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5.chapter 3 Slab Final Strip Method
5.chapter 3 Slab Final Strip Method
SLAB
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most widely used structural elements. In many
structures, in addition to providing a versatile and economical method of supporting gravity
loads, the slab also forms an integral portion of the structural frame to resist lateral forces.
Usually a slab is a broad, flat plate, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be
supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural
steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the ground.
l2
l1
l1
l1 >2
l2
>2 l2
l2
l2 l1
l1
15
SLAB
Slab thickness is determined according to ACI Code 9.5.2 as given in Table 3.1
Cantilever l/10
# Span length l is in inches, as defined by ACI Code 8.7 given in Fig. 3.2(a), (b), & (c)
h
Dead load, D = wc x psf
12
wc = Unit weight of concrete (145 ~ 150 pcf for normal weight concrete )
16
SLAB
Design moment is determined by using ACI Moment Coefficient (ACI Code 8.3.3) as given in
Table 3.4.
Mu
d= putting ρ = ρmax = 0.75ρb.
f
φρf yb(1 − 0.59 ρ y )
f c′
/
fc 87000
Where, ρ b = 0.85*β 1 *
f y 87000 + f y
fc /
≤ 4000 psi β 1 = 0.85
/
fc > 4000 psi β 1 shall be reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength
in excess of 4000 psi.
0.65 ≤ β 1 ≤ 0.85
17
SLAB
la
t l= la + h ≤ la + t
(a) Slabs not built integrally with the support (ACI Code 8.7.1)
la
t l= la + t
la
t
18
SLAB
4 4
(spandrel beam or girder)
1 1 1 1
2 9 9 2
4 4
1 1 1 1
1 9 9 1
6 6
unrestrained.
1 1
0 1 1 1
1 1
1
0 1 1 1
4 6
(spandrel beam or girder)
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 1
w = Total factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab
l = Clear span for positive moment and the average of two adjacent clear spans
19
SLAB
Assume a (hints: a =
0.3d)
Mu
(As) trial =
(
φf y d − a 2 )
As f y
(a) =
0.85 f c′b′′
corrected
A s, corr ≈ No
As, trial
Yes
OK
20
SLAB
0.11 * 12
Spacing = in c/c
As
Reinforcement is provided normal to main reinforcements. ACI Code 7.12.2.1 provides required
area of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement as given in Table 3.5.
0.0020
21
SLAB
Spacing ≤ 5h
or ≤ 18 in , whichever is smaller
wu ln
Shear at end members at first interior support is 1.15
2
Wu l n Wu d
Critical shear at a distance d from support, Vu = (1.15 − )
2 12
′
Design strength for shear, φ Vc = φ 2 f c bd ; φ = 0.85
22
SLAB
l2/ 4
A
(a) Plan of bottom reinforcement
l2/ 4 '_zoom
l2/ 4
l 2/ 4 l2/ 3 l 2/ 3 l2/ 3
6" 6"
l2
23
SLAB
24
SLAB
ACI Code 13.5.1 states that “a slab system shall be designed by any procedure satisfying
conditions of equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if it is shown that the design strength at
every section is at least equal to required strength, and that all serviceability conditions,
including limits on deflections, are met.”
According to ACI Code 13. 5.1. 1, all Two-way slab system are to be analyzed and designed
either by the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent Frame Method for gravity loads only.
For lateral loads, separate elastic analysis should be worked out. ACI Code 13. 5.1.3 permits the
combining to the gravity load analysis with the result of lateral load analysis.
Adaptation of any one of the two methods demands fulfillment of certain requirements.
However, when the requirements are not met, an old procedure is still followed by the Engineers
as specified in 1963 ACI Code, named as Coefficient Method.
3.4.1.1 General
The design is based on equivalent rigid frame system as shown in Figure 3.5.
1 1
Width of column strip = l1or l 2 whichever is less
2 2
The equivalent frames are considered in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
25
SLAB
• The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
• Column may be offset a maximum of 10% of the span in the direction of
successive column.
• Loads shall be due to gravity only and live load shall not exceed 2 times the dead
load.
l2
H.M.S
Interior
Equivalent C.S l2
Frame
H.M.S
l2
Exterior l2
H.M.S
Equivalent l2
Frame C.S
2
l1 l1 l1
H.M.S = Half Middle Strip; C.S= Column Strip
• If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beams in the
two perpendicular direction shall be:
α 1l 2
2
0.2< < 5.0
α 2 l 21
α1 = α in direction of ℓ 1
α 2 = α in direction of ℓ 2
Ecb I b
α=
Ecs I s
ACI Code 13.6.1.8 allows the deviation from above limitations, if it can be shown that the
requirements of ACI Code 13.5.1 (as stated in section 3.4) are satisfied.
ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies the minimum thickness for two- way slab system
Table 3.6: Minimum thickness for slab without beams (ACI Table 9.5.c)
27
SLAB
• For slabs with beams along exterior edges, the value of α for edge beam shall not
be less than 0.80.
• For f y between given values the minimum thickness should be obtained by linear
interpolation.
Table 3.7 : Minimum thickness for slab with beams (ACI Code 9.5.3.3)
(1) αm < 0.2 (2) 0.2 < αm < 0.2* (3) αm > 0.2*
fy fy
ln(0.8 + ) ln(0.8 + )
200,000 200,000
The provisions of h= h=
Table 3.4 shall 36 + 5 β (α m − 0.2) 36 + 9 β
apply
h > 5 in h > 3.5 in
For edge beam α > 0.80 , otherwise h min as provided by column (2),
(3) must be increased by 10% in the panel with edge beam (3) (ACI
Code 9.5.3.3. d)
1
Mo, of an exterior equivalent frame = Mo, of an interior equivalent frame.
2
ln ≥ 0.65l1 and in determining ln, circular and polygon shaped supports shall be treated as square
supports with the same area , shown in Fig 3.6. (ACI Code 13.6.2.5)
28
SLAB
The total factored static moment, Mo is distributed to the negative and positive zone of a
‘equivalent frame’ according to ACI Code 13.6.3.2 and 13.6.3.3 as given in Table 3.8.
29
SLAB
Mo
0 .6 5 M o 0 .6 5 M o
Mo
Case – 2 0 .5 7 M o
Mo
0 .1 6 M o
0 .7 0 M o
Beams on all Column lines
Case – 3 0.52Mo
Mo
0.26 Mo
Case – 4
Mo
0.30 Mo
0.70Mo
Edge beam only
Case - 5: 0.35 Mo
30
SLAB
The longitudinal negative and positive moments are for the entire width of equivalent frame.
Each of these moments is to be distributed proportionately among column strip and two half
middle strips following ACI Code 13.6.4. Before distribution of moment the following 3
parameters are to be obtained:
l2
• Aspect ratio =
l1
E I
• Stiffness ratio, α = cb b
E cs I s
E C
• Ratio βt = cb
2 Ecs I s
C = torsion constant
Evaluating the three parameters, distribute the percentage of longitudinal moment into column
strip and the remainder into two half middle strips according to Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 : Percentage of longitudinal moment in column strip (ACI code 13.6.4.2.1, 13.6.4.2,
13.6.4.4)
Aspect ratio = l2/l1 0.5 1.0 2.0
l α1 2 /l βt = o 100 100 100
31
SLAB
l2
• Calculation of Aspect Ratio =
l1
• Calculation of Stiffness Ratio (α)
Ratio of flexural stiffness is related to slab with beams either on all sides or on edge only. For
slab without beams e.g. flat plate or flat slab, α = 0.
E cb I b
α=
E cs I s
bw h 3
Ib = k
12
32
SLAB
h w ≤ 4h f b w +2h w ≤ bw + 8h f
bh 3
Is =
12
h = slab thickness
• Calculation of Ratio β t
Ecb C
βt =
2 Ecs I s
33
SLAB
Torsion Constant
ACI Code 13.7.5.1 specifies that torsional members shall be assumed to have a constant cross
section throughout their length consisting of the largest of (a), (b) and (c) as shown in Figure 3.8.
⎡⎛ x ⎞⎛ x 3 y ⎞⎤
C= ∑ ⎢⎜
⎜ 1 − 0 . 63
y
⎟⎟⎜⎜
3
⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
The component rectangle should be taken in such a way that the largest value of C is obtained.
Example for slab with beam & flat plate shown in Figure 3.9.
Where two steel layers (along two directions, perpendicular with each other) are in contact, the
larger d is assigned to the steel of greater moment ( i.e. steel for greater moment shall be placed
near to either top or bottom face ).
34
SLAB
direction
hf
of
Flat plate moment t
t Torsional member
Slab
beam
hf
hw
bw bw
35
SLAB
y1 y1
1 X1 1 X1
y2
y2 2 2
C1 C2
X2 X2
C=Larger of C1 and C2
y1 y1
X1 1 x1 1 1
y2
2
Y2
2 C1 C2
X2
X2
C=Larger of C1 and C2
t1
t2
Imaginary beam
t1
t2
x hf x
Y Y
Short direction Long direction
36
SLAB
Total steel area for the strip is obtained by iteration process as shown in Figure 3.3.
b = width of strip or,
b= width of drop panel in the direction of moment (For slab with drop panel in negative moment
zone)
A s , min = ρbh
ρ = minimum steel ratio for temperature and shrinkage as shown in Table 3.5
As
N= , A b = cross section area of bar used
Ab
b
Spacing = ≤ 2h; b = width of strip
N
According to ACI Code 9.5.3 control of deflection is achieved by providing the slab thickness in
accordance to Table 3.6 and Table 3.7. For details see section 3.5.
37
SLAB
• Straight Bars: Straight bars are generally used throughout, although in some
cases positive moment steel is bent up where no longer needed, in order to provide for
part or the entire negative moment requirements.
• Concrete Cover: Minimum concrete cover = ¾ in. Figure 2.10.a. (ACI Code
7.7.1).
• Effective Depth: When bars are placed in perpendicular layers either on top or
bottom together, stacking problem arises. The inner steel will have an effective depth 1-
bar diameter less than the outer steel. For relatively larger moment bars in one direction
are provided with greater d. Details in Figure 3.10.a & Figure 3.10.b.
• Corner Reinforcement: In slabs with beams between supports, with value α >
1.0, special top and bottom reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners. Details in
Figure 3.11. (ACI Code 13.3.6).
• Slab with Drop Panel: Detail dimensions are shown in Figure 3.12. (ACI Code
13.3.7).
38
SLAB
h
3
4" min
3
4" min
39
SLAB
6"
Anchorage
40
SLAB
L/5
L/5
L/5
L/5
l
5
D iagonal type
(Providedin band)
5
l
T opba r
B otto m b ar
G ride type
(Provided in tw o layers)
5
l
l
5
41
SLAB
h
t
t
b
t min ≥ 41 h b ≥ 61 l1
42
SLAB
Figure 3.13 : Minimum extension for reinforcement in slabs without beams (ACI Figure 13.3.8)
43
SLAB
3.4.2.1 General
The EFM is an alternate method to the DDM for computing longitudinal moments and shear for
gravity loads in slabs, supported on column or walls. ACI Code Commentary R13.7 states that
EFM involves the representation of the three dimensional slab systems by a series of two-
dimensional frames that are then analyzed for loads acting in the plane of the frames.
44
SLAB
l2 h 3
Is =
12
• Variation in Is along axis of slab-beam shall be taken into account. The first
change from midspan Is occurs at the edge of drop panels, the next occurs at the edge of
the column or capital. (ACI code 13.7.3.2)
Is
• Is from center of column to face column = 2
; I s at face of column
⎛1 − C 2 ⎞
⎜ l 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
(ACI Code 13.7.3.3).
45
SLAB
I=∞
c2 c13
I c = 12
Variab
le
I=∞
c1
46
SLAB
C 2 C13
I c = moment of inertia of column =
12
Kt = ∑ 9E cs C
3
l 2 ⎛⎜1 − C 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠
• `∑’ Sign implies that Kt of the transverse member in each side of interior column
is computed separately and added. For exterior columns, there is only one transverse
member.
• For beam along center line of column Kt should be corrected.(ACI Code 13.7.5.2 )
I
K t,corrected = Kt * sb
Is
Isb = Moment of inertia of slab with a beam
Is = Moment of inertia of slab without such beam
l2 h 3
Is =
12
47
SLAB
k s1 KS2 K s3
k s1 + k ec 1 KS2 + K S 3 + K ec 2 KS2 + K S 3 + K ec 2
DF DF DF
DF
k s1 k s2 DF k s3
k ec1 K ec 2
k ec1 k ec 2
k s1 + k ec1 k s 2 + k s 3 + k ec 2
Carry over factors (C.O.F) and moment coefficient (M) for slab beam are obtained from
Appendix C-1, 2, 3)
The longitudinal moments of equivalent frames are obtained by Moment Distribution Method.
• For different loading conditions distributed negative and positive moments are
computed. Maximum moments are taken as design moment.
¾ Live loading pattern is known, frame shall be analyzed for that load. ( ACI Code
13.7.6.1)
3
¾ Variable LL, but LL < DL, then maximum factored moment occur at all sections
4
with full LL on entire slab system. ( ACI Code 13.7.6.2)
48
SLAB
3
¾ Variable LL, but LL > DL, three loading case to be considered : (ACI Code
4
13.7.6.3)
F.E.M = M wu l2l12
• When a slab system satisfy the six imitations of DDM, but are analyzed by EFM,
Mo
further reduction in computed moments are permitted to the proportions of as
MT
such,
∑ Design moments < Mo (ACI code 13.7.7.4)
49
SLAB
According to ACI Code 13.7.7.5 the distribution of longitudinal moments to column strip and
half middle strips to be done as mentioned in step 4 of section 3.4.1.3.
50
SLAB
3.4.3.1 General
The method makes use of tables of moment coefficient for a variety of conditions. These
coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also account for inelastic redistribution. This
method was recommended in 1963 ACI Code for the special case of two-way slabs supported on
four sides by relatively deep, stiff, edge beams.
lb
la
4 ; C.
la
la
2 ;M
la
4;CS
lb lb lb
4 ;C 2; 4 ;C S
Figure 3.18 : Elements of two- way slab with beam by coefficient method
51
SLAB
Ma = Ca wu la2
Mb = Cb wu lb2
wu = 1.4 D + 1.7L
h
D = dead load = wc * psf ; wc = 150 lb
12
Case type is identified from end conditions. Using the value of ‘m’ corresponding moment
coefficients are obtained for respective ‘case type’:
• Ca, neg and Cb, neg are obtained from Appendix D-1.
• Ca, dl, pos and Cb, dl, pos are obtained from Appendix D-2.
• Ca, ll, pos and Cb, ll, pos are obtained from Appendix D-3.
52
SLAB
¾ Positive moment
1
Ma, neg, discont = Ma, pos
3
1
Mb, neg, discont = Mb, pos
3
Mu
d=
fy
φρf yb(1 − 0.59 ρ )
f c′
Otherwise redesign the thickness. (For details see step 4 of section 3.3)
53
SLAB
• Short Direction
¾ Midspan
¾ Continuous Edge
¾ Discontinuous Edge
• Long Direction
¾ Midspan
¾ Continuous Edge
¾ Discontinuous Edge
Check for Minimum Reinforcement: According to ACI Code 13.3.1 the minimum
reinforcement in each direction shall be as mentioned in Table 3.5.
Bars selected for middle strip are used in column strips, with the spacing 3/2 times that in the
middle strip, but spacing < 2h.
Percent of total load as transmitted in each direction is obtained from Appendix D-4 Load per
foot on the beams are determined.
54
SLAB
3.5.1 GENERAL
ACI Code Commentary R 9.5.1 establishes two methods for controlling deflections:
• When there is need to use member depths shallower than are permitted by Table
3.4 & Table 3.5 or when members support construction is likely to be damaged by large
deflections, deflections should be calculated and compared with ACI Code limiting
values as given in Table 3.13.
Immediate deflection is also termed as Short-Term deflection and calculated using the formula
given in Table 3.11.
55
SLAB
Determination of Ie
fr I g
Where, M cr = (ACI Code 9.5.2.3)
yt
56
SLAB
y t = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fibre in
tension, in.
f r = 7.5 f c/
For light weight concrete one of the following modifications shall apply:
I e = 0.50 I em + 0.25 ( I e1 + I e 2 )
Initial deflections increase significantly if dead loads sustain over a long period of time, due to
the effects of shrinkage and creep According to ACI Code 9.5.2.5
57
SLAB
Δlong = Δd,short * λ
ξ
Where, λ=
1 + 50 ρ /
TOTAL DEFLECTION
Δ total = Δ long + Δ l ,short
Deflection should be calculated along both direction and maximum values will be considered.
(ACI Code 9.5.2.6)
58
SLAB
Introduction:
The strip method is a lower bound approach, based on satisfaction of equilibrium requirements
everywhere in the slab. By the strip method a moment field is first determined that fulfills
equilibrium requirements, after which the reinforcement of the slab at each point is designed for
this moment field. The strip method gives results on the safe side, which is certainly preferable in
practice, and differences from the true carrying capacity will never impair safety. The strip
method is a design method, by which the needed reinforcement can be calculated. It encourages
the designer to vary the reinforcement in a logical way, leading to an economical arrangement of
steel as well as a safe design.
59
SLAB
Condition-1:
The simplest load distribution is obtained by setting k = 0.5 over the entire slab, as shown in
figure below. The load on all strips in each direction is then w/2, as illustrated by load dispersion
arrows in figure. This gives maximum design moments
wa 2
m x = my =
16
Y
Simple supports 4 sides
wa 2
16
a
A A
X
a (d) mx across
X=a/2
(a) Plan view
w/2
Figure 3.20: Square slab with load shared equally in two directions
60
SLAB
Condition-2:
An alternative, more reasonable distribution is shown in figure below. Here the regions of
different load dispersion, separated by dash-dotted “discontinuity lines,” follow the diagonals,
and all of the load on any region is carried in the direction giving the shortest distance to the
nearest support. The solution proceeds, giving k values of either 0 or 1, depending on the region,
with load transmitted in the direction indicated by the arrows in figure. For a strip A-A at a
distance y ≤ a/2 from the X-axis, the design moment is
wy 2
mx =
2
Y
Simple supports 4 sides
A A
y Wa2/2
a X
(d) mx across
(a) Plan view X=a/2
w w
y
(b) wx along A-A
Wy2/2
(c) mx along
Figure 3.21: Square slab with load dispersion lines following diagonals
61
SLAB
Condition-3:
A third alternative distribution is shown in figure below. Here the division is made so that the
load is carried to the nearest support, as before, but load near the diagonals has been divided,
with one-half taken in each direction. Thus k is given values of 0 or 1 along the middle edges and
value of 0,5 in the corner and center of the slab. For an X direction strip along section A-A, the
maximum moment is
w a a wa 2
mx = x x =
2 4 8 64
a a w a 3a 5wa 2
mx = w x x + x x =
4 8 2 4 8 64
62
SLAB
Y a/4 Wa2/64
a/2 a/4
a/4
w/2 w/2
a/2
w w B
w/2 a
B
a/4 w/2
A w/2 A
X
a 5Wa2/6
4
(a) Plan view
(d) mx across
x=a/2
w/2 w/2
Wa2/64
w w
w/2
5Wa2/6
4
Figure 2.22: Square slab with load near diagonals shared equally in two directions
63
SLAB
Condition-4:
The preferred arrangement, shown in figure below, gives design moment as follows:
In the X direction:
w b b wb 2
Side strips: mx = x x =
2 4 8 64
b b wb 2
Middle strips: mx = w x x =
4 8 32
In the Y direction:
w b b wb 2
Side strips: mx = x x =
2 4 8 64
b wb 2
Middle strips: mx = w x b x =
8 8
64
SLAB
b b b2 b b
× a− ×
a 2 a a 2
b/2
b/2
Figure 2.23: Rectangular slab with discontinuity lines originating at the corners
Wa2/64
w/2 w/2 b/4
b b/2
Figure 2.24: Discontinuity lines parallel to the sides for a rectangular slab
65
SLAB
Condition-5:
For slab strips with one end fixed and one end simply supported, the duel goals of constant
moment in the unloaded central region and a suitable ratio of negative to positive moments
govern the location to be chosen for the discontinuity lines. Figure ‘a’ shows a uniformly loaded
rectangular slab having two adjacent edges fixed and the other two edges simply supported. The
moment curve of figure “b” is chosen so that moment is constant over the unloaded part, i.e.,
shearing force is zero. The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then
αwb αb α 2 wb 2
mxf = x =
2 4 8
Accordingly, the distance from the right support, figure “c”, to the maximum positive moment
section is chosen as αb . It follows that the maximum positive moment is
αb α 2 wb 2
m yf = αwb x =
2 2
With the above expressions, all the design moments for the slab can be found once a suitable
value for α is chosen. The values of α from 0.35 to 0.39 give corresponding ratios of negative to
positive moments from 2.45 to 1.45.
66
SLAB
b b
(1 − α ) b a−
2
α
2
2
B
b
w/2 α
w/2 2
b b/2
A A
w/2 (1 − α ) b
w/2 2
a
B
(a) Plan view
w w
wb 2
(1 − 2α )
8
wb 2
α2
8
67
SLAB
wb 2
α2
2
wb 2
(1 − 2α )
2
p
≥ 3.5
180
68
SLAB
h
Where, D =150 x (psf)
12
Mu
d=
fy
φρf y (1 − 0.59 ρ )
fc'
fy
φMn=φρfybd2 ( (1 − 0.59 ρ )
fc'
69
SLAB
Spacing:
Using #3 and #4 bar.
Cut-off points can be calculated from moment diagrams and development length should be
provided.
70
SLAB
wa 2
mx = my =
16
Case-1
wy 2
mx =
2
Case-2
In the X direction:
w b b wb 2
Side strips: mx = x x =
2 4 8 64
b b wb 2
Case-4 Middle strips: mx = w x x =
4 8 32
In the Y direction:
w b b wb 2
Side strips: mx = x x =
2 4 8 64
2
b wb
Middle strips: mx = w x b x =
8 8
71
SLAB
Problem:
A plan of a market building is given in Figure 3.20. Necessary data are furnished below:
1
Slab thickness = 5 in. No edge beam.
2
All Column
’ ‘
5 @ 12 = 60
= 12 in.x10 in.
5 @ 15’ = 75
72
SLAB
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.1.3.
5 .5
DL = 150 x = 69 psf and LL = 60 psf
12
W= 1.4D + 1.7L = (1.4 * 69) + (1.7 * 60) = 198 psf = 0.198 ksf
• Clear span
1 ⎛ ln ln ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
tmin = ⎜ + ⎟ = * 168⎜ + ⎟ = 5.34 in
2 ⎝ 33 30 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 33 30 ⎠
1 ⎛ ln ln ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
tmin = ⎜ + ⎟ = *168⎜ + ⎟ = 4.88 in
2 ⎝ 36 33 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 36 33 ⎠
According to ACI Code 9.5.3.2 (a) the minm thickness for flat plate is 5″
73
SLAB
2
Wu l 2 l n
Mo =
8
1
Mo,long = (0.198)* 12 *142 = 58.2 ft – kips
8
1
Mo,short = (0.198) *15 * 11.182 = 46.3 ft – kips
8
0.52 0.35
0.20
0.65 0.60
0.70
1
Mo for B = (58.2) = 29.1 ft - kips
2
74
SLAB
l 2 12
For A & B : = = 0.80
l1 15
: l 2 15
For C & D : = = 1.25
l1 12
• Calculation of α
• Calculation of βt
¾ Is in βt
bh 3
Is =
12
(12 x12)(5.5) 3
For A & B : Is = = 2000in 4
12
(15 x12)(5.5) 3
For C & D : = 2500in 4
12
¾ Torsional Constant, C
Since no actual edge beam, use Figure 2.8 (b) for calculation of the torsional
member
⎡⎛ x ⎞⎛ x 3 y ⎞⎤
C= ∑ ⎢⎜
⎜ 1 − 0 . 63
y
⎟⎟⎜⎜
3
⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
75
SLAB
474
For A & B : β t = = 0.118
2 x 2000
363
For C & D : β t = = 0.073
2 x 2500
l2
• Finding out α
l1
A B C D
βt 0.118 0.118 0.073 0.073
α 0 0 0 0
l2 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
l1
l2 0 0 0 0
α
l1
A B C D
l2 l2
= 0.80: α = 0; βt = 0.118
l1 l1
76
SLAB
100 − 75
For βt = 0.118 % of moment = x 0.118 = 1.2% decrease
2 .5 − 0
l2 l2
= 1.25: α =0 ; βt = 0.073
l1 l1
100 − 75
For, βt = 0.073, % of moment decrease = ( ) * 0.073 = 0.70%
2.50 − 0
l2
For α =0
l1
A B C D
77
SLAB
l2 l l2
For α = 0 and 2 = 0.80 and = 1.25
l1 l1 l1
A B C D
7. α 0 0 0 0
l2
8. 0.80 0.80 1.25 1025
l1
9. l2 0 0 0 0
α
l1
78
SLAB
Table 3.16 : Distribution of factored moment in Column Strip & Middle Strip
79
SLAB
Problem:
A multi-story market building is planned using a flat plate floor system as shown in Figure 3.21.
Necessary data are given below:
A B
22ft
B C
22ft
80
SLAB
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 2.4.2.5. The EFM is used to determine the
longitudinal moments only. As mentioned earlier the transverse distribution process of
longitudinal moments and reinforcement calculation are similar to DDM (Section 3.4.1.3, step
4). Hence, this problem is solved upto determination of longitudinal moments. The structure is
identical in each direction, permitting the design for one direction to be used for both.
Minimum thickness h for a flat plate is obtained from Table 3.6.For an exterior panel:
ln 20.5 * 12
h= = = 8.20 in.≈ 8.50 in.
30 30
Factored Load:
k c Ecc I cc
Kc =
lc
For flat plate structure it is assumed all members are prismatic, neglecting the increase in
stiffness within the joint region. Take k c = 4
Consider Ec = constant
⎡⎛ x ⎞⎛ x 3 y ⎞⎤
• C= ∑ ⎢⎜
⎜ 1 − 0 . 63
y
⎟⎟⎜⎜
3
⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
hf = 8.5 in.
C1= 18 in
⎡⎛ 8.5 ⎞⎛ 8.5 3 * 18 ⎞⎤
C = ∑ ⎢⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ = 2590 in
4
⎣⎝ 18 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
• Kt = ∑ 9E cs C
3
⎛ C ⎞
l 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠
Kt = ∑ 9E c * 2590
= 109 Ec
3
⎛ 18 / 12 ⎞
264⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 22 ⎠
1 1 1
= +
K ec ∑ Kc Kt
82
SLAB
∑K c = 2 * 243 Ec
Kt = 2 * 109 Ec
1 1 1
= + ⇒ K ec = 151 Ec
K ec 486 E c 218 E c
κ s Ecs I s
K s=
l1
l 2 h 3 264 * 8.5 3
Is = = =13510
12 12
4 E c * 13510
K s= = 205 Ec
264
Distribution factors at each joint are calculated according to step 7 of section 3.4.2.5.
C.O.F and Moment coefficient for slab- beam are obtained from Appendix C-2.Moment
coefficient 0.083.COF=.503(for both cases).
83
SLAB
Panel B C B
Joint 1 2 2 3 3 4
DF .424 .576 .447 .22 - -
Fixed end moments +307 -307 +307 -307 +307 -307
Final moments +139 -359 +328 -328 +359 -139
Span moment in C 132
(b) 176 psf panels B
304 psf panel C
Fixed end moments +156 -156 +270 -270 +156 -156
Final moments +59 -229 +253 -253 +229 -59
Span moment in C 152
(c) 304 psf panels B(left) &
C &176 psf panel B (right)
Fixed end moments +270 -270 +270 -270 +156 -156
Fixed end moments +120 -325 +306 -235 +220 -62
Span moment in C 134
84
SLAB
Problem:
A plan of a residential building is given in Figure 3.22. Necessary data are given below:
fy = 60,000 psi
Design the corner panel A as two-way slab with beam by coefficient Method.
16’
Column
A size: 12
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.3.2 and Appendix D-1, 2, 3, 4.
85
SLAB
whwre, P = 2 (16+16) = 6
5
DL = 150 x = 62.5 ≈ 63 psf ; where wc = 150 pcf
12
LL = 140 psf
86
SLAB
= 4924 ft-lb
= 4924 ft-lb
1 1
Ma,neg, discontinuous = * Ma,pos = * 4924 = 1642 ft – lb
3 3
1 1
Mb,neg, discontinuous = * Mb,pos = * 4924 = 1642 ft – lb
3 3
Column strip moments are 2/3 of corresponding middle strip’s moments in respective direction.
87
SLAB
Mu
d=
fy
φρf y (1 − 0.59 ρ )
f c'
/
fc 87000
Here ρ = ρmax = 0.75ρ b = 0.75 * 0.85*β 1 * = 0.016
f y 87000 + f y
4924 *12
d= = 2.41 in.
60
0.90 * 0.016 * 60,000 *12(1 − 0.059 * 0.016 * )
3
In Short Direction:
• Midspan
As = 0.30 in.2/ft
12 x0.11
Spacing = = 4.4 ≈ 4′′c / c
0.30
88
SLAB
• Continuous Edge
As = 0.25 in2/ft.
12 x0.11
Spacing = = 5.28 ≈ 5′′c / c
0.25
• Discontinuous Edge
The negative moment at discontinuous edge is one third of positive moment in the span. It would
be adequate to bend up every third bar from the bottom to provide negative moment steel at
discontinuous edge.
In Long Direction:
Being equal moments, the reinforcement in long direction will be equal to short direction in this
case.
The average moments in columns being two-third of the corresponding moments in the middle
3
strips, adequate steel will be furnished if the spacing of this steel is times that in the middle
2
strip.
89
SLAB
3
• Midspan = 4 x = 6″ c/c
2
3
• Continuous edge = 5x = 7.5″ c/c
2
3
• Discontinuous edge = 8x = 12″ c/c
2
Step 8: Detailing
A
B
90
# 3 @ 4 in c/c # 3 @ 5 in c/c
# 3 @ 10 in c/c
Section A-A
Section B-B
91