Contents

Chapter - 7
HUMAN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
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Population Growth

The increase in the number of individuals in a population is

known as population growth.

Demography

The study of human population trends is called demography.

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Factors Contributing to the Growth or Decline of Population

Birth Rate

Number of births per thousand people in a geographical area

Death rate

Number of deaths per thousand people in a geographical area

Migration

Rate of population change for a specific area

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Causes of Population Growth

•Availability of cure for many life-threatening diseases

•High infant mortality

•Poverty

•Preference for sons

•Custom of early marriages

•Improvement in public health

•Illiteracy

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Effects of Population Growth

•Excessive exploitation of natural resources

•Unemployment

•Lack of proper health and sanitation facilities

•Environmental pollution

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Factors Affecting Variation of Population

•Age of human settlement

•Availability of means of transport and communication

•Cultural factors

•Type of soil

•Climatic conditions

•Natural resources

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Birth Control methods

Temporary Methods Permanent Methods

• Mechanical methods
Diaphragm • Sterilization methods
Intrauterine Devices
Condom
• Abortion
• Chemical methods

• Natural methods

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Environment and Human Health

Health is defined as a set of complete physical, mental,

and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.

In the present scenario, environment is continuously

being contaminated by various pollutants. Human
health is intimately connected to the surrounding
environment.

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Influences on Human Health Contents

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Human Rights

The concept of human rights came into existence after

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UNDHR) in December 1948.

UNDHR empowers humans with rights to life, freedom,

security, law, freedom of thought and expression, equal
pay for equal work, education, health care, and rest.

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 Human Rights and Environment Contents

First draft on human rights and environment was declared on May 16, 1994
at Geneva.
Part I – It deals with human rights for an ecologically sound environment,
sustainable development, and peace for all.

Part II – It mainly deals with human rights related to an environment free

from pollution and degradation.

Part III – It deals with right of every person to environmental information,

education, awareness, and also public participation in environment decision
making.

Part IV – It deals with the duties to protect and preserve the environment
and prevent environmental damage.

Part V – This lays stress on social justice and equity with respect to use of
natural resources and sustainable development
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HIV/AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a deadly

epidemic that has spread all over the world.

It was first recognized as a disease in 1981 and is caused by a

retrovirus called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Transmission of HIV/AIDS

•Sexual intercourse with an infected person without using a precaution

(condom)

•Sharing needles or syringes used by/on an infected person

•From an infected person to a healthy person via blood transfusion

•To children born out of infected mothers

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Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

AIDS has no specific symptoms. The following are some

opportunistic infections that easily affect HIV positive people. Merely
the presence of these symptoms does not indicate that the person is
HIV positive.

•Lack of energy
•Weight loss
•Frequent fevers and sweats
•Persistent or frequent yeast infections
•Persistent skin rashes or flaky skin
•Short-term memory loss
•Mouth, genital, or anal sores from herpes infections

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Protection Against HIV/AIDS

•Avoid unprotected sexual contact. Always practice safe sex.

•Remain faithful to your partner. Do not have multiple sexual

partners.

•Always use sterile needles, syringes, and other instruments.

•Always use blood that is certified HIV negative.

•Avoid pregnancy if infected with HIV.

•Always remain alert and fully aware regarding the causes and
prevention of AIDS.
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 Women Welfare Contents

Important Laws and Rules in India to Safeguard the Interests of

Women

•The Protection of Women against Sexual Harassment At Workplace Bill,

2007

•Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act,2005

•Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

•Dowry Prohibition Rules

•Indecent Representation of Women

•The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act and Rules

•National Commission for Women Act

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 Child Welfare Contents

Important Laws and Rules in India to Safeguard the Interests of Children

•The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000

•The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules

• The Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005

•National Commission for Protection of Child Rights Rules,2006,

•The Commissions For Protection of Child Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006

•The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929

•The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006

•Notification issued by the MWCD regarding enforcement of IMS Amendment Act

•The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles, and Infant Foods (Regulation of
Production, Supply, and Distribution) Amendment Act, 2003

•National  Guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding

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Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health
IT provides us with information regarding the following:

•probable dangers related to indiscriminate use of natural resources

•hazardous results due to the use of various pesticides and germicides

•animal products (hide, bone, milk, etc.) and plant resources in an area

•effective control of population growth

•soil erosion and conservation

•education and public awareness

•changes in the health care delivery system

•community health information networks

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