu ijh{kkvksa ls mudk eu u dHkh gkjk u mlus ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks vuqdwy cukus dh fy, dksbZ le>kSrk Lohdkj fd;kA

muds ekufld txr esa ghurk dh fdlh xzfUFk ds fy, dHkh vodk'k ugha jgk] ?kj ls
ckgj cSB dj os dksey vkSj vkst Hkjs NUn fy[kus okys gkFkksa ls xkscj ds daMs ikFkrh
FkhaA ?kj ds Hkhrj rUe;rk ls vk¡xu yhirh Fkha] crZu ek¡trh FkhaA vk¡xu yhius dh dyk
esa esjk Hkh dqN ços'k Fkk] vr% çk;% ge nksuksa çfr;ksfxrk ds fy, vk¡xu ds fHkUu-fHkUu
Nksjksa ls yhiuk vkjEHk djrs FksA yhius esa gesa vius ls cM+k dksbZ fo'ks"kK e/;LFk ugha
çkIr gks ldk] vr% çfr;ksfxrk dk ifj.kke lnk v?kksf"kr gh jg x;k ij vkt eSa Lohdkj
djrh gw¡ fd ,sls dk;Z esa ,dkUr rUe;rk dsoy mlh x`fg.kh esa laHko gS tks vius ?kj
dh /kjrh dks leLr ân; ls pkgrh gks vkSj lqHkæk ,slh gh x`fg.kh FkhaA ml NksVs ls
v/kcus ?kj dh NksVh-lh lhek esa mUgksaus D;k ugha laxzghr fd;kA NksVs-cM+s isM+] jax-fcjaxs
Qwyksa ds ikS/kksa dh D;kfj;k¡] _rq ds vuqlkj rjdkfj;k¡] xk;] cNM+s vkfn-vkfn cM+h
x`gLFkh dh lc lTtk ogk¡ fojkV –'; ds NksVs fp= ds leku mifLFkr FkhA vius bl
vkdkj esa NksVs lkezkT; dks mUgksaus viuh eerk ds tknw ls bruk fo'kky cuk j[kk Fkk
fd mlds }kj ij u dksbZ vukgwr jgk vkSj u fujk'k ykSVkA ftu la?k"kksaZ ds chp ls mUgsa
312
ekxZ cukuk iM+k os fdlh Hkh O;fä dks vuqnkj vkSj dVq cukus esa leFkZ FksA ij lqHkæk
ds Hkhrj cSBh l`tu'khyk ukjh tkurh Fkh fd dk¡Vksa dk LFkku tc pj.kksa ds uhps jgrk
gS rHkh os VwV dj nwljksa dks cs/kus dh 'kfä [kksrs gSaA ijh{kk;sa tc euq"; ds ekufld
LokLF; dks {kr-fo{kr dj Mkyrh gSa rc muesa mÙkh.kZ gksu-s u-gksus dk dksbZ ewY; ugha jg
tkrkA

ukjh ds ân; esa tks xEHkhj eerk-lty ohj-Hkko mRiUu gksrk gS og iq#"k ds mxz 'kkS;Z
ls vf/kd mnkÙk vkSj fnO; jgrk gSA iq#"k vius O;fäxr ;k lewgxr jkx}s"k ds fy,
Hkh ohj /keZ viuk ldrk gS vkSj vgadkj dh r`fIr-ek= ds fy, HkhA ij ukjh vius l`tu
dh ck/kk;sa nwj djus ds fy, ;k viuh dY;k.kh l`f"V dh j{kk ds fy, #æ curh gSA vr%
mldh ohjrk ds led{k j[kus ;ksX; çsj.kk,a lalkj ds dks'k esa de gSaA ekr`'kfä dk
fnO; j{kd m)kjd :i gksus ds dkj.k gh HkhekÑfr paMh] oRlyk vEck Hkh gS] tks
fgalkRed ik'kfod 'kfä;ksa dks pj.kksa ds uhps nckdj viuh l`f"V ds eaxy dh lk/kuk
djrh gSA

lqHkæk tks efgeke;h ek¡ Fkh] mldh ohjrk dk mRl Hkh okRlY; gh dgk tk ldrk gSA
u mudk thou fdlh {kf.kd mÙkstuk ls lapkfyr gqvk u mudh vkst Hkjh dfork ohj-
jl dh f?klh-fiVh yhd ij pyhA muds thou esa tks ,d fujUrj fu[kjrk gqvk deZ
dk rkjrE; gS og ,slh varj-O;kfiuh fu"Bk ls tqM+k gqvk gS tks {kf.kd mÙkstuk dk nku
ugha ekuh tk ldrhA blh ls tgk¡ nwljksa dks ;k=k dk vUr fn[kkbZ fn;k ogha mUgsa ubZ
eafty dk cks/k gqvkA

Fkd dj cSBus okyk vius u pyus dh lQkbZ [kkstrs-[kkstrs y{; ik ysus dh dYiuk
dj ldrk gS] ij pyus okys dks bldk vodk'k dgk¡!

thou ds çfr eerk Hkjk fo'okl gh muds dkO; dk çk.k gS %

lq[k Hkjs lqugys ckny
jgrs gSa eq>dks ?ksjsA
fo'okl çse lkgl gSa
thou ds lkFkh esjsA
e/kqef{kdk tSls dey ls ysdj HkVdVS;k rd vkSj jlky ls ysdj vkd rd] lc e/kqj
frä ,d= djds mls viuh 'kfä ls ,d e/kq cukdj ykSVkrh] cgqr dqN oSlk gh
vknku-lEçnku lqHkæk th dk FkkA lHkh dksey-dfBu] lá-vlá vuqHkoksa dk ifjikd
nwljksa ds fy, ,d gh gksrk FkkA bldk ;g rkRi;Z ugha gS fd muesa foospu dh rh{.k
–f"V dk vHkko FkkA mudh dgkfu;k¡ çekf.kr djrh gSa fd mUgksaus thou vkSj lekt dh
vusd leL;kvksa ij fopkj fd;k vkSj dHkh vius fu"d"kZ ds lkFk vkSj dHkh nwljksa ds
fu"d"kZ ds fy, mUgsa cM+s peRdkfjd <ax ls mifLFkr fd;kA
tc L=h dk O;fäRo mlds ifr ls Lora= ugha ekuk tkrk Fkk rc os dgrh gSa] ^euq";
dh vkRek LorU= gSA fQj pkgs og L=h-'kjhj ds vUnj fuokl djrh gks pkgs iq#"k-'kjhj
ds vUnjA blh ls iq#"k vkSj L=h dk viuk-viuk O;fäRo vyx jgrk gSA* tc lekt
vkSj ifjokj dh lÙkk ds fo#) dqN dguk v/keZ ekuk tkrk Fkk rc os dgrh gSa] ^lekt
vkSj ifjokj O;fä dks cU/ku esa ck¡/kdj j[krs gSaA ;s cU/ku ns'kdkykuqlkj cnyrs jgrs
gSa vkSj mUgsa cnyrs jguk pkfg, ojuk os O;fäRo ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djus ds cnys
ck/kk igq¡pkus yxrs gSaA cU/ku fdrus gh vPNs mn~ns'; ls D;ksa u fu;r fd;s x;s gksa] gSa
313
 cU/ku gh] vkSj tgk¡ cU/ku gS ogk¡ vlUrks"k gS rFkk ØkfUr gSA* ijaijk dk ikyu gh tc
L=h dk ije dÙkZO; le>k tkrk Fkk rc os mls rksM+us dh Hkwfedk ck¡/krh gSa] ^fpj-
çpfyr :f<+;ksa vkSj fpj-lafpr fo'oklksa dks vk?kkr igq¡pkus okyh gypyksa dks ge
ns[kuk lquuk ugha pkgrsA ge ,slh gypyksa dks v/keZ le> dj muds çfr vk¡[k ehap
ysuk mfpr le>rs gSa] fdarq ,slk djus ls dke ugha pyrkA og gypy vkSj Økafr gesa
cjcl >d>ksjrh gS vkSj fcuk gks'k esa yk;s ugha NksM+rhA*

vusd leL;kvksa dh vksj mudh –f"V bruh iSuh gS fd lgt Hkko ls dgh ljy dgkuh
dk var Hkh gesa >d>ksj Mkyrk gSA

os jktuhfrd thou esa gh foæksfg.kh ugha jgha] vius ikfjokfjd thou esa Hkh mUgksaus vius
foæksg dks lQyrkiwoZd mrkj dj mls l`tu dk :i fn;k FkkA

lqHkæk th ds v/;;u dk Øe vle; gh Hkax gks tkus ds dkj.k mUgsa fo'ofo|ky; dh

f'k{kk rks ugha fey ldh] ij vuqHko dh iqLrd ls mUgksaus tks lh[kk mls mudh çfrHkk
us loZFkk futh fo'ks"krk ns nh gSA

Hkk"kk] Hkko] Nan dh –f"V ls u;s] ^>kalh dh jkuh* tSls ohj-xhr rFkk ljy Li"Vrk esa
e/kqj çxhr eqä] ;FkkFkZoknh ekfeZd dgkfu;k¡ vkfn mudh ekSfyd çfrHkk ds gh l`tu
gSaA

,slh çfrHkk O;kogkfjd thou dks vNwrk NksM+ nsrh rks vk'p;Z dh ckr gksrhA
iRuh dh vuqxkfeuh] v/kkaZfxuh vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa dks vLohdkj dj mUgksaus HkkbZ y{e.kflag
th dks iRuh ds :i esa ,slk vfHkUu fe= fn;k ftldh cqf) vkSj 'kfä ij fuHkZj jg dj
vuqxeu fd;k tk ldsA

vtxj dh dqaMyh ds leku] L=h ds O;fäRo dks dl dj pwj-pwj dj nsus okys vusd
lkekftd ca/kuksa dks rksM+ Qsadus esa mudk tks ç;kl yxk gksxk] mldk ewY;kadu vkt
laHko ugha gSA

ml le; cPpksa ds ykyu-ikyu esa euksfoKku dks bruk egRoiw.kZ LFkku ugha feyk Fkk
vkSj çk;% lHkh ekrk-firk cPpksa dks f'k"Vrk fl[kkus esa Lo;a vf'k"Vrk dh lhek rd ig¡p
tkrs FksA lqHkæk th dk dfo-ân; ;g fo/kku dSls Lohdkj dj ldrk Fkk! vr% muds
cPpksa dks fodkl dk tks eqä okrkoj.k feyk mls ns[k dj lc le>nkj fujk'kk ls flj
fgykus yxsA ij ftl çdkj ;g lR; gS fd lqHkæk th us vius fdlh cPps dks mldh
bPNk ds fo#) dqN djus ds fy, ck/; ugha fd;k] mlh çdkj ;g Hkh lR; gS fd fdlh
cPps us ,slk dksbZ dk;Z ugha fd;k ftlls mldh egh;lh ek¡ dks fdafpr~ Hkh {kqC/k gksus
dk dkj.k feyk gksA muds okRlY; dk fo/kku ,slk gh vfyf[kr vkSj vVwV FkkA

viuh larku ds Hkfo"; dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy, muds fudV dksbZ Hkh R;kx vdj.kh;
ugha jgkA iq=h ds fookg ds fo"k; esa rks mUgsa vius ifjokj ls Hkh la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA
mUgksaus ,d {k.k ds fy, Hkh bl vlR; dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k fd tkfrokn dh ladh.kZ
rqyk ij gh oj dh ;ksX;rk rksyh tk ldrh gSA bruk gh ugha] ftl dU;knku dh çFkk
dk lc ewd-Hkko ls ikyu djrs vk jgs Fks mlh ds fo#) mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh] ^eSa
dU;knku ugha d:¡xhA*
314
D;k euq"; euq"; dks nku djus dk vf/kdkjh gS\ D;k fookg ds mijkar esjh csVh esjh ugha
jgsxh\ ml le; rd fdlh us vkSj fo'ks"kr% fdlh L=h us] ,slh fofp= vkSj ijaijk-
fo#) ckr ugha dgh FkhaA

ns'k dh ftl Lor=ark ds fy, mUgksaus vius thou ds oklarh lius vaxkjksa ij j[k fn,
Fks] mldh çkfIr ds mijkar Hkh tc mUgsa lc vksj vHkko vkSj ihM+k fn[kkbZ nh rc mUgksaus
vius la?k"kZdkyhu lkfFk;ksa ls Hkh foæksg fd;kA mudh mxzrk dk vafre ifjp; rks
fo'ooU| ckiw dh vfLFkfoltZu ds fnu çkIr gqvkA os dbZ lkS gfjtu efgykvksa ds
tqywl ds lkFk-lkFk lkr ehy iSny pydj ueZnk fdukjs igq¡phaA ij vU; lEiUu
ifjokjksa dh lnL;k;sa eksVjksa ij gh tk ldhaA tc vfLFkçokg ds mijkar la;ksftr lHkk
ds ?ksjs esa bu iSny vkus okyksa dks LFkku ugha fn;k x;k rc lqHkæk th dk {kqC/k gks tkuk
LokHkkfod gh FkkA mudk {kk=/keZ rks fdlh çdkj ds vU;k; ds çfr {kek'khy gks ugha
ldrk FkkA tc mu gfjtuksa dks mudk çkI; fnyk ldha rHkh os Lo;a lHkk esa lfEefyr
gqb±A

lkroha vkSj ik¡poha d{kk dh fo|kfFkZfu;ksa ds l[; dks lqHkæk th ds ljy Lusg us ,slh
vfeV y{e.k-js[kk ls ?ksj dj lqjf{kr j[kk fd le; ml ij dksbZ js[kk ugha [khap ldkA
vius HkkbZ-cfguksa esa lcls cM+h gksus ds dkj.k eSa vuk;kl gh lc dh ns[kjs[k vkSj fpark
dh vf/kdkfj.kh cu xbZ FkhA ifjokj esa tks eq>ls cM+s Fks mUgksaus Hkh eq>s czãlw= dh eksVh
iksFkh esa vk¡[ksa xM+k;s ns[kdj viuh fpark dh ifjf/k ls ckgj le> fy;k FkkA ij dsoy
lqHkæk ij u esjh eksVh iksfFk;ksa dk çHkko iM+k u esjh le>nkjh dkA vius O;fäxr
laca/kksa esa ge dHkh dqrwgyh cky-Hkko ls eqDr ugha gks ldsA lqHkæk ds esjs ?kj vkus ij
Hkfäu rd eq> ij jkSc tekus yxrh FkhA Dykl esa ig¡p dj og muds vkxeu dh
lwpuk brus Å¡ps Loj esa bl çdkj nsrh fd esjh fLFkfr gh fofp= gks tkrh ^Å lgksnjk
fopfj vÅ rks budk ns[kS cjs vkb ds vdsyh lwus ?kj ek¡ cSBh gSaA vmj budk fdrfc;u
ls Qqjlr ukfgu ck*A ,e-,-] ch-,- ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus tc ,d nsgkfru cqf<+;k xq#
ij dÙkZO;-mYya?ku dk ,slk vkjksi yxkus yxs rks cspkjs xq# dh lkjh çfr"Bk fdjfdjh
gks ldrh FkhA ij bl vukpkj dks] jksdus dk dksbZ mik; ugha FkkA lqHkæk th ds lkeus
u Hkfäu dks Mk¡Vuk laHko Fkk u mlds dFku dh mis{kk djukA c¡xys esa vkdj ns[krh
fd lqHkæk th jlksbZ ?kj esa ;k cjkens esa Hkkuerh dk fiVkjk [kksys cSBh gSa vkSj mlesa ls
vn~Hkqr oLrq,¡ fudy jgh gSaA NksVh-NksVh iRFkj ;k 'kh'ks dh I;kfy;k¡] fepZ dk vpkj]
cklh iwjh] isM+s] jaxhu pdyk-csyu] pqVhyh] uhyh lqugyh pwfM+;k¡ vkfn-vkfn lc dqN
esjs fy, vk;k gS] bl ij dkSu fo'okl djsxk! ij og vkReh; migkj esjs fufeÙk gh
vkrk FkkA

,sls Hkh volj vk tkrs Fks tc os fdlh dfo-lEesyu esa vkrs-tkrs ç;kx mrj ugha ikrh
Fkha vkSj eq>s LVs'ku tkdj gh muls feyuk iM+rk FkkA ,slh dqN {k.kksa dh HksaV esa Hkh ,d
–'; dh vusd vko`fÙk;k¡ gksrh gh jgrh FkhaA os vius FkSys ls nks pedhyh pwfM+;k¡ fudky
dj g¡lrh gqbZ iwNrh] ^ilan gSa\ eSaus nks rqEgkjs fy,] nks vius fy, [kjhnh FkhaA rqe iguus
esa rksM+ MkyksxhA ykvks viuk gkFk] eSa iguk nsrh gw¡A* igu ysus ij os cPpksa ds leku
çlUu gks jgrhaA

ge nksuksa tc lkFk jgrh Fkha rc ckr ,d feuV vkSj g¡lh ik¡p feuV dk vuqikr jgrk
FkkA blh ls çk;% fdlh lHkk-lfefr esa tkus ds igys u g¡lus dk fu'p; djuk iM+rk
FkkA ,d nwljs dh vksj fcuk ns[ks xaHkhj Hkko ls cSBs jgus dh] çfrKk djds Hkh ogk¡ igq¡prs
gh ,d-u-,d oLrq ;k –'; lqHkæk ds dqrwgyh eu dks vkdf"kZr dj ysrk vkSj eq>s 315
 fn[kkus ds fy, os fpdksVh rd dkVus ls ugha pwdrhaA rc gekjh 'kksHkk-lnL;rk dh tks
fLFkfr gks tkrh Fkh] mldk vuqeku lgt gSA vusd dfo-lEesyuksa esa geus lkFk Hkkx
fy;k Fkk] ij ftl fnu eSaus vius u tkus dk fu'p; vkSj mldk vkSfpR; mUgsa crk fn;k
ml fnu ls var rd dHkh mUgksaus esjs fu'p; ds fo#) dksbZ vkxzg ugha fd;kA vkfFkZd
fLFkfr;k¡ mUgsa ,sls fuea=.k Lohdkj djus ds fy, foo'k dj nsrh Fkha] ijarq esjk ç'u mBrs
gh os dg nsrh Fkha] *eSa rks foo'krk ls tkrh gSa] ij egknsoh ugha tk;xh] ugha tk;xhA

lkfgR;-txr esa vkt ftl lhek rd O;fäxr Li/kkZ] bZ";kZ-}s"k gS] ml lhek rd rc
ugha Fkk] ;g lR; gSA ij ,d nwljs ds lkfgR;-pfj=-LoHkko laca/kh fuank-iqjk.k rks lc
;qxksa esa ukuh dh dFkk ds leku yksdfç;rk ik ysrk gSA vius fdlh Hkh ifjfpr-
vifjfpr lkfgR;-lkFkh dh =qfV;ksa ds çfr lfg".kq jguk vkSj mlds xq.kksa ds ewY;kadu
esa mnkjrk ls dke ysuk lqHkæk th dh futh fo'ks"krk FkhA vius dks cM+k cukus ds fy,
nwljksa dks NksVk çekf.kr djus dh nqcZyrk muesa vlaHko FkhA
olar iapeh dks iq"ikHkj.kk] vkyksdoluk /kjrh dh Nfo vk¡[kksa esa Hkj dj lqHkæk us fonk
yhA muds fy, fdlh vU; fonk dh dYiuk gh dfBu FkhA

,d ckj ckr djrs-djrs e`R;q dh ppkZ py iM+h FkhA eSaus dgk] ^eq>s rks ml ygj dh-
lh e`R;q pkfg, tks rV ij nwj rd vkdj pqipki leqæ esa ykSV dj leqæ cu tkrh gSA
lqHkæk cksyh] *esjs eu esa rks ejus ds ckn Hkh /kjrh NksM+us dh dYiuk ugha gSA eSa pkgrh
gw¡] esjh ,d lekf/k gks] ftlds pkjksa vksj fuR; esyk yxrk jgs] cPps [ksyrs jgsa] fL=;k¡
xkrh jgsa vkSj dksykgy gksrk jgsA vc crkvks rqEgkjh uke/kke jfgr ygj ls ;g vkuan
vPNk gS ;k ughaA

X X X

ml fnu tc muds ikfFkZo vo'ks"k dks f=os.kh us vius ';key-mTToy vapy esa lesV
fy;k rc uhye-Qyd ij 'osr panu ls cus ml fp= dh js[kkvksa esa cgqr o"kksaZ igys
ns[kk ,d fd'kksj-eq[k eqLdjkrk tku iM+kA
*;gh dgha ij fc[kj xbZ og fNUu fot;-ekyk-lh!
cks/k ç'u 2
1½ *D;k rqe dfork fy[krh gks \* ;g ç'u fdlus vkSj fdlls fd;k\
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2½ ^eSaus g¡luk lh[kk gS eSa ugha tkurh jksuk* xhr dh jpuk fdlus dh\
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3½ lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku dks ckj-ckj tsy D;ksa tkuk iM+rk Fkk\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

egknsoh oekZ dof;=h gh ugha] fp=dkj Hkh FkhaA lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku laca/kh vius
laLej.k dk çkjaHk os fp=ksa vkSj fp='kkyk okys :id dh Hkk"kk esa djrh gSaA Le`fr;ksa dh
os nks dksfV;k¡ cukrh gSaA 'kS'ko dh fp='kkyk esa ftu fp=ksa ls xgjk jkxkRed lac/a k gksrk
316 gS] mu fp=ksa dh js[kk,¡ LFkk;h gksrh gSa ftUgsa ok/kZD; dh /kqa/kyh vk¡[kksa ls Hkh Li"V vkSj
çR;{k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu jkxkRed laca/kksa ds vHkko esa cus fp= le; chrus ds lkFk
gh /kqa/kys iM+ dj feVus yxrs gSaA lqHkæk ds lkFk Ldwyh fnuksa ds vius laca/k dks os çFke
dksfV esa j[krh gSa - ftldh jkxkRedrk ml fp= dks dHkh /kqa/kyk ugha gksus nsrh A
yxHkx pkj n'kdksa dk ;g laca/k lqHkæk ds vlkef;d fu/ku ls gh lekIr gksrk gS -
ysfdu mudh Le`fr;k¡ fQj Hkh cuh jgrh gSaA
lqHkæk] egknsoh ls mez esa dqN cM+h Fkha vkSj ØkLFkosV dkyst bykgkckn esa gh muls nks
d{kk,¡ vkxs FkhaA egknsoh d{kk ik¡p esa Fkha vkSj lqHkæk d{kk lkr esaA dfork fy[kus dh
leku #fp mudh fe=rk dk eq[; fu;kstd lw= FkkA xf.kr dh dkih ij pksjh-pksjh
fy[kh xbZ egknsoh dh dforkvksa dks mUgksaus idM+k Fkk vkSj fQj bl ckr ls mUgsa cy
feyk Fkk fd vc bl {ks= esa os vdsyh u gksdj nks gSaA ml nkSj esa fdlh yM+dh dk
dfork fy[kuk lkekftd –f"V ls vijk/k dh dksfV esa vkus okyk 'kkSd gh FkkA

lqHkæk ds bl vUos"k.k ds ckn bl la[;k dks rsth ls fodflr gksrk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
mlds ckn nks lf[k;ksa dh ;g fe=rk ikfjokfjd cgukis esa cny tkrh gSA ckn ds o"kksaZ
esa dbZ ckj nksuksa us ,d gh eap ls dfork,¡ i<+haA lqHkæk dk fookg NksVh mez esa gh y{e.k
flag ls gks x;k Fkk tks Lora=rk lsukuh gksus ds ukrs vf/kdrj le; tsy esa gh jgrs FksA
lqHkæk Hkh ifr dh vkn'kZ lafxuh cuha vkSj tsy esa Hkh muds LoHkko esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha
vk;kA mudh dkO; iafä ^eSaus g¡luk lh[kk gS eSa ugha tkurh jksuk------- muds eu dh
cukoV dk cgqr vPNk ifjp; gSA laØked g¡lh vkSj LoHkko dh –<+rk - mudh eq[;
igpku ds :i esa js[kkafdr dh tk ldrh gSA os dforkvksa esa gh ugha] thou esa Hkh
foæksfg.kh FkhaA lkjs lkekftd fojks/k ds chp mUgksaus viuh csVh lq/kk dk vartkZrh;
fookg çsepan ds NksVs csVs ve`rjk; ls fd;k Fkk vkSj fganw fookg dh vfuok;Z çFkk dk
fojks/k djds dU;knku ugha fd;k Fkk - D;ksafd dU;k dksbZ futhZo oLrq ugha gS ftls nku
esa fn;k tk ldsA vkfFkZd vHkkoksa ds chp] mRlkgiwoZd mUgksaus viuh x`gLFkh tekbZ FkhA
ysfdu muds vkfFkZd vHkkoksa us muesa fdlh çdkj dh nhurk ugha vkus nhA vius ?kj dh
/kjrh dks mUgksaus laiw.kZ fu"Bk ds lkFk pkgk vkSj I;kj fd;kA fo'okl] çse vkSj lkgl
ds lgkjs os thou Hkj ^lq[k Hkjs lqugjs ckny* ls f?kjh jghaA ,d vkn'kZ iRuh vkSj
efgeke;h ek¡ dk muesa vn~Hkqr la;ksx FkkA

laca/kksa dh ;gh Å"ek mUgksaus nwljksa dks Hkh nhA egknsoh us vius laLej.k esa Li)kZ-Hkko
ls nks Nksjksa ls 'kq: djds xkscj ls vk¡xu yhius ds çlax dh ppkZ dh gSA thou dh
O;Lrrkvksa esa ckn esa mu nksuksa dks oSls volj lqyHk u gksus ij Hkh fd'kksjkoLFkk dk ;g
l[kh-Hkko ges'kk cuk jgkA dHkh bykgkckn dh vksj ls fudyrs gq, ;fn lqHkæk ogk¡ #d
ikus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrha rks lwpuk feyus ij egknsoh muls LVs'ku ij gh fey ysrh
FkhaA tc #dus dk volj vkSj la;ksx curk Fkk rks egknsoh ds lkFk #ddj viuh ve`r-
o"kkZ ls os mUgsa ugykrh FkhaA dkyst ls ykSVus ij egknsoh ns[krh Fkha fd caxys ds cjkens
esa lqHkæk Hkkuqerh dk viuk fiVkjk [kksys cSBh gSaA NksVs-NksVs iRFkj ;k 'kh'ks dh I;kfy;k¡]
fepZ dk vpkj] cklh iwjh] isM+s] jaxhu pdyk-csyu] pqVhyh] uhyh-lqugjh pwfM+;k¡ -------
vkSj Hkh u tkus D;k-D;kA ;g lc NksVh cfgu egknsoh ds fy, gksrk FkkA dHkh dfo
lEesyu esa HksaV dh vis{kk esa os muds fy, FkSys esa [kjhnh xbZ pwfM+;k¡ Mkydj pyrh FkhaA
feyus ij cgqr Lusg ls fudkydj mUgsa fn[kk dj mudh ilan iwNrh Fkha vkSj fQj
mudk gkFk vius gkFk ysdj Lo;a gh igukrh Fkha fd Lo;a ls egknsoh bUgsa rksM+ MkysxhA
pwfM+;k¡ igukdj os cPpksa dh rjg çlUu gks tkrh FkhaA

317
 viuh mYykliw.kZ ç—fr ds vuq:i gh] ,d nq?kZVuk esa gqbZ e`R;q ls] iq"ikHkj.kk]
vkyksdoluk /kjrh dh Nfo vk¡[kksa esa Hkjdj olar iapeh ds fnu lqHkæk us lalkj ls fonk
yhA viuh lekf/k ij esys dh mudh dYiuk 'kk;n lkdkj gqbZ FkhA f=os.kh ds ';key-
mTToy vapy esa muds ikfFkZo vo'ks"k dks çokfgr ns[k egknsoh ds Le`fr-iVy ij
mudk ogh psgjk Fkk tks o"kksaZ igys cpiu esa mUgksaus ns[kk FkkA

egknsoh oekZ }kjk fyf[kr laLej.kksa dk ladyu ^iFk ds lkFkh* 1956 esa çdkf'kr gqvk
FkkA bl 'kh"kZd ls gh bl ladyu dh ç—fr Li"V gks tkrh gSA blesa muds mu
lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa dh ppkZ gS tks mudh jpuk-;k=k esa muds lkFk-lkFk pysA
buesa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] t;'kadj çlkn] fujkyk] iar] lqHkækdqekjh pkSgku] ujsUæ 'kekZ
vkfn fganh ds yC/k çfr"B lkfgR;dkj gSaA lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ds ckjs esa fy[kk mudk
laLej.k bl bdkbZ esa ikB ds :i esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA fganh lekt muds uke
ls Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr gSA ns'k Hkfä ls ifjiw.kZ ohjrk vkSj vkst ls Hkjs xhrksa ds fy, og
vR;ar çfl) jgh gSa*A ^[kwc yM+h ejnkuh] og rks >kalh okyh jkuh Fkh* vkt Hkh yksxksa
esa ns'k Hkfä dk tks'k Hkj nsrk gSA blh rjg ^ohjksa dk dSlk gks clar* xhr Hkh vR;ar
yksdfç; jgk gSA bUgha lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ij egknsoh oekZ us ;g laLej.k fy[kk gSA

lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku vkSj egknsoh oekZ nksuksa ,d gh fo|ky; esa i<+s FksA lqHkækth]
egknsoh ls cM+h Fkha vkSj vius Nk= thou ls gh dfork fy[kus dk mUgsa Hkh 'kkSd FkkA
;gh otg Fkh fd yM+fd;k¡ ;k rks dfork,a fy[krh gh ugha Fkha ;k fy[krh Hkh rks Nqi-
NqikdjA egknsoh th Hkh dfork,a fy[krh Fkha] ;g ckr lqHkæk th dks irk pyh vkSj fQj
bUgha dforkvksa us nks dof;f=;ksa dks ,d nwljs ds brus djhc yk fn;kA
lqHkækth dk fookg mlh le; gks x;k Fkk] tc og d{kk vkB esa i<+ jgh FkhaA ysfdu
,sls O;fä ds lkFk tks Lora=rk lsukuh Fkk vkSj ftls yxkrkj dkjkxj dh ltk gksrh
jgrh FkhA ,sls O;fä dh iRuh cuus dk vFkZ Fkk] thou ds nkEiR; lq[kksa dks frykatfy
nsuk vkSj nq[kksa dh 'k¸;k ij gh thou dkV nsukA ysfdu lqHkækth us ,slk dqN ugha
fd;kA vius ifr ds lkFk og Hkh vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa 'kkfey gks xb± vkSj dkjkxj dh
;k=k muds thou dh ;k=k Hkh cu xbZA ?kj-x`gLFkh vkSj cPpksa ds ykyu-ikyu ds lkFk-
lkFk ns'k dh vktknh dks Hkh thou dk fgLlk cuk ysuk ljy dke ugha FkkA ;g fdlh
iq#"k ds cl dh ckr ugha gks ldrh FkhA egknsoh us muds thou ds bl i{k dks vR;ar
ekfeZd <ax ls mtkxj fd;k gSA
*?kj vkSj dkjkxkj ds chp esa thou dk tks Øe fookg ds lkFk vkjaHk gqvk Fkk og var
rd pyrk gh jgkA NksVs cPpksa dks tsy ds Hkhrj vkSj cM+ksa dks ckgj j[kdj os vius eu
dks dSls la;r j[k ikrh Fkh ;g lkspdj foLe; gksrk gSA*
lqHknzkth ds O;fäRo ij jks'kuh Mkyrs gq, egknsoh th fy[krh gSa fd ^vius fuf'pr
y{; iFk ij vfMx jguk vkSj lc dqN g¡lrs-g¡lrs lguk mudk LoHkkotkr xq.k FkkA*
vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ds ckotwn muds pfj= dk ;g i{k mUgsa vkSj egku cuk nsrk gSA
ysfdu jktuhfrd tkx#drk gh muds O;fäRo esa ugha Fkh] lkekftd tkx#drk Hkh
mruh gh vf/kd FkhA dfork fy[kdj ftl fonzksgh LoHkko dk ifjp; mUgksaus cpiu esa
fn;k Fkk] og thou i;aZr jgkA vius cPpksa ij fdlh rjg dk vadq'k yxkus dh ctk,
mUgksaus mUgsa LokHkkfod :i ls vkxs c<+us dk volj fn;kA blh rjg viuh csVh dk
318 vartkZrh; fookg dj mUgksaus lkekftd :f<;ksa dks rksM+us esa tks lkgl dk ifjp; fn;k
og bl ckr ls vkSj Hkh eq[kj :i esa lkeus vkrk gS fd mUgksaus ;g dgrs gq, dU;knku
dh çFkk dk fojks/k fd;k fd L=h dksbZ futhZo oLrq ugha gS ftldk fd nku fd;k tk
ldsA
vius ikfjokfjd thou esa gh ugha lkekftd-jktuhfrd thou esa Hkh mUgksaus vius
çxfr'khy lkgliw.kZ O;fäRo dk ifjp; cjkcj fn;kA egkRek xka/kh dh e`R;q ds ckn
bykgkckn esa vfLFkfoltZu ds volj ij gfjtu efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds fy, mUgksaus
tks la?k"kZ fd;k og blh ckr dk çek.k gSA

vius thou esa lqHkækth us tks dqN Hkh fd;k] egknsoh oekZ us vius bl laLej.k esa mlds
ihNs mudh lqfopkfjr –f"V crkbZ gSA lqHkækth dk ;g dFku bl ckr dk |ksrd gS%

^^lekt vkSj ifjokj O;fä dks ca/ku esa cka/kdj j[krs gSaA ;s ca/ku ns'kdkykuqlkj cnyrs
jgrs gSa vkSj mUgsa cnyrs jguk pkfg, ojuk os O;fäRo ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djus ds
cnys ck/kk igq¡pkus yxrs gSaA ca/ku fdrus gh vPNs mn~ns'; ls D;ksa u fu;r fd;s x;s
gksa] gSa ca/ku gh] vkSj tgk¡ ca/ku gS ogk¡ vlarks"k rFkk Økafr gSA**

lqHkækth dk mi;qZä dFku bl ckr dk çek.k gS fd vius le; vkSj lekt ds çfr
muesa fdruh tkx:drk Fkh vkSj lqfopkfjr –f"V ds lkFk lkjh ckrksa dks le>us dh os
{kerk j[krh FkhaA lqHkækth ds O;fäRo ds bu igyqvksa dks laLej.k ds ek/;e ls egknsoh
oekZ us ftl rjg ls mtkxj fd;k gS] og mudh ys[kdh; {kerk dk Js"B çek.k gSA

lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ds vlkef;d fu/ku ds ckn lu~ 1949 esa tcyiqj esa mudh ewfrZ
dk vukoj.k djrs gq, egknsoh oekZ us dgk Fkk] ^ufn;ksa ds t;-LrEHk ugha cuk;s tkrs
vkSj nhid dh ykS dks lksus ls ugha e<+k tkrk --------- egknsoh dh bl mfä esa muds
laLej.k dk çfrik| Hkh <wa<k tk ldrk gSA unh vkSj nhid dh ykS ls lqHkæk ds O;fäRo
dh rqyuk djds os tSls mudh xfr'khyrk vkSj rstfLork dks gh J)katfy ns jgh FkhaA
ysfdu muds O;fäRo ds çk—frd xq.kksa ds laiw.kZ Lohdkj ds ckotwn blesa fdlh çdkj
dh vfrjatuk dk fu"ks/k Hkh 'kkfey gSaA ^iFk ds lkFkh* ds vU; laLej.kksa dh rjg lqHkæk
ds O;fäRo ds Hkh os vk/kkjHkwr ekuoh; i{kksa ij vius dks dsafær djds pyrh gSaA ,sls
yksxksa dh deh ugha gS tks egknsoh ds dkO; dh vis{kk muds x| dks vf/kd thoar vkSj
;FkkFkZoknh ekurs gSaA muds x| dh bl thoarrk dk dkj.k mudk ;gh ;FkkFkZ vkSj
okLro ds çfr mudk yxko gSA laLej.k ds dsaæ esa j[ks x, O;fä dks os Hkjiwj vknj
nsrh gSaA vkReh;rk vkSj varjaxrk dh f>yfey T;ksfr ml O;fäRo ds pkjksa vksj
f>yfeykrh gS ysfdu okLrfodrk dh tehu ij [kM+h gksdj gh os mlds xq.kksa dk c[kku
djrh gSaA lqHkæk ds laLej.k esa Hkh lqHkæk ds thou dk ;FkkFkZ] vkfFkZd vHkko vkSj viuh
x`gLFkh ds lkezkT; ds çfr mudh NksVh-NksVh vkdka{kk,¡ bl laLej.k dks xgjh fo'oluh;rk
nsrk gSA mudk lkjk /;ku O;fä dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks idM+us ij dsafær jgrk gSA bl
çfØ;k esa ml dsaæh; O;fäRo dh fpark gh mudh eq[; jpukRed fpark gksrh gSA os mlh
dk laLej.k fy[krh gSa] mlds cgkus viuk ughaA ;qxhu ifjos'k ds foLrkj esa tkdj os
dsaæh; O;fäRo dh pkfjf=d js[kkvksa dks /kwfey ugha djrhaA {kqærkvksa dh vis{kk os
O;fäRo dh fojkVrk ls lk{kkRdkj dks gh vius laLej.k dk çLFkku fcanq ekudj viuh
jpuk-;k=k 'kq: djrh gSaA laL—r lkfgR;] Hkkjrh; laL—fr vkSj nk'kZfud ijaijkvksa dk
fo'kky HkaMkj muds lkeus gksus ls os ml O;fäRo dk vkdyu blh lqfoLr`r Qyd ij
djrh gSaA mudh jpuk dh çkekf.kdrk dk ewy lzksr Hkh oLrqr% ;gh gSA bu lkaL—frd
ijaijkvksa ds çfr vius xgjs yxko ds dkj.k gh os 'kk;n ekurh gSa fd e`rkRekvksa ds
319
 mTToy i{k dk gh Lej.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgsa Le`fr esa /kkj.k djds gh mUgsa ej.k
vkSj foLej.k ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA

-
Hkk"kk
fdlh Hkh jpuk esa Hkk"kk vfHkO;fä dk eq[; ek/;e gSA jpuk esa Hkk"kk dh ogh Hkwfedk
gksrh gS tks euq"; ds 'kjhj esa çokfgr jä dh gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh ys[kd viuh
vfHkO;fä dks lVhd vkSj çHkko'kkyh cukrk gSA egknsoh oekZ ds lanHkZ esa ;g mYys[k
igys Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gS fd os ewyr% dof;=h gSa] ysfdu fofHkUu çdkj dk x| Hkh
mUgksaus fy[kk gSA egknsoh ds foospukRed x| dk ,d çfrfuf/k ladyu o"kksaZ igys xaxk
çlkn ik.Ms; ds laiknu esa çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA blh çdkj mUgksaus js[kkfp=ksa vkSj
laLej.kksa esa Hkh x| ds fofHkUu :iksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA muds x| dh Hkk"kk laLÑrfu"B
rRle 'kCnksa ls Hkjiwj gksus ij Hkh fDy"V vkSj nqcksZ/k Hkk"kk ugha gSA miekvksa vkSj :idksa
ds ç;ksx ls cuh ;g Hkk"kk muds eUrO; dks laçsf"kr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA mudh
x| Hkk"kk dk ,d çfrfuf/k mnkgj.k çLrqr gS % ^'kS'ko dh fp='kkyk ds ftu fp=ksa ls
gekjk jkxkRed laca/k xgjk gksrk gS] mudh js[kk,¡ vkSj jax brus Li"V vkSj pVdhys gksrs
pyrs gSa fd ge ok/kZD; dh /kqa/kyh vk¡[kksa ls Hkh mUgsa çR;{k ns[krs jg ldrs gSa -------
cksypky ds lkekU; 'kCnksa ds ctk; laL—r ewy ds rRle 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx ds çfr mudh
fo'ks"k #fp gSA fp=dkj gksus ds dkj.k mudh Hkk"kk esa fp= deZ ds midj.kksa dk mi;ksx
cgqr gqvk gS] muds x| esa ,d çhfrdj fp=e;rk ds n'kZu Hkh gksrs gSa] ftls Nk;koknh
dkO; ds ,d vk/kkjHkwr oSf'k"Vî ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA egknsoh oekZ lqHkæk
ds O;fäRo dk js[kkadu viuh bl fç; fp= i)fr ls djrh gSa ^-------e>ksys dn rFkk ml
le; dh Ñ'k nsg;f"V esa ,slk dqN mxz ;k jkSæ ugha Fkk ftldh ge ohjxhrksa dh
dof;=h esa dYiuk djrs gSaA dqN xksy eq[k] pkSM+k ekFkk] ljy Hk`dqfV;k¡] cM+h vkSj
HkkoLukr vk¡[ksa] NksVh lqMkSy ukfldk] g¡lh dks tekdj x<+s gq, ls vksB vkSj –<+rklwpd
Bqìh ------------lc dqN feyk dj ,d vR;Ur fu'Ny] dksey] mnkj O;fäRo okyh Hkkjrh;
ukjh dk gh irk nsrs Fks------* laçs"k.k ds fy, os fu%ladksp laL—r ewy vkSj i`"BHkwfe okys
'kCnksa dk p;u rks cgqr lgt :i esa djrh gh gSa -- HkkoLukr] vUosf"kdk oØ dqafpr
vkfn -- miekvksa esa os laL—r inkoyh dk mi;ksx Hkh djrh gSaA lqHkæk ds O;fäRo ds
lanHkZ esa *lapkfj.kh nhif'k[kso* fy[kdj os ml O;fäRo dh vlk/kkj.krk dk ladsr nsrh
gSaA

egknsoh dh Hkk"kk laL—r vkSj e/;dkyhu fganh dkO; dh varçZo`fÙk dh xw¡t okyh Hkk"kk
gSA lwj dh xkspkj.k laL—r dh l?ku vkSj vFkZiw.kZ inkoyh dk mi;ksx os lqHkæk ds
cpiu dh dqN ?kVukvksa ds çlax esa csgn lkfHkçk; :i esa djrh gSaA dhdj vkSj ccwy
ds taxy esa xk;ksa vkSj Xokyksa ds >qaM ds chp] xks/kwyh csyk esa xksih cuus dh lk/k esa
HkVdrh cPph ds :i esa lqHkæk dh vkdka{kkvksa dk dqN ,slk gh fp= ysf[kdk us çLrqr
fd;k gSA blh çdkj viuh x`gLFkh esa dHkh lqHkæk ds vkfFkZd vHkkoksa ds çlax esa os
æks.kkpk;Z vkSj v'oRFkkek ds çlax dks ;kn djrh gSa - ftlesa pkoy ds ?kksy dk lQsn
ikuh nsdj nw/k ds uke ij] cgykus dh fdaonarh çpfyr gSA egknsoh dh x|Hkk"kk
laL—rfu"B rRle inkoyh ds O;kid mi;ksx ds ckotwn fdlh Hkh Lrj ij cksf>y]
Hkzelk/; vkSj nqcksZ/k gksus dk cks/k ugha txkrh gSA iq"ikHkj.kk] vkyksdoluk] ikfFkZo
vo'ks"k] ';key-mTToy] uhye Qyd tSls ç;ksx bl Hkk"kk ds lgt çokg dks ckf/kr
320
ugha djrs gSaA bldk ,d ek= dkj.k ;g gS fd bu 'kCnksa dks ifjJe-iwoZd <w¡<dj os
Hkk"kk esa ugha ykrh gSaA ;g mudh x|-Hkk"kk dh lgt ç—fr gSA mldh ;g lgtrk gh
mls fdlh Hkh Lrj ij nqcksZ/k gksus ls cpkrh gSA

'kSyh
fdlh Hkh laLej.k dh Js"Brk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd mlesa lac) O;fä dks
fdruh vkReh;rk ds lkFk çLrqr fd;k tk ldk gSA laLej.k ml O;fä ds thou ds gh
dqN fof'k"V {k.kksa vkSj çlaxksa dks çLrqr djrk gSA laLej.k esa thouh dh rjg foLrkj
vkSj QSyko dh xqatkb'k ugha gksrhA u gh og lk{kkRdkj dh rjg ,d ds ckn ,d ç'u
çLrqr djds lekIr gks tkrk gSA laf{kfIr vkSj l?kurk laLej.k dks çHkkoh cukrs gSaA bl
vFkZ esa laLej.k dh rqyuk çxhr vkSj dgkuh tSlh NksVs vkdkj okyh fo/kkvksa ls dh tk
ldrh gS ftuesa çHkko l?kurk gh mudh lQyrk dk lcls cM+k fud’k gksrk gSA
laLej.k-ys[kd lac) O;fä ds vius ifjp; ls 'kq: djds mlds O;fäRo ds vk/kkjHkwr
oSf'k"V~; dk vkdyu Hkh çLrqr djrk gSA ^iFk ds lkFkh* esa lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ls lac)
egknsoh dk laLej.k Ldwyh fnuksa esa nksuksa lf[k;ksa dh fudVrk ls 'kq: gksrk gSA dfork
ds çfr leku #fp ds vk/kkj ij bl eS=h dks fodkl dk volj feyrk gSA bl laf{kIr
laLej.k esa egknsoh lqHknzk dks muds laiw.kZ thou-Qyd ij QSykdj ns[krh gSa vkSj
muds fofHkUu i{kksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrh pyrh gSaA nwljh jpukvksa dh rjg laLej.k esa
Hkh lac) O;fä ds pkfjf=d oSf'k"Vî dks mHkkjuk ys[kd dk eq[; vfHkçsr gksrk gSA
egknsoh us lqHkæk dk x`fg.kh :i] efgeke;h ek¡] vkn'kZ iRuh ds lkFk vkfFkZd vHkkoksa ds
chp Hkh muds eLr vkSj vkuanh LoHkko ds lzksrksa dk mn~?kkVu cM+s dykRed :i esa fd;k
gSA blh rjg os muds pfj= ds foæksgh vkSj çxfr'khy i{k ij Hkh lVhd fVIi.kh djrh
gSa - iq=h lq/kk ds vartkZrh; fookg dh Loh—fr nsus ds lkFk gh fookg esa dU;knku dh
:f<+ dk fojks/k djdsA laiw.kZ thou esa ls dqN i{kksa vkSj izlaxksa dk ;g p;u gh laLej.k
ds çHkko dk vk/kkjHkwr ?kVd gksrk gSA vius futh çlaxksa esa Hkh os lqHkæk dh eerk vkSj
vUrjaxrk ds vusd mnkgj.k çLrqr djrh gSaA muds }kjk ykbZ <sjksa lkSxkrsa vkSj NksVh
cfgu tSlk I;kj egknsoh xgjh —rKrk ds lkFk ;kn djrh gSaA dfo lEesyu esa gqbZ HksaV
ds volj ij FkSys esa ls fudky vius gkFk ls mudk egknsoh dks pwM+h igukuk vkSj bl
ckr dh fpark fd Lo;a iguus ls egknsoh ls os VwV ldrh gSa] mudh bl xgjh vkReh;rk
dks gh Nwuk vkSj idM+uk gSA NksVs ekywe gksus okys çlaxksa ds ihNs fNih vkReh;rk dks
bl :i esa idM+uk gh laLej.k ds çHkko dks c<+krk gSA vius bl laf{kIr laLej.k esa
egknsoh us lqHkæk ds vgsrqd Lusg dks xgjh vkReh;rk ds lkFk ;kn fd;k gSA vkt tc
miHkksäk laL—fr dh vk¡/kh esa thou dk vFkZ gh cgqr dqN cny x;k gS] ,slk vgsrqd
Lusg —rKrk ds lkFk ,d volkn dk cks/k Hkh txkrk gSA laLej.k esa Le`fr dh fof'k"V
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA bu Le`fr-[kaMksa dks ltho vkSj fo'oluh; :i esa çLrqr djus okyh
Hkk"kk egknsoh ds ikl gSA thouh dh rjg laLej.k esa vius pfjruk;d ij iM+us okys
;qxhu çHkkoksa vkSj ifjos'k ds chp mlds fodkl dks vafdr djus dh lqfo/kk ugha gksrhA
;gk¡ NksV-s NksVs çlaxksa ds chp gh mlds pfj= dh js[kkvksa dks mdsjk tkrk gSA bl çfØ;k
esa varjaxrk dk peRdkjh çHkko gksrk gSA bl varjaxrk ds vHkko esa fdlh vPNh laLej.k
dh dYiuk Hkh dfBu gSA ^iFk ds lkFkh* esa ladfyr vU; laLej.k dh rjg lqHkæk dqekjh
pkSgku laca/kh vius laLej.k esa Hkh egknsoh laf{kIr vkSj l?kurk ds larqyu dks lk/k ikus
esa lQy jgh gSaA

321
 cks/k ç'u 3
1½ lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ds pfj= esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk xq.k Fkk\
d½ –<+rk
[k½ foæksgh
x½ ns'kHkfä
?k½ mi;qZä rhuksa ¼ ½
2½ laLej.k dh Hkk"kk dh dksbZ rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk ukeksYys[k dhft,
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3- ^laLej.k* dh 'kSyhxr nks fo'ks"krkvksa dk ukeksYys[k dhft,A
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4- laLej.k ds vk/kkj ij lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku dh çeq[k pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa dk
mYys[k dhft,A
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5- ifjokj ds lanHkZ esa lqHkækth ds foæksfg.kh :i ds nks mnkgj.k çLrqr dhft,A
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6- laLej.k dh Hkk"kk-'kSyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk foospu dhft,A
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322
 bl vafre bdkbZ esa vkius laLej.k ds ckjs esa v/;;u fd;k gSA laLej.k ds v/;;u
ds fy, bl ikB esa vkius egknsoh oekZ }kjk lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ds ckjs esa fy[ks
laLej.k dks i<+kA lqHkækth egknsoh dh gh ledkyhu dof;=h Fkha vkSj viuh
ohjrkiw.kZ dforkvksa ds fy, vR;ar yksdfç; jgh gSaA lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku egknsoh
dh xgjh fe= Hkh FkhaA muds ckjs esa bl laLej.k ds ek/;e ls gesa lqHkækth ds
O;fäRo dh dbZ fo'ks"krkvksa dk ifjp; feyrk gSA ns'kHkä ukjh] eerke;h ek¡] ifr
dh fe= vkSj lgpj] lkekftd :f<+;ksa ds çfr foæksgh vkSj Lusfgy l[kh dk :i
gekjs lkeus mtkxj gksrk gSA

laLej.k x| lkfgR; dh fof'k"V fo/kk gSA ys[kd ftlds ckjs esa laLej.k fy[krk
gS mlds O;fäRo dk laiw.kZ fp= og gekjs lkeus mifLFkr dj nsrk gS] bl –f"V
ls ;g laLej.k vR;ar çHkko'kkyh gSA

egknsoh dk x| vR;ar Hkkoiw.kZ vkSj ân;Li'khZ gksrk gSA la{ksi esa viuh ckr iwjh
xaHkhjrk vkSj l?kurk ds lkFk dgus dh muesa vn~Hkqr {kerk gS] bl –f"V ls ;g
laLej.k Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA laLej.k dh 'kSyhxr lHkh fo'ks"krk,a gekjs lkeus
mHkjdj vkrh gSaA

lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku ij fy[ks bl laLej.k dh Hkk"kk egknsoh oekZ ds x| dk

mR—"V uewuk gSA mudk >qdko laL—rfu"B rRle 'kCnkoyh dh vksj gSA ysfdu
mudh Hkk"kk fDy"V vkSj nqcksZ/kxE; ugha gSA viuh ckr dks lgt vkSj çokge; <ax
ls dg ldus ds dkj.k mudh Hkk"kk dgha Hkh ck/kd cudj mifLFkr ugha gksrhA
'kCnksa ls O;fä dk ltho fp= mrkj ysuk mudh blh Hkk"kk dk deky gSA

bdkbZ ds vkjaHk esa laLej.k ij lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds :i esa Hkh fopkj fd;k x;k gS
vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyk x;k gS fd og vU; x| fo/kkvksa fo'ks"k :i esa
thouh] i=] lk{kkRdkj vkSj js[kkfp= dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks vius esa fdl :i esa
lekfgr djrk gSA

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vkidks laLej.k fo/kk dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyh gksxhA

ok/kZD; % cq<+kik
l[; % fe=rk
vUosf"kdk % [kkst djus okyh
oØdqafpr % Vs<+h-es<+h
dVq-frä % dM+ok vkSj rh[kk
xksafBy % HkksFkjk
—'k % det+ksj
lgkl % g¡lh ds lkFk
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 lapkfj.kh nhif'k[kso % fujarj tyus okyh fn;s dh ykS
nsg;f"V % 'kjhj
HkkoLukr % Hkko ls ljkcksj
Ukkfldk % ukd
laØked % ,d ls nwljs esa QSyus okyk
ydqVh % ykBh
dhdj % ccwy dk isM+
xks/kwfy osyk % 'kke dk oä
djhy-ou % d¡Vhys vkSj fcuk iÙks okys isM+ksa dk taxy
vukgwr % fcuk-cqyk;k
mRl % lzksr
e/kqef{kdk % e/kqeD[kh
jlky % vke] ehBk
lEçnku % nsuk
ifjikd % iw.kZ fodkl] fuiq.k
egh;lh % egku~
czãlw= % cknjk;.k —r laL—r xzaFk ftlesa czã laca/kh fopkj fn,
x, gSaA
iq"ikHkj.kk % Qwyksa ds vkHkw"k.k
vkyksdoluk % çdk'k ds oL= igus gq,

1½ [k
2½ js[kkfp= O;fä ds ckgjh :i dk fp= gksrk gS ftlds }kjk mlds O;fäRo dk
vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSA
3½ thouh esa O;fä ds laiw.kZ thou dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj laLej.k esa O;fä
ds ml thou dk gh o.kZu gksrk gS ftlls laLej.kdkj dk lac/a k gksrk gSA
cks/k ç'u 2
1½ ;g ç'u lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku us egknsoh oekZ ls fo|kFkhZ thou esa fd;k FkkA
2½ bl xhr dh jpuk lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku us dh FkhA
3½ lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku us vktknh ds vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk vkSj mlh otg ls
vaxzst ljdkj mUgsa ckj-ckj fxj¶rkj dj ysrh FkhA

324
cks/k ç'u 3
1½ ?k½
2½ d½ laL—rfu"B rRle 'kCnkoyh
[k½ ljy vkSj cks/kxE;
x½ lgt çokge;h
3½ d½ laf{kIrrk
[k½ l?kurk
4½ lqHkækth dh pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,a
d½ jk"VªHkfä
[k½ vkn'kZ x`fg.kh
x½ eerke;h ek¡
?k½ ifr dh fe= vkSj lgpj
M-½ :f<+;ksa ds çfr foæksg
'ks"k ç'uksa ds mÙkj bdkbZ i<+dj Lo;a fyf[k,A

325