FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

class lectures

By

Dr.C. Jebaraj
Senior Professor,
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences
VIT Chennai
jebaraj.c@vit.ac.in
 DIMENSIONALITY

Physical problems can be classified

into
(i) I dimensional
(ii) II dimensional
(iii) III dimensional problems.

2
Domain Geometry Boundary

1D Line Points

2D Area Curves

3D
Volume Area

3
I D elements

4
 2D problems are described by partial
differential equations over geometrically
complex regions.

 The boundary of a two dimensional domain

is in general a curve i.e. the field variable
varies with respect to x & y axes.

 Therefore the finite elements are simple

2D geometric shapes that can be used to
approximate a given 2D domain as well as
the solution over it.
 Consequently in the Finite Element
Analysis of 2D problems we have two
approximation errors.

 Approximation errors due to approximation

of solution over the element.

 Discretisation errors due to the

approximation of the domain into finite
elements.
Two dimensional domain discretised using
triangular elements
8
 General form of a 2 D second order
equation is given as

 2  2  2  2
a11 2 + a22 2 + a12 + a21 - a00  + f(x,y) = 0
x y xy xy
TYPES OF 2D PROBLEMS
SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
e.g. Torsion of non-circular shafts,
Heat transfer through fins
VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
e.g. Structural problems

10
Shape functions for three noded linear
triangular element also called as
Constant strain triangular(CST) element

1,2,3 Node numbers

u1,u2,u3 Nodal value of field variable
(x1,y1), (x2,y2)(x3,y3) nodal coordinates 11
Displacement model: u ( x, y )  a0  a1 x  a2 y
 a0 
 
u ( x, y )  1 x y  a1 
a 
 2
u1  a0  a1 x1  a2 y1
u2  a0  a1 x2  a2 y2
u3  a0  a1 x3  a2 y3

e e
u1  1 x1 y1   a0  i.e. {u} = [P] {a}
  1   
u2    x2 y2  a1 
u  1 x3 y3  a 
 3  2 12
The generalised coordinates are given in
terms of nodal displacements as

e -1 e
{a} = [P] {u}

provided |P|  0 which is the area

bounded by the three vertices.
13
Substituting for ais in the displacement model

 a0 
 
u ( x, y )  1 x y  a1 
a 
 2
-1
1 x1 y1  u1 
u ( x, y )  1 x

y 1 x2 y2   
u2 
  u 
 3
1 x3 y3 
u1  u1 
   
  1x3  [3x3] u2   N 1 N 2 N 3  u2 
u  u 
 3  3 14
 1
N i (x,y) = (α i + β i x + γi y)
2 Ae

1
N 1 (x,y) = (α1 + β1 x + γ1 y)
2 Ae
1
N 2 (x,y) = (α 2 + β 2 x + γ 2 y)
2 Ae

1
N 3 (x,y) = (α 3 + β3 x + γ3 y)
2 Ae

15
αi = x j y k - xk y j
1 x1 y1
α1 = x2 y 3 - x3 y 2 1 x2 y 2  2 Ae
α2 = x3 y1 - x1 y 3 1 x3 y3
α3 = x1 y 2 - x2 y1
βi = y j - yk γi =  ( x j - xk )
β1 = y2 - y3 γ1 =  ( x 2 - x3 )
β2 = y3 - y1 γ2 =  ( x3 - x1 )
β3 = y1 - y2 γ3 =  ( x1 - x2 )
16
Variation of Shape functions for CST element

17
Applications of the CST Element:

 Used in areas where the strain gradient is

small.
 Used in mesh transition areas (fine mesh
to coarse mesh).
 Use of CST in stress concentration or
other crucial areas in the structure, such as
edges of holes and corners is to be avoided
 Recommended for quick and preliminary
BI – LINEAR RECTANGULAR ELEMENT
Cartesian co-ordinates (generalized co-ordinates)

19
Let the assumed displacement model be
given by

u ( x, y )  c0  c1 x  c2 y  c3 xy      1
c0 
c 
 1
 1  x  y  xy  
c2 
c3 
20
Let u1, u2, u3 & u4 represent the nodal values of
the field variable at nodes 1, 2, 3 & 4.
Substituting the respective x, y co-ordinates
of the nodes we get
u1 
u 
 2
u(x,y)  N 1 N2 N3 N4  
u3 
u4 

21
Where
 x  y 
N 1  1  1  
 2a  2b 

 x  y 
N2   1  
 2a  2b 

 x  y 
N3    
 2a  2b 
 x  y 
N 4  1   
 2a  2b  22
23
Torsion of Non-circular shafts:
The governing equation for the torsion
problem is given by
2 2
1   1  
2
+ 2
+ 2 = 0
G x G y
2 2
   
2
+ 2
= - 2Gθ
x y
 
τ zx = τ zy = -
y x
On the free boundary  = 0. 24
24
Here  - is a stress function
The shear stresses within the shaft are related
to the derivatives of  with respect to x and y.

 
τ zx = and τ zy = -
y x

On the free boundary  = 0. This is the case

of a Poisson’s Equation 25
 To derive the weak form multiply the
governing equation with a weighting function
w(x,y)
2 2
   
2
+ 2
 2Gθ  0
x y
2 2
   
 ( x 2 + y 2  2Gθ )w( x, y)dxdy  0
  2  2 
  x 2 + y 2 w( x, y)dxdy   2Gθ w( x, y)dxdy  0
26
26
   2  
2

  x 2 + y 2 w( x, y)dxdy   2Gθ w( x, y)dxdy  0

 2  2
 x 2 w( x, y)dxdy   y 2 w( x, y)dxdy   2Gθ w( x, y)dxdy  0
  w
 w( x, y) x n x   x x dxdy
  w
  w( x, y ) n y   dxdy   2Gθ w( x, y )dxdy  0
y y y

where nx and ny are the components

(direction cosines) of the unit normal vector 27
27
 As Ф is specified along the boundaries
w(x,y) = 0 and the boundary terms vanish.
The weak form becomes
 w  w
 x x dxdy   y y dxdy   2Gθ w( x, y)dxdy
Assuming a CST element and substituting ϕ
as N1 ϕ 1+ N2 ϕ 2+ N3 ϕ 3 and w(x,y) as N1, N2,
N3 we get a system of 3 equations in 3
unknowns which can be written as 28
28
  
 K 11 K 12 K 13  φ   f 
1 1
    
 K 21 K 22 K 23  φ2    f 2 
  φ3   f 3 
K
 31 K 32 K 33 
 
Where
N i N j N i N j
K ij   dxdy   dxdy
x x y y
f j   2Gθ N j dxdy  0
29
29
 N i N j N i N j
K ij   dxdy   dxdy
x x y y

N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1
K 11   dxdy   dxdy
x x y y

1
N i (x,y) = (α i + βi x + γi y)
2 Ae

30
30
 1 1
2  1 1 2  1 1
K 11    dxdy    dxdy
4A 4A
1 1
 2
1 1  dxdy  2  1 1  dxdy
4A 4A
1 1
 2
1 1   1 1 A  1 1   1 1 
4A 4A

1 1
2  1 2   
K 12    dxdy  2 1 2 dxdy
4A 4A
1
 1  2   1 2 
4A 31
31
 1 1
K 13  2  β1 β3 dxdy  2  γ γ dxdy
1 3
4A 4A
1
 β1 β3  γ1γ3 
4A
1 1
2  2 2  
K 22    dxdy  2 2  2 dxdy
4A 4A
1
  2  2   2 2 
4A
1 1
2  2 3  
K 23    dxdy  2  3 dxdy
4A 4 A2
1
  2  3   2 3 
4A
32
 1 1
2  3 3  
K 33    dxdy   dxdy
3 3
4A 4 A2
1
  3  3   3 3 
4A

 12   12 1 2   1 2 1  3   1 3 
1
K    2
1   2 2 
 2  3   2 3 
4 A
 Symmetric  32   32 

33
33
f j   2Gθ N j dxdy  0

f 1   2Gθ N 1 dxdy  0
A
 2Gθ
3

f 2   2Gθ N 2 dxdy  0
A
 2Gθ
3 34
34
f 3   2Gθ N 3 dxdy  0
A
 2Gθ
3

 f1  1
  A 
 f 2   2Gθ 1
f  3
 3 1
35
35
Problem: Determine the stresses in a shaft of
square cross section as shown in fig.

2Gθ  2790 36
37
38
Element Connectivity
Element i j k
No.
1 1 2 4
2 2 3 5
3 5 4 2
4 4 5 6

39
 1 1 1 1 1
Area =  b  ht    
2 2 4 4 32

αi = xjyk-xkyj βi = yj-yk i=-(xj-xk)

0.0625 -0.25 0
0 0.125 -0.25
0 0 0.25
40
  β121  γ12 β1 β2  γ1γ2 β1 β3  γ1γ3 
1  
K 
1
 β12  γ22 β2 β3  γ2 γ3 
4A 
 β32  γ32 


 0.0625  0.0625 0 
 0.0625 
=8  0.125  0.0625
 0  0.0625 0.0625 

 1 1 0 
1 
=  1 2  1
2 
 0  1 1  41
 1 2 4
1  1  1 0
1
K   2   1 2  1
1

2
4  0  1 1 
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 -1 0
2 -1 2 -1

1 3

2 4 0 -1 1
5
6
42
 2 3 5
2  1  1 0
1
K 2  3   1 2  1
2
5  0  1 1 

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 -1 0
2 -1 2+ -1 -1 0
1 1
3 -1 2 -1
2
4 0 -1 1
5 0 -1 1
6 43
 5 4 2
5  1  1 0
1
K 3  4   1 2  1
2
2  0  1 1 

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 -1 0
2 -1 2+1+ -1 -1- 0+0
1 1
1
3 -1 2 -1
2
4 0 -1-1 1+ -1
2
5 0+0 -1 -1 1+1
6 44
 4 5 6
4  1  1 0
1
K 4  5   1 2  1
2 1 2 3 4 5 6
6  0  1 1 
1 1 -1 0

2 -1 2+1 -1 -1- 0+0

+1 1
3 -1 2 -1

1 4 0 -1-1 1+ -1-1 0
2+
2 1
5 0+0 -1 -1- 1+1 -1
1 +2
6 0 -1 1
45
  1 1 0 0 0 0
 1 4 1  2 0 0 

1  0 1 2 0 1 0 
K 
g
  
2  0 2 0 4 2 0 
 0 0  1  2 4  1
 
 0 0 0 0  1 1 

Semi bandwith =( Max. diff. bet node nos +1)x DOF

= (3+1)x1=4
  2G = 2790 N/mm2

46
 1
2G     
f 
e
1
3 1

1 1
2790   
f  
1
1  29.061   f    f    f 
2 3 4

3  32   1
1
 

47
 1
1 1
1 1
 
f 
1
 29.06 1 2
2
3
1

1 4
  4 1
5
6 2

1 1
1 2
  2 1+
f  2
 29.06 1 3 1
1 5 3 1
  4 1

5 1
48
6
 1
1 5
  1 1
f  3
 29.06 1 4 2 1+1
1 2 +1
 
3 1
4 1+1
5 1+1
1 4 6
  1
f 
4
 29.06 1 5
1 6 1 1
 
2 1+1+1
3 1
4 1+1+1
5 1+1+1
6 1 49
  1 
  1
 2 3
 3   
[k ]    [ f ] 1
 4  f  29.06 
 5  3
  3
 6   
1
 1 1 0 0 0 0  1  1
 1 4 1  2 0
 
0  2 
3
  
1  0 1 2 0 1 0   3  1
      29.06  
2  0 2 0 4  2 0   4 
3
 0 0 1  2 4  1 5  3
   
 0 0 0 0 1 1  6   
1
50
Solving we get
1 = 217.95
2 = 159.83
4 = 123.505
 
xz = y , yz = - x

   
τ =  N 11  N 22  N 34 
zx y y
1
  11   22   34   144N/mm 2
2A
51
  
τ =-  N 11  N 22  N 34 
zy x x
1
 11   22   34   232.5N/mm2
2A

For element 2
 
 
τ =  N 12  N 23  N 35 
zx y y
1
  12   23   35 
2A
52
  
τ =-  N 12  N 23  N 35 
zy x x
1
 12   23   35 
2A

For Element 3

 
τ =  N 15  N 24  N 33 
zx y y
1
  15   24   32 
2A
53
For element 3
 
 
τ =-  N 15  N 24  N 32 
zy x x
1
 15   24   32 
2A

For element 4
 
τ =  N 14  N 25  N 36 
zx y y
1
  14   25   36 
2A
54
  
τ =-  N 14  N 25  N 36 
zy x x
1
 14   25   36 
2A

55
 T 1  2   dA

 2  ( N 11  N 2 2  N 3 4 )dA

2
 {1   2   4 }. A
3
2 3 4
Similarly determine T T & T

Total Torque= T 1

 T 2  T 3  T 4 8

56
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Types of 2D Problems
VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
e.g. Structural problems
SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
e.g. Torsion of non-circular shafts,
Heat transfer through fins

58
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 Governing Equation for 2D Heat transfer
by conduction and convection

 T  T 
2 2
k  2  2   h(T  T )  0
 x y 

Weak form of the equation

T w T w
 x x dxdy   y y dxdy   hTw ( x, y)dxdy
  hT w( x, y )dxdy
60
  N i N j N i N j 
K ij conv  k   dxdy   dxdy 
 x x y y 

1
N i (x,y) = (α i + βi x + γi y)
2 Ae

  12   12 1  2   1 2 1  3   1 3 
k  
K  conv
e
  1  2   1 2 2
2   2 2
 2  3   2 3 
4A 
  1  3   1 3  2  3   2 3  3   3 
2 2

61
 hpl 2 1 
k conv   
6 1 2 
 p 1

 q1  0
  hlT  
q 2   1
q  2  
 3 1
62
PROBLEM 1:

63
64
Element i j k
1 1 2 3
2 5 4 3
3 1 3 5 65
66
    1
2 2
1 1  2   1 2 1  3   1 3 
e k  2 2 
[k ]    2 1   1 2 2   2  2  3   2 3 
4A
 1  3   1 3  2  3   2 3  32   32 


Element 1 and 2 Element 3

β1 = -0.15 , 1 = 0, β1 = 0.15 , 1 = -0.4
β2 = 0.15 , 2 = -0.4 β2 = 0.3 , 2 = 0
β3 = 0 , 3 = 0.4 β3 = -0.15 , 3 = 0.4
 
67
  0.0225  0.0225 0 
2 1.5  0.0225 0.1825  0.16
[k ]cond  [k ]1cond   
4
 0.4  0.15  0  0.16 0.16 
2

 0.028125  0.028125 0 
 10   0.028125 0.228125  0.2
 
 0  0.2 0.2 

 0.28125  0.28125 0 

  0.28125 2.28125  2
 0 2 2 
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  0.1825  0.045  0.1825
1.5   0.045 
[k ]3cond   0 .09  0. 045 
1
4  2   0.4  0.15  0.1825  0.045 0.1825 
2

1.14  0.28125  0.86 

  0.5625  0.28125
 1.14 

69
 hpl 2 1 
k conv   
6 1 2 
 p 1

Element i j k
1 1 2 3
2 5 4 3
3 1 3 5
70
 0 0 0 
2 1 hl  
[k ]  [k ]  0 2 1
6 
conv conv

0 1 2

0 0 0 

 0 2.5 1.25 
0 1.25 2.5 

0  0 
hlT    
Q 1  93.75
2    
1 93.75 71
 e
[k ] Thermal  [k ]condn  [k ]conv
 0.28125  0.28125 0 
1 2 
[k ]th  [k ]th   0.28125 4.78 
 0.75
 0  0.75 4.5 

 1.14  0.28125  0.86 

3 
[k ]th   0.28125 0.5625 
 0.28125
  0.86  0.28125 1.14 
72
 T1   0 
T   
 2   93.75 
[k ]th T3   [Q] G
 [Q]G  93.75  93.75
 
T  
93.75

 4  0 
T5 
 1.42125  0.28125  0.28125 0  0.86 
 0.28125 4. 78  0 .75 0 0 
 
[k ]G   0.28125  0.75 9.5625  0.75  0.28125
 
 0 0  0 .75 4.78  0.28125
  0.86 0  0.28125  0.28125 1.42125 
73
 1.42125  0.28125  0.28125 0  0.86  T1  0
 0.28125 4 .78  0 .75 0 0  T  1 
   2   
 0.28125  0.75 9.5625  0.75  0.28125 T3   93.752
   1 
 0 0  0 .75 4.78  0. 28125 T
 4   
  0.86 0  0.28125  0.28125 1.42125  T5  0

Substitute forT4 & T5as 180º and

evaluate T1, T2 ,T3

74
 1.42125  0.28125  0.28125 0  0.86  T1 
 0.28125 4. 78  0.75 0 0  T 
   2 
 0.28125  0.75 9.5625  0.75  0.28125 T3  
  
 0 0  0.75 4.78  0 .28125 T4 
  0.86 0  0.28125  0.28125 1.42125  T5 
 0  0.86 * 180 
 1 
  T1 = 124.5ºC
93.752  (0.28125  0.75) *180
 1 
  T2 = 34.0ºC
 0 

T3 = 45.4ºC

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