Engr - Drawing Workbook ME-102

1
Practical Workbook
Engineering Drawing
(ME-102)
NAME: S. M. Yashab Naqvi

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2020
BATCH: 2019-2020
ROLL NO: MM-039
DISCIPLINE: Materials engineering
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Department of Mechanical Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi –
75270, Pakistan
Prepared by
Muhammad Waseem
(Lecturer)
It is certified that this Practical Workbook contains 145 pages.
Chairman
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INDEX
Practical# Object Page # Remarks

zero To get acquainted with instruments and terminologies
used in Engineering Drawing.
1
Introduction to drawing instruments 1
Line conventions 8
Geometric terminologies 10
Two-dimensional geometric forms 11
Three dimensional geometric forms 12
Dimensioning 13
Line constructions 18
Measurement 20
Exercises 22
1(a) To draw the perpendicular bisector to a given straight line 26
1(b) To divide a line geometrically to a number of equal parts. 27
To draw an arc of a given radius touching two given
1(c)
straight lines at right angles to each other.
28
To draw an arc of a given radius touching two given
1(d)
straight lines which make any angle between them.
29
To find the center of an arc touch tangentially a given
1(e)
straight line and a given arc.
30
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially two given
1(f)
arcs including them both.
31
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially two arcs
1(g)
excluding them both
32
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially two given
1(h)
arcs excluding one and including the other
33
To find the center of an arc which passes through three
1(i)
given points.
34
Tangents
To draw the tangent to a circle from any point P on its
2(a)
circumference 35
To draw the tangent to a circle from a point P which is
2(b)
outside the circle 36
2(c) To draw the common tangent to two unequal circles 37
2(d) To draw common tangents to two equal circles 38
Conic Section
3(a) Construction of an ellipse by the concentric circle method 39
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3(b) To Construct an ellipse by the axis and foci method 40

The construction of an approximate ellipse using a pair of
3(c)
compasses 41
Given the major and minor axis of an ellipse to find the
3(d)
foci 42
To construct a parabola when the distance of the focus
3(e)
from the directress is 50 mm 43
To draw a hyperbola when its foci and vertices are given
3(f)
and to locate its asymptotes 44
Review questions 45
Exercises 47
Cycloids
4(a) To construct a cycloidal curve given the rolling circle 49
4(b) To construct an epicycloid 50
4(c) To Construct a hypocycloid. 52
Review questions 54
Involutes
5 To construct the involute to a given circle. 56
Review questions 57
Sectioning of Geometrical Solids
A cube of 35mm long edges is resting on the ground on
one of its face with a vertical faced inclined at 30 deg. To
6(a)
the V.P. and 9mm away from the axis and nearer the F.P. 58
Draw its sectional front view and the top view.
A triangle prism, base 30 mm side and axis 50mm long, is
lying on the ground on one of its rectangular faces with its
6(b) axis inclined at 30 deg. To the V.P. it is cut by a horizontal 60
section plane, at a distance of 12mm above the ground.
Draw its front view.
A Square prism, base 45mm side axis 90mm long. Has its
base on the ground and all the edges of the base equally
inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane,
6(c)
perpendicular to the F.P. A horizontal section plane cuts it
62
at a distance of 25mm above the based. Draw its front
view and sectional top view.
A pentagonal pyramid, base 30mm side and axis 65mm
long, has its base horizontal and edge of the base parallel
6(d) to the V.P.A horizontal section plane cuts it at a distance 64
of 25mm above the base. Draw its front view and
sectional top view.
A square pyramid, base 40mm side and axis 65mm long,
has its base on the ground and all the edges of the base
equally inclined to the V.P. it is cut by a section plane,
6(e)
perpendicular to the V.P. inclined at 45 deg. To the H.P.
66
and bisecting the axis. Draw front view and sectional top
view.
Draw sectional front view of a cylinder, cut by a section
6(f)
plane parallel to the axis.
68
A cylinder of 50mm diameter, 70mm height and having its
6(g)
axis vertical is cut by a section plan, perpendicular to the 70
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V.P. inclined at 45 deg. To the H.P. and intersecting the

axis 40mm above the base. Draw its front view, side view
and true shape.
A cone, base 75mm diameter and axis 80mm long us
resting on its base on the ground. It is cut by
6(h) perpendicular to V.P. inclined to 45 deg. To H.P. and 72
cutting the axis at a point 35mm from the apex. Draw the
front view, sectional top view.
A cone, base 50mm diameter and axis 55mm long is
resting on the ground on its base. It is cut by a section
6(i) plane, perpendicular to both the H.P. and the V.P. and 74
6mm away from the axis. Draw its front view, top view and
sectional Side view.
Intersection of Cylinders
A vertical cylinder of 60mm diameter is completely
penetrated by another cylinder of 45mm diameter, draw its
7 front view, top view and bisecting each other at right 76
angles. Draw there projections showing curves of
penetrations.
Surface Development
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
pentagonal prism as shown, cutting plane starts I cm
8(a)
above the extreme lower left end in the front view. Take 78
each side 4m. Long and height 120 mm
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism
shown, take same height and side lengths. The cutting
8(b) plane starts from the lower left extreme end and runs 79
upwards making an angle of 45 degrees and cuts the
object completely in the front view.
Draw the development of the hexagonal prism as shown,
cutting plane starts from the upper right extreme end in
the front view by leaving 1 cm, and makes 60 degrees
8(c)
upto the centre then it makes 30 degrees and cuts the 80
prism completely. Take height 12mm. and each side 30
mm.
Draw the surface development of the truncated cylinder as
shown. The Cutting plane starts from the upper right
8(d) extreme end in the front view while making an angle of 45 81
degrees with the horizontal. Take height 120mm. And bas
diameter 60 mm.
Draw the surface development of the cylinder shown. The
cutting plane starts from the upper extreme right end by
8(e) leaving distance of 1cm and making an angle of 45 82
degree in the front view. Take height 120 mm and
diameter 60mm
Draw the surface development of the cylinder when the
cutting plane is horizontal and is at half height of the
8(f)
cylinder in the front view. Take height as 12 mm and bae 83
diameter 60mm
Draw the surface development of the pyramid as shown.
The cutting plane makes an angle of 30o with horizontal
8(g) and starts from the lower left extreme end in the front view 84
at a height of 1 cm. Take each side as side as 30mm. And
height 120mm.
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Draw the surface development of the pyramid as shown,

the cutting plane makes and angle of 45° and starts from
8(h) extreme left at a height of 1 cm, runs upwards and cuts 85
the pyramid completely in the front view. Take height
120mm and side length 30 mm.
Draw the surface development of the pentagonal pyramid
8(i) as shown. The inclined angle is 45 degrees. Take height 86
of pyramid 120mm and each side length 30mm
Draw the surface development of the cone as shown. The
angle of the cutting plane is 45 degrees and it starts from
8(j)
extreme left at a height of 1 cm. Take height 12mm and
88
base diameter 60mm
Orthographic and Isometric Projections
Introductions about the Projections 89
Introduction and Construction of orthographic Projections
9
of a Block.
90
Tests 91
Exercises 95
Introduction and Construction of Isometric Projections of a
10
Block.
97
Tests 100
Exercises 104
Review questions 105
Sectioning
Draw the SECTION FRONT & SECTION TOP of the cone
11(a)
pulley shown in isometric.
107
Draw the SECTION FRRONT & SECTION TOP of the
11(b)
Stepped pulley as shown in the isometric.
109
Draw the SECTION FRONT & SECTION TOP of the
11(c)
Flanged pulley as shown in isometric.
110
Draw the SECTION FRONT & SECTION TOP of the

Centre guide as shown in the isometric.
111
11(d) Review questions 112

Terminologies
To get acquainted with the terminologies used in
12
Geometric dimensioning used and tolerancing.
113
Exercises 114
Assembly Drawing
Draw the assembled view of the Fuel Control Lever shown
13(a)
in the isometric along axis 'B'
116
Draw the assembled view of the Fuel Control Lever shown
13(b)
in the isometric along axis 'A'
119
Draw the assembled view of the Spindle & Handle shown
13(c)
in the isometric 'B'
120
Draw the assembled view of the Spindle & Handle shown
13(d)
122
Draw the assembled view of the Wheel Assembly shown
13(e)
123
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Draw the assembled view of the Wheel Assembly shown

13(f)
in the isometric along axis 'B' 125
Review questions 126

Exercises 127
Machine Components
Draw the front views of various rivets shown, in good
14(a)
proportion
129
14(b) Draw the Top & Front views of Butt & Lap joints as shown 131
Draw Top front & side views of a hexagonal nut and bolt
14(c )
as shown in isometric. 133
Draw the front views of various screws as shown
14(d)
isometric. 134
Draw the views of components of Oldham coupling as
14(e)
shown. 135
14(f) Draw various threads as shown. 138
Draw various foundation bolts in good proportions as
14(g)
shown.
143
Exercises 144

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PRACTICAL NO: ZERO
OBJECT:
To get acquainted with instruments and terminologies used in Engineering
Drawing.
INTRODUCTION
The preparation of technical drawings requires knowledge and skill in the use of
drafting instrument. Skill and productivity increases with practice. Even peoples with
little artistic ability can produce professional technical drawing when they learn to use
drawing instrument properly.
Drafting Media.
Pencils.
A good drawing begins with the correct pencil grade and its proper use. Pencil
grade range from the hardest 9H to the softest 7B fig. The pencils in the medium in the
grade range 3h-3b are use most often for drafting work of the type covered in this work
book.
The hardest pencil is 9H and the softest is 7b. The diameters of the hard leads are
smaller than those of the soft leads.
Above fig. shows three standard pencils use for drawing the leads use in the lead
holder shown in fig. The fine line leads used in the lead holder in fig B are more difficult
to identify because their sizes are smaller and are not marked. A different Fine – line
holder must be used for each size of lead. The common size are 3mm,.55mm, and .
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007mm, which are the diameters of the leads disadvantage of the fine – line is the
tendency of the lead to snap off when you apply pressure to it.
Pic2
All though you have to sharpen and point its lead, the good pencil shown in fig C
is very satisfactory for lettering and drawing. The grade of the lead appears clearly on one
end of the pencil. Sharpen the opposite end of the pencil so the identity of the grade of
lead will be retained.
You must sharpen pencil point properly, as shown in fig D. You may so with a
small knife or a drafter’s pencil sharpener. With removes the wood and leaves
approximately 3/8 inch of lead expose. You should then sharpen the point to a conical
point with a send paper pad by stroking the send paper with a pencil point while
revolving the pencil about its axis. Wipe excess graphite from the point with a cloth or
tissue.
You also may use a pencil pointer to sharpen wood and mechanical pencils. Insert
the pencil in the hole and revolve it to sharpen the lead. Other type of small hand-held
point sharpeners also are available.
Sheet Sizes.
Sheet sizes are specified by the letters A-E these size are multiples of either the
standard 8 ½ -x-11inch sheet (used by engineers) or the 9-x-12-inch sheet (used by
architects). The metric sizes( A4-A0) are equivalent to the 8 ½-x11-inch modular sizes.
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DRAFTING SHEET SIZES
ENGINEERS’ ARCHITECTS’ MATRIC
A 11’ X 8.5’ 12’ X 9’ A4 297 X 210

B 17’ X 11’ 18’ X 12’ A3 420 X 297
C 22’ X 17’ 24’ X 18’ A2 594 X 420
D 34’ X 22’ 36’ X 24’ A1 841 X 594
E 44’ X 34’ 48’ X 36’ A0 1189 X 841
Standard sheet sizes vary by purpose.
Drafting Equipment
T-square and Board.
The T-square and drafting board are basic draftings tools. Mount Drawing paper
on board parallel to the blade of the T- square. By holding its head against the edge of the
drawing board, you may them move the T-square and draw parallel horizontal lines. Most
small drafting boards are made of basswood, which is lightweight and strong. Standard
board sizes are 12x14 inches, 15x20 inches, and 21x26 inches.
Triangles.
The two type of triangle used most often is the 45-degree triangle and the 30-
degree-60 degree triangle. The 30 degree-60-degree triangle is specified by the longer of
the two sides. Adjacent to the 90-degree angle (fig.).Standard sizes of 30 degree-60
triangles range in 2 inch intervals from 4 to 24 inches.
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You may use a 30o-60o triangle to draw lines at 30o intervals throughout 360o
The length of the sides adjacent to the 90-degree angle specifies the 45-degree
triangle. These rang in 2-inch intervals from 4 to 24 inches, but the 6-inch and 10-inch
sizes are adequate for most classroom application. With the combination of both the
triangle you may able to draw angles at 15-degree intervals throughout 360 degree. (Fig).
Protractor
When drawing or measuring lines at angles other than multiples of 15 degrees,
use a protractor (fig). Protractors are available as semicircles (180 degree) or circles (360
degree). Adjustable triangles with movable edges that can be set at different angles with
thumbscrews also are available.
Figure shows some of the basic drawing instruments. They are available
individually or incased sets.
Pic6
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Compass
Use the compass to draw circles and arcs with pencil or ink (fig). To draw circles
well with a pencil compass, Sharpen the led on its outside with a sand paper pad(Fig) or
lead sharpener. A bevel cut of this type gives the best point for drawing circles. You
cannot draw a thick are in pencil with a single sweep. To thicken the pencil line of a
circle, draw series of thin concentric circles by adjusting the radius of the compass
slightly.
When setting a compass point. When the tabletop has a hare covering, Place
several sheets of paper under a drawing to provide a seat for a compass point.
Use a small bow compass(fig) to draw small circles of up to 2 inches in radius.
For larger circles, use an extension bar to extend the range of the large bow compass. Use
a beam compass to produce still larger circles.
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Dividers
The dividers look like a compass but do not have pencil or pen points. Use them
for lying off and transferring dimensions on the drawing. For example, you can step off
equal division rapidly and accurately along a line( Fig). As you make each measurement,
the dividers points make a slight impression mark in the drawing surface.
You may also use dividers to transfer dimension from a scale to a drawing (fig) or
to divide a line into a numbers of equal parts. Bow dividers( Fig) are useful for
transferring smaller dimensions, such as the spacing b/w lettering guidelines.
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TEMPLATES
Various templates are available for use in drawing nuts and bolts, circles and
ellipses, architectural symbols, and many other shapes. Templates work better when use
with technical ink pens than with ruling pens.
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Line conventions
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Geometric terminologies
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Two-dimensional geometric forms
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Three dimensional geometric forms
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Dimensioning
Use of projection and dimensioning lines
Use of center and projection lines in dimensioning
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Methods of dimensioning radii and small spaces
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Line constructions
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Line construction (Cont’d)
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MEASUREMENT:
SCALES:
All engineering drawing requires the use of scales for measuring lengths and
sizes. Scales may be flat or triangular and are made of wood, plastic, or metal most scales
are either 6 or 12 inches long.
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS:

The English (imperial system) of units has been used in the United States, Great
Britain and Canada since it was established. This system is based on arbitrary units (of
length) of the inch, foot, cubit, yard and mile. For example, finding the are of the
rectangle that measures
25 in* 6 ¾ yards first require conversion of unit to the other.
METRIC SYSTEM (SI) OF UNIT:

France proposed the metric system in the fifteenth century. In 1793 the France
National Assembly agreed that the meter (m) would be one ten- millionth of the meridian
quadrant of the earth and fractions of the meter would be expressed as decimals fractions.
An international commission officially adopted the metric system in 1875 Scientists.
Later found a slight error in the first measurement of the meter, so the meter was
redefined as being equal to 2,650,763,73 wavelengths of the orange- red light given of by
krypton-86.
The worldwide organization responsible for promoting the metric system is the
International Standards Organizations (ISO). It has endorsed the System International d’
Unites (International System of Units), abbreviated SI.
METRIC SCALES:
The basic metric unit of measurement for an engineering drawing is the
millimeter (mm), which is one-thousandth of a meter, or one tenth of a centimeter.
Dimensions on a metric drawing are understood to be in millimeters unless otherwise
specified.
The width of the fingernail of your index finger is a convenient way to
approximate the dimension of one centimeter, or ten millimeters.
Decimals factions are unnecessary on drawings dimensioned in millimeter. Thus,
dimensions usually are rounded of to whole numbers except for those measurements
dimensioned with specified tolerances. For metric measurements of less that 1 a zero
goes in front of the decimal. In the English system, the Zero is omitted from
measurements of less than inch. Metric scales are expressed as ratios: 1:20, 1:40,1:100
1:500, and so on. The scale ratios mean that one unit represents the number of units to the
right of colon. For example, 1 :10 means that 1 mm or 1 m equal 10m. The full size
metric scale show that relationship between the metric units of the decimeter, centimeter
and micrometer. Use the 1:2 scales when 1mm represents 2mm, 20mm200mm and so on
BASIC FORM SCALE: 1=XX
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EXAMPLE SCALES:
SCALE:1 :1 (1mm=1mm;1cm=1cm)
SCALE:1:2 (1mm=2mm;10mm=20mm)
SCALE:1:3 (1mm=3mm;0.1mm=0.3 mm)
SCALE:1:4 (1mm=4mm; 100mm=400mm)
METRIC SYMBOLS:
To indicate that drawings are in metric unit, insert SI in or near that title block.
The two view of the partial cone denote whether the orthographic views were drawn in
accordance with the U.S. system (third angle projection) or the European system (first
angle projection).
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Review questions:
Q1. Give reasons for using a drawing in preference to written and spoken
communications in engineering.
1) One mind can visualize things more easily and clearly with the help of drawing rather
than written and spoken communication.
2) The language of drawing can be understood all over the world without any confusion
in any written or spoken language eg: English, Spanish.
Q2. What is meant by scale of drawing?
A drawing that shows a real object with accurate sizes reduced or enlarged by a certain
amount called the scale.
Q3. For any two similar objects if the ratio of two lengths are given, what will be ratio
of their areas and volume?
The ratio of their areas and volume will be reciprocal of their lengths.
If two polygons are similar, the ratio of their areas is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding sides. If two solids are similar, the ratio of their volumes is equal to
the cube of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
Q4. Write down the general rules for placing dimensions?
1. Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, or the same information given in two different
ways. Don’t over-define or under-define the object.
2. No unnecessary dimensions should be used – only those needed to produce or inspect
the part.
3. Dimensions should be placed at finished surfaces or important center lines.
4. Dimensions should be placed so that it is not necessary for the observer to calculate,
scale or assume any measurement (except for repeated circles).
5. Dimensions should be attached to the view that best shows the shape of the feature to
be dimensioned.
6. Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines whenever possible.
7. Dimensions should not be placed on the object, unless that is the only clear option.
8. Overall dimensions should be placed the greatest distance away from the object so that
intermediate dimensions can nest closer to the object to avoid crossing extension lines.
9. A dimension should be attached to only one view (i.e., extension lines should not
connect two views).
10. Never cross dimension lines.
11. Avoid crossing extension lines when possible.
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12. A center line may be extended and used as an extension line.

13. Leaders should slope at a 30, 45 or 60 degree angle.
14. Dimension numbers should be centered between arrowheads, except when using
stacked dimensions where the numbers should be staggered.
15. In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter; an arc by its radius.
16. Holes should be located by their center lines.
17. Holes should be located (but not necessarily dimensioned) in the view that shows the
feature as a circle.
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Exercise:
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(a)
OBJECT:
To draw the perpendicular bisector to a given straight line.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil (H, HB, B) Eraser, T-

Square, Set square, Protractor.
PROCEDURE:
Let AB be the straight line. With centre A and radius rather more than half of AB
strike an arc above and below the line. Again, with centre B and the same radius strike
two additional arcs cutting the other at x and y. A straight line drawn through x and y is
the perpendicular bisector of the line A and B.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(b)
OBJECT:
To divide a line geometrically to a number of equal parts.
APPARATUS
Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil (H, HB, B) Eraser, T-

PROCEDURE:
Let AB be the given straight line. From A draw AD any length making any acute
angle with AB. With compass or dividers mark of an AD a number of equal divisions, the
number of divisions being equal to number of parts required on AB, e.g. seven. Joint
point 7 to B and from the other points draw lines parallel to 7B. Then AB is divided in
the required number of equal parts.
Note that point C divides the line AB in the ratio 4:3.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(c)
OBJECT:
To draw an arc of a given radius touching two given straight lines at right angles
to each other.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, drawing instruments: Compass, Pencil (H, HB, B), Eraser, T-
Square, Set square, Protractor,
PROCEDURE:
Let r be the radius of the required arc. Draw two lines at right angles and draw
two additional lines parallel to these and perpendicular distance r from each. Let these
two lines intersect at O which will be the center for the required arc.
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PRACTICAL NO:1(d)
OBJECT:
To draw an arc of a given radius touching two given straight lines which make
any angle between them.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PROCEDURE:
Proceed as in the previous exercise 1(c) the point O is the required center.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(e)
OBJECT:
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially a given straight line and a given
arc.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Let r be the radius of the given arc with center o and R the radius of the required
arc. Draw the given straight line. Draw a line parallel to the given straight line at distance
a R perpendicularly from it. With center O and radius R-r draw an arc which cuts the
parallel line. This is the required center of the arc.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(f)
OBJECT:
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially two given arcs including them
both.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let r and R be the radii of the given arcs and O and P their respective centers. Let
x be the radius of the required arc . With center O and radius x-r strike a arc with center P
and radius x-R strike another arc intersecting the former at C. Then C is the required
center.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(g)
OBJECT:
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially two given arcs excluding them
both.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let r and R be the radii of the given arcs and O and P their respective centers.
With center O and radius x +r strike an arc, with center P and radius x + R strike another
arc cutting the former C. then C is the required center.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(h)
OBJECT:
To find the center of an arc to touch tangentially two given arcs excluding one
and including the other.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
It can easily be seen that this is a combination of the two previous

exercise. The required centers C is the point of intersection of the arc draw with center O
and radius x + r and with the center P and radius x-R.
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PRACTICAL NO: 1(i)
OBJECT:
To find the centre of an arc which passes through three given points.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let A, B and C be the given points. Join AB and BC and draw the perpendicular
bisectors of AB and BC. Let these two bisectors intersect at O which is the centre for the
required arc.
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PRACTICAL NO: 2(a)
OBJECT:
To Draw the tangent to a circle from any point P on its circumference.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw the circle centre O and arrange a 60 square so that its hypotenuse passes
through point P and the centre O of the circle and its base rests in a straight edge and the
hypotenuse passes through the point P. A line drawn along this edge is the tangent at P.
From O draw a line through point P. With centre P and radius OP draw the
semicircle cutting in the line D. Draw the perpendicular bisector of OD which will be the
tangent to the circle at P.
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PRACTICAL NO: 2(b)
OBJECT:
To Draw the tangent to a circle from a point P which is outside the circle.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let O be the centre and r the radius of the given circle and P the point outside it.
With centre P and radius PO strike an are and with radius 2r and centre O strike another
are cutting the former in Q. Join OQ cutting the circle in R. The line draw from P through
R is the required tangent.
Joint OP and draw the perpendicular bisector to cut this line in Q. With centre Q
and radius OQ draw the semicircle cutting the circle in R. The line drawn from P through
R is the required tangent.
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PRACTICAL NO: 2(c)
OBJECT:
To Draw the common tangent to two unequal circles.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let O and O1 be the centers of the two circles and r and R their respective radii.
Join O and O1 and bisect it at P. With centre P and radius PO draw the semicircle and
with centre O1 and radius PO draw he semicircle and with centre O1 and radius R-r draw a
circle cutting the semi circle in Q. From O1 draw the line O1Q cutting the inner circle in S.
The line drawn through S at right angles to O1S is the common tangent required.
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PRACTICAL NO: 2(d)
OBJECT:
To draw the common tangents to two equal circles.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let O and O1 be the centers and r the radius of the given circles. Join OO 1 and
through O and O1 draw PQ and RS perpendicular to OO 1. Join PR and QS which will be
the required tangents.
Draw the two circles with centers O and O1 and radius r. Join OO1 and bisect it in
P. Bisect PO in x and PO1 in y. With centre x and radius Ox draw a circle cutting the
circle O in s and T. With centre y and radius O 1y draw a circle cutting the circle centre
O1 in U and V the lines SV and TU are the common tangents.
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PRACTICAL NO: 3(a)
OBJECT:
Construct of an ellipse by the concentric circle method.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw AB and CD the major and minor axis intersecting at O with O as centre and
having diameters equal to the major and minor axis draw two circles. From O draw a
radial line cutting the circle at a and b. through a and b draw lines parallel to the major
and the minor axis respectively to intersect a P which will be a point on the ellipse. Points
P1, P2 etc. can be obtained in similar manner. A smooth curve drawn through these points
will be the ellipse.
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49
PRACTICAL NO: 3(b)
OBJECT:
To Construct an ellipse by the axes and foci method.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Let AB and CD be the major and minor axis intersecting at O, and F and F 1 the
foci. Divide FO into a convenient number of equal divisions. With centre F and radius A 1
strike an arc above and below AB and with centre F 1 and radius B1 strike two other arcs
cutting the former at P, then P is one point on the ellipse. With centre F and radius A 2 and
centre F1 and radius B2 obtain point P1 in the similar manner points P2,P3 and P4 may be
found which are all points on the ellipse. The other half of the ellipse may be completed
in a similar manner.
NED UET
50
PRACTICAL NO: 3(c)
OBJECT:
The construction of an approximate ellipse using a pair of compasses.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw ABCD an isometric square and draw in the diagonal AC. Bisect AD in E
and CD in F. From B draw the lines BGE and BHF cutting the line AC in G and H
respectively. With centre B and radius BE strike and arc and with centre D and the same
radius strike another arc. With centre G and radius GE strike an arc and with centre H and
radius HF strike another arc. The four arcs merge to form an approximate ellipse.
NED UET
51
PRACTICAL NO: 3(d)
OBJECT:
Given the major and minor axis of an ellipse to find the foci.
APPARATUS

DEFINITION
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves such that the sum of its distances
from two fixed points, called the foci, is constant.
PROCEDURE:
Let AB and CD be the major and minor axis of the ellipse. With center C and
radius ½ AB strike an arc cutting AB at F and F1 which will be the foci of the ellipse.
NED UET
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PRACTICAL NO: 3(e)
OBJECT:
To construct a parabola when the distance of the focus from the directress is 50
mm.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw the directress AB and axis CD. Mark focus F on CD, 50mm from C bisect
CF in V the vertex (because eccentricity=1). Mark a number of points 1, 2, 3 etc on the
axis and through them, draw perpendiculars to it. With center F and radius =C1, draw
arcs cutting the perpendicular through 1 at P1 similarly, locate points P1, P2 and P3 etc. on
both the sides of the axis.
Draw a smooth curve through these points. This curve is the required parabola. It
is an open curve.
NED UET
53
PRACTICAL NO: 3(f)
OBJECT:
To draw a hyperbola when its foci and vertices are given, and to locate its
asymptotes.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Set down the transverse axis AB and the two foci F and F’ on the transverse axis
extended as shown.
Select a point 1 to the right of F’ and with centers F and F’ and radius equal to B1
describe four arcs (two from each point, one on each side of the axis).
Again with centers F and F’ and radius equal to A1 describe four arcs (two from each
point one on each side of the axis) to intersect the first four arcs at M. these are points on
the required hyperbola.
Select two more points 2 and 3, and similarly plot points N and P.
Draw two curves through these points and A abd B to give two identical hyperbolas.
To draw the asympotes of the hyperbola, draw a circle with FF’ as diameter and erect
perpendicular at A and B to intersect the circle at XX. Join the lines XOX and produce
them. These are the required asympotes.
NED UET
54
Review questions:
Ellipse:
Q1. How would you check correctness of an Ellipse?
Method 1:
I would obtain a circular disc whose diameter is less than the length of major axis. I
would close one eye and then hold the scale. With my open eye and the ellipse moving
it closer and for there until the circumference approaches to hold both the ends of
major axis.
Method 2:
If the x co-ordinates of the given vertices and foci are same then major axis is parallel to
y axis or vice versa.
Q2. Define angle of cone element?
The angle of cone is an angle remaining in a sheet of paper after a sector has been cut
out so that they can be rolled into the straight circular cone.
Q3. What is the value of section cutting plane angle to obtain ellipse?
Value of section cutting plane angle must be less than a right angle (90 degrees) to
obtain an ellipse.
Q4. List down possible engineering applications of elliptical shape?
1) Football (ellipse in DC).

2) Satellite and planets.
3) Elliptical pool table.
Parabola:
Q1. How would you check correctness of a Parabola?
The function form of parabola is (y = ax2+bx+c) where a, b and c are real where a>0, if
this the case then functionally it is a parabola.
Q2. What is the value of section cutting plane angle to obtain a Parabola?
The value of section cutting plane should be 0 (zero) degree. If we cut a right circular
cone parallel to its geometers then it forms parabola.
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Q3. List down possible engineering applications of parabolic shape?
1) Headlights.
2) Satellite dishes.
3) Television.
Q4. Explain significance of focus in Parabola?
A parabola is set of all points in a plane which are an equal distance away from a given
point and given line. The point is called the focus of the parabola and the line is called
the directrix. With the help of focus eccentricity of parabola is calculated.
Hyperbola:
Q1. How would you check correctness of a Hyperbola?
It is determined by drawing a perpendicular and then erase it after it draw a parallel line
with respect to perpendicular if both of them intersect then hyperbola is correct.
Q2. What is the value of section cutting plane angle to obtain a Hyperbola?
Value of section cutting angle should be anti-parallel i.e if we cut a right circular cone to
its apex or vertex then it forms a hyperbola.
Q3. List down possible engineering applications of hyperbolic shape?
1) Bridges.
2) Cooling towers of nuclear reactors.
3) Gear transmission.
4) Sonic boom.
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PRACTICAL NO: 4(a)
OBJECT:
To construct a cycloidal curve given the rolling circle.
APPARATUS

DEFINITION
A cycloidal curve is the path or locus of a point on a circle which rolls without
slipping along a straight line . The straight line is known as the directing line or base line
and is generally assumed to be fixed.
PROCEDURE:
Let O be the center of the rolling circle of radius r and B its generating point.
Divide the circle in to 12 equal parts. From B draw BB 1 tangential to the circle and equal
in length to the circumference. From O draw OO1 parallel and equal in length to BB1 and
divide it into twelve equal divisions. Mark the points C 1, C2, C3….., C12 starting from B.
With radius r and centre C1 draw an arc to cut the horizontal line draw from point 1 on
the circle at a. Using the same radius repeat with centres C 2,C3,etc., and horizontals from
points 2,3 etc., in turn and obtain points b,c,d,…m
A smooth curve drawn from B to B 1 through points a, b, c,…, l gives the required
cycloid.
NED UET
60
PRACTICAL NO: 4(b)
OBJECT:
To construct an epicycloids.
APPARATUS

DEFINITION:
When a circle rolls without slipping on the outside of a base line which is circular
the locus of a point on the rolling circle is called epicycloids.
PROCEDURE:
Let the circle center O and radius r be the rolling circle and the arc AA with
center B be part of the base circle radius R. Let P on OB be the initial position of the
generating point. Divide the circle in to twelve equal parts from point P.
Mark off around the base circle a distance PP1 equal to the circumference of the
rolling circle. This is best done by calculating the angle PBO1 from the formula
PBP1=r.360/R
Join BP1 and produce it to intersect the arc center B and radius BO in O 1. By dividing the
angle PBP1 into twelve equal parts mark off twelve equal divisions on the arc OO1
marking them C1, C2, C3 ….C12. Divide the rolling circle into twelve and numbered 1,2,3,
……..,12 starting from P. with center B draw concentric arcs through points 1,2,3 etc., on
the rolling circle. With center C1 and radius r describe an arc to cut the concentric arc
through point 1 in a. with the same radius and centers C 2,C3,C4, etc., in turn strike arcs to
cut the corresponding concentric arcs in points b,c,d, etc. A fair curve drawn through
points a, b,c,….,m gives the required cycloid.
NED UET
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PRACTICAL NO: 4(c)
OBJECT:
To construct an hypocycloid.
APPARATUS

DEFINITION:
When a circle rolls without slipping on the inside of the base circle locus of a
point on the rolling circle is called hypocycloid.
PROCEDURE:
Let the circle center O and radius r be the rolling circle and the arc AA center B
be part of the base circle radius R. Let P on the rolling circle be the initial position of the
generating point. Mark off around the base circle a distance PP 1 equal to the
circumference of the rolling circle. As in the previous exercise this can best be obtained
by calculating the angle PBP1 from the equation.
PBP1=r 360/R.
Divide the rolling circle into twelve equal divisions numbering them 1,2,3,
……,12 starting form P . with centre B draw concentric arcs through these points and
also through the centre O. By dividing the angle PBP 1 into twelve equal parts obtain
points C1,C2,C3,…..C12.With Centre C1 and radius r strike an arc to cut the concentric arc
through point 1 in a. With the same radius and centers C 2,C3 etc., in turn strike arcs to cut
the corresponding concentric arcs through points 2,3, etc., at b,c. etc. A fair curve drawn
from to P1 through points a, b, c… gives the required hypocycloid.
NED UET
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Review questions:
Cycloidal Curves:
Q1. Define Cycloidal curve?
These curves are generated by a fixed point on the circumference of circle which rolls
without slipping along a fixed straight line or circle.
Q2. What is generating circle?
The rolling circle is also called generating circle.
Q3. List down possible engineering applications of Cycloid curve?
1) Cycloidal pendulum
2) Gear tooth profile.
3) Generators, pumps etc.
Epicycloid:
Q1. Define Epicycloid curve?
The curve generated by a point on the circumference of the circle which rolls
without slipping along another circle outside it is called epicycloid.
Q2. What happens if the radius of directing circle is too large as compared to
generating circle?
Its diameter, circumference and area will be large as compared to generating

circle. That’s why more and more epicycloid by a point D located on the
circumference of the circle, rotate outside the directing curve.
Q3. List down possible engineering applications of Epicycloid curve?
1) Planetary gears.
2) Piston gears.
3) Miner gears.
Hypocycloid:
Q1. Define Hypocycloid curve?
A cycloid is called a hypocycloid if the generating circle rolls inside another circle or arc.
NED UET
65
Q2. What happens if the radius of directing circle is too large as compared to
generating circle?
Its diameter, circumference and area will be large as compared to generating

circle.
Q3. List down possible engineering applications of Hypocycloid curve?
1) Gear tooth profile

2) In machines to change rotational motion into translational
3) in train gears.
NED UET
66
PRACTICAL NO: 5
OBJECT:
To construct the involute to a given circle.
APPARATUS

DEFINITION:
When the generating point is on a straight line which rolls without slipping on a
base circle a special kind of cycloidal curve is obtained and is known as the involute of
the circle.
PROCEDURE:
Let the circle centre O be the given base circle and P the initial position of the
generating point. Divide the circle up into twelve equal parts numbering them 1,2,3,4,
…….,12, starting from P. Draw the tangent to the circle at P and along it mark off a
distance equal to the circumference of the circle. Divide this distance in to twelve equal
divisions. From each point on the base circle draw tangents and along them mark off
successive lengths equal to 1/12, 2/12, 3/12, etc. of the circumference giving points P 1,P2,
P3, etc. A smooth curve drawn through these point is the required involute.
NED UET
67
Review questions:
Involute:
Q1. Define involute curve?
It is a curve traced by a free end of thread unwound from a circle or polygon.
Q2. List down possible engineering applications of involute curve?
1) Designing of gears for revolving parts.

2) Winding of clocks and toys.
Q3. What happens to involute curve if we divide circle into 24 parts rather than 12?
To draw 24 parts in an involute circle the circle is divided into 24 parts and then
24 tangents drawn to it. This minimize the errors in constructing an involute as
compared to an involute divided in 12 parts.
Intersection:
Q1. Define intersection curve?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q2. List down possible engineering application of intersection Curve?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
NED UET
68
PRACTICAL NO: 6(a)
OBJECT:
A cube of 35mm long edges is resting on the ground on one of its face with a
vertical faced inclined at 30 deg. To the V.P and 9 mm away from the axis and nearer the
V.P. Draw its sectional front view and the top view.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
The section plane parallel to the V.P. and passing through the cube is shown in
fig. (i). When the cut portion is removed, the section will be visible.
In fig.(ii), the section plane is assumed to be transparent and the cube is shown
with the cut-portion removed. It can be seen that four edges of the cube are cut and
hence, the section a figure having four sides.
Draw the projections of the whole cube in the required position Fig.(iii) As the
section plane is parallel to the V.P., it is perpendicular to the H.P, hence the section will
be seen as a line in the top view coinciding with the line H.T. of the section plane.
Draw a line H.T in the in the top view ( to represent the section plane) parallel to
xy and 9mm from. Name the points at which the edges are cut, viz. ab at 1, bc at 2, gf at 3
and fe at 4.
Project these points on the corresponding edges in the front view and join them in
proper order. As the section plane is parallel to the V.P. therefore 1’2’3’4’ in the front
view, show the true shape of the section.
Show the views by dark but thin lines, leaving the lines for the cut- portion
fainter. Draw section lines in the rectangle for the section.
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PRACTICAL NO: 6(b)
OBJECT:
A triangle prism, base 30mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on the ground on
one of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 30 deg. To the V.P. it is cut by a
horizontal section plane, at a distance of 12mm above the ground . Draw its from view
and sectional top view.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw the projection of the prism required position.

As the sectional plane is horizontal, i.e. parallel to the H.P., it is perpendicular to
the V.P. Hence, the section will be seen as a line in front view, coinciding with the line
V.T. of the section plane.
Therefore, draw a line V.T. in front view to represent the section plane, parallel to
GL and 12mm above it. Name in current sequence, points at which the edges are cut viz.
a’b’ at 1’,a’c’ at 2’, d’f’ at 3’ and d’c’at 4’. Project these points on the corresponding
lines in the top view and complete the sectional top view by joining them in proper order.
NED UET
71
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72
PRACTICAL NO: 6(c)
OBJECT:
A square prism, base 45 mm side, axis 90mm long, has its base on the ground and
its faces equally inclined to the V.P it is cut by plane, perpendicular to the V.P., inclined
at 60º to the H.P. and the passing through a point on the axis,65mm above the ground.
Draw its front view sectional top view and another top view on a A.I.P parallel to the
section plane.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
The problem is similar to previous problemsand needs no further explanation. The

true shape of the section is seen in the auxiliary top view.
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PRACTICAL NO: 6(d)
OBJECT:
A pentagonal pyramid, base 30mm side and axis 65mm long, has its base
horizontal and an edge of the base parallel to the V.P. A horizontal section plane cuts it at
a distance of 25mm above the base. Draw its front view and sectional top view.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw the projections of the pyramid in the required position and show a line V.T.
for the section plane, parallel to and 25mm above the base.
All the five slant edges are cut. Project the point at which they are cut, on the
corresponding edges in the top view. The point 2’ cannot be projected directly as the line
ob is perpendicular to xy. But it is quite evident from the projections of other points that
the lines of the section in the top view, viz 3-4,4-5 and 5-1 are parallel to the edges of the
base in their respective faces and that the points 1,3,4 and 5 are equidistant from o. Hence
line 1-2 also will be equal to o1 ,o3 etc. therefore with o as center and radius o1, draw an
arc cutting ob at a point 2 which will be the projection of 2’. Complete the section, viz.
the pentagon 12345 is also seen.
Hence, when the pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the true shape of
the section will be in the same fig., similar to the base, the sides of the section will be
parallel to the edges of the base in the respective faces and corners of the section will be
equidistant from the axis.
NED UET
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PRACTICAL NO: 6(e)
OBJECT:
A square pyramid, base 40mm side and axis 65mm long, has its base on the
ground and all the edges of the base equally inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a section
plane, perpendicular to the V.P. inclined at 45 deg. To the H.P. and bisecting the axis.
Draw its sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw the projections of the pyramid in the required position. The section plane
will be seen as a line in the front view. Hence, draw a line V.T. through the mid-point of
the axis and inclined at 45 deg. To xy. Name in correct sequence the points at which the
four edges are cut and project them in the top view. Here also, points 2’ and 4’ cannot be
projected directly hence assume a horizontal section through 2’. Draw a line parallel to
the base, cutting o’a’ at 21’. Project 21’ to 21 on oa in the top view. From 21 draws a line
parallel to ab and cutting ob at a point 2.or, with o as center and radius o2 1, draw an arc
cutting ob at 2 and od at 4. Complete the section 1 2 3 4 by joining the points and draw
section lines in it.
Assuming the V.T. to be the new reference line, draw the true shape of the
section. Project the side view from the two views. The removed portion of the pyramid
may be shown by thin and faint lines.
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PRACTICAL NO: 6(f)
OBJECT:
Draw sectional front view of a cylinder, cut by a section plane parallel too the
axis.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
When a cylinder is cut by a section plane parallel to the axis, the true shape of the
section is a rectangle, the sides of which are respectively equal to the length of the axis
and the length of the section plane within the cylinder (fig.). When the section plane
contains the axis, the rectangle will be of the maximum size.
NED UET
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80
PRACTICAL NO: 6(g)
OBJECT:
A cylinder of 50mm diameter, 70mm height and having its axis vertical, is cut bye
a section plane, perpendicular to the V.P. inclined at 45 deg. To the H.P. and intersecting
the axis 40mm above the base. Draw its front view, section
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
As the cylinder has no edges, a number of lines representing the generators may
be assumed on its curved surface by dividing the base circle in to, say 12 equal parts.
Name the points at which these lines are cut by the V.T. In the top view, these points lie
on the same circle and hence, the same circle is the top view of the section. The width of
these section at any point, say c, will be equal to the length of the chord cc in the top
view.
The true shape of the section may be drawn around the centre line a1g1 drawn
parallel to V.T as shown. It is an ellipse the major axis of which is equal to the length of
the section plane, viz. a g’ and the monor axis equal to the diameter of the cylinder.
Section will be seen a circle because the section plane makes 45 degree angle with
x1y1.
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PRACTICAL NO: 6(h)
OBJECT:
A cone, base 75mm diameter and axis 80mm long us resting on its base on the
ground. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular tom V.P, inclined to 45 deg. To H.P.
and cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from the ape. Draw the front view, sectional top
view, sectional side view and the true shape of the section.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Divide the base circle in to a number of equal parts, say 12 Draw lines(i.e.
generators) joining these points with o. Project these points on the line representing the
base in the front view. Draw lines o’2’,o’3’ etc.
Cutting the line for the section at points b’,c’ etc. Project these points on the
corresponding lines in the top view. For example, point b’ on o’2, also represents point
bi’ on o’-12’ which coincides with o’2’.
Therefore, project b’ to b on and to bi on 0-12. B bi are the points on the section (
in the top view). Similarly, obtain other points. Point d’ cannot be projected directly.
Hence, the same method as in case of pyramids should be employed to determine the
position d & I as show. In addition to these, two more points for the maximum width of
the section at its center should also be obtain. The p & p1. Draw the curve through these
points. or symmetrically around the center line ag, drawn parallel to the V.T shown. It is
an ellipse whose major axis is equal to the length of the section and minor axis is equal to
the width of the section.
Draw the sectional side. view by projecting the points on corresponding
generators.
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PRACTICAL NO: 6(i)
OBJECT:
A cone, base 50 mm diameter and akis 55mm long is resting on the ground on its
base. It is cut bye section plane, perpendicular to both the H.P. and the V.P. and 6mm
away from the axis. Draw its front view, top view and sectional side view.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
The section will be seen as a line, perpendicular to x y, in both the front view and
the top view the side view will show the true shape of the section. The width of the
section at any point, say c’, will be equal to CCi obtained by the circle method fig.(1).
Draw the side view of cone projects the points (on the section) in the side view
taking the widths with from the top view e.g through c’ draw a horizontal line mark on it
points c’ and ci’’ equidistant from and on both sides of the axis that c’’ ci’ = cci. Draw a
curve through the points thus obtained. It will be a hyperbola.
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86
PRACTICAL NO: 7
OBJECT:
A vertical cylinder of 60mm diameter is completely penetrated by another

cylinder of 45mm diameter, where axes bisecting each other at right angles Draw there
projections showing curves of penetrations assuming the axis of the penetrating cylinder
to be parallel to V.P.
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE:
Draw the front view and the top view and show lies or twelve generators in the
horizontal cylinder in both views.
Mark points p1-p2 etc at which lines 1-1,2-2 etc,. intersects the circle ( showing
the surface of the vertical cylinder in the top view and project them to p1,p2 etc. on
corresponding lines 1’1’,2’2’ etc. in the front view Draw the required curves on both the
sides of the axis through points thus located. Hidden portions of the curves on e side with
the visible portions. Points p1’, p4’, p7’ and p10’ are the key points where the curve
changes directions
NED UET
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PRACTICAL NO: 8(a)
OBJECT:
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pentagonal prism as shown.
Cutting plane starts 1 cm above the extreme lower left end in the front view. Take each
side 4 cm. long and height 120 mm.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing Instruments: Compass, Pencil (H,HB,B), Eraser, T-

PROCEDURE:
Name the corners of the prim and the points at which the edges are cut. Draw the
development assuming the prism to be whole,as shown in the figure below. It is made up
of five equal rectangles, Draw horizontal lines through points 1’, 2’ etc. to cut the lines
for the corresponding edges in the development at points 1,2 etc. Draw lines joining these
points and complete the development as shown.
NED UET
89
PRACTICAL NO: 8(b)
OBJECT:
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism shown, take same height
and side lengths, The cutting plane starts form the lower left extreme end and runs
upwards making an angle of 45 degrees and cuts the object completely in the front view.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole prim and obtain points
1,2 and 3 on it. Draw lines 1B, C1, D2, 2-3 and 3D and complete the development as
shown.
NED UET
90
PRACTICAL NO: 8(c)
OBJECT:
Draw the development of the hexagonal prism as shown. Cutting plane starts from
the upper right extreme end in the front view by leaving 1 co. and makes 60 degrees upto
the centre then it makes 30 degrees and cuts the prism completely. Take height 120mm
and each side 30 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Name the points at which the edges are cut and draw the development assuming
the prim to be whole. Obtain all the points except 5 and 6 by drawing horizontal lines.
Note that points 3 and 8 lie on vertical lines drawn through the mid- points of BC and EF.
Mark points 5 and 6 such that 5D 2=5d1 and D16. Draw lines joining points 1, 2, 3 etc. in
correct sequence and complete the required development as show.
NED UET
91
PRACTICAL NO: 8(d)
OBJECT:
Draw the surface development of the truncated cylinder as shown. The cutting
plane starts from the upper right extreme end in the front view while making an angle of
45 degrees with the horizontal. Take height 120 mm. and base diameter 60 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Divide the circle in the top view into twelve equal parts. Project the division
points to he front view and draw the generators. Marks points a’ , b’ and b 1’,c’and c1 etc.
in which the generators are cut.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole cylinder along with the
generators. The length of the line 1-1 is equal to IIxD. This length can also be marked
approximately by stepping-off with a bow divider, twelve divisions, each equal to the
chord-length ab. Draw horizontal lines through points a’,b’ and b 1’ etc. to cut the
corresponding generators in points A,B and B1 etc. Draw a smooth curve through the
points thus obtained.
NED UET
92
PRACTICAL NO: 8(e)
OBJECT:
Draw the surface development of the cylinder shown. The cutting plane starts
from the upper extreme right end by leaving a distance of 1 cm. and making an angle of
45 degree in the front view. Take height 120 mm. and diameter 60 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Draw the development as explained in the previous practical. Positions of the

points at which the upper end of the cylinder is cut should be obtained from the top view.
Mark these points,viz. F and F1 on the line l1-11 between points 51 and 61 and between 81
and 91 in such a way that 61f=61f and 81f and 81f1 =81f1. Draw curves FA and F1A passing
through these points and complete the required development as shown
NED UET
93
PRACTICAL NO: 8(f)
OBJECT:
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pentagonal prism as shown.
Cutting plane starts 1 cm above the extreme lower left end in the front view. Take each
side 4 cm. long and height 120 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
The line o’1’ in the front view is the true length of the slant edge because it is
parallel to xy in the top view. The true length of the side of the base is seen in the top
view.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole pyramid. On O1 mark a
point A such the OA=o’a. o’2’ is not the true length of the slant edge. Hence through b’,
draw a line parallel to the base and oa’ at b”. Draw lines AB, BC and CA and complete
the required development as shown. Keep the arc and the lines for the removed part
fainter.
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94
RACTICAL NO: 8(g)
OBJECT:
Draw the surface development of the pyramid as shown. The cutting plane makes
an angle of 45o and starts from extreme left at a height of 1 cm. runs upward and cuts the
pyramid completely in the front view. Take height 120 mm and side length 30 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Draw the to view of the pyramid and determine the true length o’1’ of the slant
edges as explained in previous practical. On this line, obtain the true lengths o’a” and
o’b”.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole pyramid. Marks a point
a in O1 and D in O4 such that OA = OD = o’a”. Similarly, mark B in O2 and C in O3
such that OB = CO + o’b”. Draw lines AB, BC etc. and complete the required
development as shown.
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95
PRACTICAL NO: 8(h)
OBJECT:
Draw the surface development of the pentagonal pyramid as shown. The inclined
angle is 45 degrees. Take height of pyramid 120 mm. and each side length 30 mm
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
None of the lines in the front view shows the true length of the slant edges.
Hence, draw the top view and determine the true length o’c”. Through points. 1’,2’ etc.,
draw lines parallel to the base and obtain the true lengths o’1”,o’2” etc.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole pyramid. Mark points 1,
2, 3, etc. on lines OB, OC, OD etc. such that O1 = o’1”, O2, O3=o’3” etc. Draw
development. Note that the lines for the lower part should be fainter.
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96
PRACTICAL NO: 8(i)
OBJECT:
Draw the surface development of the cone as shown. The angle of the cutting
plane is 45 degrees and it starts from extreme left at a height of 1 cm. Take height 120
mm. and base diameter 60 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Assuming the cone to be whole, let us draw its development.

Draw the base-circle in the top view and divide it into twelve equal parts.
With any point O as centre and radius equal to o’1’ = o’7’, draw an arc of the
circle. The length of this arc should be equal to the circumference of the base circle. Step
off with a bow-divider, twelve equal divisions on the arc, each equal to one of the
divisions of the base circle.
Join the division points with O, thus completing the development of the whole
cone with twelve generators as shown.
The truncated portion of the one may be deducted from this development of the
whole cone with twelve generators as shown.
The truncated portion of the cone may be deducted from this development by
marking the positions of points at which generators are cut and then drawing a curve
through them. The true length of o’b’ may be obtained by drawing a line through b’.
Mark points B and B1 on generators O2 and – 12 respectively, such that
OB=OB1=o’b’. Locate all points in the same way and draw a smooth curve through them.
The figure enclosed between this curve and the arc is the development of the truncated
cone.
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97
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98
PRACTICAL NO: 8(j)
OBJECT:
Draw the development of the cone as shown. The cutting plane is vertical and is
on the left at 8 mm. from the axis of the cone in the front view. Consider height as 120
mm. and base diameter 60 mm.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Follow the steps of the previous
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99
PRACTICAL NO: 9
OBJECT:
Draw the views of part shown, in third-angle projections.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing Instruments: Compass, Pencil (H, HB, B), Eraser, T-
Square, Set Square, Protractor.
Procedure:
It will be observed that the overall length of the front view is 150 mm long and its
height is 75 mm. the top view 150 mm long and its width is 100 mm, while the side view
is 100 mm wide and 75 mm high.
Isometric view of the part
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100
3rd angle projection of the part
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101
Top View Test:

Below are pictures of 20 objects. The top view of each of these is given in the
section at the bottom of the page. Select the top view of each object and place its number
in the circle given with each picture.
Keep in mind:
1. The same view may be the correct answer for more than one problem.
2. Views are to be used only in the given positions.
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102
Front View Test:

Below are pictures of 20 objects. The front view of each of these is given in the
section at the bottom of the page. Select the front view of each object and place its
number in the circle given with each picture.
Keep in mind:
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103
Right side View Test:

Below are pictures of 20 objects. The Right side view of each of these is given in
the section at the bottom of the page. Select the Right side view of each object and place
its number in the circle given with each picture.
Keep in mind:
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104
Hidden line test

Below are the picture of 20 objects. The top, front , or right side of eah of these
objects having hidden lines is given in the section at the bottom of the page. Select a view
and place its number in the circle with each picture.
Keep in mind:
1. the same view may be correct answer for more than one problem.
2. views are to be use only in the position given.
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105
Exercise
NED UET
106
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107
PRACTICAL NO: 10(a)
OBJECT:
Draw the isometric projection of the part shown.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
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108
PRACTICAL NO: 10(b)
OBJECT:
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
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109
PRACTICAL NO: 10(c)
OBJECT:
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
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110
Isometric views test: Match the given isometric views with the orthographic views
given at the bottom of the page. Put the letter given along the isometric views in the small
box given with the respective ortho views.
NED UET
111
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112
Three views test

A circle indicates which view is missing in each of the 20 drawings given below. All
missing views are numbered and given in the section at the bottom of the page. Place the
number of the missing view in the circle given with each drawing.
Keep in mind:
1. the same view may be the correct answer for more than one problem.
2. views are to be used only in the position given.
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113
Surface matching test:
NED UET
114
Exercise:
Draw the parts shown below in isometric projection
NED UET
115
Review questions:
Isometric/Orthographic:
Q1. How many types of projection methods are used commonly in engineering
drawing practice?
1) Isometric projection
2) Orthographic projection
3) Oblique projection
4) Perspective projection.
Q2. List down major distinguishing elements in Isometric & Orthographic

projections?
Orthographic projections are typically 2D view of an object. An isometric drawing

is meant to depict a 3D image of an object.
Q3. Discuss drawing method differences in Isometric & oblique projections?
In orthographic projection projector lines are perpendicular to the plane but in

oblique projections projector lines form oblique angles ( not right angle ) with
the plane.
Q4. In isometric view circle looks like to be..?
It is no longer a circle, rather looks like an ellipse.
Q5. If front elevation is circle, what should be its plan?
Its side view will be a straight line and no curve will be observed.
Q6. How many views are possible for a cubical object?
There are infinite views possible but to completely define an object and to avoid
double dimensioning 6 views are enough.
Q7. Hidden feature of an object can be represented in orthographic projections using

…?
Hidden features of an object are represented by dotted lines ( - - - - - ) in
orthographic projection.
Q8. If plan of a cylinder is circle, what will be its front elevation?
The front of cylinder will be a rectangle.
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116
Q9. List down solid objects, whose all three ( Plan, front, end elevation) views are
same?
Cubes have same length, width and height. Therefore all three views are same.
NED UET
117
PRACTICAL NO: 11(a)
OBJECT:
Draw the SECTION FONT & SECTION TOP of the cone pulley shown in
isometric.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Draw the TOP view & FRONT view of the cone pulley following the steps in the
same way as done in the section of ORTHOGRAGPHIC PROJECTIONS.
Read all the edges carefully & keep in mind that any hidden details below the
sectioned surface is not to be mentioned. Make section lines at 45o & let the inter
distance of the section lines be 3 mm.
The section & top should be drawn as shown.
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118
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119
PRACTICAL NO: 11(b)
OBJECT:
Draw the SECTION FRONT & SECTION TO of the stepped pulley as shown in
the isometric.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Follow the steps of the practical # 11(a).
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120
PRACTICAL NO: 11(c)
OBJECT:
Draw the SECTION FRONT & SECTION TO of the Flanged Pulley as shown in
the isometric.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Follow the steps of practical #11(a)
PRACTICAL NO: 11(d)
NED UET
121
OBJECT:
Draw the SECTION FRONT & SECTION TO of the Centre guide as shown in
the isometric
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Review Questions.
NED UET
122
Q1. Why Section side in any of the 4 sectioned objects were not been asked to draw?
Because when we see these pulleys from top we can easily interpret sectioned part and
other thing is that by drawing front and top view first it will be easy to draw sectioned
view. .
Q2. There were quarter sections show, Can there be other types of sections?
Yes there may be different types of sections, half sections, inclined sections etc.
Q3. Who decides the orientation of the section plane? And under what conditions?
If we want to draw the internal quantities of an object like a pulley then we have to
divide the sections planes it could be either straight or angular but will be more
convenient if it is cut by a coil. .
Q4. CBore stands for? What is meant by CBore?
CBore stands for counter bore and it is actually used when the head of a fastener is
below the work pieces. .
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123
PRACTICAL # 12
OBJECT:
To get acquainted with the terminologies used in Geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing.
.
INTRODUCTION:
Exercise:
NED UET
124
Refer to the blue print shown on previous page, answer the questions.
NED UET
125
Q1. What is the name of the part?

__________________________________________________________________
Q2. What is the name of company?

__________________________________________________________________
Q3. What are the general tolerance limits?

__________________________________________________________________
Q4. What material is to be used?

__________________________________________________________________
Q5. What is the scale of the original plan?

__________________________________________________________________
Q6. What type of a section is shown?

__________________________________________________________________
Q7 Surface D in the front view is represented by what line in the right side view?
__________________________________________________________________
Surface E? Line G?
__________________________________________________________________
Q8 The draftsman has used the section lining generally used for all materials. Sketch
the section lining for steel?
__________________________________________________________________
Q9? Give the diameter of the hole thru the part?

__________________________________________________________________
Q10? The draftsman has chosen to eliminate all hidden lines.(a) why (b) there are four
surfaces or edges which could have been represented. Identify these.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q11. Give the overall length of the part.

__________________________________________________________________
Q12 what is the diameter of H?

__________________________________________________________________
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126
PRACTICAL NO: 13(a)
OBJECT:
Draw the assembled view of the Fuel Control Lever shown in the isometric along
axis ‘B’.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Assemble all the exploded components of the object. Then visualize the object
after being assembled. Carefully read the visible & hidden details as briefed in the
orthographic section & make the view. Follow the methods the dimension the view
neatly.
The view should be drawn as shown.
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127
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128
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129
PRACTICAL NO :13(b)
OBJECT
:
Draw the assembled view of the Fuel Control Lever shown in the isometric along
axis ‘A’.
PPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
NED UET
130
PRACTICAL NO: 13(c)
OBJECT:
Draw the assembled view of the spindle & Handle shown in the isometric along
axis ‘B’.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: Compass, Pencil (H,HB,B), Eraser,
PROCEDURE:
Follow steps given in practical # 13(a).
NED UET
131
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132
PRACTICAL NO: 13(d)
OBJECT:
Draw the assembled view of the Spindle & Handle shown in the isometric along
axis ‘A’
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Follow steps given in practical # 13(a).
NED UET
133
PRACTICAL NO: 13(e)
OBJECT:
Draw the assembled view of the Wheel Assembly shown in the isometric along
axis ‘A’.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: Compass, Pencil (H,HB,B), Eraser,
PROCEDURE:
Follow steps given impractical # 13 (a).
NED UET
134
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135
PRACTICAL NO: 13(f)
OBJECT:
Draw the assembled view of the Wheel Assembly shown in the isometric along
axis ‘B’.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Follow steps given in practical # 13 (a).
NED UET
136
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Q1. State the function of an assembly drawing?
An assembly drawing shows a collection of parts, standard components and sub

assembled fit together into a finished product. Every set of a curving drawing
includes at least one assembly. .
Q2. How can we select a nut to draw in an assembled view if has not been shown in
the exploded view?
In an assembled view nut or bolt is fixed with another part. The dimension of that part
of nut is required to decide that how much part of the nut will not be inside and must be
shown in an assembled view. .
Q3. Same question as in Q2 is asked for a key then what would be your answer?
Same procedure takes place here. Just draw a cavity in the given mechanical component
we can draw a key equal to the dimensions of the cavity that is made for inserting the
key. .
Q4. What does SFace stand for? What is its purpose?
SFace stands for Spot face which is an important terminology in engineering drawing. It
is used to spot a face of an assembly drawing. .
Q5. Differentiate b/w filleted and chamfered surfaces?
A chamfer is a sloped or angled corner or edge. A fillet is rounded corner or edge. These
edges can be located at either interior or exterior part. .
Q6. State the reasons for using standard parts in engineering?
1) Standard components can be manufactured in vast quantities, keeping the costs

down. .
2) Standard parts are supplied at standard sites, hence are easy to order. .
3) Standards parts are easily available in the market. .
NED UET
137
Exercise:
NED UET
138
Name the parts or features of the figure shown on previous page.
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________________________
13. __________________________________________________________________
14. __________________________________________________________________
15. __________________________________________________________________
16. __________________________________________________________________
17. __________________________________________________________________
18. __________________________________________________________________
19. __________________________________________________________________
20. __________________________________________________________________
21. __________________________________________________________________
22. __________________________________________________________________
23. __________________________________________________________________
24. __________________________________________________________________
25. __________________________________________________________________
26. __________________________________________________________________
27. __________________________________________________________________
28. __________________________________________________________________
29. __________________________________________________________________
30. __________________________________________________________________
31. __________________________________________________________________
32. __________________________________________________________________
NED UET
139
PRACTICAL NO. 14 (a)
OBJECT:
Draw the front views of various rivets shown, in good proportion.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: Compass, Pencil (H,HB,B), Eraser, T-
PROCEDURE:
Draw the front view by reading the edges in the same way as done in the
orthographic section.
The length of the body of the rivets could be of any length assumed you.
The assume value of ‘d’ by yourself & calculate all other dimensions by using the
value of ‘d’.
NED UET
140
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141
Review questions:
Q1. From which group of fasteners, the Rivets belong?
Rivets belong to permanent fasteners. .
Q2. What are the engineering applications of rivets?
Rivets acts as bearing surfaces in nylon sellers secured with shoulders used to assemble
a pulley. .
Q3. Should a Rivet be made up of brittle or ductile material, suggest your answer?
The material of a rivet must be tough and ductile. Usually there are made of steel, brass,
aluminium or copper. .
NED UET
142
PRACTICAL NO. 14 (b)
OBJECT:
Draw the Top & Front view of Butt & Lap joints as shown.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Choose ‘t’ as per you convenience.
Also t= tl, rest of the dimensions can be found from relations.
Make the top & front views by reading the visible/hidden edges as explained in
the orthographic section.
NED UET
143
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144
PRACTICAL NO. 14 (c)
OBJECT:
Draw Top front & side views of a hexagonal nut and bolt as shown in isometric.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Carefully read the hidden/visible edges of as explained in the orthographic
section. The dimensions S1=1.5D+ 3mm, S2=1.155 X S2, H = 0.9D to D, H1 = 0.75D to
0.8.D, L = Length of bold. Choose D & L as per your convenience & find rest of the
dimensions.
The threads along the length can be drawn by making parallel lines on both sides
at a distance of 2mm up to the thread lengths.
The three views will be drawn as shown.
NED UET
145
PRACTICAL NO. 14 (d)
OBJECT:
Draw the front view of various screws as shown isometric.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Draw the front view of each screw as shown by carefully reading the edges.
Select ‘d’ as per your convenience & find rest of the dimensions as given.
NED UET
146
PRACTICAL NO. 14 (e)
OBJECT:
Draw the view of components of Oldham coupling as shown.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Draw front & side views of Discs & flange of the Oldham coupling.
All dimensions are given as show.
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147
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148
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149
PRACTICAL NO. 14 (f)
OBJECT:
Draw various threads as shown.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
Choose ‘P’ and find other unknowns from the relations given.
NED UET
150
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151
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152
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153
Review questions:
Q1. What are the application of square, acme and buttress threads?
1) Square: Used in screw thread in high load applications

2) Acme: Used in lead screw.
3) Buttress: Refer two thousand profile that are lead screw.
Q2. V-thread are mostly used where additional holding power is required. Is it true or
not also mentioned the reason?
It is a screw offers the ability to observe very high positioning revolution. It is

required where hunting power is required.
Q3. What are the applications of knuckle threads?
1) Underground mining.
2) Used as fastening threads in clutch and brake screws on trains and also in larger
valves and gates.
3) Used as lifting and guiding lead screws in industrial engineering where
equipment is faced with dirty environments.
Q4. What is the difference b/w nuts and screw?
A nut is a component that fits over the end of a bolt and helps it hold objects in
place.
A screw is a tapered fastener that mates with an existing thread or creates its
own thread in a material as it turns.
NED UET
154
PRACTICAL NO: 13 (g)
OBJECT:
Draw various foundation bolts in good proportions as shown.
APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
Assume ‘d’ on your own & draw in good proportion as shown. Don’t forget to
draw section lines to represent the foundation.
NED UET
155
Exercise:
NED UET
156
Refer to the blue print shown on previous page, answer the questions.
Q1. what is the name of the object?

__________________________________________________________________
Q2. give the drawing number?

__________________________________________________________________
Q3. is this a detail or assembly drawing?

__________________________________________________________________
Q4. What material is required?

__________________________________________________________________
Q5. Give the finish length including the tolerance permitted?

__________________________________________________________________
Q6. What size hole is drilled through the piece?

__________________________________________________________________
Q7. Interpret the thread specification for A.

.75 _________________________
10 _________________________
UNC _________________________
2A _________________________
Q8. Give the dimensions for the groove at B.

__________________________________________________________________
Q9. Interpret the thread specification for C.

1 _________________________
8 _________________________
UNC _________________________
2A _________________________
Q10. What is permitted tolerance of the shaft?

__________________________________________________________________
NED UET

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1

NAME: S. M. Yashab Naqvi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

It is certified that this Practical Workbook contains 145 pages.

Practical# Object Page # Remarks

3(b) To Construct an ellipse by the axis and foci method 40

V.P. inclined at 45 deg. To the H.P. and intersecting the

Draw the surface development of the pyramid as shown,

11(d) Review questions 112

Draw the assembled view of the Wheel Assembly shown

Review questions 126

PRACTICAL NO: ZERO

DRAFTING SHEET SIZES

ENGINEERS’ ARCHITECTS’ MATRIC

A 11’ X 8.5’ 12’ X 9’ A4 297 X 210

Standard sheet sizes vary by purpose.

T-square and Board.

Two-dimensional geometric forms

Three dimensional geometric forms

Use of projection and dimensioning lines

Use of center and projection lines in dimensioning

Methods of dimensioning radii and small spaces

Line construction (Cont’d)

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS:

METRIC SYSTEM (SI) OF UNIT:

BASIC FORM SCALE: 1=XX

Q2. What is meant by scale of drawing?

Q4. Write down the general rules for placing dimensions?

12. A center line may be extended and used as an extension line.

PRACTICAL NO: 1(a)

To draw the perpendicular bisector to a given straight line.

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil (H, HB, B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 1(b)

To divide a line geometrically to a number of equal parts.

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil (H, HB, B) Eraser, T-

Note that point C divides the line AB in the ratio 4:3.

PRACTICAL NO: 1(c)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 1(e)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 1(f)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 1(g)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 1(h)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

It can easily be seen that this is a combination of the two previous

PRACTICAL NO: 1(i)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 2(a)

To Draw the tangent to a circle from any point P on its circumference.

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 2(b)

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 2(c)

To Draw the common tangent to two unequal circles.

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 2(d)

To draw the common tangents to two equal circles.

Drawing Sheet, Drawing instruments: compass, Pencil(H,HB,B) Eraser, T-

PRACTICAL NO: 3(a)

Construct of an ellipse by the concentric circle method.