TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

•OTHER ELEMENT TYPES

•PLANAR ELASTICITY PROBLEM
•DISCUSSION ON ELEMENT CALCULATIONS
•BOUNDARY-CONDITION IMPOSITION
•AN EXAMPLE
  ∂w ∂v ∂w ∂v   ∂w ∂w 
∫B  ∂x ∂x + ∂y ∂y  dA = ∫B (rv ) dA + Γ ∫+Γ  ∂x nx + ∂y n y v dS
D N

∂w
∂n
THE WEAK FORMULATION ∂w
= ∫ v dS
ΓN
∂n

v = 0 on ΓD
∂w
|ΓN = g ( x( s ), y ( s ))
∂n
 13 14 15 16
7 8 9

9 10 11 12
4 5 6

5 6 7 8
1 2 3

1 2 3 4

16
wFE ( x, y ) = ∑ α iφi ( x, y )
MESH OF RECTANGLES
(QUADRILATERALS)
i =1
 φi

Ik

THE REGION WHERE BASIS FUNCTION φi IS NON-

ZERO
N k N 3k
4

( X ,Y ) k k ( X 3k , Y3k )
4 4

N k N 2k ELEMENT SHAPE
1
FUNCTIONS

( X 1k , Y1 k ) ( X 2k , Y2k )
η
(−1,1) (1,1)
4̂ 3̂
ξ
MASTER ELEMENT

1̂ 2̂
(−1,−1) (1,−1)
 WE ARE GOING TO THE MASTER ELEMENT RIGHT AWAY

x(ξ ,η ) = (a1 + a2ξ )(b1 + b2η ) BILINEAR MAP

x(−1,−1) = X 1k x(1,−1) = X 2k
SIMILARLY FOR y
x( 1 , 1) = X 3k x(−1,1) = X 4k
THIS GIVES
(1 − ξ )(1 − η ) k (1 + ξ )(1 − η ) k (1 + ξ )(1 + η ) k (1 − ξ )(1 + η )
x(ξ ,η ) = X1
k
+ X2 + X3 + X4
4 4 4 4

(1 − ξ )(1 − η ) k (1 + ξ )(1 − η ) k (1 + ξ )(1 + η ) k (1 − ξ )(1 + η )

y (ξ ,η ) = Y1k
+ Y2 + Y3 + Y4
4 4 4 4
IN THE MASTER ELEMENT, THE SHAPE FUNCTIONS
BECOME

(1 − ξ )(1 − η )
N ( x, y ) = N1 (ξ ,η ) =
1
k ˆ
4 BILINEAR SHAPE
(1 + ξ )(1 − η ) FUNCTIONS
N 2 ( x, y ) = N 2 (ξ ,η ) =
k ˆ
4
(1 + ξ )(1 + η )
N 3 ( x, y ) = N 3 (ξ ,η ) =
k ˆ
4
TENSOR PRODUCT
(1 − ξ )(1 + η )
N 4 ( x, y ) = N 4 (ξ ,η ) =
k ˆ FAMILY OF SHAPE
4 FUNCTIONS and

PRODUCT OF 1D-SHAPE FUNCTIONS SERENDIPITY

IN THE TWO DIRECTIONS FAMILY OF SHAPE
FUNCTIONS
 NOW THESE CAN BE USED FOR MESHES OF
QUADRILATERALS ALSO

THE PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING THE

METRICS OF THE TRANSFORMATION
REMAINS EXACTLY THE SAME
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
, , ,
∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η

∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η
J , , ,
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
THE JACOBIAN IS NOW A FUNCTION OF ξ, η AND NOT A
CONSTANT ANYMORE. HENCE, THE JACOBIAN HAS TO BE
EVALUATED AT EACH INTEGRATION POINT
 CERTAIN ELEMENT GEOMETRIES SHOULD BE
AVOIDED (JACOBIAN BECOMES NEGATIVE OR
ZERO). THESE ARE
ANGLE
GREATER
THAN 180
DEGREES

BI-QUADRATIC ELEMENTS ( 9 NODED )

N 3 (η ) N 2 (ξ ) 7 6 5
η 3
N1 (ξ ) N 3 (ξ )
4
8
2 N 2 (η ) 9

N1 (η ) ξ
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
 Nˆ 1 (ξ ,η ) = N1 (ξ ) N1 (η ) Nˆ 2 (ξ ,η ) = N 2 (ξ ) N1 (η )
Nˆ (ξ ,η ) = N (ξ ) N (η )
3 3 1 Nˆ (ξ ,η ) = N (ξ ) N (η )
4 3 2

Nˆ 5 (ξ ,η ) = N 3 (ξ ) N 3 (η ) Nˆ 6 (ξ ,η ) = N 2 (ξ ) N 3 (η )
Nˆ (ξ ,η ) = N (ξ ) N (η )
7 1 3 Nˆ (ξ ,η ) = N (ξ ) N (η )
8 1 2

Nˆ 9 (ξ ,η ) = N 2 (ξ ) N 2 (η )
1 BILINEAR
MORE THAN x y BIQUADRATIC
COMPLETE ! 2 xy y2
x
3 SERENDIPITY
x 3
x y 2
xy 2 y QUADRATIC
3 2 2 3 4 DOESN’T HAVE
x 4
x y x y xy y THIS

CAN USE 1D INTEGRATION POINT IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

 (ξ1 ,η 2 ) (ξ 2 ,η 2 )
W1 × W2 W2 × W2

EXAMPLE OF A 2 x 2
INTEGRATION RULE
(ξ1 ,η1 ) (ξ 2 ,η1 )
WEIGHTS ARE
W1 × W1 W2 × W1 ALSO PRODUCTS
OF 1D- WEIGHTS
η
7 6 5

N1S = α (ξ + η + 1)(ξ − 1)(η − 1)

N1S 8
4
ξ
SERENDIPITY ELEMENTS ( 8 NODED)

1 2 3
 THE i th EQUATION

 ∂wFE ∂φi ∂wFE ∂φi   ∂w 

∫B  ∂x ∂x + ∂y ∂y  dA = ∫B (rφi ) dA + Γ∫  ∂n φi dS
N

NEL
 ∂wFE ∂φi ∂wFE ∂φi  NEL 
 ∂  
∑ ∑  (rφ ) dA + w 
∫ 
 ∂x ∂x
k =1 I k 
+
∂y ∂y



dA =
 ∫ i ∫ 
∂I k ∩ΓN 

∂n 
φi dS

k =1  I k 

INTEGRALS OVER ELEMENT AREA

ELEMENT EDGE INTEGRAL
∂N k
∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η
i
= +
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x CONVERSION OF
DERIVATIVES TO
∂N ik ∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η MASTER ELEMENT
= +
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y
NEED TO GET
THESE
  ∂x ∂x 
dx   ∂ξ ∂η  dξ 
 =  
dy   ∂y ∂y  dη  [J ]
 ∂ξ ∂η 

JACOBIAN MATRIX

 ∂ξ ∂ξ 
dξ   ∂x ∂y  dx 
 =   −1
[J ]
dη   ∂η ∂η  dy 
 ∂x ∂y 

 ∂x ∂x
∂ξ ∂η THIS CAN BE
EVALUATED
∂y ∂y
∂ξ ∂η

∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
|J| = − THE JACOBIAN
∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ξ

∂ξ 1 ∂y ∂ξ 1 ∂x
= =− THIS CAN BE
∂x | J | ∂η ∂y | J | ∂η OBTAINED
∂η 1 ∂y ∂η 1 ∂x
=− =
∂x | J | ∂ξ ∂y | J | ∂ξ
ELEMENT STIFFNESS AND LOAD CALCULATIONS

  ∂Nˆ j
 ∂ξ ∂Nˆ j ∂η  ∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η  
+  + +
  ∂ξ
 ∂x ∂η ∂x  ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x  
K ij( k ) =∫   | J | dAˆ
 ˆ
Aˆ  ∂N j ∂ξ ∂Nˆ j ∂η  ∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η  
 +  +  
  ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y  ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y  
 

( )
Fi ( k ) = ∫ rˆ( x(ξ ,η ), y (ξ ,η )) Nˆ i | J | dAˆ
Aˆ
 THE PLANAR ELASTICITY PROBLEM

THE GLOBAL BALANCE LAW

rx σ xx , x + σ yx , y + f x = 0
in B
ry σ xy , x + σ yy , y + f y = 0

RESIDUE VECTOR {r}

∫ {r}⋅ {v} dA
B
= 0

WEIGHTED RESIDUAL FORM

WEIGHT FUNCTION OR VIRTUAL

DISPLACEMENT VECTOR
 ∫ [(σ
B
xx , x ]
+ σ yx , y + f x ) v x + (σ xy , x + σ yy , y + f y ) v y dA = 0
Integrate by parts

∫ [(− σ v
B
xx x , x ]
− σ yx v x , y + f x v x ) + (− σ xy v y , x − σ yy v y , y + f y v y ) dA

+ ∫ [(σ n xx x + σ yx n y )v x + (σ xy nx + σ yy n y )v y = 0 ]
∂B
Tx Ty
WEAK OR VIRTUAL WORK
Boundary Traction FORMULATION

∫ [(σ ε (v) + σ γ (v) + σ ε (v))]dA =

B
xx xx xy xy yy yy

∫ ( f v + f v )dA + ∫ (T v + T v )dS
B
x x y y
∂B
x x y y
 GENERALIZED LINEAR ELASTICITY

CONSTITUTIVE RELATION  ∂u x 
 
σ xx  C11 C12 C16  ε xx  ε xx (u )   ∂x 
         ∂u y 
σ yy  = C12 C22 C26  ε yy  ε yy (u )  =  
  C   
66  γ xy 
   ∂y 
σ xy   16
C C
γ xy (u )  ∂u ∂u y 
26

 x+ 
 ∂y ∂x 

[C ]
STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT RELATION
{σ (u )}
{ε (u )}
THE LEFT HAND SIDE OF THE WEAK FORM

∫ {ε (v)} {σ (u )} dA = ∫ {ε (v)} [C ]{ε (u )} dA

T T

B B

NEED C 0 BASIS FUNCTIONS FOR BOTH u x , u y

13 14 15 16
16
u xFE = ∑ α i φi ( x, y )
9 12 i =1
16
5 8 u y FE = ∑ β i φi ( x, y )
i =1
1 2 3 4
THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO α1 
β 
 1 
α 2 
 
u xFE  φ1 0 φ2 0 φ3 0  φ16 0 β 2 
 
 =  α 3 
u y FE  0 φ1 0 φ2 0 φ3  0 φ16  β 
 3
 
 
α16 
{u FE } = [φ ]{α }  β16 

{vFE } = [φ ]{δ } The virtual

displacement
 u xFE , x 
 
{ε (u FE )} = u yFE , y  = [B ]{α }
 
u xFE , y + u y FE , x 

φ1, x 0 φ2, x 0 φ 3, x 0 
 
[B] = 0 φ1, y 0 φ2, y 0 φ3, y 
φ 
 1, y φ1, x φ2, y φ2, x φ3, y φ3, x 

{ε (vFE )} = [B ]{δ }
  
{δ }  ∫ [B ] [C ][B ]{α }dA − ∫ [φ ] { f }dA − ∫ [φ ] {T } dS  = 0
T T T T

B B ∂B 

 
 ∫ [B ] [C ][B ]dA{α } = ∫ [φ ] { f }dA + ∫ [φ ] {T } dS
T T T

B  B ∂B

[K ] 2*NNDOF X 2*NNDOF sized

stiffness matrix
NNDOF = 16 for the
example