FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

SEMSTER 1 SESSION 2021/2022

GROUP PROJECT

TITLE GREEN CONCRETE

SUBJECT CODE BFC10502

NO NAME NO MATRIC
ABDIRZAQ BARE ABDI
1 AF200210

2 ABDINASIR ABDULLAHI AF210006

MOHAMED
3 BUBA SADIQ AF210003

LECTURER NAME : ENCIK MOHD KHAIRY BIN BURHANUDIN

P a g e 1 | 17
TABLE OF CONCTENT

TITLE NO PAGE

ABSTRACT 1

CHAPTER 1 2
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT

Eight to 10 percent of the world's all out CO2 discharges come from assembling concrete. A
worldwide temperature alteration gas is delivered at the point when limestone and dirt’s are
squashed and warmed to high temperatures. Green concrete is characterized as a substantial which
uses squander material as no less than one of its parts, or its creation cycle doesn't prompt
ecological obliteration, or it has high execution and life cycle maintainability.
Different endeavors have been led by scientists to show up at certain options that can essentially
decrease high energy burned-through and ecological effects during creation cycle of concrete,
including executing the idea of modern nature and green science just as nanoengineering that
concentrate on the conduct of the construction and association of nanoparticles of concrete in the
blend for accomplishing better execution.

The cleaner advances in substantial creation, for example, subbing somewhat high level of concrete
by fly debris (up to 100%), the utilization of other normal pozzolans, advancement of concrete with
reusing or waste materials, and developing nano concrete by coordinating CNT's or self-detecting
CNTs in the substantial blend for better execution as far as strength, solidness, and sturdiness, have
been created furthermore, are tended to in this paper. A few endeavors that have been done as such
far in executing the idea of green concrete and material development of nano silica in Indonesia is
discussed. At long last, issues in the acknowledgment of and expected boundaries to green concrete
just as political situations that have been embraced by a few nations through execution of different
needs and liberation in different fields are additionally talked about.

CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Green concrete refers to the use of environmentally friendly components in concrete to make the
system more long-lasting. Because, for example, waste products are utilized as a partial substitute
for cement, charges for waste disposal are avoided, energy consumption in production is lower, and
durability is higher, green concrete is frequently and inexpensively produced. The hue of this
concrete should not be mistaken with its appearance.

Waste can be used to make new products or as admixtures in other products, allowing natural
resources to be used more efficiently and the environment to be protected from waste deposits.
Green aggregates in concrete are inorganic residual products such as stone dust, crumbled concrete,
and marble trash. Furthermore, increasing the use of alternative raw materials and alternative fuels
by developing or improving cement with low energy consumption by replacing cement with fly ash,
micro silica in larger amounts, to develop new green cements and binding materials, increases the
use of alternative raw materials and alternative fuels by developing or improving cement with low
energy consumption. The use of numerous industrial by-products and micro-fillers in concrete has
been studied extensively.
The primary motivation for incorporating pozzolanic wastes was not only to save money, but also to
increase the qualities of concrete, particularly its durability.
This document covers the many efforts underway to make concrete more environmentally friendly
so that it can be used in "Green Building" projects. The use of suitable alternatives for Portland
cement, particularly those that are byproducts of industrial processes, such as fly ash, ground
granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume, is the first and most successful in this regard. Efforts
to employ acceptable recycled materials as concrete aggregate alternatives, such as recycled
concrete aggregate, are also gaining traction.
Green Concrete has been a developing subject throughout the history of major industry; it was
initially developed in 1998 in Denmark. Green concrete has no bearing on shading. Green concrete
is a type of substance that is comparable to conventional concrete, but its production requires the
least amount of energy and has the least adverse effect on the environment.

It is the concept of incorporating eco-friendly components into concrete in order to make the
system more cost effective. Green cement is usually and also inexpensive to offer, due to the fact
that, for example, side effects are used as a partial substitute for concrete, prices. Globally, the size
of the development industry is growing at a faster rate. The tremendous growth increases interest in
development materials.

Totals are the primary component of cement. Due to continuous mining, accessibility to totals has
been a problem in recent years. To resolve this issue, it is necessary to do some substitute research.
Nowadays, there is a solution to some extent, and the arrangement is referred to as "Green
Concrete." It is a way of thinking about climate in tangible terms, from natural material manufacture
to mix design to fundamental design, development, and management life.

1.2 Objectives

 To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

 to reduce the wastage of materials in the concrete leading to air, land, and water pollution.
 to reduce the use of natural resources.

1.3 Problem statement

As one of the primary materials necessary for all sorts of infrastructure, concrete has been quickly
depleting natural resources. As a result, it is critical to take the essential actions immediately to
protect natural resources. It has been noted that Plastic Bottles, Paper, and Tissue are all recyclable.
Papers are a significant drain on whole the world.
These waste materials might be hazardous to the environment. hence, it would be prudent to make
such advancements strategies and techniques for re purposing these waste products a beneficial
entity.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERETURE REVIEW

A Fly Ash Concrete A trial examination was attempted explicitly focusing on the mechanical and
sturdiness properties of polymer concrete. Reused glass sand, fly debris (FA) and meta kaolin (MK)
were utilized as fine totals in the substantial blend plan. Five substantial blends were ready from
which one was the control blend (no FA or MK content). The blends were projected into molds
from which examples in type of chambers and crystals were ready. These examples were then tried
to assess the presentation of polymer concrete. It is seen that MK and FA blends showed higher
compressive qualities contrasted with the control blends. Following 28 days, the strength began to
increment altogether.

Blends containing 15% FA accomplished the most elevated compressive strength following 28
days. One more exploratory examination was done to concentrate on the properties of self-
compacting concrete (SCC) including FA and ground granulated impact heater slag (GGBFS)
admixtures. Portland concrete was supplanted with FA and GGBFS by paces of 20%, 30% and
40%. One control blend combination, three FA blends and three GGBFS blends were arranged [1].
The outcomes shows that the compressive strength of FA blends was somewhat lower than the
control blends. Following three days, the strength of 20% FA dropped by 5MPa. Be that as it may,
following 90 days the strength of all blends was practically as old as control blend [4]. B. Silica
Fume Concrete A research center examination was performed to analyze the properties of cement
including FA and SF. Concrete was subbed with SF at segments going between 0-10%. Blends
including both FA and SF were viewed as compelling in further developing the strength properties
of cement. Moreover, chloride opposition of cement was likewise improved. Test research was
performed to concentrate on the impacts of SF on mechanical and actual properties of reused total
(RA) concrete. Portland concrete was supplanted with SF by paces of 0%, 5% and 10%. In
addition, RA was supplanted with regular totals (NA). The compressive strength results
recommended that SF reused total cement experienced decreases in early age compressive strength.
Notwithstanding, following 28 days the strength of these blends expanded when contrasted with the
control blend. Substantial blends including 10% SF displayed better exhibitions as far as
mechanical and actual properties. C. Slag Modified Concrete The connection between blending
extent boundaries of self-compacting concrete (SCC) were analyzed in a further exploration. In that
equivalent exploration, the ecological effects of SCC were likewise analyzed.
Sixteen segments of SCC combinations joining different side-effects like FA, sla and me
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
Green concrete
Concrete constructed from recycled materials that is environmentally beneficial. Green concrete is
defined as concrete that uses less energy in its manufacture and emits less carbon dioxide than
standard concrete.
Green concrete is concrete that is made using as much recycled elements as feasible while leaving
the minimum carbon impact possible.
3.1 Collection of fly ash.
Fly ash generated in contemporary power plants is likewise of high quality since it includes little
Sulphur and very little unburned carbon.

3.2 Collection OF Aggregates.

 Coarse aggregates are particles larger than 4.75mm in diameter, but often range from
9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter
 and can come from primary, secondary, or receded sources.

3.3 Collection of alkaline materials.

(a) sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that breaks down in water to form numerous hydroxide
(OH-) ions.
 Sodium hydroxide has a very high PH when dissolved in water and feels quite slippery.
 When dissolved in water, sodium hydroxide is the most corrosive.

(b) Sodium silicate (Na2sio3)

 Sodium silicate is a hydroelectric power plant that dissolves in water and produces a
alkaline solution.
 All glassy silicates, neutral and alkali resistant.
 In an acidic solution, iron silicate reacts with hydrogen ions to obtain a hard glass-like
substance from the form of silicon dioxide silicate.
  substance from the form of silicon dioxide silicate.  Liquids and solids based on
sodium silicate have densities ranging from 1.6 g \ cm³ to approximately 1.4 g \ cm³
 initially, fly ash does not have the binding properties to hold aggregate. Create a
binding property on the fly ash. Alkaline solution i. e A mixture of sodium hydroxide
+ sodium silicate added to fly ash at different molar concentrations .

3.4 Preparation of alkaline activator.

Sodium silicate is a hydroelectric power plant that dissolves in water and produces a alkaline
solution.
 All glassy silicates, neutral and alkali resistant
 In an acidic solution, iron silicate reacts with hydrogen ions to obtain a hard glass-like
substance from the form of silicon dioxide silicate
 Liquids and solids based on sodium silicate have densities ranging from 1.6 g \ cm³ to
approximately 1.4 g \ cm³.  Initially, fly ash does not have the binding properties to hold
aggregate. Create a binding property on the fly ash. Alkaline solution i. e A mixture of
sodium hydroxide + sodium silicate added to fly ash at different molar concentrations.

(a) Preparation of alkaline activator :

The preparation of alkaline activator was carried out at different concentrations of NaOH: (i.e.
11m, 13m and 15m) and sodium silicate solution.
(b) Preparation of alkaline activator with 11m of NaOH of Na2sio3
Sodium hydroxide tablets dissolve in distilled water to form a solution.

 Mass of NaOH 11 * 40 = 440 grams is added for one liter of solution as well as sodium
silicate containing Na20 Si 16.37%, sio2 34.35% and Hz0 49.72%.
 The mass of NaOH varies with concentration.

(c) Preparation of alkaline activator with 13m of NaOH of Na2`sio3

The concentration of sodium hydroxide remained at 13m while that of sodium silicate containing
Na2O was 16.37%, Sio2 was 34.35%. and 49.72% H2O was used from alkaline solutions.

(d) Preparation of alkaline activator with 15m of NaoH of Na2sio3.

The sodium hydroxide concentration was kept at 15m while the sodium silicate concentration
containing 16.37% Na2O, 34.35% Sio2 and 49.72% H2O was used as the lye solution.
 CHAPTER 4
Concrete Analysis : Green Concrete
Humans have been using concrete for thousands of years. It is used in almost every modern
construction; thus, this material is critical to infrastructure in today's age. While necessary, concrete
is far from perfect. It has numerous flaws in its manufacturing process that affect the price, the
environment, and the overall composition of the concrete. Engineers all over the world are
constantly tackling problems like this one and attempting to provide solutions that will revolutionize
the world around us. Green concrete is the solution for concrete.

Green concrete solves all the problems associated with concrete. Dr. WG invented green concrete in
Denmark in 1998. It is a revolutionary form of concrete that is made from waste products from
normal concrete. Green concrete production, by utilizing waste products, effectively reduces the
amount of CO2 produced as well as the energy required for production when compared to
conventional concrete. Green concrete not only has a more environmentally friendly manufacturing
process, but the finished product is of higher quality than standard concrete. Green concrete is made
by compacting various materials with an inorganic polymer. As a result, the concrete produced lasts
longer and is more heat resistant, which means it has fewer temperature fluctuations.

The Centre for Green Concrete's mission is to reduce the environmental impact of concrete. New
technology is being developed to enable this. The technology considers all phases of a concrete
construction's life cycle, such as structural design, specification, manufacturing, and maintenance,
as well as all aspects of performance, such as

1) Mechanical characteristics (strength, shrinkage, creep, static behavior etc.)

2) Fireproofing (spalling, heat transfer etc.)

3) Craftsmanship (workability, strength development, curing etc.)

4) Longevity (corrosion protection, frost, new deterioration mechanisms etc.)

5) Thermodynamic characteristics (input to the other properties)

6) Environmental considerations (CO2-emission, energy, recycling etc.)

4.1SUITABILITY OF GREEN CONCRETE IN STRUCTURES

 Several factors contribute to green concrete's suitability for use in structures, including:
 Reduce the structure's dead load and the crane's age load; allow for greater handling and
lifting flexibility with lighter weight.
 CO2 emissions are reduced by 30 percent.
  Waste product use in the concrete industry has been increased by 20%.
 Better thermal and fire resistance, as well as sound insulation, than traditional concrete.
 Improve the building's damping resistance.
 Use of new residual products that were previously landfilled or disposed of in other ways.
 There will be no environmental pollution, and development will be sustainable.
 It requires less upkeep and repairs.
 The compressive strength behavior of concrete with a higher water cement ratio is superior
to that of conventional concrete.
 Green concrete has nearly the same flexural strength as conventional concrete.
 CO2-neutral, waste-derived fuels must replace fossil fuels in cement production by at
least 10%.
 Concrete industries have their own residual products.

4.2GLASS AS A CEMENTACEOUS MATERIAL

Every year, millions of tons of waste glass are generated around the world. When glass becomes a
waste, it is disposed of in landfills, which is unsustainable because it does not decompose in the
environment. Glass is primarily made of silica. The use of milled (ground) waste glass as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete could be a significant step toward the development of
sustainable (environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and cost-effective) infrastructure systems.
When waste glass is milled to micron-sized particles, it is expected to undergo pozzolanic reactions
with cement hydrates, resulting in secondary Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C–S– H). The chemical
properties of both clear and colored glass were evaluated in this study.

The chemical composition of glass and cement samples was determined using the X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) technique, and minor differences in composition were discovered between clear
and colored glasses. Flow and compressive strength tests on mortar and concrete were performed by
adding 0–25 percent ground glass and maintaining the same water to binder (cement + glass) ratio
for all replacement levels. The addition of glass increased mortar flow slightly while having a minor
effect on concrete workability. Further tests were conducted with the same mix details and a 1
percent super plasticizing admixture dose (by weight of cement) to evaluate the packing and
pozzolanic effects and found an increase in compressive strength of mortars with admixture.
Concrete cube samples, like mortar, were prepared and tested for strength (until 1 year curing). The
compressive strength test results showed that recycled glass mortar and concrete provided greater
strength than virgin glass mortar and concrete. A 20% replacement of cement with waste glass was
found to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly. According to the ASTM standard, the
specific gravity and fineness of clear and colored waste glass powders (prepared by ball mill) were
3.01 & 0.9 percent (#200 sieve) and 3.02 & 0.9 percent, respectively. An XRF-1800 Sequential X-
ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to examine the chemical composition of both glass powders. To
keep the material in place during testing, 20% binder was added to 80% glass powder.
4.3 FLY ASH AS A CEMENTACEOUS MATERIAL

About Fly ash

Fly ash is a fine powder that is produced as a byproduct of the combustion of pulverized coal in
power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, which is a substance containing aluminous and siliceous
material that, when combined with water, forms cement.
When combined with lime and water, it produces a compound that is like Portland cement. Fly ash
from coal-fired power plants is an excellent prime material used in blended cement, mosaic tiles,
and hollow blocks, among other applications. Although fly ash is an expensive replacement for
Portland cement in concrete, it improves strength, segregation, and ease of pumping. The typical
substitution rate is 1 to 12 pounds of fly ash to 1 pound of cement. However, the amount of fine
aggregate should be reduced to accommodate the additional volume of fly ash.

4.4 Fly Ash Applications

 Fly ash can be used as a primary material in blocks, paving, or bricks, but one of the most
important applications is PCC pavement. PCC pavements use a lot of concrete, so using fly
ash instead provides significant cost savings. Fly ash is also being used for road paving,
embankment, and mine fills, and is gaining acceptance by the federal government,
specifically the Federal Highway Administration.
4.5 Apparatus:
 Cube Molding (150x150x150 mm or 100x100x100 mm)
 The taming bar (16 mm diameter and bull-nosed)
 Float/trowel made of steel.
 Machine for testing compressive strength
 Weighing machine for the Curing Tank
 Pan\hammer
 Sieving machine for cylindrical molds

4.6 Procedures of Making Concrete Cube:

1. Cleaning and repairing mold
2. Glass Breaking
3. Cement, glass, and fly ash mixture
4. Concrete placement, compacting, and finishing
5. Treatment

4.7 Cleaning &fixing mold

Clean the cube-mold thoroughly and coat the inner surface with oil. However, there should be no
visible oil on the surface. Firmly secure the cube mold to the base plate. There should be no gaps in
the joints that would allow cement slurry to penetrate.
4.8 Breaking of Glass

We got the glass from a rag picker shop nearby. With the help of a hammer, the glass is broken into
very small pieces. The ground glass is then placed in a sieving machine. Sieving takes 15 minutes.
The final sieve used in the sieving test is a 1.41 mm sieve, and glass that passes through it is used.

4.9 Mixing cement glass and Fly ash

A pan is filled with the amount of cement, glass, and fly ash that will be used. The resulting mixture
is either mixed by hand or with a trowel. The entire mixture is mixed until the colour of the mixture
matches the color of the cement. When mixing cement and glass, proper precautions should be
taken because both elements can cut skin.

4.10 Placing, Compacting & Finishing concrete.

Take three or four different random concrete mixes. Fill the mold with three layers of concrete. 35
tamping bar blows are required to compact each layer. Smooth the surface with a trowel after
removing any excess concrete from the top of the mold. Smooth and even the top surface of the
concrete cube. I left the mold alone for the first four hours after casting. After the undisturbed
period has ended, use a permanent marker to write the casting date and item name on the top of the
concrete specimen.

4.11 Curing

Curing is the process of maintaining an adequate moisture content and temperature in concrete at an
early age for it to develop the properties that the mixture was designed to achieve.
Curing begins as soon as the concrete is placed and finished so that it can develop the desired
strength and durability. The cementitious materials in concrete cannot React to form a quality
product unless there is an adequate supply of moisture content. Drying may remove the water
required for this chemical reaction known as hydration, causing the concrete to lose its potential
properties. Temperature is an important factor in proper curing because the rate of hydration, and
thus the development of strength, is faster at higher temperatures. In general, the temperature of the
concrete should be kept above 50 degrees Fahrenheit to ensure an adequate rate of strength
development.

To avoid thermal cracking, a uniform temperature should be maintained throughout the concrete
section that is gaining strength. Relative humidity and wind conditions are also important for
exposed concrete; they contribute to the rate of moisture loss from the concrete and may result in
cracking, poor surface quality, and durability. Preventing plastic shrinkage cracking requires
protective measures to control moisture evaporation from concrete surfaces before it sets.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Compressive Strength test:
When 28 days of curing was completed than (150 mm X 150mm) blocks were tested in
CTM machine.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH READING
Test result when cement is 15% replaced by glass
Compressive strength of 1st cube at 14 days : 28.719
Converting into 28 days : 28.719/0.90 = 31.91 Compressive strength of 2nd cube at14 days : 30.231
Converting into 28 days : 30.231/0.90 = 33.59 Compressive strength of 3rd cube at 28 days : 37.33
Compressive strength of 4th cube at 28 days : 37.77
Test result when cement is 30% replaced by glass
Compressive strength of 1st cube at 14 days : 24.138
Converting into 28 days : 24.138/0.90 = 26.82 Compressive strength of 2nd cube at14 days : 22.419
Converting into 28 days : 22.419/0.90 = 24.91 Compressive strength of 3rd cube at 28 days : 32.88
Compressive strength of 4th cube at 28 days : 34.67

Test result when cement is 45% replaced by glass

Compressive strength of 1st cube at 14 days : 22.203
Converting into 28 days : 22.203/0.90 = 24.67 Compressive strength of 2nd cube at14 days : 19.728
Converting into 28 days : 19.728/0.90 = 21.92 Compressive strength of 3rd cube at 28 days : 26.87
Compressive strength of 4th cube at 28 days : 28.23

Following results were obtained:

Comparison of compressive strength of concrete when replaced by glass indifferent proportion through line

Comparison of compressive strength of concrete when cement replaced by glass indifferent proportion through
bar graph.
Comparison of compressive strength of concrete when cement is replaced by (glass + fly ash)in
different proportion by bar graph.

4 benefits to using green concrete.

1. Lasts Longer: Green concrete gains strength faster and shrinks at a lower rate than Portland
cement-only concrete. Green concrete structures have a better chance of surviving a fire (it can
withstand temperatures of up to 2400 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale). It is also more corrosion
resistant, which is important given the impact pollution has had on the environment (acid rain
greatly reduces the longevity of traditional building materials). All of these factors add up to a
structure that will last much longer than a structure made of ordinary concrete. Similar concrete
mixtures were discovered in ancient Roman structures, and this material was also used in
Ukraine during the 1950s and 1960s.

2. Uses Industrial Waste: Green concrete uses anywhere from 25 to 100 percent fly ash
instead of a 100 percent Portland cement mixture. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that is
collected from the chimneys of industrial plants that use coal as a power source (such as power
plants). There is a lot of this industrial waste product. Fly ash is disposed of on hundreds of
thousands of acres of land. A significant increase in the use of green concrete in construction will
allow for the use of fly ash and, hopefully, the release of many acres of land.

3. Reduces Energy Consumption: You will use less energy when mixing concrete if you use
less Portland cement and more fly ash. The materials used in Portland cement necessitate massive
amounts of coal or natural gas to heat them to the appropriate temperature for transformation into
Portland cement. Fly ash is already a byproduct of another industrial process, so using it to make
green concrete does not require much more energy. Another way that green concrete saves energy is
that buildings made of it are more resistant to temperature changes. An architect can use this to
design a green concrete building that uses less energy for heating and cooling.

4. Reduces CO2 Emissions: Pulverized limestone, clay, and sand are heated to 1450 degrees
Celsius using natural gas or coal as a fuel to make Portland cement, one of the main ingredients in
ordinary cement. This process is responsible for 5 to 8% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Green concrete production emits up to 80% less CO2 than conventional concrete.
P a g e 13 | 17
Switching completely to green concrete for construction as part of a global effort to reduce
emissions will help significantly.
products. A variety of nonbiodegradable products can also be used, avoiding the issue of disposal.
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION

Overall, the calls for green constructions that address the pillars of sustainability have been met, not
only by individual efforts, but also by the international community. The most common by-products
that can be used as concrete ingredients were divided into three categories: fly ash, rice husk ash,
silica fume, and several pozzolanic ashes as cement replacements, recycled coarse aggregates as
aggregate replacements, and waste glass, ground granular blast-furnace slag, plastic, and
miscellaneous substitutes as both cement and aggregate replacements.
Figure 3 summarizes the benefits and drawbacks of the most common by-products that can replace
concrete components for the most common by-products.

The need to address current environmental issues has shed light on the need to replace some
components (e.g., cement) with more environmentally friendly materials, recycle the most
consumed natural resources (e.g., natural aggregates and water), improve the physical and chemical
properties of concrete components, save lands for more important projects rather than dumps, and
reduce overall construction costs.
Indeed, more and more governments are realizing that the preceding points are no longer an option,
but rather a necessity.

While several by-products have been studied, particularly in the short term, more research into
long-term durability is needed. More emphasis should be placed on alternative uses for natural
resources, as their consumption harms the land, sea, and air. Furthermore, more binary, ternary, and
even quaternary mixtures should be thoroughly documented in order to reap the benefits of each by-
product and overcome their individual limitations.

The most significant advantage of using these reviewed by-products is that they are waste materials
in the first place, and the only other place for them is landfills, which require land space, money,
and a lot of effort. However, the main impediment to expanding the use of by-products in general is
the need to control their quality before incorporating them in concrete, which requires experience
and varies depending on the source and application of these materials in construction. Furthermore,
the dependability of some of these alternatives (e.g., plastic, waste glass, etc.) has not been
sufficiently high because they have not been subjected to long-term field testing, which must be
done explicitly by researchers.

P a g e 14 | 17
 CONCLUSION

There is significant potential in waste materials to create green concrete.

The substitution of customary elements of concrete by waste materials and products offers a chance
to make economical and environment friendly concrete.
Incomplete substitution of fixings by utilizing waste materials and admixtures shows better
compressive and rigidity, further developed sulfate obstruction, diminished penetrability, and
further developed usefulness. The expense per unit volume of concrete with squander materials like
quarry dust is lower than the relating control concrete mixes. A detail life cycle analysis of green
concrete by considering different boundaries is a lot of important to understand the resultant
concrete properties.

REFERENCES

[1] Suhendro, B. (2014). Toward green concrete for better sustainable environment.
Procedia Engineering, 95, 305-320.
[2] Valipour, M., Yekkalar, M., Shekarchi, M., & Panahi, S. (2014). Environmental assessment of
green concrete containing natural zeolite on the global warming index in marine
environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 418-423.
[3] Garg, C., & Jain, A. (2014). Green concrete: Efficient & eco-friendly construction materials.
Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol, 2(2), 259-264.
[4] Meyer, C. The greening of the concrete industry. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2009, 31, 601–605.
[CrossRef]
[5] Klee, H. The cement sustainability initiative. In Proceeding of Institution of Civil Engineers
Engineering Sustainability; Institute of Civil Engineers: London, UK, 2004. Sustainability 2019,
11, 5145 20 of 30
[6] Hendriks, C.A.; Worrell, E.; De Jager, D.; Blok, K.; Riemer, P. Emission reduction of
greenhouse gases from the cement industry. In Proceedings of the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D
Program, Interlaken, Switzerland, August 30–2 September 2000.
[7] Carbon Impact of Concrete. Available online: https://materialspalette.org/concrete/ (accessed
on 29 August 2019).
[8] Gartner, E. Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements. Cem. Concr. Res. 2004,
34, 1489–1498.
[9] Turner, L.K.; Collins, F.G. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 -e) emissions: A comparison
between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 43, 125–130.
Hela, R.; Tazky, M.; Bodnarova, L. Possibilities of determination of optimal dosage of power plant
fly ash for concrete. J. Teknol. 2016, 78, 59–64.
[10] Li, G. Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-SiO2 . Cem. Concr. Res.
2004, 34, 1043–1049.
[11] Ravina, D.; Mehta, P.K. Properties of fresh concrete containing large amounts of fly ash. Cem.
Concr. Res. 1986, 16, 227–238.
[12] Ahmaruzzaman, M. A review on the utilization of fly ash. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2010,
36, 327–363.
[13] Gamage, N.; Liyanage, K.; Fragomeni, S.; Setunge, S. Overview of different types of fly ash
and their use as a building and construction material. In Proceedings of the International Conference
of Structural Engineering, Construction and Management, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 15–17 December
2011.
[14] Mahmud, H.B.; Malik, M.F.A.; Kahar, R.A.; Zain, M.F.M.; Raman, S.N.
Mechanical Properties and Durability of Normal and Water Reduced High Strength Grade
60 Concrete Containing Rice Husk Ash. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 2009, 7, 21–30.
[15] Zareei, S.A.; Ameri, F.; Dorostkar, F.; Ahmadi, M. Rice husk ash as a partial replacement
of cement in high strength concrete containing micro silica: Evaluating durability and mechanical
properties. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2017, 7, 73–81.
[16] Singh, B. Rice husk ash. In Waste and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in
Concrete; Siddique, R., Cachim, P., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2018; pp.
417–460.
[17] Reddy, D.V.; Diana, A.; Marcelina Alvarez, B.S. Rice Husk Ash as a Sustainable Concrete
Material for the Marine Environment. In Proceedings of the Sixth LACCEI International Latin
American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering and Technology, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 4–6
June 2008; Partnering to Success: Engineering, Education, Research and Development. LACCEI:
Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2008.
[18] Nehdi, M.; Duquette, J.; El Damatty, A. Performance of rice husk ash produced using a new
technology as a mineral admixture in concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2003, 33, 1203–1210.
[19] Vigneshwari, M.; Arunachalam, K.; Angayarkanni, A. Replacement of silica fume with
thermally treated rice husk ash in Reactive Powder Concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 188, 264–277.
Deb, P.S.; Nath, P.; Sarker, P.K. The effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag blending with
fly ash and activator content on the workability and strength properties of geopolymer concrete
cured at ambient temperature. Mater. Des. 2014, 62, 32–39.
[20] Crossin, E. The greenhouse gas implications of using ground granulated blast furnace slag as
a cement substitute. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 95, 101–108.
[21] Lam, C.H.K.; Lp, A.W.M.; John Patrick, B.; Gordon, M. Use of Incineration MSW Ash: A
Review. Sustainability 2010, 2, 1943–1968.
[22] Topcu, I.B.; Unverdi, A. Properties of High Content Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
Slag Concrete. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Sustainable Buildings
[23] Symposium, Dubai, UAE, 15–17 March 2017; Firat, S., Kinuthia, J., AbuTair, A., Eds.;
Springer International Publishing Ag: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 6, pp. 114–126. 22.
Aliabdo, A.A.; Elmoaty, A.E.M.A.; Aboshama, A.Y. Utilization of waste glass powder in the
production of cement and concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 124, 866–877.
[24] Islam, G.M.S.; Rahman, M.H.; Kazi, N. Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement
for sustainable concrete practice. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2017, 6, 37–44.
[25] Lee, H.; Hanif, A.; Usman, M.; Sim, J.; Oh, H. Performance evaluation of concrete
incorporating glass powder and glass sludge wastes as supplementary cementing material. J. Clean.
Prod. 2018, 170, 683–693.