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Distance Between two points
1
2 2 2
d = AB = √(x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 ) + (z2 − z1 )
Dividing a Line Segment in the Ratio
x1 + λx2
λx0 = ,
1 + λ
2 y1 + λy2
y0 = ,
1 + λ
z1 + λz2 AC
z0 = , whereλ = , λ ≠ − 1 .
1 + λ CB
Midpoint of a Line Segment
x1 + x2
x0 = ,
2
3
y0 = (y1 + y2 ) / 2 ,
z1 + z2
z0 = , λ = 1 .
2
Area of a Triangle The area of a triangle with vertices
P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), and P3 (x3 , y3 , z3 ) is given by
4 2 2 2
∣ y1 z1 1∣ ∣ z1 x1 1∣ ∣ x1 y1 1∣
1 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
S = ∣ y2 z2 1∣ +
∣
z2 x2 1
∣
+ ∣ x2 y2 1∣ .
2 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
⎷
∣ y3 z3 1∣ ∣ z3 x3 1∣ ∣ x3 y3 1∣
5 Volume of a Tetrahedron
The volume of a tetrahedron with vertices P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), P3 (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and
P4 (x4 , y4 , z4 ) is given by
∣ x1 y1 z1 1∣
∣ ∣ ∣ x1 − x4 y1 − y4 z1 − z4 ∣
1 x2 y2 z2 1 1 ∣ ∣
∣ ∣
V = ± , or V = ± ∣ x2 − x4 y2 − y4 z 2 − z 4 ∣.
∣ ∣
6 x3 y3 z3 1 6 ∣ ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ x3 − x4 y3 − y4 z3 − z4 ∣
∣ x4 y4 z4 1∣
Note: We choose the sign (+) or () so that to get a positive answer for volume.
General Equation of a Plane
6
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Normal Vector to a plane
7
→
The vector n (A, B, C) is normal to the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
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Particular Cases of the Equation of a plane
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
If A = 0, the plane is parallel to the xaxis.
If B = 0, the plane is parallel to the yaxis.
8 If C = 0 the plane is parallel to the zaxis.
If D = 0, the plane lies on the origin.
If A = B = 0, the plane is paralle to the xyplane,
If B = C = 0 the plane is parallel to the yzplane.
If A = C = 0 the plane is parallel to the xzplane.
Point Direction form
9
A(x − x0 ) + B(y − y0 ) + C(z − z0 ) = 0 where the point P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) lies in the plane, and
the vector (A,B,C) is normal to the plane.
Intercept form
10 x y z
+ + = 1
a b c
Three Point Form
∣ x y z 1∣
∣ ∣
∣ x − x3 y − y3 z − z3 ∣ x1 y1 z1 1
11 ∣ ∣
∣ ∣
∣ ∣
∣ x1 − x3 y1 − y3 z1 − z3 ∣ = 0, or x1 y1 z1 1 = 0
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ x2 − x3 y2 − y3 z2 − z3 ∣ ∣x y2 z2 1∣
2
∣ ∣
∣ x3 y3 z3 1∣
Normal Form
12 cos α + y cos β + z cos gama − p = 0 where p is the perpendicular distance from the origin to
the plane, and cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction cosines of any line normal to the plane.
Parametric form
⎧ x = x1 + a 1 s + a 2 t
⎪
point P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies in the plane, the vectors (a1 , b1 , c1 ) and (a2 , b2 , c2 ) are parallel to the
plane.
14 Dihedral Angle Between Two Planes
If the planes are given by A1 x + B1 y + C 1 z + D 1 = 0 , A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D 2 = 0 , then the
→ →
n 1. n 2 A 1 A 2 + B1 + B2 + C 1 C 2
dihedral angle between them is cos ϕ = =
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣ 2 2 2 2 2 2
n 1 . n 2 √A + B + C . √A + B + C
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 1 1 1 2 2 2
Parallel Planes Two planes
15 A 1 x + B1 y + C 1 z + D 1 = 0 and A 2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D 2 = 0 are parallel if
A1 B1 C1
= =
A2 B2 C2
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Perpendicular planes
16 Two planes A1 x + B1 y + C 1 z + D1 = 0 and A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D 2 = 0 are perpendicular if
A 1 A 2 + B1 B2 + C 1 C 2 = 0
Equation of a plane through
P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), and Parallel to the vector (a, b, c) is
18
∣ x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 ∣
∣ ∣
∣ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ∣ = 0
∣ ∣
∣ a b c ∣
Distance From a point to a plane the distance from the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the plane
19 ∣ Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D ∣
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0isd = ∣ ∣ .
∣ √ A 2 + B2 + C 2 ∣
Point Direction Form of the Equation of a Line
20 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= , , where the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on the lines and (a, b, c) is the
a b c
direction vector of the line.
Two Point Form
21 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
Parametric Form
⎧ x = x1 + t cos α
⎪
⎨ y = y1 + t cos β ,
22 ⎩
⎪
z = z1 + t cos γ
where the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on the straight lines, cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction
cosines of the direction vector of the line, the parameter t is any real number.
23 Angle Between Two Straight Lines
→ →
s 1. s 2 a 1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2
cos ϕ = = .
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣ 2 2 2 2 2 2
s 1 . s 2 √a + b + c . √a + b + c
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 1 1 1 2 2 2
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Parallel Lines
24 a1 b1 c1
→ →
Two lines are parallel if s 1 ∣ ∣ s 2, or = = .
a2 b2 c2
Perpendicular Lines
25
→ →
Two lines are perpendicular if s 1. s 2 = 0 , or a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 0
Intersection of two lines Two Lines
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = and = = intersect at
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
26
∣ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ∣
∣ ∣
∣ a1 b1 c1 ∣ = 0
∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 c2 ∣
Parallel Line and Plane
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
27 The straight line = = and the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 are
a b c
→ →
parallel iif n . s = 0 , or Aa + Bb + Cc = 0
Perpendicular Line and Plane
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
28 The straight line = = and the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 are
a b c
→ → A B C
perpendicular if n ∣ ∣ s or = = .
a b c
General Quadratic Equation
29
2 2 2
Ax + By + Cz + 2F yz + 2Gzx + 2H xy + 2P x + 2Qy + 2Rz + D = 0
Real Ellipsoid (Case 1)
30 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ + = 1
2 2 2
a b c
Imaginary Ellipsoid (Case 2)
31 y
2
z
2
2 2
x + a + + = − 1
2 2
b c
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32 Hyperboloid of 1 Sheet (Case 3)
2 2 2
x y z
+ − = 1
2 2 2
a b c
Hyerboloid of 2 Sheets (case 4)
33 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ − = − 1
2 2 2
a b c
Real Quadric Cone (Case 5)
34 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ − = 0
2 2 2
a b c
Imaginary Quadric Cone (case 6)
35 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ + = 0
2 2 2
a b c
Elliptic Paraboloid (Case 7 )
36 x
2
y
2
+ − z = 0
2 2
a b
Hyperbolic Paraboloid (Case 8)
37 x
2
y
2
− − z = 0
2 2
a b
Real Ellipstic Cylinder (case 9)
38 x
2
y
2
+ = 1
2 2
a b
Imaginary Elliptic Cylinder (case 10)
39 x
2
y
2
+ = − 1
2 2
a b
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Hyperbolic Cylinder (Case 11)
40 x
2
y
2
− = 1
2 2
a b
Real Intersecting Planes (Case 12)
41 x
2
y
2
− = 0
2 2
a b
Imaginary Intersecting Planeks (case 13)
42 x
2
y
2
+ = 0
2 2
a b
43 Parabolic Cylinder (Case 14)
2
x
− y = 0
2
a
Real Parallel Planes (case 15)
44 x
2
= 1
2
a
Imaginary Parallel Planes (case 16)
45 2
x
= − 1
2
a
Coincident Planes (case 17)
46
2
x = 0
Equation of a sphere Centered at the origin (standard form)
47
2 2 2 2
x + y + z = R
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Equation of a Circle Centered at Any point
48
2 2 2 2
(a, b, c), (x − a) + (y − b) + (z − c) = R
Diameter Form
49 (x − x1 )(x − x2 )(y − y1 )(y − y2 ) + (z − z1 )(z − z2 ) = 0 where
P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) are the ends of a diameter.
Four Point Form
2 2 2
∣x + y + z x y z 1∣
∣ 2 2 2 ∣
x + y + x x1 y1 z1 1
∣ 1 1 1 ∣
50
∣ 2 2 2 ∣
x + y + x x2 y2 z2 1 = 0
2 2 2
∣ ∣
2 2 2
∣x + y + x x3 y3 z3 1∣
3 3 3
∣ ∣
2 2 2
∣ x4 + y 4 + x4 x4 y4 z4 1∣
General Form
Ax
2
+ Ay
2
+ Az
2
+ Dx + Ey + F z + M = 0 (A is nonzero).
51 The center of the sphere has coordinates (a,b,c) where a = −
D
, b = −
E
, c = −
F
2A 2A 2A
√D2 + E 2 + F 2 2
− 4A M
The radius of the sphere is R =
2A
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