UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Electromechanical Department 

Fourier series 
Dr.Eng Muhammad.A.R.Yass 
Sultan 

2009‐2010 

MOHD_YASS97@YAHOO.COM 

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Advance Mathematics
Fourier series

3rd Class

Electromechanical Eng.

Dr. Eng

Muhammad. A. R. Yass

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 Fourier series
Definition

The series
∞
1
    cos sin
2

Si the Fourier series of f on ( -L , L ) when the constant are chosen to be the

Fourier coefficient of “f “on (-L , L)

Where

1
  cos                    0 , 1 , 2 
–

And

1
  sin                 1 , 2 , 3 
–

And

Example

Let f(x) = x for –π ≤ x ≤ π . we will write the Fourier series of “f” on [ -π , π]

. the coefficient are

1
0 

1
cos

1
cos sin 0

3
 1
  sin

1
sin cos 0

2 2
cos 1

Since cos ( n  ) = (-1)n if n is an integer . the fourier series of “x” on [ -  , ] is

∞
2 2 1 2
  1 sin 2 sin sin 2 sin 3 sin 4 sin 5  … 
3 2 5

Example

Find the fourier series of the periodic function f(t)

1              0 1
1
0              1 2

Solution t
1 2
d=0

2p=2 p=1

cos   … …  cos   … … sin  … … sin

2

1 1
    1 0
1

|    1            1 

1
  cos

1
1 cos   0 cos
1

1 1
sin     |    0 sin 0 0

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Always sin (n )=0

  0

1
  sin  

1
  1 sin   0 sin    

1 1 1
cos  |     cos cos 0 

1
1 cos  

1
  1 cos   2/

1
 1 cos 0
2
1 2
1 2
3 3
1
1 4 0
4

The fourier series become

1 2 2 3
sin    0 sin 3 0 sin 5  
2 3 5

Example

              0 f(t)
                 0

Solution

d = -  t

d + 2p = -

p=

1 1 1
     

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 1 1
  cos   cos   cos
– –

Integral by partial we get 0 if n = even and if n = odd

1 1
  sin    sin

Fourier series will be

∞
1
  cos  
2 2 2 2

Example

Let f (x) = x for -  ≤ x ≤

period

-3 - 3 

1 1
  0
2

1 1
cos cos

1
cos sin 0

1 1
cos cos

6
 1 1
sin sin

sin cos

2 2
cos 1       cos 1

Fourier series will be

∞
2 2 1
1 sin 2 sin sin 2 sin 3 sin 4  … …
3 2

Example

Let

0                      3 0 period

                       0 3 6

Solution
-6 -3 3
L=3

1 1 3
 
3 3 2

1 1
cos      
3 3 3 3

3
cos sin
3 3
3
1 1

1 1
sin sin
3 3 3 3

3
sin cos  
3 3
3
1

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The Fourier series
∞
3 3 3
    1 1 cos 1 sin
4 3 3

Example

Let

        2  2 find fourier series

1 1
dx
2 8

1 nπx
 cos  dx
2 2

8 1
 
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1
  sin   
2 2

3
sin cos
3 3
3
  1

The Fourier series will be

∞
3 3 3
      1 1 cos 1 sin   
4 3 3

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 Even and odd function
Even Function
f is an even function on [-L , L ] if f(-x) = f(x) for -L ≤ x ≤ L

Odd Function

f is an odd function on [-L , L] if f(-x) = - f (x) -L≤ x ≤ L

+4

-3 +3 -2 +2

-1
-1

Fig(1) Even function , cos Fig (2) Even function symmetrical a bout y-axis

+4

+3 -2 +2
-3 -1 +1

-4

Fig (4) Odd function symmetric through

Fig (3) Odd function , sin
the origin

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If the function is even then
/ /

 2
/

While if is odd then

0
/

Also even function

2
 

2
cos                   0 

Then the function will be

cos  
2
0         0

2
  sin

sin  

Symmetric a bout the origin

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Example

Find the fourier series of the function of the

+2

+1
- -
2        2
1             0
-1
1                 0
2                
-2

Solution

Its an odd-function

        0         0

2
  sin

2
  1 sin   2 sin       

2 1 2
  cos    cos

2 4 2
cos cos  
2
2 2
    1 2 1 cos
2
∞
2
     1 2 1 cos   sin
2

Example

Find fourier series of the function

        0
                  0

The function is odd then

0  ;    0

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   sin   cos
h
0              
  1  1 - 0
         

∑∞ sin
-h
Example

Let        1,1 find Fourier series

Solution

  is an even function because f(-x) = f (x) ( i.e. example

f(-3) = f (3) on so on ) then 0

    2  cos

8  6
2  cos    1

the Fourier series

∞
1 6
  8   1 cos
5

Example

      4 4

Solution

          0   

1
  sin
4 4

1
  sin 1    128  6/
2 4

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The Fourier series will be
∞
128  6
1  sin
4

Conclusion
Even Function
Fourier series will be
∞
1
cos
2

2
cos              0 , 1 , 2

Odd Function
Fourier series will be
∞
sin

2
sin                    1 , 2

Example

Find the Fourier series if f(x) = x2 0<x<2

f(t)

4 -2 2 4
0

Neither even nor odd

Period = 2L = 2 L=

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 1 8
 
3

1
cos

1 sin – cos sin 4

 2   2          0

1
sin

1 cos cos   sin 4

       2 2       0

1
  sin

1 cos sin cos 4

    2   2

The Fourier series will be

∞
4 4 4
    cos 4 sin
3

#Example

“a” odd f (-x) = - f (x)

2         0 3
      
2       3 0

-6 -3 3 6

-2

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 “b” Neither EVEN nor odd

         0
       2
0                2

-2 2
- 0

-1

“C” EVEN f (-x) = f (x)

10            0 10          10

2.5

-10 0 5 10

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 Half Range Expansions
Half range fourier series if function f (x) is defined only in the half fourier interval
(0 ) the equation of such function can be problem into other half of period (- 0)
infinite way .

a) An odd
b) An even
c) Neither odd nor even

Example

Give f(x) = x in the interval 0 0<x<

a) Find the Fourier series an a even function ( cos function)

b) Find the Fourier series an odd function (sin function)
a- Even function bn = 0

2
 

2
cos               

U=x du = dx

dv = cos (nx) dx v= sin (nx)

2 1
     sin sin

2 1
      sin sin 0    cos

2 1
     cos cos 0

2
1 1      

4
         

∞
4
    cos
2
, ,

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b – odd function     0 0

2
sin        

1
sin       cos

2 1
  cos   cos 0   

2 2 1
  cos  0 cos 0    

2
  cos

2 2
1      

2
     

2
cos

∞
2  cos   sin  

Example

Find the sine and the cosine half range series of the function series

       0

a. Even function
   

f(x)
cos     cos
cos 1
0 ∞
2 4
1 cos 
3

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 b. Odd function      

Solved Examples
The formula for a Fourier series on an interval [c,c+T] is:

Example (1)

Find the Fourier series for , .

Following the rules from the link above,

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 .

So,

Example (2)

Find the Fourier series for .

FOURIER SERIES BOOKS

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Example (3)

Find the Fourier series for on

The general Fourier series on is:

The n = 0 case is not needed since the integrand in the formula for is .

In the present problem,

But since the right hand side is not defined if n = 0, the 0 index for a will have to be
calculated seperately.

So the Fourier series is

for

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Example (4) Find the Fourier series for

on

The general Fourier series on is:

In the present problem,

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So the Fourier series is:

Setting x = 0 gives

Example (5) Find the Fourier series for

on

So the Fourier series is:

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Example (6) Find the Fourier series for

on

The general Fourier series on is:

In the present problem,

So the Fourier series is:

on

Example (7) Find the Fourier series for a function

on .

Make the change of variables .

Now, look for the Fourier series of the function

on
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Since ,

Example (8)

Find the Fourier series for on .

A general formula for the Fourier series of a function on an interval is:

In the current problem, and .

The function is odd, so the cosine coefficients will all equal zero.
Nevertheless, should still be calculated separately.

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So the Fourier series for is

Example (9) Find the Fourier series for

This is the general Fourier Series:

So the given function can be replaced by its Fourier expansion:

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So the solution is

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 Home Work

Problem (1) Find the Fourier series of the function

Answer.

Problem (2) . Find the Fourier series of the function

Answer. We have
Therefore, the Fourier series of f(x) is

Problem (3) Find the Fourier series of

Answer.

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