One Way & 2way Slab Desi̇gn

Hawasssa University iOT, Department of Construction Technology and Management
Fundamentals of Structural Design
Reinforced Concrete Slab

A slab is a two dimensional structure, it carries load primary by bending action and transfers the load to
the supporting beams or walls and sometimes directly to columns. A structural section to be considered as a
slab, the minimum span shall not be less than four times the overall slab thickness. Slab is used to from a
variety of building elements like floors, roof, stair cases etc...
Classification of slabs
I. Based on support condition
 Edge supported:-each corner of the slab is supported by beams
 Edge unsupported:-the corner of the slab is free from beam support; the slab is rest
on columns (Flat Slab).
II. Based on structural section

 Solid:- A slab that is uniform in section
 Ribbed:- A slab that has a variation in section or hole in the slab.
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III. Based on structural action

 One way slabs
They transfer load in one direction
(in the short direction)
-Long dimension
-Short dimension
 Two way slabs

They transfer load in two directions.
-Long dimension
-Short dimension
EBCS-2 recommendation on designing of slabs

Thickness
The following minimum thicknesses shall be adopted in design:
 60 mm for slabs not exposed to concentrated loads (e.g. inaccessible roofs)
 80 mm for slabs exposed mainly to distributed loads.
 100 mm for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated loads (e.g. slabs accessible to light
motor vehicles)
 120 mm for slabs exposed to heavy dynamic moving loads (e.g. slabs accessible to heavy
vehicles)
 150 mm for slabs on point supports (e.g. flat slabs)
Flexural Reinforcement
 The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal
to 0.2.
 The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a slab shall not be less than
 The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2D or 350 mm.
 The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400 mm.
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Analysis and design of one-way solid slabs
If a slab is said to be one way then the ratio of the larger dimension to the short one is greater than or
equal to 2. This means the main reinforcement runs in one direction only.
The analysis carried out by assuming a beam of unit width (shaded area of 1m width in the above
picture) with a depth equal to the thickness of the slab and effective span length equal to the distance
between the supports. The strip of unit width may be analyzed in the same way as singly reinforced
rectangular section beam.
As the loads being transmitted to the supported beam, all reinforcement shall be placed at right angles to
these beams. However some additional bars may be placed in the other direction to carry temperature and
shrinkage stresses.
Generally, the design consists of selecting a slab thickness for deflection requirements and flexural
design carried out by considering the slab as a series of rectangular beams side by side.
To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as
The maximum spacing between bars is
Minimum area of steel
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Design Example
Design the floor system of an Exhibition room which consists of one-way solid slab supported by beams. It
also subjected to a uniform load of 3KN/m2 for partition wall. Use concrete C25 and steel S300 class I
works and the floor finish is ceramic tile.
Solution
 Design constant
( ) [ ]* +
( )
To assure ductility
 Check of one-way structural action

Panel Lx (m) Ly (m)
1 3 7 2.33>2 ,one-way
2 3 7 2.33>2 ,one-way
3 3.5 7 2 =2 ,one-way
 Depth for deflection
( )
Panel Le (mm) d(mm)
1 3000 24 106.25
2 3000 28 91.07
3 3500 24 123.96
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Take the maximum value d=123.96mm

Overall depth D will be
Using
 15mm concrete cover
 Using ϕ10 reinforcement bar bottom
 Using ϕ8 reinforcement bar transverse direction
D=123.96 + 15 + 10/2 =143.96mm, use 150mm
d=150-15-10/2=130mm
d1=150-15-10-8/2=121mm
 Design Load
 Dead load
From EBCS-1, Table 2.8 Flooring and Walling, for PVC covering (Ceramic
tile) the density is 16KN/m3 and its thickness=2mm
The density of the cement screed form EBCS-1 Table 2.1 =23KN/m3 and its
thickness=3mm
The density of C25 concrete is =24KN/m3
 Self-weight of the slab
 Cement screed
 Ceramic tile
 Partition load
-------------------------------------
Total dead load DL=3.6 + 0.6 + 0.32 + 3 = 7.61 KN/m2
 Live load
Form EBCS-1, Table 2.9 category B C3, and form Table 2.10 we get the value
LL=5KN/m2
By considering one meter strip the design load will be
( )
( )
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 Analysis
The variations in live load in different panels will result different bending moment values.
We use a Structural Analysis program called SAP2000 to do the analysis.
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Summarizing the values

Loading Span AB Span BC Span CD
type Moment(KN.m) Moment(KN.m) Moment(KN.m)
Span(Field) Support Support Span(Field) Support Support Span(Field)
1 13.71 12.84 12.84 0 18.24 18.24 10.445
2 5.91 11.87 11.87 6.91 14.5 14.5 8.61
3 7.78 6.67 6.67 0 17.98 17.98 19.13
4 12.4 16.46 16.46 5.1 13.53 13.53 9.1
5 6.37 10.32 10.32 4.34 21.3 21.3 17.72
6 12.91 14.92 14.92 2.41 20.29 20.29 18.14
Maximum 13.71 16.46 16.46 6.91 21.3 21.3 19.13
 Design the section for flexure (moment)

Mmax=21.3KN.m , b=1000mm
√
( )
√
( )
 Reinforcement
 d=130mm
 d1=121mm
 b=1000mm


{ { =300mm
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[ √ ( )]
Location Moment Spacing S Actual S

(KN.m) (mm) (mm)
(mm2)
Field-AB 13.71 0.00323 419.9 187.04 180
Support-B 16.46 0.00391 508.3 154.36 150
Field-BC 6.91 0.0016 208 216.67 362.49 300 300
Support-C 21.3 0.00513 666.9 117.77 110
Field-CD 19.13 0.00458 595.4 131.91 130
 Minimum reinforcements is needed in transverse direction; using ϕ8 reinforcement bar

d1=121mm
Use ϕ8 C/C 240
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 Reinforcement detail
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Analysis and Design of Two-Way Solid Slabs

Tow-way slab are a floor system whose individual panel are rectangular and the ratio of the larger to
smaller span is less than 2. They are composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by beams
or walls stiff enough to be treated as unyielding.
The general procedure to design two-way slabs

1. Depth determination
The minimum effective depth for deflection can be calculated as
( )
The overall depth D can be calculated
Note that the reinforcement is in both directions

2. Design load calculation
Base on the limit state design method, the design load Pd is computed as follows
Where
DL is dead load including self-weight of the slab, partition wall, finishing etc…
LL live load
3. Analysis of individual panels (Moment)
The first step is to determine support and span moments for all panels. The support
and span moments are calculated as follows
= is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference.

= is a uniformly distributed design load
= the coefficient given in EBCS-2 Table A-1 as a function of (Ly/Lx) and support
condition of the panel.
= Longer span of the panel
= Shorter span of the panel
The subscript (i) has the following meaning
S=support
f=field (span)
x=direction of shorter span
y=direction of longer span
In table A-1 of EBCS-1 if the value of the aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is between two values then use
linear interpolation.
This method is intended for slabs with uniformly distributed loads. If a slab is subjected to
a concentrated or line loads, in addition to a uniform load, these can generally be treated by
considering them as equivalent uniform loads using Reynould’s method, provided that the sum
of the non-uniform loads on panel does not exceed 20% of the total load.
4. Adjustments of support and span moment
I. Support Moment Adjustment
Let MR > ML
If( MR - ML )/ MR * 100 < 20% then the design moment Md
Md=(MR+ML)/2
If ( MR- ML )/ MR * 100 ≥ 20% then distribute using their relative stiffness.
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( ) ( )
( ) ( )
II. Span Moment Adjustment

If the support moment is decreased, the span moment Mxf and Myf are then
increased to allow for changes of support moments.
Where
= coefficients for adjusting span moments given in EBCS-2 Table A-2

If the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span
moment.
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5. Check the depth for flexure
√
( )
If not satisfy, revise the design with a new depth calculated using the above equation.
6. Reinforcement design for flexure
We can calculate the reinforcement area using equation or design chart.
For a given and calculated data of
 Material data C- and S-
 Effective depth(d) ,Width(b=1000mm) and Design moment(Md)
I. Using equation
* √ ( )+
II. Using design chart

√ ⁄
Compare the above design spacing S, with the minimum provision given by our code.
7. Reinforcement detail
The reinforcement bars can be detailed in such a way that at least 50% of the positive
bars is extended into the support. The negative bars may be terminated at a distance of Lx/4
to Lx/3 from the respective centerline point of the support.
8. Load transfer to frames
The design load on beams supporting solid slabs spanning into two direction at right angles
supporting distributed load may be assessed from the following equations.
EBCS-2 Table A-3 gives a value of load transfer coefficient and the assumed
distribution of this loading is shown below.
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Design Example
Design the floor system of an office building. Load form partition 2KN/m2, from floor finishing and screed
1KN/m2 .Using C25 and S300 class I works.
Solution
 Design constant
( ) [ ]* +
( )
To assure ductility
 Step 1 :- Depth determination

( )
panel Lx Ly Ly/Lx<2 d(mm)
1 4000 4000 1 40 85
2 4000 6000 1.5 35 97.143
3 4000 5000 1.25 37.5 90.67
4 5000 6000 1.2 38 111.84
Maximum 111.84
Overall depth D will be

Using
 15mm concrete cover
 Using ϕ10 reinforcement bar bottom(it run perpendicular to the Longer span)
 Using ϕ10 reinforcement bar transverse direction (above the bars that runs
perpendicular to the longer span, which runs parallel to the longer span.)
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Let provide a minimum thickness for slab with concentrated load D=150mm
d=150-15-10/2=130mm d1=150-15-10-10/2=120mm
 Step 2 :- Design load calculation
 Dead load
The density of C25 concrete is =24KN/m3
 Self-weight of the slab
 Floor finishing and screed
 Partition load
-------------------------------------
Total dead load DL=3.6 + 1+ 2 = 6.6 KN/m2
 Live load
Form EBCS-1, Table 2.9 category B C1, and form Table 2.10 we get the value
LL=3KN/m2
 Step 3 :- Analysis of individual panels (Moment)

Pd=13.38KN/m2
Support Lx2 Mxs Mxf Mys Myf
Panel Ly/Lx αxs αxf αys αyf
Condition m KN.m KN.m KN.m KN.m
1 8 1 16 0 0.044 0.058 0.044 0 9.42 12.42 9.42
2 6 1.5 16 0 0.078 0.045 0.034 0 16.7 9.634 7.279
3 4 1.25 16 0.066 0.049 0.047 0.036 14.13 10.49 10.06 7.707
4 8 1.2 25 0 0.063 0.058 0.044 0 21.07 19.4 14.72
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 Step 4 :- Adjustments of support and span moment

I. Support Moment Adjustment
 Adjustment between panel 1 and panel 2
ML=12.42KN.m
MR=9.634KN.m
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

ML=9.634KN.m
MR=10.06KN.m
( ) ( )

ML=14.13KN.m
MR=19.4KN.m
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
II. Span Moment Adjustment

 Panel 1
 Panel 3
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 Panel 4
 Step 5 :- Check the depth for flexure
b=1000mm
√
( )
√
( )
 Step 6 :- Reinforcement design for flexure

b=1000mm=1m
d1=120mm=0.12m
d=130mm=0.13m
{ { =300mm
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√ ⁄
Moment d or d1 As S Actual
Location Km Ks
KN.m m mm2 mm Spacing
Mxs 11.03 0.13 25.55 3.134 265.91 295.37 290
Mxf 9.95 0.13 24.26 3.985 305.01 257.5 250
Panel 1
Mys
Myf 9.81 0.12 26.1 4.004 327.33 239.94 230
Mxs
Mxf 16.7 0.13 31.44 4.064 522.07 150.44 150
Panel 2
Mys,R 9.85 0.13 24.14 3.984 301.86 260.18 260
Myf 7.279 0.12 22.48 3.973 241 325.9 300
Mxs,L 9.85 0.13 24.14 3.984 301.86 260.18 260
Mxf 10.56 0.13 25 3.99 324.11 242.32 240
Panel 3
Mys,R 17.13 0.13 31.84 4.068 536.04 146.52 140
Myf 7.739 0.12 23.18 3.978 256.55 306.14 300
Mxs
Mxf 21.837 0.13 35.95 4.11 690.39 113.76 110
Panel 4
Mys 17.13 0.13 31.84 4.068 536.04 146.52 140
Myf 15.11 0.12 32.39 4.074 512.98 153.1 150
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 Step 7 :- Reinforcement detail
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 Step 8 :- Load transfer to frames
Pd=13.38KN/m2
Lx Vx Vy
Support
Panel Ly/Lx
Condition m Cont. Discont. Cont. Discont. Cont. Discont. Cont. Discont.
0 16.06 24.08 16.06
1 8 1 4 - 0.30 0.45 0.30
0 21.41 21.41 0
2 6 1.5 4 - 0.40 0.40 -
25.96 17.13 21.41 13.92
3 4 1.25 4 0.485 0.32 0.40 0.26
0 24.08 30.11 20.07
4 8 1.2 5 - 0.36 0.45 0.30
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Reference
 EBCS 1 and 2 of 1995

 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/construction-ch14/deck/2790502
 http://www.horizon-engineers.com/moh.htm
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One Way & 2way Slab Desi̇gn

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Hawasssa University iOT, Department of Construction Technology and Management

Fundamentals of Structural Design

Reinforced Concrete Slab

II. Based on structural section

 Ribbed:- A slab that has a variation in section or hole in the slab.

III. Based on structural action

 Two way slabs

EBCS-2 recommendation on designing of slabs

Analysis and design of one-way solid slabs

To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as

The maximum spacing between bars is

Minimum area of steel

 Check of one-way structural action

 Depth for deflection

Panel Le (mm) d(mm)

Take the maximum value d=123.96mm

D=123.96 + 15 + 10/2 =143.96mm, use 150mm

Summarizing the values

 Design the section for flexure (moment)

Minimum area of steel

Location Moment Spacing S Actual S

 Minimum reinforcements is needed in transverse direction; using ϕ8 reinforcement bar

Use ϕ8 C/C 240

Analysis and Design of Two-Way Solid Slabs

The general procedure to design two-way slabs

Note that the reinforcement is in both directions

= is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference.

II. Span Moment Adjustment

= coefficients for adjusting span moments given in EBCS-2 Table A-2

5. Check the depth for flexure

II. Using design chart

To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as

 Step 1 :- Depth determination

Overall depth D will be

 Step 3 :- Analysis of individual panels (Moment)

 Step 4 :- Adjustments of support and span moment

 Adjustment between panel 2 and panel 3

 Adjustment between panel 3 and panel 4

II. Span Moment Adjustment

 Step 5 :- Check the depth for flexure

 Step 6 :- Reinforcement design for flexure

To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as

 Step 7 :- Reinforcement detail

 Step 8 :- Load transfer to frames

 EBCS 1 and 2 of 1995

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