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BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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extension services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.

PROJECT
IN
AC Apparatus and Devices
EE 414
“STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER”

Submitted by:
CELMAR, TATA V. BSEE-4B
PASTOR, DREXYL RHEY BSEE-4B
TORRES, FERDINAND Q. BSEE-4B

Submitted to:
ENGR. MYRIAM J.POLINAR
 INSTRUCTOR

Introduction

Transformer is a simple static device that helps in transferring the electrical

power between two circuits.

Transformer works on the Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

 It is a process by which primary coil induces a voltage into the secondary coil with

the help of magnetic induction. The coil windings are electrically isolated and

magnetically connected around a common circuit called core.

 If we apply varying current in one coil, it results in creating a magnetic field and

automatically induces the varying voltage in the secondary coil.

 Hence power is transmitted from one coil to another through the magnetic field.

 A slight change in current in transformers helps in increasing and decreasing the

AC voltage in many electrical power applications.

Transformers are available in different sizes weighing from cubic centimeters to

hundreds of tons. Without transformers it would be very difficult to transfer the power

generated at the grid station to the area around the city. The high voltage and current

produced at grid station can be reduced to low level which in turn helps in operating the

electrical appliances at home.

Significance of the study

One of the reasons for utilization of electricity in ac form was, transformer can

work on AC supply.

Since then, transformer is one of the most important part in every sector

including generation, transmission, distribution & utilization of electrical energy.

After generating electricity, as we want to transmit it over long distances, we need to

step up the voltage; for this we require step up transformers.

The transmission lines are terminated at the distribution station wherein we need to

step down the voltage. Here we require step down transformers.

Further, at utilization end we have various equipment’s operating at lesser voltages than

utility supply voltage.

Transformer is used to increase or decrease the voltage in electrical line. For an

Ideal transformer V (in) I (in) = V (out) I (out). Therefore VI = constant. That means Voltage will

increase at the expense of current and current will increase at the expense of voltage.

That’s why for an Ideal Transformer input power and output power are same.
 It can be used in our homes, apartments, buildings and electrical appliances i.e.

where electrical power is required according to our needs and requirements. Following

are the some applications of transformer:

 It can be used to alternate the amount of voltage and current. When current

increases, voltage decrease and when voltage increases, then current decreases i.e. P

=V*I

 Value of reluctance, capacitance and resistance can be controlled by the help

of transformer.

 It finds many applications when it prohibits the flow of DC current from one

circuit to another.

 Transformer is also used as an impedance device where same amount of

voltage is required to the output as implied to the input. Hence, it also allows the two

circuit be electrically isolated.

Design

In our project we construct shell type transformer. Shell type transformer comes

with a steel core that covers some part of the coil windings. The coils in this transformer

are also form-wound and are arranged in different layers that are insulated from each

other. Such type of transformer comes in two shapes i.e. rectangular type or distributed

type. It is like a disc arranged with insulated spaces, providing a horizontal cooling. Both,

rectangular and distributed types of shell transformer are given in the figures below.

In order to provide compact look and minimum movement, this transformer comes with

a rigid bracing that combines the whole transformer at one place. Main purpose of

bracing is to control vibration and provide minimum noise during operation.

Both, shell type and core type transformers, encompass same characteristics but they

are different with respect to cost. Shell type transformer is high in demand due to high

voltage and the construction of its design. Things that are taken into consideration

before buying the transformer include, heat distribution, cooling process, weight,

voltage rating and kilo-watt ampere rating.

Materials

Magnetic copper wire

Plates or sheets of iron-silicon (shaped I & E)

Waxed paper or pressboard

Masking tape

Bracket and screws

Spool or formwork
Methodology

Steps in constructing shell type transformer:

-Calculation of the transformer

-Piercing the framework

-Remove rubber coating of the wire

-Bind cable and wire with soldering led

-Wound the wire uniformly

-Isolate the primary winding with pressboard

-Ensure the secondary windings

Computation
Procedure:

Core area = 1.25 in x 1.33 in

Primary Volts = 230v

Frequency = 60hz

Operation = cont. duty

Step 1: Determine the core Area

A = 1.25 x 1.33(in2)

A = 1.6625 in2 area of the core

Step 2: Determine the number of primary

primary volts
Tp = 7.5 x
core area

230
= 7.5 x
1.6625
 = 1037.59

Tp = 1038 turns

Step 3. Determine the turn per volts

primart turns
Turns/volt =
primary volts

1038
=
230

= 4.513 turns/volt

Step 4: Determine the number of secondary turns

T12 =(Turns/volts) (Desired voltage)

T12 = 55 turns

T9 = (4.513) (6)

T9 = 41 turns

T6 = (4.513)(6)

T6 = 28 turns

Step 5: Determine the capacitor of transformer in terms of watts

(Note: For induction type transformer, 25 watts/in 2 area may be allowed for continuous

duty)

P = (core area)(25)

= (1.6625)(25)

P = 41.5625 watts

Step 6: Determine the size of the primary wire

P
Ip =
primary volts

41.5625
Ip =
230

Ip = 0.18 Amps

AWG = Ip (1000) = 0.18(1000) = 180 circular mils

180 circular mils > # 28 AWG

Step 7: Determine the size of the secondary wire

P
Is =
secondary volts

41.5625
=
12

Is = 3.464 Amps
 AWG = Ip(1000) = (3.464)(1000) = 3464 circular mils

3464 circular mils > # 15 AWG

Conclusion

After constructing of the shell type transformer we gathered three outputs: 6

volts, 9 volts, and 12 volts. So, we conclude that it is necessary to compute the

number of turns in every output you desired. To determine if the output you

desired is precise, make sure to test and wait for the outcome. If the outcome is

not enough or exceed of what you desired, try to add more turns or reduce some

turns.