FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN SELANGOR

KAMPUS SHAH ALAM

EVT 525

WATER RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY

LAB REPORT: TOTAL SOLID

GROUP : AS2292C & AS2293A

NO NAME STUDENT ID

1 AHMAD HAFIZUL MAHZUZ BIN ALIAS 2021130901

2 AIN ATHIRAH BINTI RAHIMI 2021113125
3 DAYANGKU SHAHFINAZ BINTI AZIZ 2021505403
4 HAMKA BIN SUHAIMI 2020862184
5 SITI AMIRAH BINTI MOHD ANUAR 2021124093

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 14 JANUARY 2022

LECTURER : DR NIK AZLIN BINTI NIK ARIFFIN

TITLE: TOTAL SOLID (TS)

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the the quantity of total solids in wastewater samples

PROCEDURE
RESULTS

Type of Sample A B C
Weight of dry empty 24.9288 21.2436 20.5046
evaporating dish, g
Weight of evaporating 24.9334 21.2477 20.5083
dish + remaining
solids, g
Weight of remaining 0.0046 0.0041 0.0037
solids, g
Quantity of total 920 000 000 mg/L 820 000 000 mg/L 740 000 000 mg/L
solids, mg/L
Volume of sample, ml 5 mL 5 mL 5 mL

CALCULATION

Total Solid (TS) =[ (A – B) ÷ C ] x 106

Where A = weight of evaporating dish + remaining solids, g

B = weight of dry empty evaporating dish, g

C = volume of sample, mL

Evaporating Dish A

Total Solid (TS) = [(24.9334 g – 24.9288 g) ÷ 5 mL] x 106

= 920 g/mL

Convert to mg/L = 920 g/mL x (1000 mg/1g) x (1000 mL/1L)

= 920 000 000 mg/L

Evaporating Dish B

Total Solid (TS) = [(21.2477 g – 21.2436 g) ÷ 5 mL] x 106

= 820 g/mL

Convert to mg/L = 820 g/mL x (1000 mg/ 1g) x (1000 mL/ 1L)

= 820 000 000 mg/L

Evaporating Dish B

Total Solid (TS) = [(20.5083 g – 20.5046 g) ÷ 5 mL] x 106

= 740 g/Ml

Convert to mg/L = 740 g/mL x (1000 mg/ 1g) x (1000 mL/ 1L)

= 740 000 000 mg/L

DISCUSSION

Total solids (TS) is refer to measurement that comprises both total dissolved and total suspended
solids in a liquid and is commonly used in the water treatment sector (Kreger,2004). The total
solids in a sample are made up of all the suspended, colloidal, and dissolved particles. Any
dissolved salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), as well as solid particles like silt and plankton,
are included in this combination.

According to the experiment, the experiment was carried out using three evaporating dish that
were labelled as evaporating dish A, B and C. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the
quantity of the total solids in wastewater sample. Firstly, the weight of remaining solid for
evaporating dish A, B & C were recorded which were 0.0046 g, 0.0041 g, 0.0037 g. It shows the
weight was decreased as well. The value of total solid was calculated by using the formula, Total
Solid (TS) = [ (A – B) ÷ C ] x 106 where A is weight of evaporating dish + remaining solids, g while
B refers to weight of dry empty evaporating dish, g and C is the volume of sample, mL. As the
results, the value of total solid for evaporating dish A was 920 000 000 mg/L while for evaporating
dish B, the value of the total solid was 820 000 000 mg/L. Nevertheless, the value of total solid
for evaporating dish C was 740 000 000 mg/L. Total solids must be expressed in mg/l
(milligrammes per litre) or ppm (parts per million).

Based on the experiment, there were a few of errors that have been found. The experiment's
inaccuracy was largely due to parallax error. One of the mistakes is that the readings were not
taken three times for each of the three evaporating dishes. Taking the reading for three times play
the main role in to get the consistent weight. The second issue was that the sample was not
completely agitated to homogenise it, preventing the required total solids from being acquired and
causing the result to be wrong.. The third issue occurred when the evaporating dishes were not
adequately cleaned, causing the other solids to stack against the wall, causing the result to be
erroneous. Last but not least, the eye level does not perpendicular with the meniscus of measuring
cylinder, since the correct meniscus level is at the bottom. (Helmenstine,2019)

To overcome that errors during the experiment, firstly, ensure the reading for each of the three
evaporating dishes were taken for three times. It will help to get the constant weight and consistent
data. Besides, make sure the sample completely agitated to homogenise it to avoid the value of
total solids from being acquired and causing the result to become not accurate. Sample
homogenization became a bottleneck as high-throughput screening technologies grew more
popular (Burden,2008). Furthermore, the evaporating dishes needs to adequately clean before
uses it. It will help the other solids not stack against the wall as well as the data will be accurate.
Lastly, ensure the position of the eye perpendicular with the meniscus of measuring cylinder. The
correct eye position will play an important role in preventing the occurrence of the parallax errors

QUESTIONS

1) Name the various TS that can be found in wastewater.

- In water, total solids include dissolved solids as well as suspended and settleable particles.
Dissolved solids in stream water include calcium, chlorides, nitrate, phosphorus, iron, sulphur,
and other ions particles that will flow through a filter with holes as small as 2 microns (0.002
cm). Silt and clay particles, plankton, algae, small organic detritus, and other particulate
materials are all examples of suspended solids. These are particles that would be blocked by
a 2-micron filter.
2) What are environmental impacts of TS?

-The environmental impacts of Total Solid caused water clarity. The flow of light through water
is slowed by higher solids, which slows photosynthesis in aquatic plants (EPA United States
Environmental Protection Agency,2012). Water will heat up faster and retain more heat,
potentially harming aquatic species that has evolved to a lower temperature regime. Besides,
the water balance in the cells of aquatic organisms is affected by total solids in the
environment. When an organism is put in water with a high concentration of solids, the water
in its cells tends to flow out, causing it to shrink. As a result, the organism's capacity to maintain
adequate cell density will be harmed, making it harder for it to retain its place in the water
column, and it may not survive. Drinking water with a high total solids content is unpleasant
to drink and may have an unfavourable impact on persons who are not acclimated to it.

3) Explain effects of total solids on wastewater treatment plant.

- The effectiveness of wastewater treatment facilities, as well as the functioning of industrial

operations that utilise raw water, can be harmed by too high or too low total solids levels. The
impact on a treatment plant is larger if the total solids are predominantly in organic form, as
opposed to total solids that are soluble in both inorganic and organic forms. If the total solids
are primarily inorganic, they might block pipes and machinery, causing them to corrode. This
is especially true in the operation of industrial operations that employ raw water.

4) List four possible error in this determination.

- The possible errors in determination of total solids are parallax errors. One of the errors is
when the water sample is not fully mixed and homogenised, which has an impact on the entire
outcome. Furthermore, the temperature does not set between 103°C and 105°C which is the
water sample not completely dry. When the water sample will not dry completely, it will affect
the total solids weight. After drying, the total solids exposed to air for too long, as it will get
polluted due to the presence of water vapour from open air. Furthermore, the evaporating
dishes does not well clean prior to pipetting to avoid erroneous results at the conclusion of the
experiment.
CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, the value of total solid was calculated by using formula, Total Solid (TS) = [ (A – B)
÷ C] x 106. From the result obtained, it showed that the value of total solid for evaporating dish A
was 920 000 000 mg/L while for evaporating dish B, the value of the total solid was 820 000 000
mg/L as well as the value of total solid for evaporating dish C was 740 000 000 mg/L. Agricultural
runoff, which frequently contains fertilisers and suspended soil particles, also contributes to total
solids. Industrial wastes, leftovers of water treatment facilities, and runoff from parking lots and
roofs are some of the other sources (CORROSIONPEDIA, 2020). As a result, the experiment's
objectives were fullfilled and achieved.

REFERENCES

• Burden, D.W. (2008). Guide to the Homogenization of Biological Samples. (7). pg 1-14
https://opsdiagnostics.com/notes/ranpri/Homogenization%20Guide%20ver.1.pdf
• CORROSIONPEDIA. (2020, December 30). What Does Total Solid Mean?.
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1106/total-solids-water-treatment
• EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012, March 6). Total Solids
https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms58.html
• Helmenstine, A. M. (2019, October 2). How to Read a Meniscus in Chemistry?.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-read-a-meniscus-606055
• Kreger, C. (2004, November 10). Water Quality Assessment: Physical: Total Solid.
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/waterq3/WQassess4g.html