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1.

7 Research on sensitivity of
reservoir rock

Zhang Yi
Petroleum engineering college
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

outline
1. Put forward problem
2.Cement and cemented type
3.Sensitivity mineral
4.Evaluation method of sensitivity
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

1. Cement and cemented type


main composition of cement:
● shale/shaliness

calcareous
● sulfate/sulphate
● silicon
● ferruginous
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

cemented type
1. basal cement

cement composition is high and cemented


type is body cementation. Because cement
and sands sediment at one time, cementation
intension is very strong.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

2. pore cement

Cement composition is small and cemented


type is area cementation . Because cement
was secondary, the cementation intension is
inferior to basal cement
3. contact cement

Cement composition is a little and generally


less than 5%. Because the cements only
distribute the contacted surface of sand and
is point or line contact, the cementation
intension is poor.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

example
Contact cement Φ:23~30%,K:(50~1000)×10-
3μm2

Pore cement Φ :18~25%,K:(1~150)×10-3μm2

Basal cement Φ :8~17%, K < 1×10-3μm2


油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

Sensitivity of reservoir
velocity sensitivity;
water sensitivity——salt sensitivity;
acid sensitivity——alkali sensitivity;
heat sensitivity——cold sensitivity;
pressure sensitivity——temperature.
velocity sensitivity

higher injection velocity result that fine


grain motion and rock permeability
decrease greatly.

Example: kaolinite, isinglass et.


water sensitivity

low salinity water result that clay swell


and rock permeability decrease.

Example: montmorillonite, smectite


salt sensitivity

higher salinity water result that ion


recrystallizate and rock permeability
decrease.
acid sensitivity
When acid is injected into reservoir, acid react
with mineral of rock produce precipitation and
rock permeability decrease greatly.

Example: chlorite, pyrite(FeS), iron carbonate


occur chemical reaction:

3FeO ⋅ Al2O3 ⋅ 2 SiO2 ⋅ 3H 2O + 6 HCl = 3FeCl2 + 2 Al (OH ) 3


+ 2 SiO2 ⋅ 3H 2O

4 FeCl 2 + 6 H 2O + 3O2 = 4 Fe(OH ) 3 ↓ +4Cl 2


Different acid has different sensitive
mineral. So we can use reasonable acid
formula avoid acid sensitivity occur.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

carbonate mineral
Example: limestone(CaCO3),
dolomite(CaMg(CO3)2), sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3), potassium carbonate(K2CO3)
and siderite(FeCO3) can react with acid. The
content of these mineral not only affect the
properties of reservoir rock, but also govern
directly the effect of stimulation of oil well.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

Chemical reaction equation:

CaCO 3 +2 HCl = CaCl 2 + CO2 ↑ + H 2O

Generally, we call that these minerals are


acid reaction mineral
alkali sensitivity

When Alkaline water is injected into reservoir,


alkaline water react with mineral of rock
produce precipitation and rock permeability
decrease greatly.

Example: montmorillonite, smectite


heat sensitivityy

When injection water is higher, some mineral of


rock will dehydrate and rock will be disperse.
So rock permeability decrease greatly.

Example: gypsum
cold sensitivity

When the temperature of injection water is lower,


some mineral of rock will occur to change. So
rock permeability decrease greatly.
pressure sensitivity

When the formation pressure is lower, rock


permeability decrease greatly.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

2. expansion ratio: VB/VO%

3. danger:permeability decrease and pore-


blocking
4. Research methods for clay

X-ray, thin section analysis,

SEM/scanning electron microanalyzer,

differential thermal analysis curve

dehydration curve and complex research


油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

5. Factors affecting clay swelling

clay type
clay content
clay distribution
water saltiness/salinity
cation exchange
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

6. measurement

Injection KCl solution

Injection polymer

Injection surfactant/surface active agent solution

injecting magnetized water/magnetic water


油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

2. measurement

chelating agent/chelant

oxygen scanvenger/deoxidizer
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

heat sensitivity mineral


Plaster will dehydrate in higher temperature
1. dehydration condition
If T=64℃ , crystal water will separate out slowly.
ifT=80~100℃ , crystal water will separate out rapidly.
2. damage
● Lead to clay mineral loose → fine particle
migration,→blocking the pores, K ↓
● The change in wettability after dehydration.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

3 prevention and control measures


● Wash the core should be maintained at 60
℃, relative humidity 45%~60%, can cause
the core to maintain the original state.
Methods:
A. centrifugal machine wash cold core;
b. Azeotropic liquid are formulated with
chloroform methanol chloroform and
methanol/methyl alcohol, the boiling point
of 53 ℃.
● In oil reservoir, pay attention to exploitation mode, such as thermal
recovery etc..
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

(四)速 敏 velocity sensitivity


At high speed, kaolinite may break, loose, resulting in
migration of particles in a porous medium.

Measures: control the speed.

(五)盐 敏salt sensitivity: The salinity of injected


water is high, cause recrystallization phenomenon,
leading to pore blockage, permeability reduction
phenomenon.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

(六)碱 敏alkali sensitivity :Due to the


injected water pH value is too high and cause
pore blockage phenomenon, resulting in lower
permeability.
(七)压敏pressure sensitivity: Because
of the change of effective stress caused by pore
deformation, permeability reduction phenomenon.

(八)冷敏cold sensitivity:Long term inject


the cold water or cold fluid in construction operation
stimulus leading to pore deformation, permeability
reduction phenomenon.
表 储层矿物及其敏感性(据沈平平,1995)
敏感性矿物 敏感性程度 潜在的敏感性 产生敏感性的条件 抑制敏感性的方法
蒙皂石 最大 水敏性 淡水系统 高盐度流体,防膨剂
中等 速敏性 淡水系统,较高流速 酸处理
中等 酸敏性 酸化作业 酸敏抑制剂
中等 碱敏性 化学驱 加抑制剂
伊利石 最大 速敏性 高流速 低流速
中等 显微孔隙被堵塞 淡水系统 高盐度流体,防膨剂
最小 K2SiF6沉淀 氢氟酸酸化 酸敏抑制剂
高岭石 中等 速敏性 高流速,高pH值, 用微粒稳定剂,低流速,
中等 Al(OH)3沉淀 高瞬变压力 低的瞬变压力
中等 碱敏性 酸化作业 酸敏抑制剂
化学驱 抑制剂
绿泥石 最大 Fe(OH)3沉淀 富氧系统,酸化后 除氧剂
中等 MgF2沉淀 高pH值氢氟酸酸化 酸敏抑制剂
最小 速敏性 高流速,高pH值 低流速
碳酸盐 中等 CaF2或 氢氟酸酸化 在氢氟酸处理前使用酸进行
MgF2沉淀 预冲洗,酸敏抑制剂

铁白云石 中等 Fe(OH)3沉淀 高pH值,富氧系统 酸敏抑制剂, 除氧剂


黄铁矿 中等 硫化物沉淀 流体含Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+ 防垢剂
菱铁矿 最小 Fe(OH)3沉淀 高pH值, 富氧系统 酸敏抑制剂, 除氧剂
混层粘土 中等 速敏性 高流速 低流速
中等 水敏性 淡水系统 高盐度流体,防膨剂
最小 酸敏性 酸化作业 酸敏抑制剂
长 石 最小 氟硅酸盐沉淀 氢氟酸酸化 酸敏抑制剂
非胶结的 中等 速敏性 高流速 低流速,低的瞬变压力
石英颗粒 高的瞬变压力
表 可能损害地层的几类敏感性矿物(资料来源于七五国家重点攻关项目)
敏感性类型 敏感性矿物 损害形式

绿泥石-蒙脱石 晶格膨胀
水敏性 伊利石—蒙脱石 分散运移
蒙脱石 降解伊利石
降解绿泥石 水化白云母

蠕绿泥石 铁方解石 化学沉淀


鲕绿泥石 铁白云石 Fe(OH)3 ↓
HCl 绿泥石-蒙脱石 赤铁矿 非晶质SiO2↓
酸 海绿石 黄铁矿 酸蚀释放出微粒运移
敏 水化黑云母 菱铁矿

(含高 石灰石(方解石) 沸石类:浊沸石 化学沉淀
pH碱 HF 白云石 钙沸石,斜钙沸石 CaF2↓
敏性) 片沸石,辉沸石 非晶质SiO2↓
钙长石 各类粘土矿物

钾长石、钠长石、微晶石英、石髓(玉髓)、 硅酸盐沉淀
pH>12 斜长石、各类粘土矿物、蛋白石-CT、 硅凝胶体
蛋白石-A(非晶石)

高岭石,毛发状伊利石,微晶石英,微晶白 分散运移
流速敏感性 云母,降解伊利石,微晶长石 微粒运移

结垢 石膏、重晶石、硫铁矿、石灰石、赤铁矿、 盐类共生
天青石、硬石膏、岩盐菱铁矿、磁铁矿 沉淀CaCO3 FeCO3
BaSi4 SrSi4 Na2SO4
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

3 reservoir sensitivity evaluation


1. 评价地层损害试验的推荐程序
recommendation process of formation damage
系统评价是一个完整的体系,它包括岩石学分
析、专项岩心分析以及岩心流动实验等。

2. 敏感性评价实验流程:
(见下图)
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

岩心验收

岩心的钻取、清洗、烘干

岩石学分析 常规岩心分析 专项岩心分析

实验岩心的选择

速 水 盐 酸 体积 正 钻井液 接触
敏 敏 敏 敏 流量 反 损 害 顺序

对储层敏感性做出评价,找出潜在问题

为钻井、完井、射孔、注入提出推荐措施
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

(1)velocity sensitivity evaluation

Purpose: find reasonable injection velocity.


油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

(2) water sensitivity evaluation


According to KW/K∞, set off water sensitivity extent:
KW/K∞ <0.3 0.3~0.7 >0.7

degree high medium poor

(3) salt sensitivity evaluation


Find reasonable salinity.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

(4) acid sensitivity evaluation

Purpose: find reasonable acid formula system


on reservoir in order to get the best effect of
acid treatment.
油藏物理学——储层岩石的敏感性研究

(5)pressure sensitivity evaluation

purpose: find reasonable produced pressure


differential

(6)temperature sensitivity evaluation

purpose:find reasonable injection temperature.


(7)heat sensitivity evaluation

„ purpose:find the degree of heat sensitivity


on heat sensitivity mineral, then provide basis
on reservoir physical simulation and thermal
recovery.

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