1.1.1. Consumer Decision 1.1.1. Consumer Decision 1.1.2.

Consumer Decision
Making Process Making Process
For an effective service marketing
strategy development, it is important
to diagnose and understand the
decision process that customers are
likely employ in making
consumption choices and purchases.
It is important to uncover the
mysteries behind customer-related
questions like what do they buy?
Why do they buy? How they make
selection among available choice?
And what factors affect their
decisions to buy and not to buy? A
strategy that is based on impressions
and not insights may not work
because of clash between the maker's
logic and the taker's logic. It is in this
light consumer decision process
provides useful framework in under-
standing customer mind which can be
used by the marketer in taking
decisions like product development,
assortment design, packaging, pricing
and communication.
Making Process
Identifying and understanding the
decision process that consumer used
during the consumption choices is
vital for the development of an
effective service marketing strategy.
It is important for marketers to
answer questions related to customers
such as which products do they buy?
How do they choose between the
available options? And many more.
The strategy which is built not on the
basis of understanding but on the
basis of impressions may not operate
because of the conflict between the
logic of the producer and the buyer.
Thus the consumer decision-making
process provides an effective
structure for marketers to understand
their customers, which the marketers
can use to make decisions about
price, product development,
communication, and assortment
design.
Identifying and understanding the
consumer decision making process
that customers may go through while
making purchases is important for the
development of effective marketing
strategy. It allows marketers in
identifying the solution of customer-
related queries such as the type of
purchase made by them, reasons for
their purchases, process of making
selection and factors affecting their
selection of product. Any strategy
which is only based on the
impressions is not worthy of as there
is difference between the logic of
marketers and the customers. The
framework for decisions like product
development, assortment design,
packaging, pricing and promotion is
based on the consumer decision
making process.

Consumer decision process model
developed by Engle, Kollat and
Blackwell aims at capturing the
activities that occur when decisions
are made in a systematic format and
shows how various internal and
external forces interact and affect
how consumers think, evaluate and
act. Buying is akin to problem
solving. Customers buy a product or
service when they have a problem or
need or want. The consumer decision
process model shows that customers
pass through seven major stages
when making a decision. Discovering
as to what kind of decision process a
customer is likely to employ in a
given buying situation is essential in
determining the challenges involved
in marketing of a product or service.
Decision process throws light on
what a customer cognitively thinks
and feels and what are his or her
likely action tendencies. For instance,
whether the communication
programme should be information
heavy or light, or logical thinking
should be stimulated or emotions
should be stirred, all of these kinds of
decisions can be effectively taken if
decision process is correctly
identified. A speculative or trial-and-
error method of strategy development
Engle, Kollat and Blackwell formed Engle, Kollat and Blackwell develops
the consumer decision process the consumer decision making process
model. The model aims to capture the aiming at identifying the activities that
activities which arise when the are performed by the consumers in a
decisions are taken in an organised chronological order displaying the
way. It also exhibits how external interaction of internal and external
and internal forces interact with the factors and the impact of these factors
customers and influences their ways on consumer purchases. Both buying
to act, think and evaluate. The and problem-solving are similar, i.e.,
product or service is purchased by the consumer purchase product when they
customer only when they need, want have any problem or need or want. In
or have a problem. There are seven order to determine the problems
stages that are exhibited in the involved in marketing of a product or
consumer decision making model service, it is important to identify the
through which a customer goes type of decision process a customer is
through while making a decision. likely to follow in a given purchasing
Following are the seven stages of condition.
consumer decision making process:
1) Need recognition Decision process highlights the
2) Information search cognitive thinking of the customers
3) Pre-purchase evaluation and their capabilities or tendencies to
4) Purchase take action. For example, whether the
5) Consumption promotional programme should be
6) Post consumption evaluation heavy on information or light on it,
7) Disinvestment whether logical thinking or emotions
should be promoted, all of these
Identifying the limitations involved decisions may be made successfully
in marketing a product or service provided the decision process is
requires determining what type of accurately defined. A marketer who
decision-making process a customer develops a plan using a speculative or
is likely to use in a given purchase trial-and-error approach may make
situation. The decision process errors.
describes what the consumer thinks,
may draw a marketer into committing feels and the expected behavioural Consumer decision making process
mistakes. tendencies. For example, whether a involves seven stages. These are:
communication program is heavy on 1) Need recognition
There are seven stages involved in information or light on information, 2) Information search
consumer decision process: need whether logical thinking should be 3) Pre-purchase evaluation
recognition, information search, pre- stimulated or emotions should be 4) Purchase
purchase evaluation, purchase, evoked, all such decisions could be 5) Consumption
consumption, post-consumption made efficiently taken if the decision 6) Post-consumption evaluation
evaluation and lastly divestment. process is properly identified. A 7) Divestment
speculative or trial-and-error method
of strategy development can tempt a
marketer to make mistakes.

1.1.2. Search for 1.1.1. Search for 1.1.7. Search for

Information
When consumers search for
information, they use two sources.
Internally to fetch from memory or
externally collecting information
from peers, family, marketplace or
the internet. Sometimes consumers
search passively and subconsciously,
as they know their need. This means
that if the needed information is
presented, the consumer takes it in.
For example, you know that you are
in need of a new vacuum cleaner.
You put that information in the back
of your head, and when encountering
a vacuum cleaner advertisement,
without intentionally searching, you
are closer to making a decision on the
purchase.
Information
External source and internal source
are the two sources that are used by
consumers during searching for
information. Retrieving information
from memory is done through
internal sources while external
sources are used to retrieve data from
peers, family, market or internet.
Sometimes customers know about
their need, therefore they start
looking for what they want without
thinking much. If the required
information is supplied, the consumer
will take it. For example, a person
need a new vacuum cleaner and enter
this information into the mind, and
whenever the person see a vacuum
cleaner advertisement the person
comes one step closer to making a
purchase.
Information
Internal to fetch from memory to get
information and external information
from family, peers, marketplace or
internet are the two sources from
where the customers search for
information. Consumers may seek
passively and subconsciously when
they are aware of a need, i.e., the
consumer directly takes in the
information if the needed information
is present. For example, a person is
certain about his need of purchasing a
vacuum cleaner. S/he put that
information in his mind and when s/he
saw the ad of a vacuum cleaner, s/he
is closer to make the purchase
decision without intentionally
searching.

1.1.3. Pre-purchase 1.1.2. Pre-purchase 1.1.8. Pre-purchase

Evaluation of Alternatives
Each individual has their own way of
evaluating their options and basis it
on personal factors such as lifestyle,
emotions and attitudes towards
brands, the price, what they feel like
that day, aesthetics, values, lifestyle
and needs. (You can find a helpful
article about attitudes here) Their
evaluation is also based upon
external factors that we discussed
earlier.
Evaluation of Alternatives
Everyone has their own way to
evaluate the option available and
their evaluations are based on the
external factors. These options are
based on the emotions, attitudes
towards the product or the brand,
lifestyle, needs, values and aesthetics.
Evaluation of Alternatives
Different individuals have different
ways to evaluate the factors affecting
their purchase decisions such as
emotions, lifestyle, and their attitude
towards the price, and brand of the
product. These are all internal factors
affecting the purchase decisions.
External factors like family, peers,
professional relation, i.e., affecting the
purchasing decisions also affect the
evaluation of alternatives on varying
degrees.

The customers have to take two Salient attributes decision and

Before making a purchase, the
consumer has to make two decisions.
Salient attribute decision (to do with
the product price, reliability, life span
and value). Determinant attributes
decision (when considering which
retailer to choose. There are factors
such as; how clean the store is, where
decisions before proceeding to
buying. First one is the salient
attribute decision which refers to the
decisions like the price, life span,
value and reliability of the product.
The other is the Determinant
attributes decision that is related with
which retailer should be choose,
determinant attributes decision are the
two decisions that consumers are
required to make before making the
purchase decision. Salient attribute
decision is concerned with the price,
reliability, value and lifespan of the
product. Whereas, determinant
attributes decision is concerned with
it’s closer, does the store have
products out of stock often, the
customer service).
1.1.4. Purchase
Finally the consumers decide to go
ahead and make a final call on the
purchase.
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During this time, the consumer may Following are the things that the
form an intention to buy the most customer must decide during this
preferred brand because he has stage:
evaluated all the alternatives and 1) The consumer must decide from
identified the value that it will bring
him.
During this stage, the consumer must
decide the following:
1) From whom they should buy,
which is influenced by price
point, terms of sale, and previous
experience with or awareness of
the seller and the return policy.
2) When to buy, which can be
influenced by the store
atmosphere or environment, time
pressures and constraints, the
presence of a sale, and the
shopping experience.
There are two phases of consumer
decision towards the final purchase.
We already discussed these two
phases in the "evaluation of
alternatives" stage. The first is the
decision on the retail store and the
next is the actual products in store. A
consumer may already have the exact
product in mind, however, it often is
the case that once the consumer is in
the store, they may change their
decision. This is because once the
consumer sees other choices, they
may choose different or even opt out
of buying all together. This is why it
is very important for marketers to
make sure that their product is
positioned in such a way that
consumers will be more prone to
buying it. We will write an extensive
article on this topic.
1.1.5. Consumption
including the other factors like how the selection of the type of retailer like
clean the store is, the customer cleanliness, location, customer service
service and many other like these. of the store and availability of the
product in the store.
1.1.9. Purchase
1.1.3. Purchase
Purchase is that step in the consumer
decision making process where the
customer finally decides to move
further and make purchase. In this
stage the consumer develops a mind-
set to purchase the most preferable
brand as the consumer has examined
all the alternatives and determined
the value that the consumer will be
getting after purchasing the product.
whom they should buy, the terms
of sale, the return policy and the
early experience with the retailer.
2) The customers should also decide
when to buy, or which product
can get affected by the
atmosphere of store, shopping
experience, and presence of sale.
The selection of the retail store and
the actual product in the store which is
discussed already in the “evaluation of
alternatives” stage are the important
phases of consumer decision towards
the final purchase. There might be two
possibilities while purchasing the
product, i.e., whether the consumer is
clear about his/her need or the
consumer might change his/her
decision once he/she reaches the store.
This is so because, once the
consumers have different alternatives,
there is possibility that they may
change their decision of purchasing a
particular product. This is why it is
critical for marketers to position their
products in such a manner that
consumers will be more likely to
purchase them.
1.1.4. Consumption 1.1.10. Consumption
The consumer consumes the product
and everyone does it in their own
way. They may preserve it for a long
time or they may also just consume it
right after purchase. Consumers may
respect the product and take care of it
or they may just be flawless with it.
The consumer chooses how they
consume. Consumption can be
immediate or can be delayed
dependent on ones situation. As
found by many psychologists,
attitude can play a big part in the
satisfaction of the consumption.
What influences attitude to a big
extent that marketers can try to
control is the environment. For
example, someone eating a hot,
freshly baked donut on a street in
winter can have more satisfaction
than eating it at home.
The literal meaning of the term
‘consumption’ is using the purchased
product in the desired way. It is easy
to define the term ‘consumption’ but
understanding consumption as a
process is much more complicated.
The primary focus of all the studies
associated with consumer behaviour
has been on the consumer decisions
regarding goods and services, choice
of brand, etc. Even some more
dimensions of consumer decisions
are there. The consumption or
utilisation of things or experiences
like branded clothes, shoes, watches,
spa, movies, travelling, etc., results in
the satisfaction of the consumers. All
the future consumption decisions are
influenced by these current
experiences and satisfaction.
Therefore, considering all the
experiences and possessions of the
consumers, it can be concluded that
the consumption process starts from
the moment the consumer selects a
particular product or service. So, the
input for the consumption process is
the purchase or choice decision. A
‘consumption set’ and ‘consuming
styles’ are determined in the input
stage of the consumption process.
Portfolio of products and their
features constitute the consumption
set and the ways in which the
consumption requirements of the
consumers are fulfilled constitute the
consuming styles. Collection,
possession, use and disposal of
The product is consumed by each
person in different ways. Consumer
is the one who consumes the product;
they can consume it immediately
after purchase or can use it later. The
consumers may be either satisfied or
dissatisfied by the product. It has
been observed by various
psychologists that the attitude has a
major role in satisfaction of the
consumption. The vital factor that
influences the attitudes of the
customers is the environment and the
marketers attempt to control this
factor. For example, one is eating a
hot baked donut on street in winter
may have much satisfaction than
eating that donut at home.
The term ‘consumption’ means
consuming the product bought in a
desired manner. Defining
consumption is easy however it is
hard to understand the consumption
as a process. The key focus of every
study related to the consumer
behaviour is on consumer decisions
such as choice of brand, goods and
services, etc. For consumer decisions
there are other dimensions as well.
Consumer satisfaction comes from
experiences, consumption or use of
things such as branded shoes, clothes,
travel, watches, spas, movies, and
many more. The future consumption
is influenced by present experiences
and satisfactions.
Thus by analysing all the aspects it
can be said that consumption process
starts from the moment consumer
choses a specific product or service.
Therefore the choice decision and
purchase are the inputs for the
consumption process. In the input
stage of the consumption process, a
‘consumption set’ and a consuming styles. The consumption
‘consumption style’ are determined.
The consumption set is made up of a
portfolio of goods and their
characteristics, and consumption
styles are the ways in which the
consumption needs of consumers are
met. The process stage of the
consumption process includes the
Different consumers have different
ways to consume products. Some
consumer preserves consume products
right after purchase while some
preserves them for longer time period.
Consumers may be flawless with the
product or they might care and respect
the product. Every consumer has
his/her way for consuming the
product, i.e., either immediate or can
be delayed based on his/her situation.
Attitude of the consumers has
important role in the consumption
process. Marketer tries to control the
environment that majorly affects the
consumer’s attitude. For example, a
consumer eating a hot freshly baked
donut on street in winter can get more
satisfaction than eating it at home.
The term consumption refers to the
use of purchased good in the desired
way. Though the term has simple
meaning, but it complicated to
understand the consumption process.
Consumer decisions regarding the
goods and services, choice of brand,
etc., are the primary focus of all the
researches or studies associated with
the consumer behaviour. In fact, there
are more consumer behaviour
dimensions. The satisfaction of
consumers may results from the
consumption of things or experiences
like branded shoes, cloths, spa,
movies, etc. Furthermore, all these
current experiences and satisfaction
influences the future consumption
decisions.
The process of consumption begins
when the consumer chooses a product
or service taking into account all of
the experiences and satisfaction of the
consumers. As a result, the purchase
or choice decision is the input for the
consumption process. The input stage
of the consumption process
determines the consumption set and
set includes the portfolio of products
and their characteristics whereas
consumption styles include the
fulfilment of consumer’s requirement
of consumption. The process stage of
the consumption process includes the
collection, possession, use and
disposal of the products or services.
products or services constitute the
process stage of the consumption
process. The output of this
consumption process may be a
change in behaviour, attitude or
mood, development of feeling of
satisfaction, joy or self,
reinforcement of a particular
lifestyle, etc. The consumption model
is presented in the figure 2.2.
possession, collection, use and the
disposal of the products or services.
Feeling of satisfaction, change in
behaviour, mood or attitude, etc. are
the outcomes of this consumption
process. Figure 2.2 exhibits the
consumption model.
Change is behaviour, attitude or mood
of the consumers, or development of
feeling of satisfaction or
dissatisfaction, reinforcement of a
particular lifestyle, etc., may results
from the consumption process. Figure
2.2 represents the consumer’s
consumption model.

1.1.6. Post-consumption 1.1.11. Post-consumption

Evaluation
Consumer's second guess and ask
whether they made a good call on the
purchase. This is especially true
when purchasing high involvement
products (more on that here). This is
called “post purchase regret” or
“cognitive dissonance”. The higher
the price the higher the concern may
be. To satisfy consumers after
purchase, marketers let consumers
call a toll-free number to address and
solve any concerns. Furthermore,
there are often FAQ on the website as
well as other materials to support any
questions a consumer may have. This
allows marketers to confirm that the
consumer is happy with the purchase.
Evaluation
Post-consumption evaluation stage is
1.1.5. Post-consumption concerned with the consumer’s
Evaluation evaluation of factors whether the
purchase decision made by them is
right or is they satisfied with the
purchase. This is even truer in case of
high valuation products. When
consumer is somehow dissatisfied
with the purchasing, this is called
“post-purchase regret” or “cognitive
dissonance”. The higher the price of
the product, the higher consumer is
concerned about its purchase.
Marketer let consumers call a toll-free
number to address and solve the
queries of the consumers in order to
satisfy the consumers after purchase.
In addition to this, marketers also
provide FAQ on their websites as well
as other materials to assist any
questions a consumer may have. This
allows marketers to determine whether
their customers are satisfied with the
purchase or not.

1.1.12. Divestment/
1.1.6. Divestment/ Disposition
1.1.7. Divestment/ Disposition Disposition of divestment varies from
Disposition In context to disposition there are country to country. The primary
Here, substantial distinctions are met variations in the industrialised reason for this distinction is that it is
in the industrialized countries. First, countries. Firstly, the disposition is based on the social reasons and not on
divestment is often made due to made not due to practical reasons but the practical reasons. For example, a
social, not practical reasons. For due to the social factors. For consumer intends to purchase new
example, the consumer is very likely example, Consumers are ready to cloths because of the changed
to buy new clothes, not because the buy new clothes, not because they preferences of fashion or aesthetic and
ones he or she has are old or too few, have old clothes or fewer clothes, but not because of s/he has few or old
but because fashion or aesthetic because the fashion has changed. cloths. The other reason for the
preferences have changed. Secondly, Secondly, a significant social shift distinction in the process of
a major social shift toward toward environmental awareness has divestment is due to the social change
environmentalism has pushed prompted businesses and towards the more environmental
businesses and governments toward governments to recycle and employ friendly businesses and products. In
recycling and the use of ecologically friendly materials. In addition to this, consumer product
environmentally friendly materials. addition, consumer product disposal disposal has grown increasingly
Furthermore, the process of disposing has become increasingly ecologically ecologically conscious, and product
of products by consumers has conscious, and product selection is selection is frequently impacted by the
become very environmentally often influenced by product exposure impact of the product during and after
sensitive, and the choice of products during and after disinvestment. divestment.
is often influenced by their effect
during and after divestment.
Some products never go through a
disposition stage, because they are
consumed in their entirety, and there
is no residual packaging or waste.
For many other products, however,
there is a residual, either in the form
of packaging, or in the form of the
actual product (which may or may
not function). Depending on the
product, its residual value, and the
ability to dispose of it, one may
engage in any of these disposition
behaviours. Some products are
governed by law, and their
disposition is regulated heavily (like
motor oils and tyres). Some states
have bottle deposit laws.
Disposition of a product or its package
may occur before, during, or after
product use. Understanding disposition
behaviour has become increasingly
important to marketing managers
because of the ecological concerns of
many consumers, the costs and scarcity
of raw materials, and the activities of
legislatures and regulatory agencies.
The ease of recycling or re-using a
product’s container is a key product
attribute for many consumers.
Product disposition is a major
consideration in marketing strategy
because:
1) Disposition sometimes must
precede the purchase because of
financial or space limitations.
2) Certain disposition strategies
may give rise to a used or re-built
market.
3) Difficult or unsatisfactory
disposition alternatives may
cause some consumers to
withdraw from the market for a
particular item.
Consumers often have logical and
reasonable motives behind their
disposition actions. For example,
people sell things to earn an
economic return and come out ahead.
In contrast, they may choose to
donate something without getting a
tax deduction, or they may pass an
item along out of a desire to help
someone as well as a desire not to let
Some products are consumed in their
Few products never reach the eternity and do not go through the
disposal stage because they have disposition stage. Whereas some
been completely used up and there is products left residual either in the
no packaging or garbage left. form of actual product, which may or
Though, there is a residue that may or may not be function, or in the form of
may not serve as packaging or as the packaging. One may engage in any of
actual product for many other the disposition behaviours based on
products. Any of these disposition the product, its residual value and the
behaviours may be used depending ability to dispose of it. Disposition of
on the product, its residual value and some products such as motor oils, and
its ability to be disposed of. Some tyres are heavily regulated and
items are regulated by law, and their governed by the laws. Bottle deposit
disposal is strictly controlled. For laws are also acted in some states.
example, motor oil and tyres. There
are bottle deposit laws in some states.
A product’s or its package’s disposal
A product’s or its package’s disposal might happen before, during, or after
might happen before, during, or after use. Because of the ecological
use. Because of many consumers concerns of many consumers, the
environmental concerns, the cost and costs and scarcity of raw materials,
scarcity of raw resources, and the and the activities of legislatures and
activity of lawmakers and regulatory regulatory agencies, it is important for
bodies, understanding disposition the marketing managers to understand
behaviour has become increasingly the disposition behaviour. The key
crucial for marketing managers. For product attribute for many consumers
many consumers, the ease with which is the ease of recycling or re-using the
a product’s container can be recycled container of a product.
or reused is a crucial feature.
Following are the basic reasons due to
Due to the following product which product disposition is the major
disposition is a key consideration in concern in marketing strategy:
marketing strategy: 1) Sometimes, due to the financial or
1) This can sometimes precede a space limitations, the purchase
purchase due to financial or must be preceded by the
location limitations. disposition.
2) Some disposition strategies may 2) A used or re-built market is raised
lead to a used or recreated due to the disposition of certain
market. strategies.
3) Unsatisfactory or difficult 3) Some consumers withdraw from
choices in nature may cause the market for a particular product
some customers to withdraw because of the difficult or
from the market for a specific unsatisfactory disposition
item. alternatives.
The disposition action of consumers
often involves logical and reasonable
motives. For example, people sell
The consumers always have some their possessions in order to make a
reasonable and logical motives profit. They may, on the other hand,
behind their disposition actions. opt to give something without
receiving a tax benefit, or they may
want to pass an item along out of a
desire to help someone while also
avoiding wasting the goods.
Disposition possibilities can also be
influenced by situational and product-
related variables. For example,
consumers most likely to dispose of a
possession by throwing it away,
the product go to waste. Situational
and product-related factors can also
affect disposition options. For
example, when consumers have
limited time or storage space, they
may be more likely to dispose of a
possession by throwing it away,
giving it away, or abandoning it.
Consumers disposing of a possession
of high value are likely to sell it or to
give it to someone special rather than
to throw it away. In general, the
frequency of different disposition 1.1.6.1. Disposition
behaviours varies by product Alternatives
category.
1.1.7.1. Disposition
Alternatives
When a consumer contemplates the 1) Keep the Product: When the
disposition of a product, there appear
to be three general choices available
to him:
1) Keep the Product: If he decides
to keep the product, he may
either:
i) Continue to use it for its 2) Permanently Dispose of it:
original purpose.
ii) Convert it to serve another
purpose.
iii) Store it, perhaps for later use.
2) Permanently Dispose of it: If he
decides to get rid of it
permanently, he can:
i) Throw it away or abandon it. 3) Temporarily Dispose of it:
ii) Give it away.
iii) Sell it.
iv) Trade it
3) Temporarily Dispose of it:
Finally, if he decides to dispose
of it only temporarily, he can:
i) Loan it.
ii) Rent it to someone else.
1.1.7.2. Marketing
Implications
The implications of the consumer seen from the perspective of public
product disposition process reflect on policy as well as strategy.
several areas of marketing. There are
implications from a public policy
perspective as well as from a strategy
perspective.
The public policy effects of
disposition are many. For example,
the effects of disposition choice on
the environment include the long run
effects of a throwaway lifestyle, the
resources wasted when an item is
Following are the three common
choices that appear when a consumer
considers the disposition of the
product:
customers decides to keep the
product then they may:
i) Use it for its actual purpose
ii) Use it to satisfy another
purpose
iii) Keep it for using it later
When the customers want to
permanently dispose of then they
can:
i) Throw out the product
ii) Give it away
iii) Trade it
iv) Sold it
When the customers wants to
dispose it off only temporarily
then they may:
i) Give it on loan
ii) Give it on rent to somebody
else
1.1.6.2. Marketing
Implications
The implications of consumer
product disposition have been
observed in various areas of
marketing. Some implications are
giving it away or abandoning it
because of having limited time or
storage space. Rather than throwing
away, consumers generally prefer to
disposing of a possession of high
value by selling it or giving it to
someone special. Generally, different
product categories have different
disposition behaviours.
1.1.12.1. Disposition
Alternatives
Following are the disposition
alternatives available to the customers:
1) Keep the Product: When the
consumer decides to keep the
product, then s/he may:
i) Use the product continuously
for its original purpose.
ii) Change the product to serve
another purpose.
iii) Store the product for its later
use.
2) Permanently Dispose of it:
When consumer decides to
dispose of the product
permanently, then s/he may:
i) Give it away.
ii) Sell or trade it.
iii) Throw it away or abandon it.
3) Temporarily Dispose of it: When
consumer decides to dispose of
the product temporarily, then s/he
may:
i) Rent it to someone else.
ii) Loan it.
1.1.12.2. Marketing
Implications
Various areas of marketing reflect the
implications of product disposition
process. There are consequences from
both a public policy and a tactical
standpoint.
The implications of disposition on
public policy are numerous. For
example, the long-term impacts of a
throwaway lifestyle, the resources lost
when an item is thrown, and the
resource drained when it is replaced
are all repercussions of disposition
decision on the ecosystem. As a result,
examining consumer inclination might
discarded and the resource depleted
when it is replaced. Thus, study of
the many problems of polluting and
littering could be better addressed by
considering consumer disposition.
help researchers better understand the
numerous problems of pollution and
littering.