Faculty of engineering

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Measurements

Instructor:
Dr. Mohamed Abdallah Bhlol
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Helwan University
 Faculty of engineering
Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Measurements

Chapter 3 (cont.)
Static characteristics
(Solved problems)

Dr. Mohamed Abdallah Bhlol

 Solved Examples
Example 1:
•Find the max nonlinearity for both given thermocouples:
•A. model I:

E 0 0.001T 0.06T  5 v
2 for input range [0-100]C

• B. model II:

E 0 0.005T 0.055T v
2 for input range [0-100]C

Then compare between the two elements. (Range, sensitivity,

nonlinearity).
 Solved Examples
Solution:
•For model I: E 0 0.001T 0.06T
2
 5 v
Range:
Input range : [0-100]C
output range : [5-21]µv

Span:
Input span= Tmax - Tmin = 100-0=100 C
Output span = Eomax – Eomin =21 – 5 =16 µv

Ideal straight line (ISL)

E oideal  KT  a
Solved Examples
Solution:
E o max  E o min 16 v
K  slope    0.16 C
T maxT min 100
Intercept (a) at T= 0 Eo=5 µv
a = 5 µv
E oideal  0.16T  5

Nonlinearity:
N (T )  actual line  ideal line

N (T )  E o (T )  E o ideal (T )
 Solved Examples
Solution:

 N (T )  [0.001T 20.06T  5]  [0.16T  5]

 N (T )  0.001T 20.1T
To get max. nonlinearity:
N (T )
 zero
T
N (T ) T = 50 C
  0.002T  0.1  0
T
Solved Examples
Solution:

 N (50)  0.001(50)2 0.1(50)  2.5v

Nˆ
% N (T )  x100
O Max O Min
 2 .5
% N (T )  x100  15.63%
21  5
 Solved Examples
Solution:
•For model II: E 0 0.005T 0.055T
2
v
Range:
Input range : [0-100]C
output range : [0-55.5]µv

Span:
Input span= Tmax - Tmin = 100-0=100 C
Output span = Eomax – Eomin =55.5 – 0 =55.5 µv

Ideal straight line (ISL)

E oideal  KT  a
Solved Examples
Solution:
E o max  E o min 55.5 v
K  slope    0.555 C
T maxT min 100
Intercept (a) at T= 0 Eo= 0
a = 0
E oideal  0.555T

Nonlinearity:
N (T )  actual line  ideal line

N (T )  E o (T )  E o ideal (T )
Solved Examples
Solution:

 N (T )  [0.005T 20.055T ]  [0.555T ]

 N (T )  0.005T 20.5T
To get max. nonlinearity:
N (T )
 zero
T
N (T )
  0.01T  0.5  0 T = 50 C
T
Solved Examples
Solution:

 N (50)  0.005(50) 0.5(50)  12.5v

2

Nˆ
% N (T )  x100
O Max O Min
 12.5
% N (T )  x100  22.52%
55.5  0
Comment:
First thermocouple is better than second. It is closer to
ideal straight line
N1(T) < N2 (T) (the first is the better)
K1 < K2 (the second is the better)
Solved Examples
Example 2:
A pressure transducer has an input in (MPa), and output in
(mA) has the following calibration results:

Input P (MPa) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Output i() (mA) 4 5.9 7.8 10.2 11.6 13.5 14.6 16 17.3 18.5 20

and the relation while increase () is an ideal straight line.

Find the static characteristics of this element:

Range, Span, ISL, Nonlinearity, Hysteresis, Resolution, and
construct the block diagram showing the static characteristics.
 Solved Examples
Solution:
Range:
Input range : [0-10] MPa
output range : [4-20] mA
Span:
Input span= Pmax - Pmin = 10 - 0=10 MPa
Output span = imax – imin =20 – 4 =16 mA

Ideal straight line (ISL)

i ideal  KP  a
i max i min 16 mA
K  slope    1.6 MPa
P max  P min 10
Solved Examples
Solution:
Intercept (a) at P= 0 i= 4 mA a = 4 mA

i ideal  1.6 P  4

Input P (MPa) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Output i() (mA) 4 5.9 7.8 10.2 11.6 13.5 14.6 16 17.3 18.5 20

i ideal = i () 4 5.6 7.2 8.8 10.4 12 13.6 15.2 16.8 18.4 20

N (P) = H (P) 0 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.2 1.5 1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0
Solved Examples
Nonlinearity:
N ( P)  i ( P) i ideal ( P)

Nˆ 1.5
% N ( P)  x100  x100  9.375%
i Max i Min 16

Hysteresis
H ( P)  i ( P)   i ( P) 

Hˆ 1.5
% H ( P)  x100  x100  9.375%
i Max i Min 16
Solved Examples
Example 3:
The transducer is used to measure a pressure of 500 cm H2O
the ambient temperature is expected to vary between 18C and
25C. Estimate the magnitude of deviation of output signal at 18,
20, 25 C ambient temp.

Input range 0-1000 cm H2O

Output range 0-5 V

Temperature range 0-50C nominal at 25C

sensitivity drift 0.02 % /C of temp from 25C

Bias drift 0.02 % /C of temp from 25C

Solved Examples
Solution:
For ideal conditions at T = 25 C

Im = I i = 0
Range:
Input range : [0-1000] cm H2O
output range : [0-5] V
Span:
output span= Omax - Omin = 5 - 0=5 V
input span = Imax – Imin = 1000 – 0 =1000 cm H2O

Ideal straight line (ISL)

Oideal  KI  a
Solved Examples
Solution:
For ideal conditions at T = 25 C

O max O min 5 V
K  slope    0.005 cmH 2 O
I max I min 1000
Intercept (a): at I= 0 O=0 a=0

Oideal  0.005I
Solved Examples
Solution:
For environmental conditions

K  K ideal K

0.02
 K  0.005  (  0.005 T )
100
a a ideal  a

0.02
a  0  (  0  T ) a  0
100
Solved Examples
Solution:
For environmental conditions

Oenvironmental  K env.I  a env.

0.02
O environmental  0.005(1  T ) I  0
100

At I = 500 cm H2O

Oideal  0.005I  0.005 500  2.5V

 Solved Examples
Solution:
At T= 18 C
0.02
O environmental  0.005(1  (18  25)  500  2.4965V
100
At T= 20 C
0.02
O environmental  0.005(1  (20  25)  500  2.4975V
100
Deviations:
At T= 18 C Deviation 2.4965 2.5  0.0035V
At T= 20 C Deviation 2.4975 2.5  0.0025V
At T= 25 C Deviation 2.5  2.5  0V
Solved Examples
Example 4:
A temperature transducer that outputs10 mv/C is used to
measure the temperature in a chamber that goes from 0 to 100
C. Can 8 bit A/D converter with 5 V full scale input be used to
produce a 1 C resolution?
Solved Examples
Solution:
Resolution of 8 bit A/D converter:

Number of bits = n = 8 bits

Number of quantized levels (Q) Q 2 n

 Q 2  256levels
8

Vmax V min
 Re solution 
Q 1
5 V mv
 Re solution   0.0196  19.6
256  1 bit bit
Solved Examples
Solution:
Resolution of 8 bit A/D converter:

Overall Resolution
mv
19.6 o
bit C
Overall Re solution   1.96
mv bit
10 o
C
Solved Examples
Solution:
So the A/D converter resolution is not enough
To increase resolution:
We can use amplifier with gain for example = 5

mv
19.6 o
bit C
 Overall Re solution   0.39
mv bit
10x5 o
C