Chapter 1

Graphs
1.3 Lines

1. undefined, 0 3. y = b , y-intercept

5. False

1
7. m1 = m2, y-intercepts, m1 ⋅ m2 = −1 9. −
2
1−0 1
11. (a) Slope = =
2−0 2
(b) If x increases by 2 units, y will increase by 1 unit.

1− 2 1
13. (a) Slope = =−
1− (−2) 3
(b) If x increases by 3 units, y will decrease by 1 unit.

15. (x1, y1 ) (x 2, y2 ) 17. (x1, y1 ) (x 2, y2 )

(2,3) (4,0) (−2,3) (2,1)
y − y 0− 3 3 y 2 − y1 1− 3 −2 1
Slope = 2 1 = =− Slope = = = =−
x 2 − x1 4 − 2 2 x 2 − x1 2 − (− 2) 4 2

19. (x1, y1 ) (x 2, y2 )
(−3, −1) ( 2,−1)
y − y1 −1− (−1) 0
Slope = 2 = = =0
x2 − x1 2 − (−3) 5

18
 Section 1.3 Lines

21. (x1, y1 ) (x 2, y2 ) 23.

(−1,2) (−1,−2)
y −y −2 − 2 −4
Slope = 2 1 = =
x 2 − x1 −1 − (−1) 0
Slope is undefined.

25. 27.

29. 31. (0,0) and (2,1) are points on the line.

1−0 1
Slope = =
2−0 2
y - intercept is 0; using y = mx + b:
y = 1 x+ 0
2
2y = x
0 = x − 2y
x − 2 y = 0 or y = 1 x
2

33. (–2,2) and (1,1) are points on the line. 35. y − y1 = m(x − x1), m = 2
1− 2 −1 1 y − 3 = 2( x −3)
Slope = = =−
1− (−2) 3 3 y − 3 = 2x − 6
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1) y = 2x − 3
1 2 x − y = 3 or y = 2x − 3
y −1 = − (x −1)
3
1 1
y −1 = − x +
3 3
1 4
y =− x+
3 3
1 4
x + 3y =4 or y = − x +
3 3

19
Chapter 1 Graphs

1 39. Slope = 3; containing (–2,3)

37. y − y1 = m(x − x1 ), m = − y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
2
1 y − 3 = 3( x − (− 2))
y − 2 = − ( x −1)
2 y − 3 = 3x + 6
1 1 y = 3x + 9
y −2 = − x +
2 2 3 x − y = − 9 or y = 3x + 9
1 5
y =− x+
2 2
1 5
x + 2y = 5 or y = − x +
2 2

2 43. Containing (1,3) and (–1,2)

41. Slope = − ; containing (1,–1) 2 −3 −1 1
3 m = = =
y − y1 = m( x − x1) −1− 1 − 2 2
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
2
y − (−1) = − ( x −1) 1
3 y − 3 = ( x −1)
2
2 2 1 1
y + 1= − x + y−3= 2x− 2
3 3
2
y=− x −
1 y= 1x+ 5
2 2
3 3
2 1 x − 2 y = − 5 or y = 1 x + 5
2 x + 3y = −1 or y = − x − 2 2
3 3

45. Slope = –3; y-intercept =3 47. x-intercept = 2; y-intercept = –1

y = mx + b Points are (2,0) and (0,–1)
y = −3x + 3 −1− 0 −1 1
m = = =
3 x + y = 3 or y = −3x + 3 0−2 −2 2
y = mx + b
1
y = 2x−1

x − 2 y = 2 or y = 1 x − 1
2

49. Slope undefined; passing through (2,4) 51. Horizontal; containing the point (–3,2)
This is a vertical line. slope = 0
x =2 y =2
No slope- intercept form.

53. Parallel to y = 2 x ; Slope = 2 55. Parallel to 2 x − y = −2 ; Slope = 2

Containing (–1,2) Containing (0,0)
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y − 2 = 2( x − (−1)) y − 0 = 2( x − 0)
y − 2 = 2x + 2 y = 2x
y = 2x + 4 2 x − y = 0 or y = 2 x
2 x − y = − 4 or y = 2x + 4
20
 Section 1.3 Lines

1
59. Perpendicular to y = x+ 4
57. Parallel to x = 5 2
Containing (4,2) Slope of perpendicular = –2
This is a vertical line. Containing (1,–2)
x =4 y − y1 = m(x − x1)
No slope - intercept form. y − (−2) = −2( x − 1)
y + 2 = −2 x + 2
y = −2 x
2x + y = 0 or y = −2 x

61. Perpendicular to 2 x + y = 2 63. Perpendicular to x = 8

2x + y = 2 ⇒ y = −2x + 2 Slope of perpendicular = 0
1 ⇒ horizontal line
Slope of perpendicular = Containing the point (3,4)
2
Containing (–3,0) y =4

y − y1 = m( x − x1)
1 1 3
y − 0 = (x − (−3)) ⇒ y = x +
2 2 2
1 3
x − 2y = −3 or y = x +
2 2

65. y = 2x + 3 1
67. y = x−1
Slope = 2 2
y-intercept = 3 y = 2x − 2
Slope = 2
y-intercept = –2

21
Chapter 1 Graphs
1 71. x + 2y = 4
69. y= x +2
2 1
1 2y = −x + 4 ⇒ y = − x + 2
Slope = 2
2 1
y-intercept = 2 Slope = −
2
y-intercept = 2

73. 2x − 3y = 6 75. x+ y =1
2 y = −x +1
−3y = −2x + 6 ⇒ y = x −2
3 Slope = –1
2 y-intercept = 1
Slope =
3
y-intercept = –2

77. x = −4 79. y=5

Slope is undefined Slope = 0
y-intercept: none y-intercept = 5

22
 Section 1.3 Lines

81. y−x = 0 83. 2 y − 3x = 0

y=x 3
Slope = 1 2y = 3x ⇒ y = x
2
y-intercept = 0 3
Slope = ; y-intercept = 0
2

85. y = 2x − 3 ⇒ slope = 2 87. y = 4 x + 5 ⇒ slope = 4

y = 2x + 4 ⇒ slope = 2 y = −4 x + 2 ⇒ slope = −4
The lines are parallel. The lines are neither parallel nor
perpendicular.

89. Consider the points A(−2, 5), B (1,3) and C (−1,0)

3− 5 2 0 −5 0−3 3
slope of AB = = − ; slope of AC = = −5; slope of BC = =
1− (−2) 3 −1− (−2) −1 −1 2
Therefore, ∆ABC has a right angle at vertex B since
2 3
slope AB = − and slope BC = ⇒ AB is perpendicular to BC .
3 2

91. Consider the points A(−1,0), B(2,3), C (1,−2) and D(4,1)

3 −0 1 − (−2)
slope of AB = =1; slope of CD = =1
2 − (−1) 4 −1
−2 − 0 1− 3
slope of AC = = −1; slope of BD = = −1
1− (−1) 4 −2
Therefore, the quadrilateral ACDB is a parallelogram since
slope AB =1 and slope CD =1 ⇒ AB is parallel to CD
slope AC = −1 and slope BD = −1 ⇒ AC is parallel to BD
Furthermore,
slope AB =1 and slope BD = −1 ⇒ AB is perpendicular to BD
slope AC = −1 and slope CD =1 ⇒ AC is perpendicular to CD
So the quadrilateral ACDB is a rectangle.

1
95. Slope = − ; y-intercept = 1
93. Slope = 1; y-intercept = 2 3
y = x + 2 or x − y = − 2 1
y = − x +1 or x + 3y = 3
3

23
Chapter 1 Graphs

97. The equation of the x-axis is y = 0 . (The slope is 0 and the y-intercept is 0.)

99. Let x = number of miles driven, and let C = cost in dollars.

Total cost = (cost per mile)(number of miles) + fixed cost
C = 0.07x + 29
When x = 110, C = (0.07)(110) + 29 = $36.70.
When x = 230, C = (0.07)(230) + 29 = $45.10.

101. Let x = number newspapers delivered, and let C = cost in dollars.

Total cost = (delivery cost per paper)(number of papers delivered) + fixed cost
C = 0.53x + 1,070,000

103. (a) C = 0.08275x + 7.58 (c) For 100 kWh,

(b) C = 0.08275(100) + 7.58 = $15.86
(d) For 300 kWh,
C = 0.08725(300) + 7.58 = $32.41
(e) For each usage increase of 1 kWh,
the monthly charge increases
by 8.27 cents.

105. (°C, °F) = (0, 32); (°C, °F) = (100, 212)

212 −32 180 9
slope = = =
100 − 0 100 5
9 If ° F = 70, then
°F − 32 = (°C − 0)
5 5 5
° C = ( 70 − 32) = (38)
°F − 32 = 9 (°C) 9
° C ≈ 21°
9
5
°C = 5 (°F − 32)
9

107. (a) Let x = number of boxes sold, A = money, in dollars, spent on advertising.
We have the points (x1, A1) = (100,000, 40,000);(x 2, A2 ) = (200,000, 60,000)
60,000 − 40,000 20,000 1
slope = = =
200,000 −100,000 100,000 5
1
A − 40,000 = (x −100,000)
5
1
A − 40,000 = x − 20,000
5
1
A = x + 20,000
5
1
(b) If x = 300,000, then A = (300,000) + 20,000 = $80,000
5
(c) To increase the number of boxes sold by 5 units, the amount spent on advertising
needs to increase by 1 dollar.

24
 Section 1.3 Lines
109. (b), (c), (e) and (g) 111. (c)

113. (a) Since the tangent line intersects the circle in a single point, there is exactly one point
on the line y = mx + b such that x 2 + y 2 = r 2. That is, x 2 + (mx + b) 2 = r 2 has exactly
one solution.
x 2 + (mx + b) 2 = r 2
x + m x + 2bmx + b = r
2 2 2 2 2

(1+ m ) x + 2bmx + b − r = 0
2 2 2 2

There is one solution if and only if the discriminant is zero.

(2bm) 2 − 4(1 + m 2 )(b 2 − r 2 ) = 0
4b 2m 2 − 4b 2 + 4r 2 − 4b 2m2 + 4m 2r 2 = 0
−4b 2 + 4r 2 + 4m 2r 2 = 0
−b 2 + r 2 + m 2r 2 = 0
r 2(1 + m 2 ) = b2
(b) Use the quadratic formula, knowing that the discriminant is zero:
−2bm −bm −bmr2 −mr 2
x= = 2 = =
2(1+ m2 ) b b2 b
2
r
 −mr2  −m 2r 2 −m 2r 2 + b 2 r 2
y = m + b = +b= =
 b  b b b
(c) The slope of the tangent line is m .
The slope of the line joining the point of tangency and the center is:
r2
−0
b r2 b 1
= ⋅ =−
−mr 2
b −mr 2
m
−0
b

x + y − 4x + 6y + 4 = 0
2 2
115.
( x 2 − 4x + 4) + ( y2 + 6y + 9) = −4 + 4 + 9
(x − 2) 2 + ( y + 3)2 = 9
Center: (2, –3)
2 2 − 3 − (−3) 2 2
(
Slope from center to 3,2 2 − 3 is ) 3−2
=
1
=2 2

−1 2
Slope of the tangent line is: =−
2 2 4

25
Chapter 1 Graphs
Equation of the tangent line:

( )
2
y− 2 2−3 =− ( x − 3)
4
2 3 2
y −2 2 + 3= − x+
4 4
4 y − 8 2 + 12 = − 2 x + 3 2
2 x + 4 y = 11 2 −12

117. Find the centers of the two circles:

x + y − 4x + 6y + 4 = 0
2 2

( x − 4x + 4) + ( y + 6y + 9) = − 4 + 4 + 9
2 2

(x − 2) + ( y + 3) = 9
2 2
Center : ( 2,−3)
x + y + 6x + 4 y + 9 = 0
2 2

( x + 6 x + 9) + (y + 4y + 4) = − 9 + 9 + 4
2 2

(x + 3) + (y + 2 ) = 4 Center : (−3, −2)

2 2

Find the slope of the line containing the centers:

−2 − (−3) 1
m= =−
−3 − 2 5
Find the equation of the line containing the centers:
1
y + 3 = − (x − 2)
5
5y +15 = −x + 2
x + 5y = −13

119. 2x − y = C
Graph the lines:
2x − y = 4 ⇒ y = 2 x + 4
2x − y = 0 ⇒ y = 2x
2x − y = 2 ⇒ y = 2x − 2
All the lines have the same slope, 2.
The lines are parallel.

121. Consider the following diagram:

y=2
(2,2)

The path of the center of the circle is the line y = 2 .

26
 Section 1.3 Lines

123. Answers will vary.

125. Not every line has two distinct intercepts since a horizontal line might not touch the x-axis
and a vertical line might not touch the y-axis. Also, a non-vertical, non-horizontal line that
passes through the origin will have only one intercept, (0, 0).
A line must have at least one intercept since a vertical line always crosses the x-axis, a
horizontal line always crosses the y-axis and a non-vertical, non-horizontal line always
crosses both axes.

127. Two lines with the same non-zero x-intercept and the same y-intercept must have the same
slope and therefore must be represented by equivalent equations.

129. Two lines that have the same y-intercept but different slopes can only have the same
x-intercept if the y-intercept is zero.
Assume Line 1 has equation y = m1x + b and Line 2 has equation y = m2x + b ,
b
Line 1 has x-intercept − and y-intercept b .
m1
b
Line 2 has x-intercept − and y-intercept b .
m2
Assume also that Line 1 and Line 2 have unequal slopes, that is m1 ≠ m2 .
b b
If the lines have the same x-intercept, then − =− .
m1 m2
b b
− =−
m1 m2
−m 2b = −m1b
−m 2b + m1b = 0
But − m 2b + m1b = 0 ⇒ b(m1 − m 2 ) = 0
⇒b=0
or m1 − m 2 = 0 ⇒ m1 = m 2
Since we are assuming that m1 ≠ m2 , the only way that the two lines can have the
same x-intercept is if b = 0.

131. Answers will vary.

27