QUIZ 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Group K)

Name: CHAI ZHI QIAN Matric No: 261371

Assignment Title: QUIZ 2 Group Name: FantaSix

Question 1 (10 marks)

Develop a sampling plan and pay attention to the following aspects:
(1) target population, (2) the sampling frame, (3) the sample technique and the (4)
sample size.

1. The Executive board of a relatively small university located in Europe wants to

determine the attitude of their students toward various aspects of the University. The
university, founded in 1928, is a fully accredited government financed university with
11,000 students. The university specializes in the social sciences and humanities
and has 5 faculties, 6 service departments, 8 research centers, and 2 graduate
schools.

ANS:
The target population includes students from a small university located in Europe.
The university, founded in 1928, is a fully accredited government financed university
with 11,000 students. The university specializes in the social sciences and
humanities and has 5 faculties, 6 service departments, 8 research centers, and 2
graduate schools. The sampling frame for this study that assesses university
students’ attitude would be a list of students provided by the registrar of university
located in Europe. If the population size of university students is 11,000, the sampling
frame should list 11,000 student names and contact details. The sample was
selectively chosen in this research employing a stratified sampling technique.
Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method that divides the population into
characteristics that are important to the study. Stratified sampling is essentially an
attempt to reproduce the statistical characteristics of a population within a relatively
small group. Prior to sampling, the population is classified according to
characteristics that are important to the study. For instance, by gender, age, ethnicity
and faculties, service departments, research centers, and graduate schools. The
population is subsequently sampled at random in each of these categories or strata.
 This methodology tries to get over the disadvantages of a random sample by dividing
the population into different segmentations and choosing individuals from each
segment. This ensured that each of the categories had representation as part of the
sample. Stratified sampling is usually applied whenever the occurrence of a segment
or more of the population is relatively low compared with other segments. This study
needs to have 400 respondents, so the researchers have distributed 400
questionnaires equally to the university specializes in the social sciences and
humanities.

2. The medical inspector desires to estimate the healing rate of cancer patients in 80
different hospitals which are evenly located in the Northwestern, Southeastern,
Central, and Southern suburbs of New York city.

ANS:
The target population includes cancer patients in 80 different hospitals which are
evenly located in the Northwestern, Southeastern, Central, and Southern suburbs of
New York city. The sampling frame for this study that assesses healing rate of cancer
patients would be a list of cancer patients provided by the 80 different hospitals which
are evenly located in the Northwestern, Southeastern, Central, and Southern suburbs
of New York city. If the population size of cancer patients is 20,000, the sampling
frame should list 20,000 cancer patients’ names and contact details. The sample was
selectively chosen in this research employing a stratified sampling technique.
Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method that divides the population into
characteristics that are important to the study. Stratified sampling is essentially an
attempt to reproduce the statistical characteristics of a population within a relatively
small group. Prior to sampling, the population is classified according to
characteristics that are important to the study. For instance, by gender, age, ethnicity
and city. The population is subsequently sampled at random in each of these
categories or strata. This methodology tries to get over the disadvantages of a
random sample by dividing the population into different segmentations and choosing
individuals from each segment. This ensured that each of the categories had
representation as part of the sample. Stratified sampling is usually applied whenever
the occurrence of a segment or more of the population is relatively low compared
with other segments. This study needs to have 400 respondents, so the researchers
have distributed 400 questionnaires equally to the 80 different hospitals which are
evenly located in the Northwestern, Southeastern, Central, and Southern suburbs of
New York city.

(10 marks)
Question 2 (10 marks)

“A valid instrument is always reliable, but a reliable instrument is not always valid”.
Comment on this statement.
(10 marks)
 ANS:
When an instrument is valid, in particular with regard to its content validity, one expects a
reliability instrument. Nevertheless, an instrument may have consistency and stability at the
same time, whilst possibly having no measurement of that which it is meant to measure,
namely low validity. Nonetheless, when an instrument actually did measure the concept it
was intended to measure, then it would be reliable. Therefore, a valid instrument is going to
be reliable, although a reliable instrument is not always valid.

Question 3 (15 marks)

Table 1 shows the analysis results of research related to job commitment.

Table 1
Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items
0.575 5

Item Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Cronbach’s

Item Deleted if Item Deleted Item-Total Alpha if Item
Correlation Deleted
Item 1- Loyal 12.13 4.211 .456 .543
Item 2- Proud 12.31 5.514 .482 .694
Item 3- Happy 10.23 5.728 .326 .481
Item 4- Satisfied 9.34 4.274 .249 .654
Item 5- Performed 11.56 4.519 .261 .587

i. Explain the main purpose of doing the above analysis

(2 marks)
ANS:
To assess internal consistency of the instrument used.

ii. State the Cronbach Alpha value and interpret the output from Table 1.
(5 marks)
ANS:
The score of Alpha value for job commitment is 0.575. There are 5 items for job
commitment, which is Item 1- Loyal, Item 2- Proud, Item 3- Happy, Item 4-
Satisfied, and Item 5- Performed. Based on Taber (2017), the calculated value of
 Cronbach's alpha demonstrates that the reliability should be equal to or higher
than 0. 60, means that the score below 0.60 is poor. Thus, this indicates that the
variable items cannot be use in this study.

REFERENCES:
Taber, K. (2017). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting
Research Instruments in Science Education. Research In Science Education,
48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

iii. Identify which particular item you would choose to remove if you want to increase
the score of the test. Provide your reason.
(8 marks)

ANS:
To increase the score of Alpha value, the researcher can delete item 2 (Proud)
because it will increase the Cronbach’s alpha to 0.694. This indicates the
Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the internal consistency of the scale
should individual item be deleted from the scale. If item 2 (Proud) is deleted from
the scale in Table 1, the Cronbach's alpha for the scale will be 0.694. A
comparison of this value with the alpha coefficient value in Table 1 will then be
made to see if the item should be deleted. Again, this scale has only 5 items, as
one may have noticed. With the above information, the deletion of item 2 (Proud)
increases Cronbach's alpha from 0.575 to 0.694.

Question 4 (40 mark)

Based on the given tables, please answer the following questions.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
a
1 .265 .080 .061 .99689
a. Predictors: (Constant), Stress, Flexibly Working, Salary,
Insurance
 ANOVAb
Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regression 7.229 1 7.229 7.274 .008a
Residual 95.403 96 .994
Total 102.633 97
a. Predictors: (Constant), Stress, Flexibly Working, Salary, Insurance
b. Dependent Variable: Work Commitment

Coefficientsa

Standardize
Unstandardized d
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 6.316 .341 18.544 .000
Stress -.307 .114 -.265 -2.697 .008
Flexibly .456 .348 .364 2.658 .041
Working
Salary .529 .277 .643 1.999 .000
Insurance .451 .371 .783 2.548 .451
.
Dependent Variable: Work Commitment

Independent Samples Test

Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
Sig. 95% Confidence
(2- Mean Std. Error Interval of the
tailed Differenc Differenc Difference
F Sig. t Df ) e e Lower Upper
WC Equal .006 .938 2.146 96 .034 .62614 .29174 .04704 1.20523
variances
assumed
Equal 2.116 11.07 .058 .62614 .29588 -.02459 1.27686
variances not 0
assumed
Note: Work Commitment
i. If you want to know the correlation between stress, flexibly working, salary,
insurance and work commitment, what types of statistical test that you should
perform?
(2 mark)

ANS:
Correlation analysis should perform. Correlation refers to a bivariate analysis
which measuring the strength of relationship between two variables and the
direction of the relationship. The correlation coefficient values vary between +1
and -1. The values from 0.1 to 0.29 are shown weak correlation, while
moderation correlation is from 0.3 to 0.49. Strong correlation is from value 0.5 to
0.99.

ii. Based on above table, there are two types of data analysis being performed.
Name the two data analyses involved.
(2 marks)
ANS:
Multiple Regression Analysis and Independent samples T-test. Multiple
regression is applied in situations where more than one common factor
independent variable is hypothetically influencing a common factor variable. In
addition, multiple regression was used to demonstrate the best set of predictor
variables for the predicted dependent variable. Independent sample t-tests were
used to examine the mean difference in entrepreneurial intentions between
variables.To evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variance, p should be
larger than 0.05. While p-value should smaller than 0.05 to determine whether
the test was significant.

iii. a) Based on above findings, interpret the output on studying the effect of
variables.
ANS:
The ANOVA table shows that the F-statistic (7.274) is large and the
corresponding P-value is highly significant (0.008) and below the alpha value of
0.05. This demonstrates that the slope of the estimated linear regression model
line is not equal to zero. These results indicate that there is linear relationship
between level of work commitment and the four predictor variables which are
stress, flexibly working, salary and insurance. Based on the Model Summary
 table, the value of R-squared (0.08) shows that the four predictor variables
explain about 8% of the variation in the level of work commitment. Based on the
Coefficient table, the four predictor variables which are stress (p=0.008 < alpha),
flexibly working (p=0.041< alpha), salary (p=0.000 < alpha) where found to be
significance in explaining the level of work commitment. While insurance
(p=0.451 > alpha) is not able to show any significant result. The largest beta
coefficient is found in insurance (Beta=0.783). This means that insurance makes
the strongest contribution to explain the level of work commitment.

b) Develop the research objective and research question that related to the effect
of variables.
(10 marks)
ANS:
Research Objectives
1. To identify the relationship between stress and the level of worker’s work
commitment.
2. To identify the relationship between flexibly working and the level of
worker’s work commitment.
3. To identify the relationship between salary and the level of worker’s work
commitment.
4. To identify the relationship between insurance and the level of worker’s
work commitment.

Research Question:
1. Does stress influence the level of work commitment among workers?
2. Does flexibly working influence the level of work commitment among
workers?
3. Does salary influence the level of work commitment among workers?
4. Does insurance influence the level of work commitment among workers?

iv. Does all variables well explain the levels of worker’s commitment? Provide your
reason.
(5 Marks)
ANS:
Stress, flexibly working and salary are well explained the level of worker’s
commitment except for insurance. The beta coefficient is the degree of change
in the outcome variable for every 1-unit of change in the predictor variable. The
 largest beta coefficient is found in insurance (Beta=0.783). This means that
insurance makes the strongest contribution to explain the level of work
commitment. But we found that the insurance does not influence significantly on
the level of work commitment. After that, salary is the second largest beta
coefficient which is 0 643.This means that each 1 unit increase in the insurance,
the level of work commitment will increase by 0.643. We also found that the
insurance is influence positively on level of work commitment (t=1.999). For
variable stress, it shown a negative value of beta coefficient which is -0.265.
This means that for each 1 unit increase in stress, the level of worker’s
commitment will be decreased by 0.265. This result also fully supported by t-
value which indicate that the stress influence negatively on level of worker’s
commitment (t=-2.697).

v. Develop the equation that shows the level of work commitment.

(3 marks)

ANS:
Equation = 6.316 – 0.0307 Stress + 0.456 Flexibly working + 0.529 Salary +e

vi. a) If you want to compare the work commitment of full time and part time workers,
what types of statistical test that you should perform?
(1 mark)
ANS:
Independent sample t-test

b) Interpret the finding of comparing work commitment of full time and part time
workers.
(5 marks)
ANS:
Levene’s test for equality of variance was found to be not violated for the present
analysis (F=0.006, p=0.938). Therefore, the assumption of homogeneity of
variance was met. Based on the independent sample table, the result shows a
significant difference of level of work commitment between full time and part time
workers (p=0.034<alpha). This result indicates that the part time and full-time
workers have different level of work commitment.
 c) Develop the hypothesis related to comparing the work commitment of full time
and part time workers.
(4 marks)
ANS:
H0: The level of work commitment does not differ between part time and full-time
workers.
H1: The level of work commitment differs between part time and full-time
workers.
Since the p-value (0.034) is smaller than 0.05, there is a strong evidence to reject
the null hypothesis. Then, we can conclude that the level of work commitment is
differs between part time and full-time workers.

d) Explain your comparison finding using below information. Your answer should
be divided into (1) in text citation and (2) after text citation.
Sources Finding
Micheal and Leon (2020) Significant
Susan and Milly (2015) Not Significant
Nabil and Lukman (2017) Not significant
Nor and Nabila (2018) Significant

(8 marks)
ANS:
There is a strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis where the p-value (0.034)
is smaller than 0.05. Then, we can conclude that the level of work commitment is
differs between part time and full-time workers.

Sources Finding Text citation After text citation

(1)
Micheal and Leon Significant According to Micheal and Leon
(2020) (2020), the finding is consistent
with previous study where the
level of work commitment is
differs between part time and full-
time workers.
Susan and Milly Not According to Susan and Milly
(2015) Significant (2015), the finding is consistent
with previous study where there is
no significant relationship
(2)
This finding is consistent with
previous study where stress and
the level of worker’s work
commitment has significant
relationship. (Micheal and Leon,
2020)
This finding is consistent with
previous study where there is no
significant relationship between the
level of work commitment is differs
 between the level of work
commitment is differs between
part time and full-time workers.
Nabil and Not According to Nabil and Lukman
Lukman (2017) significant (2017), the finding is consistent
with previous study where there is
no significant relationship
between the level of work
commitment is differs between
part time and full-time workers.
Nor and Nabila Significant According to Nor and Nabila
(2018) (2018), the finding is consistent
with previous study where the
level of work commitment is
differs between part time and full-
time workers.
between part time and full-time
workers. (Susan and Milly, 2015).
This finding is consistent with
previous study where there is no
significant relationship between the
level of work commitment is differs
between part time and full-time
workers. (Nabiland Lukman,2017)
This finding is consistent with
previous study where the level of
work commitment is differs
between part time and full-time
workers. (Nor and Nabila, 2018)

Question 5 (25 marks)

Write discussion on how you conduct a research starting from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5. Your
answer should also involve steps on doing a research.
(25 marks)
ANS:
Our group conduct a research starting from finding various of journal to get the independent
variables. After we got the independent variables, we went to the questionnaire section, we
were trying to find the questions based on the independent variables from the journals to
conduct a survey to UUM students. After we getting all the data and information, we went
into chapter 1. In chapter 1, we discuss about the problem statement, research question,
research objective, scope of study, significant of study, and the key definition of terms
(variables). After we finish chapter 1, we discuss about the chapter 2, it is talking about the
definition and concept of investigated variables (mental health issues, influence on social
media, unemployment, and family environment), relationship between variables (social
media influence mental health issues, unemployment influences mental health issues, and
family environment influence mental health issues), and do the theoretical framework. Before
that, we had create the 377 questionnaires by google form (online survey) and send it to
various of group for UUM students from COB,CAS and COLGIS. In the end, we only get 242
respondents from the 377 questionnaires. After get the data, we went to the chapter 3. In
chapter 3, we use a lot of time of discussing about what type of sample technique should we
use in the research paper. This chapter is discussed about the research design, sampling
method, population, unit of study, sampling design, data sources, operationalization and
measurement of variables, questionnaire design, data collection methods, and data analysis.
Besides that, we are using the SPSS system to get the findings. Chapter 4 is talk about the
data analysis and findings. We obtain the demographic background (gender, races, age
group, colleges, and year), descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis,
multiple regression analysis, as well as interpretation of results from data analysis
(hypothesis testing results). The last chapter discussed about the discussion, conclusion and
recommendations for this research paper. It discussed on the social media usage influence
mental health has a significant and positive relationship with mental health, unemployment
has a significant and positive relationship with mental health, while family environment has a
negative and weak correlation between mental health. At the same time, we discussed on
the research implication, practical implication, and recommendations (suggestion for
problem solution or future research). We provided some recommendations to government,
university, family and students hope it can help them in future with this kind of issues.
END OF QUESTIONS